Scientia Iranica D (2021) 28(6), 3363{3378

Sharif University of Technology

Scientia Iranica
Transactions D: Computer Science & Engineering and Electrical Engineering
http://scientiairanica.sharif.edu

A novel transverse ux permanent magnet generator

for small-scale direct drive wind turbine application:
Design and analysis
A. Mohammadi Ajamlooa , K. Abbaszadeha , and R. Nasiri-Zarandib;
a. Department of Electrical Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
b. Electrical Machine Group, Niroo Research Institute (NRI), Tehran, Iran.
Received 12 March 2018; received in revised form 21 May 2019; accepted 20 July 2019

KEYWORDS Abstract. This study proposes a special topology of transvers ux permanent magnet
Cogging torque; generator, which bene ts from low Permanent Magnet (PM) costs due to use of cheap
Direct drive wind Ferrite PMs. In this structure, only one PM per phase is used to ensure easy manufacturing.
turbine; Despite the above-mentioned advantages of the topology, it is subject to some disadvantages
Ferrite permanent such as unbalanced voltage, high demagnetization risk of the PM, and high cogging torque.
magnet; Aiming to solve these problems and maintaining the advantages of the topology, a new
Magnetic equivalent structure is proposed. The stator of this structure contains two series connected coils that
circuit; eliminate all the even-order harmonics and balance the voltage waveform. This trick reduces
Permanent magnet the armature reaction as well as demagnetization of the PMs signi cantly. Moreover, the
demagnetization; rotor teeth of the proposed structure are skewed, causing a signi cant reduction in cogging
Transverse ux torque. The output results of the proposed structure are compared with those of the original
permanent magnet one in terms of harmonic components, cogging torque pro le, and PM demagnetisation.
machine.
© 2021 Sharif University of Technology. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction sequently, the large value of the cogging torque is an

intrinsic characteristic of the TFPMs that must be
Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Machines (TF- reduced to make them suitable for direct drive wind
PMs) are special types of electrical machines with high turbine applications [6,7]. The large value of cogging
torque density and large number of poles [1{3]. These torque prevents the turbine from starting up and
speci cations make TFPMs suitable for direct drive causes massive noise and vibrations in the structure
wind turbines that have many advantages over geared [8{11]. Cogging torque hastens blade fatigue failure
ones like lower maintenance cost and higher eciency which reduces the turbine life time. Some studies
[4,5]. have been conducted to reduce the cogging torque of
Generally, in TFPMs, the number of rotor poles the transverse ux Permanent Magnet (PM) machines.
is half of, equal to, or twice the stator teeth. Con- In [12], the e ects of skewing stator U-shaped cores
and the unequal distribution of the U-cores were
*. Corresponding author. investigated. However, skewing a large number of
E-mail address: [email protected] (R. individual U-shaped cores makes the construction of
Nasiri-Zarandi) TFPMs more complicated and this does not seem to
be a cost-e ective solution. The e ect of shifting the
doi: 10.24200/sci.2019.53145.3078 stator teeth along with unequal stator tooth width was
3364 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378

studied in [13]. In this method, the cogging torque

reduction is successfully achieved, but a considerable
decrease in the machine average torque is achieved as
its side e ect. The PM dimensions were optimized to
minimize the cogging torque of the TFPM in [14]. In
this method, a large number of PMs with di erent
dimensions are required that complicate the machine
assembly process and require high manufacturing ef-
fort. Unequal pole pitch of the rotor was investigated in
[15] and a noticeable reduction in cogging torque along
with improvement in voltage harmonic components was
achieved at the cost of a considerable reduction in Figure 1. Nominal working point of small-scale direct
machine average torque. The application of di erent drive wind turbines available in the market.
Halbach-Array structures was also studied in [16]. Use
of Halbach-array of PMs requires magnetizing the PMs various small-scale direct drive wind turbines (available
in di erent directions which could be troublesome and in market). The TFPM of this paper is designed for
expensive in the mass production of TFPMs. the 1.5 kW direct-driven HAWT with a nominal speed
There are some diculties associated with the of 500 rpm.
application of PMs in TFPMs. In most of TFPM This paper aims to overcome the de ciencies of
topologies, especially conventional topologies in [17,18], this topology [19], i.e., the presence of even order
the PM cost is considerable because of the partial harmonic voltage components, high risk of PM demag-
application of PMs to magnetic circuit. Many papers netization, and high value of torque ripple, using a
have attempted to reduce the PM cost by substituting new stator structure. The proposed topology includes
the cheap Ferrite for expensive rare earth PMs [4,19{ two coils that are cascaded together negatively. As a
23]. result, the ux linkage has a unipolar form where all
Signi cant manufacturing e orts for placing a even order harmonics will be cancelled. In addition,
large number of surface mounted PMs, complicated the demagnetization risk of the ferrite reduces signi -
manufacturing procedure, and low level of reliability cantly due to splitting the armature reaction between
are other de ciencies of TFPMs [17,19,24]. Increasing two coils. In order to minimize the torque ripple,
the torque density was perused by proposing a new skewing rotor teeth is proposed which is a feasible
stator structure in [25]. A novel TFPM topology was and cost-e ective procedure. In the rst section, two
introduced in [19] which had some advantages over con gurations of Single Permanent Magnet-Transverse
typical TFPMs. The TFPM uses Ferrite PM instead of Flux Machine (SPM-TFM) are introduced and the
expensive NdFeB PM. The TFPM uses only one PM operation principles are discussed. Next, the output
per phase that facilitates the manufacturing process equations of both structures are extracted using the
in comparison with typical TFPMs. In this topology, analytical approach. Then, by using the 3D nite
the PM eddy current loss is almost zero due to high element approach, the performance of both topologies
electrical resistance of the ferrite PM. In spite of these is compared in terms of voltage harmonic components
advantages, the TFPM has a unipolar ux linkage that and demagnetization behavior of the PMs. At the
obtains signi cant value of even order harmonics, which end, to reduce the torque ripple and cogging torque of
results in an unbalanced voltage. Besides, due to the the SPM-TFM, a technique based on the rotor tooth
application of weak Ferrite PM, the armature reaction skewing is applied.
easily demagnetizes the PM. The torque ripple of the
TFPM is measured by a high value which is another 2. Operation principle of original and
drawback of the topology. proposed structures
Wind turbines are mainly designed as Horizontal
Axis Wind Turbines (HAWTs) or Vertical Axis Wind Figure 2(a) shows the rotor con guration of the SPM-
Turbines (VAWTs). HAWTs outperform VAWTs in TFMs. The rotor is composed of a ring-shaped ferrite
terms of eciency. Moreover, they can be installed at PM and solid salient poles arranged on the upper
higher heights where high speed winds are available. and lower sides of the PM. The ring-shaped PM is
However, the VAWTs have some advantages over magnetized uniformly in the axial direction. The stator
HAWTs like lower maintenance cost and lower acoustic structure of the basic topology [19], which is presented
noise [26]. Generally, for mechanical considerations, in Figure 2(b), consists of C- and I-shaped silicon-steel
the nominal speed of the turbine decreases as the laminations surrounding a single coil of winding. By
nominal power increases, as can be seen in Figure 1. combining C- and I-shaped laminations, a special shape
This gure represents the nominal working points of of the stator core is proposed (Figure 2(c)), hosting two
 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378 3365

