APSC173 Assignment # 2: (Trigonometric substitution, partial

fractions, and numerical integration)

Due date: midnight on Friday, Feb. 9th, 2024

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Exercises
1. (Trigonometric substitution) Some integrals can be solved using one of the following trigonometric substi-
tutions:√u = a sin(θ),
√ u = a tan(θ),
√ or u = a sec(θ). These are usually integrals that involve one of the following
forms: a2 − x2 , a2 + x2 , or x2 − a2 . The suitable substitution can be identified using the appropriate reference
triangle.
Evaluate the following integrals using trigonometric substitution:
R1√
i. 03 1 − 9x2 dx
R 0 q1+x
ii. −1 1−x dx (Hint: Manipulate before using trigonometric substitution)
R e2
iii. e
√
2
√ ln(x)
2
dx (Hint: Manipulate before using trigonometric substitution)
x ln (x)−1

π
√ π


The answers (not in order) are: 2 − 1, 3 − 1, 12
.

1
 Solution:

√ substitution u = 3x ⇒ du = 3dx, and then the trigonometric substitution u = sin(θ) ⇒ du = cos(θ)dθ

i. Use the
and 1 − u2 = cos(θ) with θ ∈ [− π2 , π2 ]:
1
Z Z 1
3 p 1 p
1− 9x2 dx = 1 − u2 du
0 3 0
Z π
1 2
= cos2 (θ)dθ
3 0
Z π
1 2
= (1 + cos(2θ)) dθ
6 0
Z π Z π
!
1 2 2
= dθ + cos(2θ)dθ
6 0 0
 
1 π 1 π
= θ|0 + sin(2θ)|0
2 2

6 2
π
= .
12

√ 1
√
ii. Use the substitution u = 1 − x ⇒ du = − 2u dx. Then use the trigonometric substitution u = 2 sin(θ) ⇒

√ √ √
du = 2 cos(θ)dθ and 2 − u2 = 2 cos(θ) with θ ∈ [− π2 , π2 ]:
Z 0r Z 1 √
1+x 2 − u2
dx = √ (−2udu)
−1 1−x 2 u
Z √2 p
=2 2 − u2 du
1
π
Z 2 √ √
=2 2 cos(θ) 2 cos(θ)dθ
π
4
Z π
2
=4 cos2 (θ)dθ
π
4
  π
4 1 2
= sin(2θ)
θ+
2 2 π
4
 
4 π 1
= −
2 4 2
π
= −1
2

iii. Use the substitution u = ln(x) ⇒ du = x1 dx, followed by the trigonometric substitution u = sec(θ) ⇒ du =
√
sec(θ) tan(θ)dθ and u2 − 1 = tan(θ) with θ ∈ [− π2 , π2 ]:
Z e2 Z 2
ln(x) u
√
q dx = √
√ du
e 2
x ln2 (x) − 1 2 u2 −1
Z π
3 sec(θ)
= sec(θ) tan(θ)dθ
π
4
tan(θ)
Z π
3
= sec2 (θ)dθ
π
4
π
= tan(θ)| π3
4
√
= 3−1

2
2. (Partial fractions) Use partial fractions to prove the following identities:
1 1 1
R
i. x(1−x 2 ) dx = ln(x) − 2 ln(1 + x) − 2 ln(1 − x) for 0 < x < 1

1 1 1 2 1 −1
R
ii. (x+1)(x2 +1) dx = 2 ln(x + 1) − 4 ln(x + 1) + 2 tan (x) for x > −1
Solution:
i. The divisors of x(1 − x2 ) are x, 1 + x, and 1 − x. Thus,
1 A B C
2
= + +
x(1 − x ) x 1+x 1−x
A(1 − x2 ) + Bx(1 − x) + Cx(1 + x)
=
x(1 − x2 )
2
x (−A − B + C) + x(B + C) + A
=
x(1 − x2 )
Thus, A = 1, B + C = 0, and −A − B + C = 0 which implies that A = 1, B = − 21 , and C = 12 . Hence,
Z Z  
1 1 1/2 1/2
dx = − + dx
x(1 − x2 ) x 1+x 1−x
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
= dx − dx + dx
x 2 1+x 2 1−x
1 1
= ln(x) − ln(1 + x) − ln(1 − x)
2 2

ii. The divisors of (x + 1)(x2 + 1) are x + 1 and x2 + 1 (irreducible). Thus,

1 A Bx + C
= + 2
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) x+1 x +1
2
A(x + 1) + (Bx + C)(x + 1)
=
(x + 1)(x2 + 1)
x2 (A + B) + x(B + C) + A + C
=
(x + 1)(x2 + 1)
Thus, A + B = 0, B + C = 0, and A + C = 1 which implies that A = 21 , B = − 12 , and C = 12 . Hence,
Z  
1 (x − 1)
Z
1 1 1
dx = − dx
(x + 1)(x2 + 1) 2 x + 1 2 x2 + 1
Z Z Z
1 1 1 x 1 1
= dx − dx + dx
2 x+1 2 x2 + 1 2 x2 + 1
1 1 1
= ln(x + 1) − ln(x2 + 1) + tan−1 (x)
2 4 2

3
3. (Trigonometric substitution and partial fractions) In this question, you are asked to solve the integral
R √x2 +2x+2
x2 +2x+1 dx (x ∈ (0, ∞)), which involves multiple steps. Answer the following questions to obtain the solution.
i. Complete
oR the square, use a substitution, and a trigonometric substitution to convert the integral
into sin2 (θ)1cos(θ) dθ.
1
R
ii. Use the substitution v = sin(θ) to convert the integral into v2 (1−v 2 ) dv.

