Quality (John Galsworthy)

QUALITY (JOHN
GALSWORTHY)
AUTHOR’S BIOGRAPHY
Author: John Galsworthy (1867 – 1933)
A popular and prolific English novelist and playwright in the early decades of the 20th
century.
A successful dramatist → naturalistic style.
Best known today as the author of "The Forsyte Saga.”
His concerns: the struggle of workers against exploitation, the use of solitary confinement in
prisons, the repression of women, and jingoism and the politics and morality of war,...
In the wake of the Industrial Revolution and urbanization, Galsworthy's works reflected the
inevitable conflicts that arose during the transition from a more pastoral society to a modern
one.
Focal topic:
+ Social and ethical problems
+ Moral issues (the dire effects of poverty)
Life events
1867: was born at Kingston Hill in Surrey, England
1876: went to Saugeen, a small preparatory school in Bournemouth and then moved to
Harrow School.
1881–1886: studied law at New College, Oxford.
QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 1

1890: was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn → traveled abroad to look after the family's
shipping business interest.
1893: met Joseph Conrad, his long-life friend (also a future novelist).
1892: began a long trip to the South Seas with a friend from Oxford, Ted Sanderson.
1895: began an affair with Ada Nemesis Pearson, the wife of one of his cousins.
1905: the pair eventually married.
World War I: worked in a hospital in France as an orderly and spent the rest of his life at
Bury in West Sussex.
1924: co-founded the international writer's organization PEN.
1933: died of a stroke at his home in London, "Grove Lodge", The Grove, Holly Bush Hill,
Hampstead, London, England.
Achievement
1932: The Order of Merit.
1932: The Nobel Prize for literature
Honorary degrees from the Universities St Andrews (1922), Manchester (1927), Dublin
(1929), Cambridge (1930), Sheffield (1930), Oxford (1931), Princeton (1931)
An honorary fellow of New College, Oxford.
Literary Works:
Novels
From the Four Winds (1897)
Jocelyn (1898)
The Island Pharisees (1904)
The Man of Property (1906)

Indian Summer of a Forsyte (1918)
In Chancery (1920)
Awakening (1920)

To Let (1921).
The White Monkey (1924),
The Silver Spoon (1926),

Swan Song (1928)
A Modern Comedy (1929).

The Country House (1907)
The Patrician (1911)

The Freelands (1915)
Plays
The Silver Box (1906)
Strife (1909)
Justice (1910)
Loyalties (1922)
PLOT SUMMARY
Brief summary:
“Quality” is published in 1912
It first appeared in "The Inn of Tranquility: Studies and Essays" (Heinemann, 1912)
In the era of advertisement, original craftsmen gradually met difficulties in their job due to
the lack of promotion and loss of customers. However, for them, they were not known
because of their widespread fame but of their quality products, so they remained that fire
and continued their job. In the narrative essay "Quality" by John Galsworthy, we can witness
the bitter struggle for the existence of the Gessler Brothers in the days of competition and
advertisement from which they entirely remained away for lack of resources and their old-
fashioned ideals. Consequently, the skilled and experienced workers have to suffer
starvation and yield to those more resourceful and enterprising, however unskilled they may
be but prosper by compromising with quality and principles.

The story not only shows readers the commitment of an artist, here is the Shoemaker,
towards his art and his ultimate death by starvation but also exposes the sad loss of art and
quality of work in the world of fashion, pomp, and materialism.
Plot summary:
1. The narrator told about the Gessler brothers' shoe shop in the West End of London
and showed the qualities and appearance of the two brothers. → exposition
(“I knew him from the days of my extreme youth, because he made my father’s boot.”, Page 1,
the 1st paragraph, the 1st line).
→ In the first two paragraphs, the author gives us an overview of the characters. Through them,
we can know about their nationality (German), their job, how they look, and their talents. This
introduction provides an overview of the background, creates curiosity, and encourages them ->
readers to continue the story.
2. The narrator visits the store less than he used to.
(“For it was not possible to go to him very often—his boots lasted terribly, having something
beyond the temporary—some, as it were, the essence of boot stitched into them.”, Page 2,
paragraph 3).
3. The narrator knew that the low-quality shoes were not the product he made but no self-
respect virms. → rising action 1
→ Once, the narrator told the shoe craftsmanship about poor quality shoes and knew that it was
not the product he made but no self-respect virms.
(“Dose big virms ‘ave no self-respect. Drash!”, Page 3, the 3rd paragraph bottom up, the 1st
line).
→ At this point, we can see that/ the problems have begun to appear, and the climax is gradually
being pushed up/, with the existence of large factories/, which will bring an extremely profound
conflict in this work. "Why? Because those big corporations have stolen customers from the two
brothers, delivering low-quality products/ and damaging the shoemaking profession."
4. The old man spoke bitterly about the advertising of big factories that made the work
they worked hard to do difficult. → conflict
(“It was the only time I ever heard him discuss the conditions and hardships of his trade”, Page
3, the 3rd paragraph bottom up, the 2-3).

→ Now, the story has shed more light on the conflict, revealing the hardships faced by the
Gessler brothers in their work.
This is the first time the younger brother has shared these difficulties, enough to understand how
the big corporations have overwhelmed such silent, humble individuals.
5. One of the two little windows of the shop, another name was painted for the Royal
Family. → climax 1
(“When at last I went I was surprised to find that outside one of the two little windows of his
shop another name was painted, also that of a bootmaker--making, of course, for the Royal
Family. The old familiar boots, no longer in dignified isolation, were huddled in the single
window. Inside, the now contracted well of the one little shop was more scented and darker than
ever. And it was longer than usual, too, before a face peered down, and the tip-tap of the bast
slippers began.”, Page 4, lines 1-2).
→ The mention of another bootmaker's name painted outside the shop signifies a significant
shift, indicating that Mr. Gessler's business has been taken over by a competitor who caters to the
Royal Family. This change is emphasized by the description of the old familiar boots, once
displayed with dignity, now huddled in a single window, suggesting a loss of prominence and
identity.
→ The language used, such as "surprised," "no longer in dignified isolation," "huddled," and
"contracted well," evokes a feeling of sadness and nostalgia. The atmosphere inside the shop is
described as "more scented and darker than ever," which adds to the sense of gloom and change.
The delay before a face appears and the sound of bast slippers/ signals a departure from the usual
promptness and warmth of Mr. Gessler's service/, further contributing to the somber mood.
6. The elder brother of Gessler died. → rising action 2
(“but my elder brudder is dead.”, Page 4, line 9 bottom-up).
→ As I mentioned, the death of the elder brother is a marbottom the extremely serious
consequences of big virms. The elder brother could have died from poverty due to a lack of
customers, or he could have died from being too saddened by losing half of the shop.
7. After 15 years, the narrator came back to the shop but the younger brother did not remember
the narrator and whether he told him about the death or not.
("Did I dell you my brudder was dead?", Page 5, line 14).
(“To watch him was painful, so feeble had he grown...” Page 5, line 15).