Figure 3. A cross-sectional view of the main ux path in

the Single Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machines
(SPM-TFMs). Basic topology: (a) Initial position and (b)
Figure 2. Con guration of the Single Permanent one pole pitch movement. Proposed topology: (c) initial
Magnet-Transverse Flux Machines (SPM-TFMs): (a) position and (d) one pole pitch movement.
Rotor structure, (b) stator of the basic topology, and (c)
stator of the proposed topology.

series of coils on the upper and lower sides, which are

connected in series. The rotor con guration for both
topologies is the same.
From the authors' perspectives, the inner rotor
con guration is selected mainly based on the type of
the PM used in the machine. It is evident that ma-
chine output power signi cantly decreases through the
replacement of high power density NdFeB PMs by weak
ferrite. The only way to avoid this occurrence is to in-
crease the machine volume so that the larger amount of
ferrite PMs could be accommodated. In the case of se-
lecting the inner rotor con guration, the inner diameter
of the rotor should be mainly reduced to increase the
space for accommodating the ferrite PM. In doing so,
the machine outer diameter does not increase and even
better usage of machine volume is achieved. However,
it is unavoidable that the machine weight will increase.
Moreover, PM demagnetization is more likely because
of lower magnetic eld strength of the ferrite PM.
In order to clarify the operation concept of the
structures, the ux linkage of the basic machine in two
rotor positions is investigated. Figure 3(a) presents Figure 4. Flux linkage of the basic Single Permanent
Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM): (a)
a cross-sectional view of the basic machine where the Waveform and (b) harmonics component (percentage of
rotor teeth are located in front of the U-shaped parts main harmonic component).
and rotor slots are aligned with the I-shaped parts.
Based on the ux path in Figure 3(a), the main extracted and presented in Figure 4(a). As can be seen,
portion of the ux lines passes from U-shaped parts the coil ux linkage has a unipolar shape in which the
into the rotor via teeth and leads to the maximum ux value oscillates between maximum and minimum
achievable value of the ux linkage. With one pole values ('max 1 ; 'min 1 ). The ux linkage waveform of
pitch rotation of the rotor (Figure 3(b)), the I-shaped this topology could be decomposed and written as a
core aligns with the rotor teeth where the U-shaped Fourier series as in Eq. (1):
ones are located in front of the rotor slots and cause
the minimum value of the ux linkage. To achieve 1
X
a better understanding of the oscillation of the ux a = 0 + n cos(n + n ); n = 1; 2; 3; :::: (1)
linkage in the structures, a sample machine is simulated n=1
using a software product by Finite Element Method The harmonics component of the ux linkage is
(FEM) and the resulting waveform of the ux linkage is extracted in Figure 4(b) as the percentage of the main
3366 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378

component. The no-load ux linkage obtains 140% of

DC component, 5.5% of second-order harmonics, and
2.5% of fourth-order harmonic component, which is
the result of the unipolar nature of the ux linkage
waveform. The existence of the even-order harmonics
would cause unbalanced voltage waveform, high
value of the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), and
increased machine loss.
To investigate the operation of the proposed
topology, the same action is followed. In the initial
position of the rotor, the ux lines are mostly linked
to the upper coil. In such a position as depicted
in Figure 3(c), the upper coil has the maximum ux
linkage due to alignment with the rotor teeth, while the
lower coil has a minimum ux linkage value because of
its alignment with the rotor slot. After one pole pitch
rotation of the rotor (Figure 3(d)), the ux mostly links
the lower coil because of alignment with the rotor teeth
where the upper coil aligns with the slots and have a
minimum ux linkage value.
The ux linkage waveform of the upper and
lower coils of the proposed topology is presented in
Figure 5(a). As can be seen, the ux linkage of both Figure 5. Flux linkage of the proposed Single Permanent
coils has unipolar shapes. Flux linkage of the upper Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM): (a)
and lower coils could be written as in Eqs. (2) and (3), Waveform and (b) harmonics component (percentage of
respectively. main harmonic component).
X1
0upper = 00 + 0 n cos(n + n ); n = 1; 2; 3; :::; force equation in SPM-TFMs, the ring-shaped ferrite
n=1 (2) PM is modeled by multiple surface mounted PMs on
1 the rotor teeth. At rst, the equivalent thickness and
X remanent ux density of these PMs as the surface
0 0
lower = 0 + 0 n cos(n + n + n );
n=1
mounted ones are calculated as in Eqs. (5) and (6),
respectively.
n = 1; 2; 3; :::: (3)
P L m Lr 
By negatively cascading the coils, a bipolar ux tm = ; (5)
2Sm
linkage is found. The total ux linkage is obtained as
follows: 2Sm Br
Br 0 = ; (6)
X1 P Lr 
b = 0upper 0lower = 2 0 n cos(n + n );
n=1 where P is the number of poles, Lr is the rotor tooth
length, Lm is the length of the ring-shaped PM,  is the
n = 1; 3; 5; :::: (4) one-pole pitch length, Br is the remanent ux density
of the ring-shaped PM, and Sm is the surface area of the
Eq. (4) states that not only has the ux linkage PM ring, which is perpendicular to the PM ux lines.
a bipolar shape but also all the even-order harmonics Then, each PM is modeled by a single-turn coil located
are cancelled. The ux linkage harmonic components on the surface of the rotor, as shown in Figure 6 [27,30].
of the proposed structure are presented in Figure 5(b); These coils are supposed to carry the equivalent current
in this respect, this statement is con rmed. of Im as in Eq. (7):
3. Proposition of the design equations B r Lm
Im = ; (7)
20 r
In this section, the torque and voltage equations for
the SPM-TFMs are derived. In TFPMs, the armature where r is the relative permeability of the ring-shaped
coil has a circumferential arrangement; therefore, the PM. By considering B(x) as the armature magnetic ux
Lorentz force equation could not be applied to the density which is crossing the equivalent conductors and
TFPMs directly [27{29]. In order to use the Lorentz x as the position of the rotor in the reference frame of
 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378 3367