√ √ 
1+(1+x)2 1 1+(1+x)2 +1+x
iii. Use partial fractions to show that the integral equals − 1+x + 2 ln √ 2
+C
1+(1+x) −1−x

R√ √
3−1 x2 +2x+2
iv. Evaluate 0 x2 +2x+1 dx.
Solution:
i. First we complete the square to obtain:
Z √ 2 Z √ 2
x + 2x + 2 x + 2x + 1 + 1
dx = dx
x2 + 2x + 1 x2 + 2x + 1
Z p
(x + 1)2 + 1
= dx.
(x + 1)2
Then, use the substitution u = x + 1 ⇒ du = dx to obtain
Z √ 2 Z √ 2
x + 2x + 2 u +1
dx = du.
x2 + 2x + 1 u2
Now use the trigonometric substitution u = tan(θ) ⇒ du = sec2 (θ)dθ with θ ∈ [− π2 , π2 ]:
Z √ 2 Z
x + 2x + 2 sec(θ)
dx = sec2 (θ)dθ
x2 + 2x + 1 tan2 (θ)
Z
sec(θ)
= sec2 (θ)dθ
tan2 (θ)
Z
1
= dθ.
sin2 (θ) cos(θ)
ii. Now we manipulate the integral and use the substitution v = sin(θ) to obtain:
Z √ 2 Z
x + 2x + 2 cos(θ)
dx = dθ
x2 + 2x + 1 sin2 (θ) cos2 (θ)
Z
cos(θ)
= dθ
sin2 (θ) cos2 (θ)
Z
1
= dv.
v 2 (1 − v 2 )

4
iii. Now we use partial fractions to write
1 A B C D
= + 2+ +
v 2 (1 2
−v ) v v 1+v 1−v
Av(1 − v 2 ) + B(1 − v 2 ) + Cv 2 (1 − v) + Dv 2 (1 + v)
=
v 2 (1 − v 2 )

Thus, Av(1 − v 2 ) + B(1 − v 2 ) + Cv 2 (1 − v) + Dv 2 (1 + v) = 1 or equivalently v 3 (−A − C + D) + v 2 (−B + C +

D) + vA + B = 1. Set v = 0 to obtain B = 1. Set v = 1 to obtain 2D = 1 ⇒ D = 12 . Set v = −1 to obtain
2C = 1 ⇒ C = 12 . Solve for A to obtain A = 0. Thus,

1 1 1/2 1/2
= 2+ +
v 2 (1 − v 2 ) v 1+v 1−v

Thus,
Z √
x2 + 2x + 2
Z  
1 1/2 1/2
dx = + + dv
x2 + 2x + 1 v2 1+v 1−v
1 1 1
=− + ln(1 + v) − ln(1 − v) + C
v 2  2
1 1 1+v
=− + ln +C
v 2 1−v
√
2
Note that since x ∈ (0, ∞), then u ∈ (1, ∞) and hence θ ∈ ( π4 , π2 ) and v ∈ ( 2 , 1). Therefore, ln(1 + v) and
ln(1 − v) are defined.
Substituting v = sin(θ), sin(θ) = √ u leads to
1+u2

Z √
x2 + 2x + 2
 
1 1 1 + sin(θ)
dx = − + ln +C
x2 + 2x + 1 sin(θ) 2 1 − sin(θ)
√ u
!
1 + u2 1 1 + √1+u 2
=− + ln u +C
u 2 1 − √1+u 2
√ √ !
1 + u2 1 1 + u2 + u
=− + ln √ +C
u 2 1 + u2 − u
p p !
1 + (1 + x)2 1 1 + (1 + x)2 + 1 + x
=− + ln p +C
1+x 2 1 + (1 + x)2 − 1 − x

√ √
iv. Note that x ∈ [0, 3 − 1] implies that u ∈ [1, 3], which implies that θ ∈ [ π4 , π3 ] which is in the range [− π2 , π2 ].
Thus, the applied trigonometric substitution is invertible. Thus, we can evaluate
√
√
3−1
√ p p !! 3−1
x2 + 2x + 2 x)2 x)2
Z
1 + (1 + 1 1 + (1 + +1+x
dx = − + ln
x2 + 2x + 1
p
0 1+x 2 1 + (1 + x)2 − 1 − x 0
√ ! √ !!
2 √ 1 2+ 3 1 2+1
= − √ + 2 + ln √ − ln √
3 2 2− 3 2 2−1
= 0.6951

5
4. (Numerical integration)
R 13 √
i. Use the trapezoidal rule with n = 4 to approximate the integral from question 1.i., ( 0
1 − 9x2 dx).

Solution:

1 1 1 2 3 4
i. Since n = 4, we have that ∆x = 3n = 12 . Thus, x0 = 0, x1 = 12 , x2 = 12 , x3 = 12 , and x4 = 12 . Thus, y0 = 1,
q q q q
1 4 9 16
y1 = 1 − 9 144 , y2 = 1 − 9 144 , y1 = 1 − 9 144 , and y1 = 1 − 9 144 . Therefore

Z 1
3 p
1 − 9x2 dx ≈ T
0
∆x
= (y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + 2y3 + y4 )
2
= 0.2496

Note that the exact value of the integral is π/12 which is 0.2618.