→ At that time, the younger brother is all alone, and he is truly pitiful as he gradually becomes
absent-minded, forgetting many things.
8. On a Wednesday evening, the narrator received shoes of the same quality and price as
usual.
(“I had given those boots up, when one evening they came”, Page 5, line 16).
(“In shape and fit, in finish and quality of leather, they were the best he had ever made me. And
in the mouth of one of the Town walking boots I found his bill. The amount was the same as
usual, but it gave me quite a shock.”, Page 5, lines 17-19).
→ We can see that, despite the hardships of life, the younger brother, the sole remaining owner
of the shop, remains loyal to his work in an upright manner, using the best materials but never
exploiting them to increase prices.
9. A week later, the narrator knew the younger brother had died because of starvation. →
climax 2
("Slow starvation, the doctor called it!”, Page 6, line 6).

→ Here, we witness another heart-wrenching event. Even though we know that the younger
brother's unwavering determination not to change his business strategy will cause him suffering,
readers still feel immense pity for his death. We see how harsh life's realities can be, squeezing
the humble individuals in terrifying ways.
10. The narrator said Mr. Gessler used to devote himself to shoe making and the
replacement of the new store. → conclusion
("That may be a bit flowery, as the sayin' is--but I know myself he was sittin' over his boots day
and night, to the very last. You see I used to watch him. Never gave 'imself time to eat; never had
a penny in the house. All went in rent and leather. How he lived so long I don't know. He
regularly let his fire go out. He was a character. But he made good boots.", Page 6, lines 13-15).
→ The Resolution begins with “ I went in, very much disturbed ” till the end of the story. During
this part of the plot, the narrator comes to the shop that used to be owned by Mr. Gessler just to
find out the old name of the shop has gone, yet its initial parts remain. Then he met a young
Englishman who was in charge of it, which came as the first shock to him. As the story
progresses further, the cause of Mr. Gessler's death - starvation - is informed to the narrator. Such
information dealt a massive blow to his unprepared mind since he is not ready to know his long-
acquainted shoemaker has died from starvation. The conversation between the two people goes
on, and the reasons leading to Mr. Gessler’s death are further elaborated. Nevertheless, the

resolution is not coated in a grim and tragic atmosphere, since at least both the narrator and the
young Englishman greatly appreciated Mr. Gessler’s dedication and craftsmanship in
shoemaking.
CONFLICTS:
Man vs. Himself:
He was a boot maker, and he always made the best quality boots although he was old
and poor:
+ Old:
(“And I saw that it was indeed himself—but how aged and wan!”, Page 4, line 8 bottom-up
(“And the first shop I went to was my old friend's. I had left a man of sixty, I came back to one of
seventy-five, pinched and worn and tremulous, who genuinely, this time, did not at first know
me.”, Page 5, the 1st paragraph).
(“And the first shop I went to was my old friend's. I had left a man of sixty, I came back to one of
seventy-five, pinched and worn and tremulous, who genuinely, this time, did not at first know
me.”, Page 5, the 1st paragraph).
(“And with utter slowness, he traced round my foot, and felt my toes, only once looking up to
say…”, Page 5, line 12-13).
("Did I dell you my brudder was dead?", Page 5, line 14).

(“To watch him was painful, so feeble had he grown; and I was glad to get away.”, Page 5, line
15).
+ Poor:
(“Poor old man starved 'himself.", Page 6, line 4).
+ Good quality:
(“It was very long before they came—but they were better than ever. One simply could not wear
them out.”, Page 4, the 2 last lines).
(“In shape and fit, in finish and quality of leather, they were the best he had ever made me.”,
Page 5, line 17-18).
(“And there he'd sit, goin' on and on—I will say that for him—not a man in London made a
better boot!”, Page 6, lines 8-9).

(“Would 'ave the best leather, too, and do it all 'imself..”, Page 6, line 10).
(“Yes," I said, "he made good boots."”, Page 6, line 2 bottom up).
⇒ From the evidence , do you find this character sympathetic? Yes, indeed. We all are born and
will perish, no one can change the circle of life, yet I cannot help but be moved to witness the
younger brother, despite extremely difficult health and economic conditions, remaining
steadfastly loyal/ to his profession and determined to deliver/ the best products to the customers.
He was poor but he did not want to change
We can see that the brothers would rather die of starvation than advertise or cheapen their
products.
("He never advertised! Would 'ave the best leather, too, and do it all 'imself.", Page 6, line 9-10).
("Id 'urds you dere," he said. "Dose big virms 'ave no self-respect. Drash!" And then, as if
something had given way within him, he spoke long and bitterly.”, Page 3, the 3rd paragraph
bottom up, line 1-2).
→ This leads to financial struggles ("He regularly let his fire go out. He was a character. But he
made good boots")
Quality vs. Timeliness:
Gessler prioritized creating high-quality boots, even if it took longer

("For it was not possible to go to him very often--his boots lasted terribly, having something
beyond the temporary--some, as it were, the essence of boot stitched into them", Page 2,
paragraph 3).
When he got older: (“It was very long before they came—but they were better than ever. One
simply could not wear them out.”, Page 4, the 2 last lines).
(“And with utter slowness, he traced round my foot, and felt my toes, only once looking up to
say…”, Page 5, line 12-13).
→ This can lead to internal conflict as he wants to please customers but also maintain his
standards.
Man vs. society: MAIN

The competition between the large companies that did not care about the small shop
(Big virms with Gessler Brothers): (classical >< modern)

The shop was located in a small street, not as many big virms.
(“two little shops let into one, in a small by-street--now no more, but then most fashionably
placed in the West End.”, Page 1, the 1st paragraph, lines 2-3).
His shop was new with some customers because two brothers never advertised their
products.
("Dey get id all," he said, "dey get id by adverdisement, nod by work. Dey dake it away from us,
who lofe our boods.”, Page 3, the 2nd paragraph bottom up, line 1-2).
(“But look at the competition! He never advertised!”, Page 6, line 9).
Customer Expectations vs. Gessler's Approach:
Customers become impatient with Gessler's slow and meticulous process

("People won't wait. He lost everybody", Page 6, line 8).
→ This creates a clash between Gessler's dedication and the changing expectations of the
market.
Love for boots vs. love for money:
Mr. Gessler, upon hearing about the sparse, squeaky quality shoes, asked his guest to bring them
over for him to see. ("Zend dem back!" he said; "I will look at dem., Page 3, line 9).
This is an attitude of honesty and love for the profession, determined to bring customers the best
products.
Meanwhile, big virms only paid attention to the number of customers they reached, not
delivering optimal products/ even though they had the support of machines. Sadly, the squeaky
shoes that the narrator wore are the product of these people who "lack professional ethics" and
had no self-esteem.
SETTING:
Place
+ London:
(“And there he'd sit, goin' on and on--I will say that for him--not a man in London made a better
boot!”, Page 6, line 8-9).
(“It was over a year before I was again in London”, Page 5, the 1st line).