Figure 8. The estimated model of armature ux density

crossing the conductor A1 in di erent rotor positions.
Figure 6. The equivalent single turn coils substituted for
ring-shaped Permanent Magnet (PM).
the conductor A1 for the proposed topology could be
Figure 7(a), the e ective force on each conductor can modeled as the blue line in Figure 8. The maximum
be calculated based on the Lorentz force law as follows: ux density crossing the conductor can be calculated
as in Eq. (9). Of note, both of topologies have an equal
F = B(x) Im Lr : (8) number of armature coil turns per phase (N ). Hence,
in the proposed topology, the upper and lower coils
3.1. Torque equation have N=2 turn per phase.
The armature magnetic ux density of the structure 0:5Cf 0 r NIs
should be determined before calculating the electro- Bmax = ; (9)
magnetic torque of the generator. To this end, a tm +  r g
theoretical estimated model is proposed to determine where Cf and Is are the fringing factor and the arma-
this parameter. Figure 7 represents a cross-sectional ture current, respectively. The furrier series form of
view of the machine in two rotor positions. In the initial the magnetic ux density in Figure 8 can be extracted
position (Figure 7(a)) where the U-shaped core aligns as in Eq. (10). Therefore, the electromagnetic torque
with the conductor A1 , the conductor experiences of an m-phase SPM-TFM can be written as follows:
maximum ux density. Hence, the maximum force is
achievable regarding the Lorentz force of Eq. (8). X1  nx 
With one pole pitch rotation of the rotor (Fig- B(x) = Bn cos ; (10)
n=0 
ure 7(b)), the conductor A1 aligns with the I-shaped
core. In this position, the e ective force is almost T = 0:5mP Dg Im Lr (B (x) B (x +  )): (11)
zero because the ux line that crosses the conductor
is almost zero. In terms of this modeling, the magnetic By considering the armature current as Is =
ux density crossing the conductor A1 in di erent Ia sin(!s t ') and s = x= = !s t, the average value
rotor positions is estimated, as shown in Figure 8. of the electromagnetic torque is dependent on the main
It is assumed that the ux density crossing A1 has component of the B(x) as follows:
a constant and maximum value under the U-shaped
core. Similarly, the magnetic ux density crossing Tave = 0:5mP Dg Im Lr B1 cos('): (12)

Figure 7. Magnetic eld crossing the conductor A1 in di erent rotor positions for basic topology: (a) Initial position and
(b) one pole pitch movement.
3368 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378

Table 1. Speci cation of the Single Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machines (SPM-TFMs).
Parameter Symbol Value Unit
Rated power Pout 1.5 kW
Rated speed nm 500 rpm
No. of phases m 3 |
No. of poles P 36 |
No. of rotor teeth Nrotor 18 |
Outer diameter of the rotor Dor 195 mm
Inner diameter of the rotor Dir 80 mm
Length of one stator core L 80 mm
Number of armature turns per phase N 86 |
PM coercive force Hc {285 kA/m
PM remanent ux density Br 0.38 T

Here, B1 is the main component of B(x) . The The total ux linkage of the basic topology could
value of B1 for both topologies is as follows: be calculated as follows:
8 Z =2
<B1
> = 4Bmax Ws
2 ( Ws ) cos( 2 ); Ws 6=  NP NP Lr Bm 
'= L B(x) dx = : (16)
(13) 2 r =2 
>
:
B1 = 2Bmax ; Ws =  By substituting Eqs. (15) and (16) into the gen-
By substituting Eq. (13) into Eq. (12), the average eral equation of induced voltage (V = Nd'=dt), the
value of the electromagnetic torque for both topologies RMS value of the Back-EMF can be calculated:
can be derived as follows (in the case of Ws =  ): p
V = 2fe NP Lr Bm ; (17)
mP Dg Im Lr Bmax
Tave = cos('): (14) where fe is the electrical frequency of armature. For

the proposed topology with N=2 turn per phase in
3.2. Back-EMF equation each coil, the induced voltage per coil is half of the
To derive the Back-EMF equation of the TFPMs, voltage in basic topology. Therefore, through the
the e ect of stator segments must be included in the series connection of the coils, the induced voltage (main
voltage equation such as the proposed equation in component) is equal for both topologies.
[1,27]. In this paper, the PM ux density distribution By using the proposed design equation, two di er-
in the air gap is modeled by the proposed graph given ent topologies of SPM-TFMs are designed for a small-
in Figure 9. The ux density distribution of PM in scale direct drive wind turbine. As stated earlier, the
the air gap could be written in furrier series as in selected power and speed for the case study turbine are
Eq. (15) where the rst component of the magnetic considered as 1.5 kW and 500 rpm, respectively. The
ux density is calculated in Eq. (13) by replacing Bmax speci cations of the designed SPM-TFMs are listed in
with Bmax Bmin . Table 1.
 x  In order to make a comparison between the
B(x) = Bm cos : (15) topologies, all the speci cations such as rotor dimen-

sions, PM type, machine length, and machine outer
diameter are supposed to be equal in the case of
both topologies. To validate the design equations, the
average torque and the main component of the Back-
EMF are derived using Finite Element Analysis (FEA)
and analytical approaches. Figure 10 shows the torque
waveform of the SPM-TFM resulting from FEA versus
rotor position based on the dimensions given in Table
1. The average value of the FEA result and the torque
value of Eq. (14) are also given in Figure 10. Upon
comparing the average torque value resulting from FEA
Figure 9. The model of Permanent Magnet (PM) ux with the analytical equation of Eq. (14), an acceptable
density distribution in air gap. coincidence is produced that has only 6% divergence.
 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378 3369

