THE CONTINUING STRUGGLE

UNDER
AMERICAN AND
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
GROUP 5
CENTENO, JIGS
GABELO, MARCUS
REYES, TIFFANY
SIBUG, AIRA
VILLANUEVA, NIÑA
American
Infiltration in
the Philippines
 American-Spanish War
- America originally had a
conflict with Spain due to their
 The interest
Aguinaldo’s Hong Kong Junta
in Cuba.
- Their group played a huge role in the
revolution as they use diplomatic means
against Spain and their propaganda with
the same objective – to get back the
 How American
country’s Entered the
independence.
Philippines

ii. They met him to consult the status of the

Philippines and them as exiled in Hong
 The Battle of Manila Bay

- This war paved the way for the American

occupation in August.

1.Trivia: Roxas Boulevard, originally

called Cavite Boulevard, was renamed
to Dewey Boulevard in honor of the
American Admiral George Dewey,
whose forces defeated the Spanish
navy in the Battle of Manila Bay in
1898.
The Start of
American Era
 The Denial of Spencer Pratt
- American Consul Spencer Pratt and
Admiral George Dewey denied any
dealings of a political character and
any promise about the independence
of the Philippines with General
Aguinaldo.
 Proclamation of Philippine
Independence in Kawit, Cavite
- June 12, 1898 when he proclaimed the
Independence of Philippines in his house in
Cavite El Viejo and is now known as Kawit.
 Who is Apolinario Mabini?
i. Second of eight children
II. July 22 or 23, 1864
III. Talaga, Tanauwan, Batangas
IV. Father Inocencio Mabini, a peasant farmer
V. Mother Dionisia Maranan, a verndor in local
market
VI. 1881, age 17, he won a partial scholarship in
Colegio de San Juan de Letran.
VII.April of 1898 when he warned the Philippine
revolutionary leaders to continue the fight for
independence as Spain would like to cede the
Philippines to United States if they lost the war,
through a manifesto on the Spanish-American
War.
  Persons Significant in the Declaration of Philippine
Independence
A. Marcela Marino-Agoncillo

I. Principal seamstress of the first

and official flag of the Philippines
– Mother of the Philippine Flag.
B. JulianII. From
Felipe Taal, Batangas.
I. Born in Cavite City.
II. Music teacher and composer

VI.“Marcha Nacional Filipinas” – His composition,

was played by the San Francisco de Malabon
while the Philippine flag is being raised in the
declaration of Philippine Independence on June
12, 1898 in the house of General Aguinaldo in
Kawit, Cavite
C.Jose Palma

I. Was born on June 3, 1876

II.A poet and a Soldier.

IV.The poem fits the

instrumental tune of the
“Marcha Nacional Filipinas”
by Julian Felipe and has been
the basis for every translation
of the Philippine National
 Treaty of Paris of 1898 (Betrayal of
Alliance)

I. October 1, 1898 – Commissioners

from US and Spain met in Paris to
produce a treaty to end the war
after 6 months of hostilities.
II.American Peace Commission:
1.William R. Day
2.Sen. Cushman K. Davis
3.Sen. William P. Frye
III.Spanish Commission:
1.Don Eugenio Montero Rios
2.President of the Senate – Jules
Cambon
3.A French diplomat

IV.The negotiation was in

hostile atmosphere because
all Europe, except England,
was sympathetic to Spanish
side.

V.Although Cuba was

 The Formation of Malolos Congress
I. The revolutionary government attempted to
prevent the American conquest by
establishing a formal government.

II. The Congress wants to show that we

Filipinos are civilized and the Church itself
became the seat of the Government.
III.The document stated that:
1.The people have exclusive sovereignty.
2.The basic Civil Rights.
3.Separation of Church and State.
4.Called for the creation of an Assembly of
Representatives which would act as
legislature.
5.Called for a Parliamentary Republic as the
form of government with president having
a term of four years by a majority of the
 Members of the Malolos
Assembly.
Congress
 How The Philippine-American
War Started In The Philippine
Soil
i. It started with a gun fired by Private
William W. Grayson, of an American
sentry Volunteer Infantry Regiment at
the corner of Sociego and Silencio Street
near the San Juan River Bridge in Sta.
Mesa. Upon seeing the Filipino soldiers, in the
Santa Mesa area, the American sentry
shouted, “Halt” When the Filipinos continued
their way, Grayson killed a Filipino
Lieutenant and another Filipino soldier.
This incident ignited more the situation
between the Filipinos and the Americans.
 Who Is General Antonio
Luna?