+ The West End of London, the streets, and the two shop
(“two little shops let into one, in a small by-street--now no more, but then most fashionably
placed in the West End.”, Page 1, the 1st paragraph)
+ In the shop:
Wooden chair: (“Without a word he would leave me, retiring whence he came, or into the other
portion of the shop, and I would continue to rest in the wooden chair, inhaling the incense of his
trade.”, Page 2, paragraph 6, the 1st line).
Narrow wooden stairs: (“A guttural sound, and the tip-tap of bast slippers beating the narrow
wooden stairs, and he would stand before one without a coat, a little bent, in a leather apron,
with sleeves turned back, blinking--as if awakened from some dream of boots, or like an owl
surprised in daylight and annoyed at this interruption”, Page 2, paragraph 4, 3 lines bottom-up).
Atmosphere/Ambience
+ quiet, not so full of paced moves yet quite intriguing.
( “That tenement had a certain quiet distinction”, Page 1, the 2nd paragraph, the 1st line).
+ peaceful and comfortable
(“One went in, not as into most shops, in the mood of: "Please serve me, and let me go!" but
restfully, as one enters a church; and, sitting on the single wooden chair, one waited—for there
was never anybody there. Soon, over the top edge of that sort of well—rather dark, and smelling
soothingly of leather—which formed the shop, there would be seen his face, or that of his elder
brother, peering down. A guttural sound, and the tip-tap of bast slippers beating the narrow
wooden stairs”, Page 2, paragraph 4, lines 1-5).
+ smell of leather and the dark

(“Inside, the now contracted well of the one little shop was more scented and darker than ever.
And it was longer than usual, too, before a face peered down, and the tip-tap of the best slippers
⇒
began.”, Page 4, the 1st paragraph, line 3 bottom-up Here, through artistic techniques, the
author has depicted a cozy and intimate space. We can imagine the scent of wood mingling with
the smell of leather throughout the shop, a scent that is both ancient and simple, emanating from
its owner - calm and passionate about his craft. The two brothers lived in such a space, a very
warm and cozy home.
⇒ Here, through artistic techniques, the author has depicted a cozy and intimate space. We can
imagine the scent of wood mingling with the smell of leather throughout the shop, a scent

that is both ancient and simple, emanating from its owner - calm and passionate about his craft.
The two brothers lived in such a space, a very warm and cozy home.
+ Confusion, discomfort, and sadness.
(“To watch him was painful, so feeble had he grown; and I was glad to get away.”, Page 5, line
15).
(“And I turned and went out quickly, for I did not want that youth to know that I could hardly
see.”, Page 6, the last line).
Time mentioned in the story:

(+ Year of publication: 1912) -> Do you know what event we had that time? We had a
Revolution. It’s Industrial Revo. This is why we can see the change in many businesses and
advertising issues.
So, the first period of time you need to know is that + The background of this story
occurred in the 1700s above because they still use penny for the payment.
("Never gave 'himself time to eat; never had a penny in the house.", Page 6, line 14-15).
+ Historical background: Industrial revolution and advertised products in the 20th

Century shifted the traditional workers.
The shop compete with a big farm as industrial revolution with advertised product. This concept
of advertising to reach a wider audience is a hallmark of the Industrial Revolution.
("Dey get id all," he said, "dey get id by adverdisement, nod by work.”, Page 3, paragraph 2
bottom up, the 1st line).
+ Tomorrow fortnight:
(“And he would say: "To-morrow ford-nighd?", Page 2, paragraph 6, the last line).
+ Morning:
(“Then I would murmur: "Thank you! Good-morning, Mr. Gessler." "Goot-morning!" he would
reply, still looking at the leather in his hand”, Page 2, paragraph 7, line 1-2).
+ Over a year:
(“It was over a year before I was again in London.”, Page 5, the 1st line).
+ 15 years:
(“I had left a man of sixty, I came back to one of seventy-five, Page 5, line 2”).

+ Many months:
(“One does not, I suppose, care to feel like that; for it was again many months before my next
visit to his shop...Page 4, line 16-17).
And it is also proof for the point that the narror didnt visit the shop much.
+ A week later:
(“A week later, passing the little street, I thought I would go in and tell him how splendidly the
new boots fitted.”, Page 5, line 9 bottom-up ⇒ With an incredibly profound writing style, the
author has constructed a uniquely compelling story, where events unfold in a manner/ that is
perfectly logical and coherent with the passage of time. This is the highlight of the linear plot
structure.
=> With an incredibly profound writing style, the author has constructed a uniquely compelling
story, where events unfold in a manner/ that is perfectly logical and coherent with the passage of
time. This is the highlight of the linear plot structure.
CHARACTER ANALYSIS
Mr. Gessler (Young brother)
main character (protagonist) - round - dynamic
shoemaker - the younger one in Gessler brothers
Profile:
An extremely skilled and committed German boot maker.
Very passionate, perfectionist, hard working, consistent, loves art, weird, and looks different
from most people.
Physical Traits:
Described as a little, short - statured man as he seems a little stooped and bent because of
hard work
Pale face with lots of wrinkles
Crinkly, curly, red hair, and a thick red beard
Leathery, yellowish, crinkled skin and his eyes are gray-blue and somber with a look of utter
commitment and seriousness

Deep, guttural, monotonous voice with a heavy German accent
Described as if made from leather, suggesting that he is firm like leather but also “slow of
purpose”, or slow in execution
Mr. Gessler has been presented as a little, short - statured man as he seems a little stooped and
bent because of hard work. His face is pale. He has a lot of wrinkles on his face. His hair and
beard are reddish. Particularly, he has crinkly, curly, red hair, and a thick red beard. His skin is
leathery, yellowish, crinkled and his eyes are gray-blue and somber with a look of utter
commitment and seriousness. His voice is deep, guttural, monotonous, and he speaks with a
heavy German accent, all in conformity with his German origin. He has been described as if
made from leather, suggesting that he is firm like leather but also “slow of purpose”, or slow in
execution. The narrator brings to us the importance of Mr. Gessler's “gray-blue” eyes by
divesting them with the “simple gravity of one secretly possessed by the ideal”. This clearly
indicates that Mr. Gessler's ideal of being perfectionist reflects in his eyes.
Evidence:
“Himself, he was a little as if made from leather, with his yellow crinkly face, and crinkly reddish
hair and beard, and neat folds slanting down his cheeks to the corners of his mouth, and his
guttural and one-toned voice; for leather is a sardonic substance, and stiff and slow of purpose.
And that was the character of his face, save that his eyes, which were gray-blue, had in them the
simple gravity of one secretly possessed by the Ideal.” (Page 1, last paragraph)
CHARACTERISATION:
1. Humility, Kindness and Generosity:
Once the narrator complained about the boots made by Mr. Gessler, Mr. Gessler promised to
take them back and cancel the charges. This shows the humility of the artist. Art requires
humility and Mr. Gessler’s humility helped him improve his craft as Mr. Gessler believed in
“work is worship”.
"Zend dem back!" he said; "I will look at dem."