4.1. 3-D permeance network

The proposed permeance network for the SPM-TFM
(proposed topology) is presented in Figure 12 from two
viewpoints. To avoid the confusion, the variable air gap
permeances are excluded from Figure 12. In order to
model the rotor teeth permeances precisely, each rotor
tooth and each rotor slot are modeled in three regions.
The saturation e ect is considered for the rotor tooth
and stator iron permeances because of the high value of
mangnetic ux density (the description is given in the
next subsection). Due to the low magnetic ux density
in the rotor yoke, the iron parts of the rotor yoke are
Figure 10. The output torque of the proposed Single modeled as constant permeances (no saturation e ect).
Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM) For instance, based on the parametric dimensions
calculated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the
analytical model. shown in Figure 13, Gt1 , Gs1 , Gc1 , Gr1 are calculated
as in Eqs. (18){(21), respectively:
3 L 
Gt1 = t1 r ; (18)
Ys
30 Lr (3 + Wrs )
Gs1 = ; (19)
4Ys
p c Lr Yr
Gc1 = ; (20)
3 (Dor 2Ys Yr =3)
3c Lr (Dor 2Ys Yr =3)
Gr 1 = ; (21)
p Yr
Figure 11. The Back-EMF of the proposed Single
Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM)
calculated by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and the
analytical model.

The error in the functionality of the analytical model is

mainly caused by neglecting the role of iron saturation
and error in estimating the armature ux density, as
represented in Figure 8.
The main component of the Back-EMF, which
is calculated by Eq. (17), is compared with the FEA
and presented in Figure 11. It can be seen that the
maximum divergence between the analytical and the
FEA results in the worst case is 10%.

4. 3D Non-linear MEC
Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) method is an ana-
lytical method for modeling electromagnetic machines
[31,32]. The MEC has been successfully developed for
di erent types of electrical machines in the literature
[33{39]. In TFPMs, due to the 3-Dimensional (3D) na-
ture of the ux path, 3D MEC is required. Compared
with the FEA, the MEC is a faster method for reducing
the computational time of the simulations. However, Figure 12. Cross sectional view of the proposed Single
it is usually less accurate than the FEA. Hence, to Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM)
increase the accuracy of the MEC, the iron saturation permeance network (excluding variable air gap
e ect is modeled in this study. permeances): (a) Front view and (b) side view.
3370 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378

Figure 13. Parametric dimensions of the proposed Single Figure 14. Model of the variable air gap permeances.
Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine
(SPM-TFM): (a) Front view and (b) side view. air gap permeances are the most important parts of the
permeance network as energy conversion takes place
where t1 is the permeability of the iron which is a in the air gap region. Therefore, the more precise
variable depending on the working point in the iron B- the variable air gap permeance modeling, the more
H curve; c is the permeability of iron for the iron parts accurate the MEC results. The method of modeling
whose saturation e ect is not modeled (rotor yoke); 0 air gap permeances is based on the proposed method
is the permeability of air; and Dor and Dir are the of [31] in which the air gap permeance between one
outer and inner diameters of the rotor, respectively. rotor tooth and one stator tooth during the rotation is
The rotor leakage permeances shown in Fig- considered, as given in Figure 14. The corresponding
ure 13(b) are calculated through Eqs. (22){(24): parameters of Figure 14 are given in Eqs. (28) and (29):
C  0 Lr  min(; Ts )
 Y 
GLr1 = 0 s ; (22) Gmax = f ; (28)
L 2Lr g

 (D Ys )
  2 j Ts j :
GLr2 = 0 or
p
 Ln L L 2Lr ; (23) a=
p
; b=
Dor
(29)
m
  Based on Figure 14, the permeance between two certain
 D
GLr3 = 0 ir
p
 Ln LL : (24) nodes of stator and rotor is equal to Gmax when the
angle between them () is within b and b. In this
m
condition, the maximum overlap between stator and
Each segment of the ring-shaped PM is modeled by a rotor tooth occurs, leading to maximum permeance
current source shunted by a leakage permeance as in between the teeth. Moreover, the permeance follows
Eqs. (25) and (26): a sinusoidal function when jbj < jj < jaj. Beyond
those limits, the permeance value is zero in Eq. (30) as
(Dor 2 Ys )2 (Dor 2 Ys 2Yr =3)2 follows:
'1 = Br ;
4p (25)
8
>>Gmax ;
> b>> b
>
>
>
>
GM 1 = >
>
> 1+cos( a bb )
<Gmax
> 2 ; a>>b
h i
 P M (Dor 2 Ys )2 (Dor 2 Ys 2Yr =3)2 G= (30)
>
; >
> 1+cos( a+bb )
4p Lm
>
>
>Gmax 2 ; b>> a
(26) >
>
>
>
>
:
where Br and P M are the PM remanent ux density 0; elsewhere
and PM permeability, respectively.
The Magneto Motive Force (MMF) of each wind- 4.3. Iron saturation e ect
ing is modeled by a voltage source as follows: As mentioned earlier, to enhance the accuracy of the
Fu = Nu Iu ; (27) MEC method, modeling the iron saturation e ect
is required. This e ect is considered for the rotor
where Nu is the upper coil's number of turns and Iu is tooth permeance and stator permeance whose magnetic
the armature current conducted by the upper coil. ux density is of high value. The non-linear MEC
algorithm of the TFPM is presented in Figure 15. At
4.2. Variable air gap permeance the beginning, the machine physical parameters are
In MEC modeling for electrical machines, the variable inserted. Next, a function (B = f(H ) ) is tted on
 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378 3371

