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Title of assignment

Student name(s)

Assiniboine Community College

Course #: Course name

Instructor name

Due date in month, day, year

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Guided Imagery and Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Group Psychotherapy

Abbreviated
group/corporate
author
A majority of people experience stress in their daily lives (American Psychological Association

[APA], 2017). For college students, some of this might be caused by using confusing citing styles,

including that of APA itself. Thus, an important goal of psychological research is to evaluate techniques

that promote stress reduction and relaxation. Two techniques that have been associated with reduced

stress and increased relaxation in psychotherapy contexts are guided imagery and progressive muscle

relaxation (McGuigan & Lehrer, 2007). Guided imagery aids individuals in connecting their internal and

external experiences, allowing them, for example, to feel calmer externally because they practice

Two
thinking about calming imagery. Progressive muscle relaxation involves diaphragmatic breathing and the
sources in
one set of
parentheses
tensing and releasing of 16 major muscle groups; together these behaviors lead individuals to a more Citing
traditional
knowledge/o
relaxed state (Jacobson, 1938; Trakhtenberg, 2008). Guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation ral tradition
of
Indigenous
are both cognitive behavioral techniques (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005) in which individuals focus on the peoples

relationship among thoughts, emotions, and behaviors (White, 2000). According to Jane Doe (Lakota

Nation, lives in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada, personal communication, November 20, 2019) both

techniques are similar to traditional activities used in some Indigenous cultures.

‘Parenthetical
style’ citations Group psychotherapy effectively promotes positive treatment outcomes in patients in a cost-
Repeated
citation
effective way. Its efficacy is in part attributable to variables unique to the group experience of therapy when
necessary
as compared with individual psychotherapy (Bottomley, 1996; Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). That is, the group

format helps participants feel accepted and better understand their common struggles; at the same

time, interactions with group members provide social support and models of positive behavior (Yalom &

Leszcz, 2005). Thus, it is useful to examine how stress reduction and relaxation can be enhanced in a

group context.

The purpose of this literature review is to examine the research base on guided imagery and

progressive muscle relaxation in group psychotherapy contexts. I provide overviews of both guided
 3

imagery and progressive muscle relaxation, including theoretical foundations and historical context.
Sources with
Then I examine guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation as used on their own as well as in 3+ authors

combination as part of group psychotherapy (see Baider et al., 1994, for more). Throughout the review, I

highlight themes in the research. Finally, I end by pointing out limitations in the existing literature and

exploring potential directions for future research.

Guided Imagery

Features of Guided Imagery

Guided imagery involves a person visualizing a mental image and engaging each sense (e.g.,

sight, smell, touch) in the process. Guided imagery was first examined in a psychological context in the

1960s, when the behavior theorist Joseph Wolpe helped pioneer the use of relaxation techniques such

as aversive imagery, exposure, and imaginal flooding in behavior therapy (Achterberg, 1985; Utay &

Miller, 2006). Patients learn to relax their bodies in the presence of stimuli that previously distressed

them, to the point where further exposure to the stimuli no longer provokes a negative response

(Achterberg, 1985).

Contemporary research supports the efficacy of guided imagery interventions for treating

medical, psychiatric, and psychological disorders (Utay & Miller, 2006). Guided imagery is typically used
Group or
corporate to pursue treatment goals such as improved relaxation, sports achievement, and pain reduction. Guided
author

imagery techniques are often paired with breathing techniques and other forms of relaxation, such as

mindfulness (see Freebird Meditations, 2012). The evidence is sufficient to call guided imagery an

effective, evidence-based treatment for a variety of stress-related psychological concerns (Utay & Miller,

2006). As the following image shows (see Figure 1), stress relief through guided imagery may be seen on

the very faces of those who practice it:

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Figure
number
Figure 1

People engaged in guided imagery

Figure
title

Image: graph, chart, drawing, map,

plot, or picture itself

Figure note: explanations to

supplement or clarify
information in the image.
Provide a citation as follows
and also include item in
reference list.

Note. This figure demonstrates the resulting serenity of guided imagery.

From The health benefits of guided imagery, by M. McShane, 2015,

https://www.allinahealth.org/healthysetgo/thrive/the-health-benefits-of-guided-imagery.

Guided Imagery in Group Psychotherapy

Guided imagery exercises improve treatment outcomes and prognosis in group psychotherapy

contexts (Skovholt & Thoen, 1987). Lange (1982) underscored two such benefits by showing (a) the role

of the group psychotherapy leader in facilitating reflection on the guided imagery experience, including

difficulties and stuck points, and (b) the benefits achieved by social comparison of guided imagery
 5

experiences between group members. Teaching techniques and reflecting on the group process are

unique components of guided imagery received in a group context (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005).