"Zome boods," he said slowly, "are bad from birdt. If I can do noding wid dem, I dake dem off
your bill." (Page 3, line 9 + 12)
Mr. Gessler is depicted as a kind and generous individual who cares deeply about his
customers and takes pride in providing them with high-quality shoes. He goes out of his way
to accommodate their needs and preferences, even if it means sacrificing his own well-

being. Mr. Gessler's kindness and generosity endear him to his customers and serve as a
testament to his character.
“He looked long at my boots--a pair of Russia leather, and his face seemed to regain steadiness.
Putting his hand on my instep, he said: "Do dey vid you here? I 'ad drouble wid dat bair, I
remember.” (Page 5, paragraph 3)
Once the narrator went into his shop in a pair of boots bought in an emergency at some large
firm. And then after looking carefully, Mr. Gessler quickly told the narrator those were not
his boots. Saying so, he pressed his fingers on a part of the boot where comfort was
compromised in the pursuit of style. Then he said with the tone was not one of anger, nor of
sorrow, not even of contempt, but there was in it something quiet that froze the blood.
“The tone was not one of anger, nor of sorrow, not even of contempt, but there was in it
something quiet that froze the blood. He put his hand down and pressed a finger on the place
where the left boot, endeavoring to be fashionable, was not quite comfortable.
“Id 'urds you dere," he said. "Dose big virms 'ave no self-respect. Drash!”(Page 3, paragraph 3 +
4 bottom-up)
This shows the disappointment and bitterness of a shoemaker's self-esteem and humility
when he saw customers having to wear uncomfortable shoes.
2. Passionate (and hard-working)
For Mr. Gessler, boot - making is his passion and he is wholly dedicated to it. He can go to
any length to make boots for people. His passion for shoe making is shown in the way he
responded when the narrator asked him if his work of shoemaking is awfully hard to do, he
replied very proudly that it was an art.
“And his answer, given with a sudden smile from out of the sardonic redness of his beard: "Id is
an Ardt!"” (Page 1, line 5 bottom up) → This shows that he appreciates art, he loves art, and he
is always ready to dedicate to the art of making boots.
So for Mr. Gessler, shoemaking is not merely a craft but a sublime art. He is highly
passionate about shoemaking as we can see the evidence that he performed all the activities
himself like working on leather, taking measurements and stitching the shoes. While making
the shoes, he remembered the comfort and satisfaction of his customers. And when he had to
leave his work to attend to the customers, he appeared as if he had been awakened from
some dream of shoes or like an owl who felt surprised in daylight.

“Soon, over the top edge of that sort of well-- rather dark, and smelling soothingly of leather--
which formed the shop, there would be seen his face, or that of his elder brother, peering down. A
guttural sound, and the tip-tap of bast slippers beating the narrow wooden stairs, and he would
stand before one without coat, a little bent, in leather apron, with sleeves turned back, blinking--
as if awakened from some dream of boots, or like an owl surprised in daylight and annoyed at
this interruption.” (Page 2, paragraph 4)
He also expressed his passion for shoe making through his act and his respect to the leather
in his hand as well as his boot products.
“Goot-morning!" he would reply, still looking at the leather in his hand. And as I moved to the
door, I would hear the tip-tap of his bast slippers restoring him, up the stairs, to his dream of
boots. But if it were some new kind of foot-gear that he had not yet made me, then indeed he
would observe ceremony--divesting me of my boot and holding it long in his hand, looking at it
with eyes at once critical and loving, as if recalling the glow with which he had created it, and
rebuking the way in which one had disorganized this masterpiece. Then, placing my foot on a
piece of paper, he would two or three times tickle the outer edges with a pencil and pass his
nervous fingers over my toes, feeling himself into the heart of my requirements.” (Page 2,
paragraph 7)
Once Mr. Gessler spoke out about his mental pain, his struggle to compete against big firms
which spread their business with the help of advertisement. So Mr. Gessler suffered a lot
while his small business was crippled in front of the mall business which was showy without
quality. No matter how many difficulties, the passionate artist neither gave up nor
compromised with the quality of his work.
Mr. Gessler's dedication to quality goes beyond just making a living. It's a source of deep
personal satisfaction. He takes pride in the legacy of his craft and the knowledge that his
boots will serve their owners well for years. This passion fuels his meticulous attention to
detail and his refusal to cut corners like other big firms.
3. A Perfectionist in His Profession
He is a Master Craftsman. As we can see, Mr. Gessler is a skilled bootmaker who takes
immense pride in his work. He prioritized using the finest materials and traditional
techniques to create lasting and comfortable boots.
“Soon he would come back, holding in his thin, veined hand a piece of gold-brown leather. With
eyes fixed on it, he would remark: "What a beaudiful biece!” (Page 2, Paragraph 6)

Mr. Gessler was so well - versed in his vocation that he could tell whether the shoes were
made by him or somebody else by simply looking at them. Once, the narrator went to
Gessler Brothers’ shop to place an order. That day the narrator was wearing a pair of shoes
that he bought from a large firm in an emergency. Mr. Gessler could immediately e that
those were not made by him. He put his hand down and pressed a finger exactly on the place
where the left shoe was not comfortable. In spite of facing the hardships fallen in his way, he
kept on making efforts to maintain excellence in his work.
“Once (once only) I went absent-mindedly into his shop in a pair of boots bought in an
emergency at some large firm's. He took my order without showing me any leather, and I could
feel his eyes penetrating the inferior integument of my foot. At last he said:
"Dose are nod my boods."”
(Page 3, paragraph 5 bottom up)
4. Integrity and Honesty in His Work to Maintain Quality
Throughout the story, Mr. Gessler demonstrates integrity and honesty in his interactions with
customers. He is upfront about the time and effort required to produce quality shoes and
refuses to cut corners to reduce costs or increase efficiency. Mr. Gessler's honesty and
transparency distinguish him from other shoemakers and highlight his commitment to
providing value to his customers.
Mr. Gessler is a genius in his profession. He knows and loves the art of making boots
heartily. He always makes sure that he makes the best boots for every client, and his boots
last terribly for years. That is why he takes a pretty long time making boots according to the
specifications of his customers.
“I ordered several pairs. It was very long before they came--but they were better than ever. One
simply could not wear them out.” (Page 4, last paragraph)
He felt hurt if anybody complained about the shoes not fitting or hurting his customer. Once
the narrator went to the Gesslers’ shop and complained to him that the last pair he had made
for him creaked. Mr. Gessler at first was surprised at this complaint and replied that the
narrator might have got them wet otherwise they would not have creaked. After that, he
asked the narrator to send that pair back to him and he would try to repair them if possible
and if not he would refund the money to him. Not only does this show dedication, but also
integrity because he is honest about his work and wants to satisfy his customer to the utmost
(with the best service) even at his personal financial loss.