Figure 15. Non-linear Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) algorithm of the proposed Single Permanent
Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM).

the iron B-H curve. Therefore, the function of iron 4.4. MEC results
permeability ( = f(H ) =H ) is calculated. Next, an The total ux linkage of the TFPM in the no-load
initial working point for the iron part is assumed (H0 , condition is extracted by both FEA and MEC methods
B0 , 0 ). Afterwards, the MEC matrixes are solved and shown in Figure 16. Moreover, the net output
and a new working point is determined for the iron voltage of the machine in the no-load condition is
part (H1 , B1 , 1 ). If the new ux density (B1 ) is close calculated by both methods and presented in Figure 17.
enough to the assumed value of ux density (B0 ), then As can be seen, the maximum ux linkage resulting
the results of this step are saved and the rotor position from MEC is about 0.006 Wb. Turn higher than
is updated and the next step begins. Otherwise, the the FEA result. Consequently, the MEC method is
initial working point is wrong; instead, a new working employed to calculate the peak of induced voltage to
point is assumed. This process is repeated until the be about 10 V higher than the FEA (Figure 17).
initial and nal values of ux density (B0 and B1 ) The three-phase cogging torque is also calculated by
get close enough. The parameter B determines how both methods and presented in Figure 18. Unlike the
much the two ux densities should get close. The ux linkage and induced voltage, the MEC method is
parameter H determines the change step of the iron subject to noticeable errors (12%) in cogging torque
working point. The smaller the above values (B and calculation.
H ), the more accurate the saturation modeling, yet at According to no-load analysis, it is deduced that
the cost of longer processing time. Consequently, these the MEC method has acceptable accuracy in calcu-
two values must be chosen wisely. lating voltage and ux linkage, although it may not
3372 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378

Figure 16. Comparison of the net ux linkage in Figure 19. Comparison of full load voltages of the
proposed Single Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux
Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC) method and the Machine (SPM-TFM) resulting from Magnetic Equivalent
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) (no-load condition). Circuit (MEC) method and the Finite Element Analysis
(FEA).
5. Results and comparisons
To achieve a better insight into the magnetic character-
istic of the topologies, simulations have been conducted
based on FEA. The magnetic ux density distribution
in one pole pair of the basic topology is depicted in
Figure 20(a). As can be seen, when the rotor teeth are
aligned with the U-shaped cores, the I-shaped cores are
aligned with the rotor slots. Thus, the main portion of
the ux passes through the U-shaped core and results
Figure 17. Comparison of the net Back-EMF of the in maximum ux linkage. Figure 20(b) represents
proposed Single Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux the magnetic ux density distribution in the proposed
Machine (SPM-TFM) in Magnetic Equivalent Circuit
(MEC) method and the Finite Element Analysis (FEA). topology. Similarly, in the basic position, most of the
PM uxes are linked to the upper coil, while the lower
coil has minimum ux linkage.
According to Figure 9 and Eq. (15), the leakage
magnetic ux density (Bmin 0 ) under the rotor slot
will cause a reduction in the machine rating. The
leakage ux can be reduced by increasing the spacing
between stator parts which would result in increasing
the machine diameter. Therefore, a compromise must
be made between minimizing Bmin 0 and the machine
diameter.
In order to compare the SPM-TFMs performance,
the output voltage in both no-load and full-load
Figure 18. Cogging torque of the proposed Single conditions is extruded. Moreover, demagnetization
Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM) characteristics of the machines are analyzed.
resulting from Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC)
method and the Finite Element Analysis (FEA).

be accurate in calculating the cogging torque. In

the case of full load analysis in the generator mode,
the load voltage is calculated using both methods, as
presented in Figure 19. The comparison shows that
the MEC method has an acceptable level of adoption
with the FEA in the full-load condition. In terms
of the processing time, the MEC method is 20 times
faster than the FEA method. The MEC method is Figure 20. Flux density distribution in one pole pair of
signi cantly faster than the FEA which would save a Single Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machines
noticeable amount of time, especially for optimization (SPM-TFMs): (a) Basic topology and (b) proposed
purposes. topology.
 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378 3373

5.1. Voltage harmonics component

5.1.1. No-load performance
The Back-EMF waveform and its harmonic component
spectrum analysis are presented in Figure 21. As can
be seen, the odd-order components of Back-EMF for
both topologies are almost equal. On the contrary, the
even-order harmonics are all cancelled in the case of
the proposed topology while having a signi cant value
in the basic topology.
5.1.2. Full-load performance
Figure 22(a) presents the phase voltage of both topolo-
gies under equal load. It can be found that the basic
topology su ers even-order harmonics that cause an
unbalanced behavior at the positive and negative peaks
of its voltage waveform. In contrast, for the proposed
topology, the voltage is completely balanced. This
fact can be easily seen in the harmonics component
spectrum of the voltages in Figure 22(b). As is clear
in this gure, the main component of the voltage in
the proposed topology is slightly higher in value than
that in the basic topology. More importantly, the
second harmonic has a signi cant value in the case of
basic topology, while it is cancelled in the proposed
topology.

Figure 22. Output voltage of the Single Permanent

Magnet-Transverse Flux Machines (SPM-TFMs) in the
full load condition: (a) Waveform and (b) harmonics
component.