i. Antonio Novicio Luna, was born

on October 29, 1866 in Manila
but he was an Ilocano.

ii. Antonio was a Filipino general

who fought in the Philippine-
American War.

iii.He succeeded Artemio Ricarte

as Chief of Staff of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines and
 The Capture Of Emilio Aguinaldo (March
23, 1901)
i. Cecilio Segismundo, was forced to pinpoint the
location of General Aguinaldo in the Village of
Palanan, Isabela. He also told the Americans the
number of Aguinaldo’s guards with him.

ii.The most important decoded message was an order

to General Baldomero Aguinaldo instructing him to
send some reinforcement
 Macabebe Scouts Aretroops to Palanan,
The Key To The Isabela.
General Aguinaldo’s Capture
i. General Funston disguised the Macabebe scouts
and sent them to Palanan, pretending that they
were the men requested by General Aguinaldo,
while General Funston and four other American
Officers, disguised as prisoners of war.
 Who Is Gregorio Del Pilar?
i. Goyong was how he was casually known.

II. In August 1897, he was promoted to a

captain; he met with Emilio Aguinaldo in
his Biak na Bato and proposed an attack on
a Spanish garrison.

III.He went into exile in Hong Kong with

Aguinaldo and other revolutionary leaders.

IV.In 1930, the body of the late General

Gregorio Del Pilar was exhumed and was
identified by the gold tooth and braces he
 Who Is Mariano Sakay?
I. He was one among those original
members of the Katipunan
movement.
II. When it was established in 1984, he
fought alongside Andres Bonifacio
against the Spanish throughout the
Philippine Revolution.
III.In 1989, he continued the fight for
Philippine independence against
the United States.
IV.Mariano Sakay was one of the
founders of the Partido Nacionalista
 Who Is General Miguel
Malvar?
i. He was born in Santo Tomas,
Batangas on September 27, 1865,
Miguel and a fellow revolutionary
Apolinario Mabini became
classmates in Batangas.
ii.Like Macario Sakay, his succeeding
successor as President, Malvar was
an original Katipunero.
 Changes in the Government of the Philippines
brought by the Americans
i. The Schurman Commission
 While the Philippine-American was raging,
President Mckinley sent 2 commisions in the
Philippines. The first of this commission was
the Schurman commission.
 Commission arrive in Manila on March 4, 1899.
this was headed by Jacob schurman together
 The Schurman commission was tasked to be the
with some other members.
following:
A.1. First they are task to look into the
conditions in the Philippines
B.2. They are also tasked to recommend the kind
of government to be established.
C.3. Lastly they are tasked to relay to the
 By completing its survey of the existing conditions in
the Philippines, the commission submitted the
following to President Mckinley
1. First Philippines was not yet ready for
independence.
2. Establishment of a civilian government as
rapidly as possible
3. Establishment of a bicameral legislature,
autonomous governments on the provincial
ii.and
Themunicipal levels.
Taft Commission
4. A system of free public elementary schools
March 16, 1900 – Taft Commission was sent
to help carry out the recommendations of
the Schurman Commission
 June 3. 1900 – Taft Commission arrived in
manila and began its legislative function.
 The commission defined its mission as
preparing the Filipinos for eventual
 Legacy Legislations under Taft
Administration
i. The Taft Commission promulgated a total of 157
laws between September 1900 and July 4, 1901,
when Taft became Civil Governor.

 When Land Reform Program Started In

The Philippines
i. When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the
concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) was
introduced. This system grants that Encomienderos
must defend his encomienda from external attack,
maintain peace and order within, and support the
missionaries.
ii.LAND REGISTRATION ACT OF 1902 (ACT NO.
496) – provided for a comprehensive registration of
IV.TENANCY ACT OF 1933 (ACT NO. OF 4054 AND 4113) –
regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of
rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.
V. PURCHASING THE FRIARS LAND IN THE PHILIPPINES FOR
LAND REFORM - As part of the land reform program of the
Insular Government under William Howard Taft and in
relation to the Phiippine Organic Act of 1902, the American
government bought the big haciendas owned by friars in
various places in the Philippines.