“At that he lowered his eyes, as if hunting for memory of those boots, and I felt sorry I had
mentioned this grave thing.
A feeling of compassion for my creaking boots surged up in me, so well could I imagine the
sorrowful long curiosity of regard which he would bend on them.
"Zome boods," he said slowly, "are bad from birdt. If I can do noding wid dem, I dake dem off
your bill." (Page 3, line 6 - 12)
In his last days of adversity, when he found his business on the verge of drowning, he,
instead of compromising the quality of shoes, tried to make the best shoes with the same
dedication and honesty without increasing the price of his shoes.
“He looked long at my boots--a pair of Russia leather, and his face seemed to regain steadiness.
Putting his hand on my instep, he said:
"Do dey vid you here? I 'ad drouble wid dat bair, I remember."
"Do you wand any boods?" he said. "I can make dem quickly; id is a slack dime."
I answered: "Please, please! I want boots all round--every kind!"
"I will make a vresh model. Your food must be bigger." And with utter slowness, he traced round
my foot, and felt my toes, only once looking up to say:
"Did I dell you my brudder was dead?"
To watch him was painful, so feeble had he grown; I was glad to get away.
I had given those boots up, when one evening they came. Opening the parcel, I set the four pairs
out in a row. Then one by one I tried them on. There was no doubt about it. In shape and fit, in
finish and quality of leather, they were the best he had ever made me. And in the mouth of one of
the town walking-boots I found his bill. The amount was the same as usual, but it gave me quite a
shock. He had never before sent it in till quarter day. I flew downstairs, and wrote a check, and
posted it at once with my own hand.”
(Page 5)
5. His Commitment to Excellence, His Enduring Hardships and His Tragic End
His Commitment to Excellence:
→ It is true to all that Mr. Gessler devoted his entire life to making the best quality shoes. He
lived and died for quality.

“You see he went to work in such a way! Would keep the shop on; wouldn't have a soul touch his
boots except himself. When he got an order, it took him such a time.” (Page 6, line 6)
“That may be a bit flowery, as the sayin' is--but I know myself he was sittin' over his boots day
a penny in the house.” (Page 6, line 13)
→ He had to face tough competition from big firms which have machinery to advertise their
products. But he remained stubborn and resolute to practice the craft by paying for it with his
breath and blood. He never compromises on quality and always uses the best quality leather.
“Soon he would come back, holding in his thin, veined hand a piece of gold-brown leather. With
eyes fixed on it, he would remark: "What a beaudiful biece!” (Page 2, Paragraph 6)
→ What I mean here is that despite facing challenges and competition from larger, more
commercial businesses, Mr. Gessler remains dedicated to his craft and refuses to compromise on
quality. His commitment to excellence reflects his strong work ethic and passion for shoemaking
“"Dey get id all," he said, "dey get id by adverdisement, nod by work. Dey dake it away from us,
who lofe our boods. Id gomes to this--bresently I haf no work. Every year id gets less--you will
see." And looking at his lined face I saw things I had never noticed before, bitter things and
bitter struggle--and what a lot of gray hairs there seemed suddenly in his red beard!” (Page 3,
paragraph 2 bottom up)
→ His dedication is also shown in the fact that he even used all the money he earned to buy the
highest quality leather to make beautiful and durable boots while still keeping the same selling
price.
“He never advertised! Would 'ave the best leather, too, and do it all 'imself.” (Page 6, Line 10)
“Never gave 'imself time to eat; never had a penny in the house. All went in rent and leather.”
(Page 6, Line 14)
His Enduring Hardships:
→ Though his business is dwindling, he continued his struggle for existence without giving in to
the pressure of competition and advertisements. He was forced by circumstances to give away a
part of his shop.
“When at last I went I was surprised to find that outside one of the two little windows of his shop
another name was painted, also that of a bootmaker--making, of course, for the Royal Family.
The old familiar boots, no longer in dignified isolation, were huddled in the single window.

Inside, the now contracted well of the one little shop was more scented and darker than ever.”
(Page 4, first paragraph)
"Yes," he said, "beople do nod wand good boods, id seems."

To get away from his reproachful eyes and voice I hastily remarked: "What have you done to
your shop?"
He answered quietly: "Id was too exbensif. Do you wand some boods?" (Page 4, line 10 - 13)
→ His elder brother died because he could not get over the shock of losing one of their shops.
Mr. Gessler, despite losing his elder brother and part of their shop, continued his business of
shoemaking with the same commitment as earlier. His endurance of hardship is also shown
through the fact that he overcame the pain of losing his brother to continue his shoe making
business.
"Yes," he answered, "he was a good man, he made a good bood; but he is dead." And he touched
the top of his head, where the hair had suddenly gone as thin as it had been on that of his poor
brother, to indicate, I suppose, the cause of death. "He could nod ged over losing de oder shop.
Do you wand any boods?" And he held up the leather in his hand: "Id's a beaudiful biece." (Page
4, paragraph 2 bottom up)
→ Despite facing financial difficulties and the threat of bankruptcy, Mr. Gessler remains resilient
and determined to persevere. He continues to work tirelessly in his shop, relying on his skill and
reputation to attract customers. Mr. Gessler's resilience in the face of adversity underscores his
unwavering dedication to his craft and his refusal to compromise his principles for the sake of
profitability.
→ Resilience and Determination
His Tragic End:
→ Mr. Gessler who commits himself to the art of making shoes, has to fade away from this
world of commercial materialism that takes a toll of sincere traders of art pursuing it as the
profession. In fact, he met a tragic end. He died of slow starvation.
“"Yes, yes," I said; "but Mr. Gessler?"
"Oh!" he answered; "dead."
"Dead! But I only received these boots from him last Wednesday week."
"Ah!" he said; "a shockin' go. Poor old man starved 'imself."
"Good God!"

"Slow starvation, the doctor called it! You see he went to work in such a way! Would keep the
shop on; wouldn't have a soul touch his boots except himself. When he got an order, it took him
such a time. People won't wait. He lost everybody. And there he'd sit, goin' on and on--I will say
that for him--not a man in London made a better boot! But look at the competition! He never
advertised! Would 'ave the best leather, too, and do it all 'imself. Well, there it is. What could you
expect with his ideas?"
"But starvation--!"
"That may be a bit flowery, as the sayin' is--but I know myself he was sittin' over his boots day
a penny in the house. All went in rent and leather. How he lived so long I don't know. He regular
let his fire go out. He was a character. But he made good boots."” (Page 6)
⇒ He devoted his whole life to the art of making boots, sacrificing everything from his meals
and time to sleep to spending most of his expense to buy the finest leather. He didn’t think about
his own interests and always prioritized his customers, wanting to bring the best quality boots to
his customers. However, in the end, he ended his life tragically, the rest of the store was lost and
he also died of starvation.
6. Old-World Values
Mr. Gessler embodies the values of a bygone era. He prioritizes quality over profit and
personal satisfaction in his work over mass production. He speaks with a heavy German
accent, all in conformity with his German origin.
"Id is an Ardt!"
"Goot-morning!"
"Id shouldn'd 'ave greaked."
"You goddem wed before dey found demselves?"

