√ √

1. Find all the roots of the equation (1 − 3i)7 z 3 − i = 3 in polar form and sketch
them in the complex plane.

√
3 3+i
Solution. z = √ . Since
(1 − 3i)7
√  π π π
3 + i = 2 cos + i sin = 2ei 6 ,
√ h 6 π  6  π i π
1 − 3i = 2 cos − + i sin − = 2e−i 3 ,
3 3
using de Moivre’s formula, we get
π
3 2ei 6 1 i 5π 1 π
z = −i 7π
= 6
e 2 = 3 ei 2 .
27 e 3 2 4
The roots are
1 π 2kπ
zk = ei( 6 + 3 ) , k = 0, 1, 2,
4
namely,
1 iπ 1 π π
z0 = e =6 cos + i sin ,
4 4 6 6
1 i 5π 1  5π 5π 
z1 = e = 6 cos + i sin ,
4 4 6 6
1 3π 1  3π 3π 
z2 = ei 2 = cos + i sin .
4 4 2 2
2(a) Consider the linear system


 2x1 − x2 + 3x3 = a

3x1 + x2 − 5x3 = b

−5x1 − 5x2 + 21x3 = c


Determine the relations between a, b and c such that the system is

i. inconsistent;
ii. consistent, and then solve the system.

Solution:

We simplify the augmented matrix of the system using row operations:

1
        
1 −1 3 −2
(b) Consider vectors v 1 = 2 , v 2 = 1 , v 3 = 3 and v 4 = −4 in R3 .
      
3 4 2 −6

Show that v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 are linearly dependent, and {v 1 , v 2 } spans the same

subspace of R3 as span{v 1 , v 2 , v 3 , v 4 }.

can be expressed by linear combinations of

2
      
1 0 1
3. Consider v 1 = 1 , v 2 = 1 and v 3 = 0 in R3 .
    
0 1 1

i. Check that {v 1 , v 2 , v 3 } form a basis for R3 .

ii. Transform this basis into an orthonormal basis using Gram-Schmidt process.

Solution:

3
  
0 0 −2
4. Let A =  1 2 1 .
1 0 3
i. Diagonalize A by a nonsingular matrix P .
ii. Compute A13 .
iii. Is B = A2 + 2A + 5I diagonalizable?

Solution:

Moreover,

B =A2 + 2A + 5I
=(P DP −1 )2 + 2P DP −1 + 5I
=P (D2 + 2D + 5I)P −1 .

Since D2 + 2D + 5I is a diagonal matrix, hence B = A2 + 2A + 5I is also diago-

nalizable.

4
5

1
6. Solve the initial value problem y0 + xy = xy3, y(0) = .
2

Solution. This is a Bernoulli equation with n = 3. If y 6= 0, divide the equation

by y 3 to get
y −3 y 0 + xy −2 = x.
Let v = y −2 , then v 0 = −2y −3 y 0 , and thus

v 0 − 2xv = −2x.

Let
2
R
µ(x) = e (−2x)dx
= e−x ,
then Z Z
2 2
(−2x)µ(x)dx = (−2x)e−x dx = e−x ,

and thus,
2
e−x + C 2
v(x) = −x 2 = 1 + Cex .
e
Using the initial condition, we have v(0) = [y(0)]−2 = 4, then C = 3. Therefore,
2
v(x) = 1 + 3ex , and thus,
1
y(x) = √ .
1 + 3ex2
 y (x + y)2
7. Find the explicit y(x) of the initial value problem y0 − = (x > 0) and
x x2
y(1) = −2.
Solution: The equation is equivalent to
dy y  y 2
− = 1+ .
dx x x
y
Let v = .
x
dv
x + v − v = (1 + v)2 .
dx
As v(1) = −2, separate variables and we have
Z Z
1 1
2
dv = dx
(v + 1) x

which gives Z
1 1
2
dv = − = ln x + C
(v + 1) v+1
x = 1, v = −2 ⇒ C=1
1
v+1=−
ln x + 1
y 1
= −1 −
x ln x + 1
Hence,
x ln x + 2
y = −x − = −x .
ln x + 1 ln x + 1