5.2. Demagnetisation behaviour

Demagnetization phenomenon of PMs, especially in
low energy magnets like ferrite PMs, is one of the
main concerns of designers. This e ect mainly occurs
in high armature currents due to short circuit fault,
inverter fault, etc. High value of armature current (ei-
ther continues or instantaneous) may cause irreversible
demagnetization to PMs which a ects the machine
performance permanently. In this section, it is shown
that the basic topology is highly vulnerable to the high
armature currents as the PM is easily demagnetized.
Contrarily, it is depicted that the proposed topology is
signi cantly resistant.
To compare the PM demagnetization in both
topologies, various currents in d-axis (the position
presented in Figure 25) are injected to the machines
and the mean value of the magnetic ux densities
per magnet volume is calculated. Figure 23 presents
the mean value of PM magnetic ux densities in
the axial direction (magnetization direction) for both
topologies in various currents. As can be seen, ux
Figure 21. Output voltage of the Single Permanent density in the basic topology declines dramatically
Magnet-Transverse Flux Machines (SPM-TFMs) in the no upon increasing the armature current and at 150 A,
load condition: (a) Waveform and (b) harmonics it turns to negative values. Through further increase
component. in the armature current, the average ux density drops
3374 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378

Figure 23. Average ux density of Permanent Magnet

(PM) (in the magnetization direction (Z )) at di erent
d-axis currents for basic topology and proposed topology. Figure 25. Vector plot of the magnetic ux density
distribution in the topologies at 200 A current (d-axis):
(a) Basic topology and (b) proposed topology.
shown that the ux in the U-shaped core, resulting
from armature current, passes through the rotor teeth
and mainly closes its path by crossing the PM, which
causes PM demagnetization. In the proposed topology,
the resulting ux of the upper coil and the PM passes
through the rotor teeth and is conducted to the side
stator iron parts that surround the lower coil. Since
the MMF of the upper and lower coils is characterized
Figure 24. Magnetic ux density of the Permanent by opposite polarities, the sides of the stator tend to
Magnet (PM) (in magnetisation direction (Z )) for both conduct the ux via itself. This is the main reason for
topologies under di erent d-axis currents. Basic topology: the above-mentioned phenomenon and the lower rate
(a) 0 Ampere, (b) 100 Ampere, and (c) 200 Ampere. of demagnetization in the proposed topology.
Proposed topology: (d) 0 Ampere, (e) 100 Ampere, and
(f) 200 Ampere.
6. Optimization of torque pro le of the
to 0:1 Tesla where the irreversible demagnetization proposed machine
of the Ferrite PM happens. However, as can be seen In the case of the above-mentioned comparisons be-
in Figure 23, the proposed machine is extremely rigid tween the basic and proposed topologies, it can be
against the demagnetization e ect such that it has not easily deduced that the proposed machine has better
experienced this e ect even by 300 A current injection. operation characteristics in terms of PM demagnetisa-
To have a better understanding of the rigidity of the tion and the harmonic component of the output voltage
proposed machine against the demagnetization e ect, (elimination of all the even order harmonics). The
the magnetic ux density distribution in 1/18 of the electromagnetic torque of both TFPMs at di erent
structure by applying 0, 100, and 200 Amperes of loadings is presented in Figure 26. As can be seen,
current is extracted and presented in Figure 24. The the electromagnetic torque pro le for both TFPMs has
magnetic behavior of both structures is the same in
the no-load condition (Figure 24(a) and (d)). By
injecting 100 A current, a considerable di erence in
ux distribution content appears where the value of
the magnetic ux density in the basic and proposed
topologies reaches 0.05 and 0.17 Tesla, respectively
(Figure 24(b) and (e)). At the injected current of
200 A, the magnetic ux density of PM in the basic
topology declines to 0.1 Tesla, while the ux density
for the proposed topology does not change signi cantly
(Figure 24(c) and (f)). To explain the reason behind
this signi cant di erence in the demagnetization be-
havior of the topologies, a vector plot of the magnetic Figure 26. Electromagnetic torque of the Transvers Flux
ux density distribution at 200 A current is extracted Permanent Magnets (TFPMs) in di erent currents
and shown in Figure 25. In the basic topology, it is (percentage of the nominal current).
 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378 3375

almost the same behavior until 150% of the nominal in PM shape is not necessary, anymore. Moreover,
current. At higher currents, the proposed topology skewing the rotor teeth is a simple and cost-e ective
shows better performance. The di erence is mainly procedure in comparison with skewing the PMs.
due to three reasons: To do so, the rotor teeth in the proposed ma-
chine are skewed at di erent angles and the pro le of
ˆ First, the armature ux density distribution in the the electromagnetic torque is extracted and shown in
air gap for the proposed topology is symmetric, Figure 28. As can be seen, changing the skew angle
while in the case of the basic topology, it is not has a considerable e ect on the value of average torque
symmetric (Figure 8); and torque ripple. Since the result of changing skew
ˆ Second, the stator leakage permeances are di erent angle does not have a linear e ect on machine torque
in two topologies; characteristic, a sensitivity analysis of the skew angle
ˆ Third, the current waveform of the basic topology on the average torque and torque ripple is conducted
contains even order harmonics. In other words, at and the result is presented in Figure 29. Regarding the
the equal rms current, the fundamental component mechanical constraints in the machine design, skewing
of the current waveform is higher than that of the at 7 degrees will be operational. By increasing the
basic one, which results in higher torque production. skew angle from zero to 7 degrees, the average torque
keeps dropping almost linearly and achieves a 14.4%
According to three main advantages of the pro- drop in the nal degree. E ect of increasing the skew
posed topology (cancelling all even order harmon- angle on the torque ripple is not linear. As can be
ics, better PM demagnetization behavior, and better seen from Figure 29, torque ripple goes through an
torque production), the proposed topology can be the oscillation from 4 to 7 degrees. It is a fact that the
recommended candidate for a small-scale direct drive minimum torque ripple belongs to 7 degrees of the
wind turbine. Since the electromagnetic torque of the
generator plays an important role in the start-up and
vibration level of a wind turbine, reducing the torque
ripple of the structure is desired. To analyze the torque
pro le of the proposed machine, the pro le of the
cogging torque versus the rotor position is extracted
and presented in Figure 27. As can be seen, both
of topologies have a noticeable cogging torque (18%)
which will a ect the generator output characteristic.
In order to minimize the torque ripple of the
structure and ensure an optimized design, a method
based on skewing the rotor teeth is developed. The
skew of the rotor poles in typical topologies [17,18]
requires special shaping of the PMs which is not a cost-
e ective solution. In case of the SPM-TFM topology,
the rotor pole skew could be applied by skewing only Figure 28. Torque waveform of the Single Permanent
the rotor teeth. Consequently, any special changing Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM) in di erent
skew angles.