Empirical research focused on guided imagery interventions supports the efficacy of the

technique with a variety of populations within hospital settings, with positive outcomes for individuals
‘Narrative
diagnosed with depression, anxiety, and eating disorders (Utay & Miller, 2006). Guided imagery and style’
Quote paraphrase
citation citation
relaxation techniques have even been found to “reduce distress and allow the immune system to

function more effectively” (Trakhtenberg, 2008, p. 850). For example, Holden-Lund (1988) examined Repeated
citation
year
effects of a guided imagery intervention on surgical stress and wound healing in a group of 24 patients. omitted

Patients listened to guided imagery recordings and reported reduced state anxiety, lower cortisol levels

following surgery, and less irritation in wound healing compared with a control group. Holden-Lund

concluded that the guided imagery recordings contributed to improved surgical recovery. It would be

interesting to see how the results might differ if guided imagery was practiced continually in a group

context.

Guided imagery has also been shown to reduce stress, length of hospital stay, and symptoms

related to medical and psychological conditions (Scherwitz et al., 2005). For example, Ball et al. (2003)

conducted guided imagery in a group psychotherapy format with 11 children (ages 5–18) experiencing

recurrent abdominal pain. Children in the treatment group (n = 5) participated in four weekly group

psychotherapy sessions where guided imagery techniques were implemented. Data collected via pain

diaries and parent and child psychological surveys showed that patients reported a 67% decrease in

pain. Despite a small sample size, which contributed to low statistical power, the researchers concluded

that guided imagery in a group psychotherapy format was effective in reducing pediatric recurrent

abdominal pain. These findings led to the creation of a growing Canadian industry (Kent, 2019).

Criticism has come only from unauthoritative and suspect sources (“Only I Am Correct”, 2019).
Citation for source with no author. Put title in
quotation marks if it is not italicized at
source.
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However, in the majority of guided imagery studies, researchers have not evaluated the

technique in the context of traditional group psychotherapy. Rather, in these studies participants usually

met once in a group to learn guided imagery and then practiced guided imagery individually on their

own (see Menzies et al., 2014, for more). Thus, it is unknown whether guided imagery would have

different effects if implemented on an ongoing basis in group psychotherapy.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Features of Progressive Muscle Relaxation

Progressive muscle relaxation involves diaphragmatic or deep breathing and the tensing and
Indirect/
secondary
source
releasing of muscles in the body (Jacobson, 1938). Edmund Jacobson developed progressive muscle

relaxation in 1929 (as cited in Peterson et al., 2011) and directed participants to practice progressive

muscle relaxation several times a week for a year. After examining progressive muscle relaxation as an

intervention for stress or anxiety, Joseph Wolpe (1960; as cited in Peterson et al., 2011) theorized that

relaxation was a promising treatment. In 1973, Bernstein and Borkovec created a manual for helping

professionals to teach their clients progressive muscle relaxation, thereby bringing progressive muscle

relaxation into the fold of interventions used in cognitive behavior therapy. In its current state,

progressive muscle relaxation is often paired with relaxation training and described within a relaxation

framework (see Freebird Meditations, 2012, for more). Unbelievably, muscle relaxation is even taken

into consideration in regards to some crimes (Martin’s Annual Criminal Code, 2020).

Research on the use of progressive muscle relaxation for stress reduction has demonstrated the

efficacy of the method (McGuigan & Lehrer, 2007). As clients learn how to tense and release different

muscle groups, the physical relaxation achieved then influences psychological processes (McCallie et al.,

2006). Something as simple as furrowing one’s brow then smiling has shown benefits (Grouch, n.d.). For
Citation for source
example, progressive muscle relaxation can help alleviate tension headaches, insomnia, pain, and with no date
 7

irritable bowel syndrome. This research demonstrates that relaxing the body can also help relax the

mind and lead to physical benefits.

Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Group Psychotherapy

Limited, but compelling, research has examined progressive muscle relaxation within group

psychotherapy. Progressive muscle relaxation has been used in outpatient and inpatient hospital

settings to reduce stress and physical symptoms (Peterson et al., 2011). For example, the U.S.

Department of Veterans Affairs integrates progressive muscle relaxation into therapy skills groups

(Hardy, 2017). The goal is for group members to practice progressive muscle relaxation throughout their

inpatient stay and then continue the practice at home to promote ongoing relief of symptoms (Yalom &

Leszcz, 2005).
Long
paraphrase Yu (2004) examined the effects of multimodal progressive muscle relaxation on psychological

distress in 121 elderly patients with heart failure. Participants were randomized into experimental and

control groups. The experimental group received biweekly group sessions on progressive muscle

relaxation, as well as tape-directed self-practice and a revision workshop. The control group received

follow-up phone calls as a placebo. Results indicated that the experimental group exhibited significant

improvement in reports of psychological distress compared with the control group. Although this study

incorporated a multimodal form of progressive muscle relaxation, the experimental group met biweekly

in a group format; thus, the results may be applicable to group psychotherapy.

