ired amd cadigej Nanaticn o1 dech

When the Vesb çn ene sentence ruboty ohat iu id by Beme sþeaReh

in ansth &ntenee, the Veb in the -fast sertence u caled the
Rehortng Venb, and ashat s said in the seLend sestence s talled
sthe Reposted &peach:
Reporting eb Repented speach
My fathn sadd,

s fhene are hwe tays in ohich the repoted sheech mayte expresed
ct may either la)nubeat the ctual Londs ued by th speake
or lb) it mat give thin substame.
’ hihen the eputed speceh eeats athe actual seds,this is
called Sret Nansaticm, as nthe excmole qinen abe.
My tathen said,t time te ge autauy
hen the sepoted sheech gives the suestane e the usrds ued
y the speakes, and net she actual wodu, thu iç called Indiit

My tethen scçcl that t wastme tqe auwa.

Kules to changing the nastatíon;

changed. But the Tene
the Rebuted sheech i liatle te certatn chamges in pasaing
em the rec Nannatin the hdiict) and these ceßerd on
the Tens the Reprting Verb.
d the Repoting, Veb is a Tast tense, the tene o the ebin
Ihe Rebrted Speech must techangecl to ene a the fems o
3df the RebotingVeb i aPrsent ar Futune Tense, the Pense
the yeb in the Reboted Sheech id nt changed at all.
Pasentene
D. te hai tola you, Tam comdng
te has tld you that heis ming.
He saysto hiiend, have beOm uadng ".
He tells his fniend that he has beem seaing.
 futu.
He uil say w yeu have $sheken faisely tn the Reputed Speech, wthen ne Psent Rense is chnged im
He will tell you that yeu tar sbeken falsely Past , on dective, veb rtdvenb exesting, meas s
changed into ene exprcaing cistwnce
4 a) The Pacserd Rense Con the Rebosted Sbeeh) must -be changed te tt 1we
change
inte then there
cmeabending, Fast fom.
y The ast Simsle (in the Refputed Specch) ejten, but met necAS - Thii/ These that/thote Hen thene

-aily. changed do the Past Peet. tither Thithen Thus

ofy The Past Contnusus (inthe Rebted Specch) must be changed to Corne Yestu day the pertus dau.
the Past Peyet Contiueus. Roday That d hast nit thejoñus nighs.
He said, he gman shall eme." Rresent Contiuaus- fast the medt day Ago beert.
He scud that the man heuld cem
Continub
Pasert Peyet - Pat Palat
Present He &ad wDhe mn is comimg." Bresent fat Peok
Continu Cemtinog
Tense
He Acçd shat
into
Past
He said that the nam usas
He sad, he man has ceme.
ceming He
he uold teane the
hane seen this man.
them.

He said thot the nan had cUe. He that he had ten that man.
* But i thi', here', mewi ete, uers te seme ebiet, plae.
Simple
He said, The nan Ceme at ix. r tiome that is prcsemt ts the speakan cuing the clellveg
Adueb s mde
Past tte sad that the man had cem at gix the speech, them ne hange te;ecte er
fmto
Past
Pefeat
He sard, * Ran fell yestuncday." tn the Repted kpeech.
He sad that the ain had fallen yestday. Gebtnd said Mhis is my ebat.
Ghebimd said that sthis (the coat in hi£ hand) s hit cod,
He satd The man sas comimg. Ghebind said wl do t m rmeh
fast He scicl srat the man had teen comin Geindsaid that he uaod clo t ne rnu.
Contiucs
tonto
Poat Pelet
tte sacd, Rain ues tallng yeuterday.
Continusus He said that rain thad teen falli'ng yestenday *. Rhensne and esestne stAdjechires, o the Prst cund [econd
*fast Peret and art Pealeet Continuns enain wnchangd. Pasens, ae changed te he Thircl Pensen.
5. f the Resoted aShecch selals to sem wnaeal or habitual fac,
then he Present Snble n the Reted speech i mt hangd.
te sad, G6d susand gevenu al things."
yeu higfhen eages,"
The emoleyr tsd the usoskman cthat he cold nst tsat tim
e said that God sulesnd gevens all things.
highn sages..
He sueinded me When the cat it asay, the ne lay The priu saidte the qil mthe.
îkns you and
He nminded ne that shen thu catis usay,he mieepat he rime told the qid that the kne ter and hen methen
-8. hem the Rehuted Speach iw am tnteoncgatir sertenie, dhe Raperting. hen a Subodinate clause s attached ts trspeatire
Veb 'say or 'teu' a changedtrte ask cr inqir. Berten@,The 'enst o tne Veb n the Ngubordinatu Claute u
He said t me hhat s the shotest way back Verb.
He ingiAcd o mne shat as theshotest way back.
tHe said to him, " nhy do you step hene? He. ordeNed his tevnt t de o hetd him.
te asted im why te stepþed thuu. te &cad to hi trend, Wait hene til sctn
îhe itenegative furm à changed tnts the Assetive fon . The He cskec hi iend t uoait the tU he etumed.
Conuncien 'that' st uued. f she aestion à met inteducad by an
drtersatire Poensun or ddvesh, s 2cho, ushat, whone, ty, hew,e, 10 uhen the Repted Speech consist cn Lxlamatnygr Optotie
then the Cextoetg a arsh)Rten, the Repontns veno 'sey' ertela'
’ uthe mnoe usual ohen the cmblied mate must te chenged to seme venb a exdaim, cyg, roy.
-ayimatte ene a httoed foY. et, cnd the Verb must e telacted h h a oeat sutted
'whcthen' i ued chen the Bheaken u yorehaed tor ethur tn to the tete r coYdext.
- ative oY a nagatie sweh. tte scid tHumah my oiend has ceme.
eg- The Ring áoic to his mnistes, What uil yeucde yeu Auddeniy, He ercaimed uith clelight that thii end had ceme.
atacked y a trengn enumy ? He saçd May. Ghed panden thii sinnen "
te brayed that Gaetl ustuld pasdon that sinne.
attauked ty a sienn ememy
he. Reþotin. Verb said tochanyed ivto ted' in tnddivect
4. Ialhen thu Rekuted &peach is a mpeate Sertenu, the Rebuting. speech.
Venb 'say' or tel' must te changed te Aeme Verb aiqnitying a
cemmand entreaty , nd the tudent must
Aelect the Verb best uited ts the semse or covtext.
cn t oasage fronm the Bitut Nasaton te tne ndiret , the
mberative Mosd must toe neplaud ty the ainátie
He said tÍ tu sehvantGe aua at enu,"
He ordered his 8eWenta to go cusay at ene.
He said to his trtend, Wontk steacidy.
He aduied is triend to 290k stedily.
Forgin me, &tr,'
He begd ti master te forgin him