Figure 27. Cogging torque comparison for Single Figure 29. Torque characteristics of the Single
Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM) Permanent Magnet-Transverse Flux Machine (SPM-TFM)
topologies. in di erent skew angles.
3376 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378

ferent con guration", IEEE Transactions on Industry

Applications, 53(5), pp. 4260{4268 (2017).
4. Husain, T., Hasan, I., Sozer, Y., Husain, I., and
Muljadi, E. \Design considerations of a transverse ux
machine for direct-drive wind turbine applications",
IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 54(4),
pp. 3604{3615 (2018).
5. McDonald, A. and Bhuiyan, N.A. \On the opti-
mization of generators for o shore direct drive wind
turbines", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
Figure 30. Final rotor con guration before and after 32(1), pp. 348{358 (2016).
4-degree skewing: (a) Before skew and (b) after 4-degree 6. Jia, Z., Lin, H., Fang, S., and Huang, Y. \Cogging
skewing. torque optimization of novel transverse ux permanent
magnet generator with double C-hoop stator", IEEE
skew in the rotor teeth, but the average torque drops Transactions on Magnetics, 51(11), pp. 1{4 (2015).
considerably at this point. By allowing a maximum
10% drop in average toque, the minimum torque ripple 7. Husain, T., Hasan, I., Sozer, Y., Husain, I., and
could be achieved by skewing the rotor teeth at 4 Muljadi, E. \Cogging torque minimization in trans-
degrees. Therefore, the torque ripple is reduced to verse ux machines", IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, 55(1), pp. 385{397 (2018).
12% by only a 3.3% drop in the average torque. The
cogging torque of the SPM-TFMs before and after 4- 8. Arand, S.J. and Ardebili, M. \Cogging torque reduc-
degree skewing is depicted in Figure 27. The cogging tion in axial- ux permanent magnet wind generators
torque is reduced almost 90% after 4-degree skewing with yokeless and segmented armature by radially
of rotor teeth. The nal rotor con guration after and segmented and peripherally shifted magnet pieces",
Renewable Energy, 99, pp. 95{106 (2016).
before 4-degree skewing is presented in Figure 30.
9. Vaz, J.R., Wood, D.H., Bhattacharjee, D., and Lins,
E.F. \Drivetrain resistance and starting performance
7. Conclusion of a small wind turbine", Renewable Energy, 117, pp.
In this study, a transverse ux Permanent Magnet 509{519 (2018).
(PM) generator was proposed that enjoyed the ad- 10. Oh, J.H. and Kwon, B.I. \Design, optimization,
vantages of using cheap Ferrite PM with a bipolar and prototyping of a transverse ux-type-switched
ux linkage. Unlike the basic topology, having the reluctance generator with an integrated rotor", IEEE
bipolar ux linkage of the proposed machine led to Transactions on Energy Conversion, 31(4), pp. 1521{
cancelling all the even order harmonics in the output 1529 (2016).
voltage pro le. The output equations are extracted to 11. Ahsanullah, K., Dutta, R., and Rahman, M.F. \Analy-
model the machine and develop the design algorithm. sis of low-speed IPMMs with distributed and fractional
The analytical approach along with numerical analysis slot concentrated windings for wind energy applica-
reveals that the demagnetization risk of the Ferrite was tions", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 53(11), pp.
reduced signi cantly by splitting the armature reaction 1{10 (2017).
into two armature coils. To optimize the design for 12. Ueda, Y. and Takahashi, H. \Transverse- ux motor de-
a wind turbine application, rotor teeth skewing was sign with skewed and unequally distributed armature
employed and the cogging torque and torque ripple cores for reducing cogging torque", IEEE Transactions
were reduced by almost 90%, thus maintaining the on Magnetics, 53(11), pp. 1{5 (2017).
average torque above 96%. 13. Liu, C., Zhu, J., Wang, Y., Lei, G., and Guo, Y.
\Cogging torque minimization of SMC PM transverse
ux machines using shifted and unequal-width stator
References teeth", IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductiv-
1. Gieras, J.F. \Permanent magnet motor technology: ity, 26(4), pp. 1{4 (2016).
design and applications", pp. 364{401, CRC press, 14. Wang, Q., Zhao, B., Zhao, H., Li, Y., and Zou, J.
Florida, USA (2009). \Optimal design of tubular transverse ux motors with
2. Pourmoosa, A.A. and Mirsalim, M. \A transverse ux low cogging forces for direct drive applications", IEEE
generator with a single row of permanent magnets: Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 26(7), pp.
Analytical design and performance evaluation", IEEE 1{5 (2016).
Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 66(1), pp. 152{ 15. Washington, J.G., Atkinson, G.J., and Baker, N.J.
161 (2018). \Reduction of cogging torque and EMF harmonics
3. Dobzhanskyi, O., Gouws, R., and Amiri, E. \Analysis in modulated pole machines", IEEE Transactions on
of PM transverse- ux outer rotor machines with dif- Energy Conversion, 31(2), pp. 759{768 (2016).
 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378 3377