"Dose are nod my boods."
"Dey get id all," he said, "dey get id by adverdisement, nod by work. Dey dake it away from us,
who lofe our boods. Id gomes to this--bresently I haf no work. Every year id gets less--you will
see."
Mr. Gessler represents a fading ideal, especially a disappearing breed of craftsmen. The
narrator mentions the decline of cobblers and the rise of mass-produced footwear. This

creates a sense of nostalgia and highlights the potential loss of valuable skills and traditions.
He is a man of few words. Mr. Gessler communicates more through his actions than his
words. He rarely boasts about his skills or the quality of his work. Instead, he lets the boots
speak for themselves. This adds to his mystique and emphasizes the practical nature of his
craft.
“Without a word he would leave me, retiring whence he came, or into the other portion of the
shop, and I would continue to rest in the wooden chair, inhaling the incense of his trade.”
(Page 2, paragraph 3 bottom up)
7. Rigid, fixed attitudes and work ethics
He's unfazed by the changing market and the rise of mass-produced footwear
He sticks to his principles and continues to create high-quality boots on his own terms
→ Resolute and Independent
He sees the changing world and knows his way of life may not survive, but he does not
change or choose advertising to increase his popularity
→ His rigid, fixed attitude and work ethic cost him his businesses slowly and steadily, leading to
poor health and starvation
8. Symbolism:
Not only Mr. Gessler embodies the values of a bygone era but he himself and his shop also
became symbols of that era where craftsmanship and quality reigned supreme.
Mr. Gessler serves as a symbol of traditional craftsmanship and the human touch in an
increasingly mechanized and commercialized world.
His character represents the values of integrity, pride, and dedication that are often
overshadowed by modern conveniences and mass production.
He also represents the human cost of progress and the potential loss of tradition in the face
of rapid modernization.
Through Mr. Gessler, Galsworthy celebrates the timeless artistry of skilled artisans and
highlights the importance of preserving craftsmanship in the face of technological
advancement.

Mr. Gessler (Elder brother of Gessler): minor character - flat - static -
shoemaker - the older one in Gessler brothers
Role: minor character - flat – static
Profile: German - an extremely skilled and committed boot maker - the older one in Gessler
brothers - very passionate, perfectionist, hard working man, consistent, love art, weird, and
looks different from most people he stands for a high degree of passion in his art of
shoemaking in the world of advertisements and publicity (both are the same not only
physically but also the character).
Brief info: What's interesting about "Quality" is the fact that there is no specific mention of
Mr. Gessler’s elder brother in the text itself. But we can implicitly recognize it through a few
small details when the narrator describes the younger Mr. Gessler.
Appearance (Physical Traits):
The story mentions Mr. Gessler's deceased brother who was also a good bootmaker. They likely
shared similar characteristics and appearances, which could lead someone to mistakenly
recognize who is him and who is the younger after just a brief interaction. Assuming they were
siblings, the older brother might have shared Mr. Gessler's dedication to quality and
craftsmanship. They likely learned the trade together and held similar beliefs about the
importance of their work.
Evidence:
“His elder brother was so very like him--though watery, paler in every way, with a great
industry--that sometimes in early days I was not quite sure of him until the interview was over.
Then I knew that it was he, if the words, “I will ask my brudder,” had not been spoken; and,
that, if they had, it was his elder brother.” (Page 2, first paragraph)
His influence on the story:
→ The death of the older brother could be a significant event for Mr. Gessler. It might have
solidified his resolve to continue their shoe shop and resist the pressures to compromise on
quality. Mr. Gessler’s elder brother dies because he cannot get over the shock of losing one of
their shops or the starvation also another cause of his death. Just like his younger brother as we
mentioned, his death is a result of the loss of the traditional craftsmen in the competition with the
bigger firms in the industry and also a signal of the potential loss of original art.
"I am breddy well," he said slowly; "but my elder brudder is dead."

"Yes," he answered, "he was a good man, he made a good bood; but he is dead." And he touched
the top of his head, where the hair had suddenly gone as thin as it had been on that of his poor
brother, to indicate, I suppose, the cause of death. "He could nod ged over losing de oder shop.
Do you wand any boods?" (Page 4, second paragraph bottom-up)
→ The cause of his death is unspecific in the narrative but through the detail that the hair of the
two brothers had gone so thin, we can comprehend that the elder died because of not only shock
of losing the shop but also poverty and miserableness.
Conclusion: (Gessler brothers)
In general, as a professional shoemaker, they has devoted his whole life to bringing the best
quality shoes for his customers. Mr. Gessler is a serious, sober person with no inclination toward
being frivolous or humorous. They’re perfectionists and give only the best to their customers.
They did not compromise on quality and was unable to adjust to the changing times.
In spite of their popularity, the Gessler Brothers began to lose valued customers as they didn’t
keep up with the changing demands and trends. Their rigid, fixed attitudes and work ethics see
them lose business gradually and steadily, resulting in their broken health and starvation.
Towards the end of their lives, Mr. Gessler and his brother begin to look upon the big firms as
the enemy that would ultimately take away all their business.
That's why we sympathize even more with Mr. Gessler and his misfortune and tragic end. If only
he and his brother had welcomed the technology and accommodated new people while teaching
them shoemaking skills, their business would have improved and their lives would no longer be
so tragic like that.
The Narrator: main character - round - dynamic - loyal customer

Role: main character - round - dynamic
Profile: a loyal customer and fan of Mr. Gessler’s shoemaking shop - he knows all about the
Gessler brothers - almost all part of the story in the narrator’s point of view
Brief info: The narrator is not disclosed by name, but it is inferred that he is male. The narrator
is a very loyal customer and fan of Mr. Gessler’s shoemaking. The narrator very often visited his
shop to place orders for boots. He took frequent trips to the shoe store, and purchased more than
necessary – thus, indicating his wealth and love for fashion. He became a little attached to the
brothers and became quick friends with them, especially his deep bonding with Mr. Gessler
(Younger brother). By the end of the story, he was taken aback that the brothers’ shop had closed
and stated that they made the finest shoes he’d ever bought. The story is seen through the

narrator’s action and the narrator’s point of view. The narrator told us what was going on in the
life of Mr. Gessler…
Appearance (Physical Traits):
No mention
CHARACTERISATION:
1. A Quality - Conscious Man:
The Gessler Brothers were known to the narrator from his father's time. His father wore the
shoes made by the Gessler Brothers. His father loved the quality of their shoes. So the
narrator knew them as those who were wholly committed to the quality of the shoes. As his
father showed great fondness of the shoes of the Gessler Brothers, he was also gradually
inclined to their shoes.
“I knew him from the days of my extreme youth, because he made my father's boots; inhabiting
with his elder brother two little shops let into one, in a small by-street--now no more, but then
most fashionably placed in the West End.” (Page 1, first paragraph)
He always got his shoes tailor - made by the Gessler Brothers. In the beginning, the narrator
was suspicious about the display of a few pairs of boots in the window. He thought that the
Gessler Brothers had bought the shoes from outside for the display. But, later on, his
suspicion had gone when he came to know about the reality of the Gessler Brothers. Once in
Emergency, the narrator had to buy a pair of shoes from a big firm. The shoes were attractive
in their look but they were not comfortable to him. Mr. Gessler put his hand down and
pressed a finger exactly on the place where the left shoe was not comfortable. He also came
to know that the Gessler Brothers were wholly committed to the quality and that they did all
the work with their hands from working on the leather, taking measurements, designing and
finalizing the shoes as per the demands of each and every customer . They never
compromised the quality and always used the best quality leather.
→ That is also a reason which makes the narrator show more respect to them and visits the
Gessler Brothers’ shop frequently.
“He would never have tolerated in his house leather on which he had not worked himself.
Besides, they were too beautiful--the pair of pumps, so inexpressibly slim, the patent leathers
with cloth tops, making water come into one's mouth, the tall brown riding boots with marvelous
sooty glow, as if, though new, they had been worn a hundred years. Those pairs could only have