VI.THE CIVIL SERVICE ACT – First major legislation passed by

the commission on Sept. 19, 1900 was Act No. 5. Number
of Americans and Filipinos applying to serve the
government continued to increase.
VII.THE EDUCATION ACT OF 1901 – On September
1, 1898, General Elwell Otis made an initiative to
establish a public school system, organizing seven
schools in Manila. While war was raging, American
soldiers took time out to organize schools, and to
teach classes.

VIII.THE BALANGIGA MASSACRE – The Balangiga

is a place in Eastern Samar, where a memorable
incident happened between the Filipino militants
and members of the 9th US Infantry Regiment.
Killing 48 members of the infantry and wounding
22, four among them escaped from the massacre.
On the part of the Filipinos, also suffered
Preparation for
the
Commonwealth of
the Philippines
Cooper act Of Philippine organic
act of 1901
- provided a Bill of Rights for the Filipinos
that protected their rights: to live, to
acquire property, to practice their religion,
to be subjected to due process, to exercise
their obligations, to enjoy compensations
due to them, and freedom of expression.
The Jones Law
- formally known as Philippine
Autonomy Act of 1916
- statute announcing the intention of
the United States government to
“withdraw their sovereignty over the
Philippine Islands as soon as a stable
government can be established
therein.”
 Hares-Hawes-Cuttings Law
- first law setting a specific date for
Philippine independence from the
United States.
- It was the result of the OsRox Mission
led by Sergio Osmeña and Manuel
Roxas.
- The law promised Philippine
independence after 10 years, but
reserved several military and naval
bases for the United States, as well as
Tydings-Mcduffie Act
- Officially known as Philippines
Independence Act
- Enacted March 24, 1934, Philippines
as an independent country after a
ten-year transition period
- US Military Forces are still
maintained
1935 Philippine election for the
Commonwealth Government
- First direct election of President and Vice
President of the Philippine
- The Nationalistista Party; led by
Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña
- The Nationalist Socialist Party;
General Emilio Aguinaldo with Gregorio
Aglipay

Commonwealth of the Philippines

- A 10- year transitional period in the
Philippines from 1935 to 1945 in
- Manuel L Quezon was elected
President together with Sergio
Osmeña as Vice President.
- “I would rather have a government
run like hell by Filipinos than a
government run like heaven by the
Americans.”
Primary concerns in the
transition period were:
1.National Security and National
Defense
2.Social Justice of the Country
3.Education
4.Language
5.Economic Development
Manuel L. Quezon
- Elected president of the Philippine
Commonwealth
- A lawyer by profession, he placed
fourth in the bar exam
- Served as governor of Tayabas
(Quezon), Senate President before
elected as Philippine president.
Accomplishments:
- National Defense Act
- Woman Suffrage
- Creation of New Chartered
Cities
- Adoption of National Language
- Promotion of Social Justice
 Claro M. Recto
- Leader of the Filipino first movement that
attacked US neocolonialism in the
Philippines.
- Recto was appointed president of the
convention charged with drafting a
constitution for the new Commonwealth
government.

Second Commonwealth
- President Manuel L. Quezon died in New York
on August 1, 1944
Japanese
occupation
And War years
 The Japanese occupation of the Philippines
occurred between 1942 and 1945, when the empire
of japans occupied the commonwealth of the
Philippines during world war II.
December 7, 1941 - pearl
harbor was bombed

December 8, 1941 -
invasion of the Philippines
 April 9, 1942 - Bataan death
March