16. Nasiri-Zarandi, R., Ghaheri, A., and Abbaszadeh, K. 28. Anglada, J.R. and Sharkh, S.M. \Analytical calcula-
\Cogging torque reduction in U-core TFPM genera- tion of the torque produced by transverse ux ma-
tor using di erent halbach-array structures", In 2018 chines", IET Electric Power Applications, 11(7), pp.
International Symposium on Power Electronics, Elec- 1298{1305 (2017).
trical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM),
Amal Coast, Italy, pp. 1153{1158 (2018). 29. Anglada, J.R. and Sharkh, S.M. \Analysis of trans-
verse ux machines using a virtual mutual inductance
17. Green, J. \Development of high-performance generator approach", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
for wind turbines", Final Report, Stage II, National 33(2), pp. 465{472 (2017).
Wind Technology Center, Boulder, USA (2009). 30. Alam, F.R. and Abbaszadeh, K. \Magnetic eld
18. Gieras, J.F., Hamilton Sundstrand Corp. \Transverse analysis in eccentric surface-mounted permanent-
ux machine", U.S. Patent 7,830,057 (2010). magnet motors using an improved conformal mapping
method", IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion,
19. Kastinger, G. \August. Design of a novel transverse 31(1), pp. 333{344 (2015).
ux machine", In Proc. ICEM, Brugge, Belgium
(2002). 31. Ostovic, V., Dynamics of Saturated Electric Machines,
pp. 112{368, Springer Science & Business Media,
20. Liu, C., Lei, G., Ma, B., Wang, Y., Guo, Y., and Zhu, Berlin, Germany (2012).
J. \Development of a new low-cost 3-D ux transverse
ux FSPMM with soft magnetic composite cores and 32. Sudho , S.D., Power Magnetic Devices: A Multi-
ferrite magnets", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Objective Design Approach, John Wiley & Sons, New
53(11), pp. 1{5 (2017). Jersey, USA, pp. 264{355 (2014).
33. Ojaghlu, P., Vahedi, A., and Totoonchian, F. \Mag-
21. Husain, T., Hasan, I., Sozer, Y., Husain, I., and netic equivalent circuit modelling of ring winding
Muljadi, E. \Design of a modular E-core ux concen- axial ux machine", IET Electric Power Applications,
trating transverse ux machine", IEEE Transactions 12(3), pp. 293{300 (2017).
on Industry Applications, 54(3), pp. 2115{2128 (2018).
34. Tong, W., Wang, S., Dai, S., Wu, S., and Tang,
22. Bastawade, P., Chaudhari, B.N., Ugale, R.T., and R. \A quasi-three-dimensional magnetic equivalent
Pramanik, A. \Analytical and FEA based analysis circuit model of a double-sided axial ux permanent
of homopolar poly-phase transverse ux machine", magnet machine considering local saturation", IEEE
In 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power Transactions on Energy Conversion, 33(4), pp. 2163{
Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), 2173 (2018).
Trivandrum, India, pp. 1{6 (2016).
35. Horvath, D.C., Pekarek, S.D., and Sudho , S.D. \A
23. Liu, G., Shao, M., Zhao, W., Chen, Q., and Mo, scaled mesh/nodal formulation of magnetic equivalent
L. \Cost reduction of a new fault-tolerant Halbach circuits with motion", IEEE Transactions on Energy
permanent magnet machine using ferrite magnet", Conversion, 34(1), pp. 58{69 (2018).
IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 50(11), pp. 1{4
(2014). 36. Mignot, R.B., Espanet, C., Chamagne, D., and Martin,
T. \Modeling of an axial ux pm motor using a 3D
24. Zhao, X. and Niu, S. \Design of a novel consequent- magnetic equivalent circuit", In 2014 IEEE Vehicle
pole transverse- ux machine with improved permanent Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC), Coimbra,
magnet utilization", IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, Portugal, pp. 1{9 (2014).
53(11), pp. 1{5 (2017).
37. Johnson, M., Gardner, M.C., and Toliyat, H.A. \A
25. Ahmed, A., Wan, Z., and Husain, I. \Permanent mag- parameterized linear magnetic equivalent circuit for
net transverse ux machine with overlapping stator analysis and design of radial ux magnetic gears-Part
poles", In 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and I: Implementation", IEEE Transactions on Energy
Exposition (ECCE), Montreal, Canada, pp. 791{798 Conversion, 33(2), pp. 784{791 (2017).
(2015).
38. Hasan, I., Husain, T., Sozer, Y., Husain, I., and

26. Oskarsd  \A general description and com-
ottir, M.O. Muljadi, E. \Analytical modeling of a double-sided
parison of horizontal axis wind turbines and vertical ux concentrating E-core transverse ux machine with
axis wind turbines", Doctoral Dissertation, School pole windings", In 2017 IEEE International Electric
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Machines and Drives Conference (IEMDC), Miami,
Iceland, Iceland, pp. 130{365 (2014). USA, pp. 1{7 (2017).
27. Nasiri-Zarandi, R., Ajamloo, A.M., and Abbaszadeh, 39. Hasan, I., Husain, T., Uddin, M.W., Sozer, Y., Husain,
K. \Proposing the output equations and 3-D MEC I., and Muljadi, E. \Analytical modeling of a novel
modeling for U-Core TFPM generators", In 2018 transverse ux machine for direct drive wind tur-
International Symposium on Power Electronics, Elec- bine applications", In 2015 IEEE Energy Conversion
trical Drives, Automation and Motion (SPEEDAM), Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Montreal, Canada,
Amal Coast, Italy, pp. 292{297 (2018). pp. 2161{2168 (2015).
3378 A. Mohammadi Ajamloo et al./Scientia Iranica, Transactions D: Computer Science & ... 28 (2021) 3363{3378

Biographies Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College

Station, TX, USA. He is currently a Professor at
Akbar Mohammadi Ajamloo was born in Chalus, the Department of Electrical Engineering, K.N. Toosi
Mazandaran, Iran in 1994. He received the BS degree University of Technology. His research interests include
in Electrical Engineering from K. N. Toosi University power electronic and dc-dc and dc-ac converters, elec-
of Technology, Tehran, Iran in 2016. He achieved tric machinery, variable-speed drives, and propulsion
straight entrance into MS program in Electrical En- applications.
gineering at K. N. Toosi University of technology
and received the degree in 2018. He is currently an Reza Nasiri-Zarandi received the BS degree in
electrical machine designer with Damavand Electronics Electrical Engineering from K. N. Toosi University of
Corporation, Tehran, Iran. His research interests are Technology, Tehran, Iran in 2008 and the MS degree
permanent magnet wind generators, industrial electric in the same major jointly with Amir Kabir University
motors, and variable speed drives. of Technology, Tehran, Iran in 2010. He received
the PhD degree in Electrical Engineering and Energy
Karim Abbaszadeh received BS degree in Commu- jointly with Amir Kabir University of Technology,
nication Engineering from K. N. Toosi University of Tehran, Iran, and the Polytechnic University of Turin,
Technology, Tehran, Iran in 1991 and later, achieved Turin, Italy. He is currently an Assistant Professor in
his MS and PhD degrees in Electrical Engineering from the electrical machine group, Niroo Research Institute
Amir Kabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (NRI), Tehran, Iran. His research interests include
in 1997 and 2000, respectively. From 2001 to 2003, design, modelling, FEA, optimization, and drive of
he was a Research Assistant at the Department of rotary electric machines and power electronics.