been made by one who saw before him the Soul of Boot--so truly were they prototypes
incarnating the very spirit of all foot-gear.” (Page 1, paragraph 2)
→ The narrator's thoughts and comments show that he is someone who appreciates the quality of
the products he buys and is aware of the Gessler brothers’ dedication to their shoes making.
2. Appreciate the Art, Beauty and Quality of the Shoes:
The narrator had great appreciation or admiration for the true art and the artists. It has been
indicated by the fact that he visited the Gessler Brothers’ shop a number of times as he
appreciated the beauty and quality of shoes made by them. He seemed to be awestruck by
the beauty of the shoes made by them to such an extent that he described them as “too
beautiful”; “making water come into one's mouth”. (Page 1, Paragraph 2) He admired
Gessler Brothers “art of shoemaking as incarnating the very spirit of all foot - gear”. He felt
that such beautiful shoes could only be made by the artists, who had seen the very soul of
the shoes and who even seemed to “dream of boots”.
“He would never have tolerated in his house leather on which he had not worked himself.
Besides, they were too beautiful--the pair of pumps, so inexpressibly slim, the patent leathers
with cloth tops, making water come into one's mouth, the tall brown riding boots with marvelous
sooty glow, as if, though new, they had been worn a hundred years. Those pairs could only have
been made by one who saw before him the Soul of Boot--so truly were they prototypes
incarnating the very spirit of all foot-gear.” (Page 1, paragraph 2)
The narrator found the Gessler Brothers different from the other shoemakers. Visiting
Gessler Brothers’ shop, to him, looked like entering a church as boot-making was pursued
by them religiously with honesty and integrity. Moreover, the atmosphere of their shop was
very peaceful. Hence, it was the narrator's inclination to their art of shoemaking which
forced the narrator to visit them again and again and order more than his need.
“One went in, not as into most shops, in the mood of: "Please serve me, and let me go!" but
restfully, as one enters a church; and, sitting on the single wooden chair, waited--for there was
never anybody there. Soon, over the top edge of that sort of well-- rather dark, and smelling
soothingly of leather--which formed the shop, there would be seen his face, or that of his elder
brother, peering down.” (Page 2, paragraph 4)
3. Generous, Kind and Sympathetic:
Because of being associated with the Gessler Brothers for a long time, the narrator was
greatly pained by the pitiable state of the Gessler Brothers. The narrator came to know of
their pathetic state only when Mr. Gessler once spoke bitterly about the hardships of his

trade. Mr. Gessler was annoyed at the commercial approach of the big firms. He railed
against their advertising, sales promotion and everything else they did to entice the buyer at
the cost of quality. Such derisive comments seldom came to Gessler. Displeasure and
annoyance were palpable in his face, wrinkled by years of toil in his trade. The narrator was
moved by the commitment and dedication of Gessler to his trade. He felt bad that he had
some time back complaining about the boots he had bought from Mr. Gessler. To make
amends for any feelings of hurt he might have caused to this commitment artist, the narrator
ordered quite a few pairs of shoes.
“As best I could, I explained the circumstances of the purchase of those ill-omened boots. But his
face and voice made so deep impression that during the next few minutes I ordered many pairs.
Nemesis fell! They lasted more terribly than ever. And I was not able conscientiously to go to him
for nearly two years.” (Page 3, last paragraph)
When the narrator went there after the lapse of two years, the narrator was surprised to see
that one of the two windows of the old shop bore a signboard. It became clear to the narrator
that another business had started operating from the premises. It soon emerged that Gessler
had rented out a part of the shop to curtail costs. The narrator ordered three pairs though he
wanted only two and left the place quickly, maybe it was because he felt partly to blame for
causing Mr. Gessler to sell part of the store, or perhaps he was against Mr. Gessler’s idea of
making shoes when he bought a bad pair of boots last time.
“I ordered three pairs, though I had only wanted two, and quickly left. I had, I do not know quite
what feeling of being part, in his mind, of a conspiracy against him; or not perhaps so much
against him as against his idea of boot.” (Page 4, paragraph 2)
The narrator had developed a sentimental bonding with Gessler's shop that made him return
there again and again. When, after many months, the narrator again visited the Gessler
Brothers, he got the shocking news of Elder Gessler's death. The narrator showed sympathy
for Mr. Gessler by placing an order for several pairs and went abroad.
“I ordered several pairs. It was very long before they came--but they were better than ever. One
simply could not wear them out. And soon after that I went abroad.” (Page 4, last paragraph)
When he returned from abroad, he again went to the Gessler Brothers. This time Mr. Gessler
seemed to the narrator as a seventy-five-year-old man though he was just over sixty. His
business too had been all time slacker. The narrator had empathy for Mr. Gessler and tried to
help him by ordering all kinds of shoes on his next visit, although he had doubts whether Mr.
Gessler would be able to deliver his order. But this time, surprisingly, the boots were

delivered faster than usual, with the best quality ever and the price is still the same. On
getting the shoes, the narrator immediately sent a cheque to pay for the order.
“I answered: "Please, please! I want boots all round--every kind!"” ( Page 5, line 11)
“I had given those boots up, when one evening they came. Opening the parcel, I set the four
pairs out in a row. Then one by one I tried them on. There was no doubt about it. In shape and
fit, in finish and quality of leather, they were the best he had ever made me. And in the mouth of
one of the town walking-boots I found his bill. The amount was the same as usual, but it gave me
quite a shock. He had never before sent it in till quarter day. I flew downstairs, and wrote a
check, and posted it at once with my own hand.” (Page 5, line 16)
A week later, when the narrator comes to know about Mr. Gessler's death, he feels extremely
sorrowful.
"Dead! But I only received these boots from him last Wednesday week." (Page 6, line 3)
"Yes," I said, "he made good boots." (Page 6, line 2 bottom up)
“And I turned and went out quickly, for I did not want that youth to know that I could hardly
see.” (Page 6, last sentence)
4. Symbolism:
The narrator can be seen as a symbol of the modern consumer who prioritizes convenience
and affordability over quality and craftsmanship. His initial resistance to Mr. Gessler's
approach reflects the potential loss of appreciation for traditional skills in a rapidly changing
world. However, he later changed his view and appreciated the quality values that Mr.
Gessler brought. This shows that a part of consumers will value quick convenience and
follow fashion trends but less comfort. Another group of consumers will appreciate products
that are meticulously made by people, so the waiting time is long but the quality is high.
The story can be seen as the narrator's journey towards a greater understanding of quality
and craftsmanship. While he may not fully embrace Mr. Gessler's way of life, his newfound
appreciation suggests a potential shift in his consumer values.
The narrator's ending thoughts leave room for interpretation. Does his appreciation for Mr.
Gessler's work represent a genuine change, or is it simply a recognition of exceptional
quality in a rare instance? This ambiguity allows the reader to reflect on their own consumer
habits and the value they place on quality and craftsmanship.

The narrator in "Quality" can be seen as a reflection of a society grappling with the impact
of industrialization and mass production. His story raises questions about the importance of
tradition, the value of skilled labor, and the role of the consumer in shaping the future of
craftsmanship.
The Englishman: minor character - flat - static - new owner of Mr.