1943 to October 20, 1944 - the

Filipinos suffered greatly from the
atrocities inflicted not only o
suspected guerrillas but on many
innocent civilians and the
implementation of “Zombification”
October 20, 1944 - Guerilla campaign by the Philippines
controlled sixty percent of the island and General
Macarthur discharged his promise.
December 1944 - the island of Leyte and Mindoro
were cleared of Japanese
January 9, 1945 - the Americans landed unopposed at the
Lingayen Gulf on Luzon and closed on Manila. The
Japanese fought desperately, street by street, to hold the
city.
From February 3 to 23, its liberation took almost a month.
When at last the fighting ended in the old Spanish citadel
of Intramuros, Manila was in ruins.
September 2, 1945 - surrender of japan
Ang Epidemya ng
Cholera sa Panahon
ng Digmaan ng
Pilipino-Amerikano
Makakarating sa Pilipinas ang bawat pandemya ng
kolera, sa halos tuwing dekada ang regularidad.
Isinakatuparan ng nga Espanyol abg systemang
kwarantenas, subalit hindi nito naapula ang pagkalat
ng sakit. Ang insular na katangian ng bayan ang isa sa
mga balakid na kinaharap nito.
Cholera sa Panahon ng Kolonyal
- Ang pagbubukas ng nga daungan sa pandaigdigang
kalakalan sa bansa ang nagsilbing lagusan ng transmisyon ng
sakit.
 Pandemya ng Cholera 1902-05:
Cholera at ang Digmaang
Pilipino-Amerikano
- Naganap sa panahong nakikipaglaban
ang ilang mamayan laban sa mga
mananakop.
- Pagtatag ng mga concentration camps,
sa bisa ng Reconstration Law ng nga
Cholera at ImperyalismongAmerikano.
Amerikano - Naging batayan ang concentration
- Pagsunog sa distrito ngcamps
Falora sa
sa paglawak ng cholera.
Maynila; kilalang pamayanan ng nga
maralita na pinaghinalaan pinagmula
Pagkakaiba ng bahay kubi at bahay na
bato sa panahon ng pandemya.
• Paghahating panlipunan.
• Paghahati sa kapalaran sa panahon ng
pandemya.
• Pagbabawal ng kalakan ng Pagkain.
• Kalagayan ng kagutuman sa
concentration camps.
• Pagkawala ng kabuhayan.
• Pangkalahatang gutom sa panahon ng
pandemya.
• Digmaang militar at Digmaang medikal.
Cholera at Pananakop
• Kaayusang Militar at Kaayusang
medikal
• Pakikipagalyado sa mayayaman
• Pagpapakulong sa pagtitipon
• Persepsyon ng nangaabusong
awtoridad.
Cholera at Digmaan
Digmaan laban sa cholera:
• Maraming diskurso
• Maraming naratibo
• Nagtutunggaling pananaw
• Kolonyalismo, medesina at agham sa
panahon ng
digmaan para sa kalayaan.
• Poverty
• Diseases
• Sufferings
1918 Influenza Pandemic
3 Wave Pandemic
- Mayo-Hunyo (1918)
- Oktubre-Disyembre (1918)
- Pebrero-Marso (1919)
Unang opisyal na itinala bilang
"autochthonous" - gaya ng karaniwang
trancazo sa Pilipinas. Itinalang may higit
90,000 na biktima at nasa 45-55% case
morbidity rate ng kabuuang populasyon.
• Unang alon - Luzon, high morbidity low mortality. sa mga
lalawigan ng Bataan, Bulacan, Rizal, Laguna, Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija at Lungsod ng Maynila.
• Ikalawang alon - Buong kapuluan, high mortality, high
morbidity, mga buwan ng nobyembre at oktubre.
Dahil sa mga naitalang sakit;
• Nagkulang sa mga sepulturero
• Naapektuhan pati ang mga doctor
• Hindi nakapag ani mga magsasaka at ang mga manggagawa
ay hindi nakapagtrabaho
Confined and Unconfined Population sa 1918
Influenza Pandemic
• Bilibid Prisons
• Camp Cludio - military training camp for Philippine National
Guard, tinalaga bilang quarantine area.
• UP - sinuspendido
• Philippine Civil services – disrupted

Mga Ilang Isinakatuparan

• Paghihiwalay sa may mga sakit; pagsusunog
ng bangkay.
• Pagsara ng nga pampublikong lugar; disinfecting, testing
Hamon at Pagsubok
• Pagbibitiw
• Reassignments kaugnay ng digmaan
• Realignment ng mga posisyong administratibo
• Pagkakaiba sa patakaran
• Mababang Pasahod
THE END