Progressive muscle relaxation has also been examined as a stress-reduction intervention with

large groups, albeit not therapy groups. Rausch et al. (2006) exposed a group of 387 college students to

20 min of either meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, or waiting as a control condition. Students

exposed to meditation and progressive muscle relaxation recovered more quickly from subsequent
Block
quote for stressors than did students in the control condition. Rausch et al. (2006) concluded the following:
40+ words
A mere 20 min of these group interventions was effective in reducing anxiety to normal levels
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. . . merely 10 min of the interventions allowed [the high-anxiety group] to recover from the

stressor. Thus, brief interventions of meditation and progressive muscle relaxation may be

effective for those with clinical levels of anxiety and for stress recovery when exposed to brief,

transitory stressors. (p. 287)

Thus, even small amounts of progressive muscle relaxation can be beneficial for people experiencing

anxiety.

Guided Imagery and Progressive Muscle Relaxation in Group Psychotherapy

Combinations of relaxation training techniques, including guided imagery and progressive

muscle relaxation, have been shown to improve psychiatric and medical symptoms when delivered in a

group psychotherapy context (Bottomley, 1996; Cunningham & Tocco, 1989). The research supports the

existence of immediate and long-term positive effects of guided imagery and progressive muscle

relaxation delivered in group psychotherapy (Baider et al., 1994). For example, Cohen and Fried (2007)

examined the effect of group psychotherapy on 114 women diagnosed with breast cancer. The

researchers randomly assigned participants to three groups: (a) a control group, (b) a relaxation

psychotherapy group that received guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation interventions, or

(c) a cognitive behavioral therapy group. Participants reported less psychological distress in both

intervention groups compared with the control group, and participants in the relaxation psychotherapy

group reported reduced symptoms related to sleep and fatigue. The researchers concluded that

relaxation training using guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation in group psychotherapy is

effective for relieving distress in women diagnosed with breast cancer. These results further support the

utility of guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation within the group psychotherapy modality.
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Conclusion

Limitations of Existing Research

Research on the use of guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation to achieve stress

reduction and relaxation is compelling but has significant limitations. Psychotherapy groups that

implement guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation are typically homogeneous, time limited,

and brief (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). Relaxation training in group psychotherapy typically includes only one

or two group meetings focused on these techniques (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005); thereafter, participants are

usually expected to practice the techniques by themselves (see Menzies et al., 2014). Future research

should address how these relaxation techniques can assist people in diverse groups and how the impact

of relaxation techniques may be amplified if treatments are delivered in the group setting over time.

Future research should also examine differences in inpatient versus outpatient psychotherapy

groups as well as structured versus unstructured groups. The majority of research on the use of guided

imagery and progressive muscle relaxation with psychotherapy groups has used unstructured inpatient

groups (e.g., groups in a hospital setting). However, inpatient and outpatient groups are distinct, as are

structured versus unstructured groups, and each format offers potential advantages and limitations

(Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). For example, an advantage of an unstructured group is that the group leader

can reflect the group process and focus on the “here and now,” which may improve the efficacy of the

relaxation techniques (Yalom & Leszcz, 2005). However, research also has supported the efficacy of

structured psychotherapy groups for patients with a variety of medical, psychiatric, and psychological

disorders (Hashim & Zainol, 2015; see also Baider et al., 1994; Cohen & Fried, 2007). Empirical research

assessing these interventions is limited, and further research is recommended.

Directions for Future Research

There are additional considerations when interpreting the results of previous studies and

planning for future studies of these techniques. For example, a lack of control groups and small sample
 10

sizes have contributed to low statistical power and limited the generalizability of findings. Although the

current data support the efficacy of psychotherapy groups that integrate guided imagery and

progressive muscle relaxation, further research with control groups and larger samples would bolster

confidence in the efficacy of these interventions. In order to recruit larger samples and to study

participants over time, researchers will need to overcome challenges of participant selection and

attrition. These factors are especially relevant within hospital settings because high patient turnover
Personal
communi- rates and changes in medical status may contribute to changes in treatment plans that affect group
cation

participation (L. Plum, personal communication, March 17, 2019). Despite these challenges, continued

research examining guided imagery and progressive muscle relaxation interventions within group

psychotherapy is warranted (Scherwitz et al., 2005). The results thus far are promising, and further

investigation has the potential to make relaxation techniques that can improve people’s lives more

effective and widely available.

Do not add the following information to your assignments:

This worksheet adapted from American Psychological Association. (2019). Publication Manual of

the American Psychological Association. (7th ed.). American Psychological Association and American

Psychological Association. (2019). Sample papers. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-

guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers
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Book reference
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