Gessler’s shop
Role: minor character - flat - static
Profile: new owner of Mr. Gessler’s shop

Brief info:
“I went in, very much disturbed. In the two little shops--again made into one--was a young man
with an English face.” (Page 5, line 6 bottom up)
On his last visit to Mr. Gessler to thank him for the splendid boots he made, the narrator was
shocked to see an Englishman had taken over the shop. He informed the narrator about the death
of Mr. Gessler due to starvation. The tragedy is risen by the fact that even the Englishman agreed
that he (Mr. Gessler) made the best boots in London.
“And there he'd sit, goin' on and on--I will say that for him--not a man in London made a better
boot!” (Page 6)
“He regular let his fire go out. He was a character. But he made good boots.” (Page 6)
This acknowledgement was the tribute to Mr. Gessler and his art.
POINT OF VIEW
A first-person narrator
Not disclosed by a name and an age
Gender: male
Using first-person narrator:
→ A close connection between readers and the story
→ A part of the story rather than an observer → share personal thoughts and feelings
→ Using “I” and “me”: “I remember” and “seemed to me then, and still seems to me,” →
confirm the narrator's personal involvement

→ A realistic picture of the struggle faced by the handicraft industry and the artisans during the
Industrial Revolution
In the excerpt from "Quality" by John Galsworthy, the literary point of view is first person.
The narrator is not disclosed by name as well as his age, but it is inferred that he is male.
The narrator is a very loyal customer and fan of Mr. Gessler’s shoemaking. Therefore, when
using first person to tell the story, the author wants readers to transform into the role of that
customer. Imagine that you buy something whose quality is really good and you will feel
more clearly the role of the narrator when he buys high-quality boots made by a bootmaker
who cares about his profession. Not only that, the first person narrative also helps to provide
a realistic picture of the struggle faced by the handicraft industry and the artisans during the
Industrial Revolution by referring to the actual encounter between the narrator and the
artisan (Gessler Brothers)
Using first person narratives, The narrator shares personal thoughts and feelings,
indicating that he is part of the story rather than simply an observer. → This way takes the
readers along the flow of the story from a perspective that helps them immerse themselves in
the story like the reader themselves is the narrator, causing the reader to have thoughts and
feelings of sympathy for Mr. Gessler. Through Narrator’s point of view, readers can easily
accept and understand more deeply the difficult life of Gessler Brothers according to what
the narrator experienced, seen, felt, and heard. Two parts that clearly show this point of
view are when the narrator expresses personal thoughts about the puzzling sight of the boots
in the window, and later, the narrator's reflection on the dignity of the shoemaker and the
importance of the trade. These introspective thoughts suggest a personal connection and a
level of intimacy with the subject matter that is characteristic of a first-person narrative.
Additionally, the use of 'I' and 'me' throughout the text is a clear indication of a first-person
perspective. Examples such as 'I remember' and 'seemed to me then, and still seems to me,'
confirm the narrator's personal involvement and a viewpoint keyed to one individual's
observations and feelings toward the characters and events being described.
If the author uses the second or third person, the perspective seems too objective, unable to
bring out the emotions the author wants to convey to readers. This can limit point of view,
limit omniscience.
THEMES:
Commitment:

1.1 Commitment to his work
Mr. Gessler spends all his time in his shoe shop.
At no stage does Galsworthy take Mr. Gessler from the shop → highlight the commitment
that Mr. Gessler has when it comes to making boots.
The imagery of dream and an owl who works throughout the night
Traditional working style
Their attributes as traditional, slow and quality - conscious artists
Despite the loss of his brother, he continues to work. → Not insensitive but the most
important thing in Mr Gessler’s life is to make boots that are comfortable and long lasting
for people.
Mr Gessler was so committed to his job that he even went as far as forgetting to eat. “Never
gave 'imself time to eat; never had a penny in the house.”
Mr. Gessler stood out in this world controlled by consumerism by staying true to his art and
through sheer dedication to his craftsmanship.
The overarching theme of Quality is a commitment to his work and quality.
For the entire duration of the story Mr. Gessler spends all his time in his shoe shop. At no
stage does the author take Mr. Gessler from the shop. This may be important as the author
may be using the setting of the story to highlight the commitment that Mr. Gessler has when
it comes to making boots. We can see this commitment through some details from the story:
→ First, Dedication, commitment of the Gessler Brothers can be seen through the imagery
of a dream and an owl who works throughout the night: Can you help me to read the
evidence? “...as if awakened from some dream of boots, or like an owl surprised in
daylight and annoyed at this interruption.”
→ Gessler Brothers’ traditional working style has been shown through the ambience of their
shop and their attitude towards their work: This is the evidence → Going to Gessler
Brothers, the narrator seemed to him like going into a church. The atmosphere of their shop
was very peaceful and filled with the smell of leather which painted his shop with the color
of vintage and traditional style.
→ The author has employed apt imagery to depict the appearance of the Gessler Brothers
and their attributes as traditional, slow and quality - conscious artists. The author has
compared Mr. Gessler with leather to define both the artist and his art. Show the evidence.

He has a deep, guttural, monotonous voice with a strong German accent. He has been
characterized as a piece of leather, implying that while he is firm like leather, he is also
"slow of purpose," or slowly carrying out his duties.
It might also be important that Mr. Gessler, despite the loss of his brother, continues to work.
“He was a good man, he made a good bood; but he is dead." And he touched the top of
his head, where the hair had suddenly gone as thin as it had been on that of his poor
brother, to indicate, I suppose, the cause of death. "He could nod ged over losing de oder
shop. Do you wand any boods?" And he held up the leather in his hand: "Id's a beaudiful
biece.”. After he tells about his brother’s death and its reasons, he immediately continues to
work by asking the narrator whether or not he wants any new boots and gives a compliment
to a leather. Perhaps he is not insensitive but it is as if the most important thing in Mr.
Gessler’s life is to make boots that are comfortable and long lasting for people. Mr. Gessler
does not appear to mourn the loss of his brother which may leave some readers to suggest
that not only is Mr. Gessler committed to his work but he is also driven.
His commitment to his work is also shown through the acknowledgement of the young man.
The young man considered that Mr. Gessler was so committed to his job that he even went as
far as forgetting to eat. “Never gave 'imself time to eat; never had a penny in the house.”
Mr. Gessler’s all his energies to his work just as an artist would. He also strives to make the
best boots possible just as an artist would attempt to make the best piece of art that they
could.
1.2 Commitment about the quality
When the narrator tells Mr Gessler about the pair of boots that creaked, he makes every
effort to rectify the matter.
“Quality is the most valuable”
When the narrator tells Mr. Gessler about the pair of boots that creaked, he makes every
effort to rectify the matter. This would suggest that not only is Mr. Gessler looking after his
customers but that he is honest too. “Quality is the most valuable” Mr. Gessler was very
disciplined, once he heard the request from his customer. He would finish the boots as soon
as he could, he would make the boots with the authentic materials. It means that he wanted
to give priority to the quality of the boots he made.
One of the massive pitfalls of mass production was a downgrade in quality. Big companies
produce products in bulk with no regard for the unique requirements of each client. To
compensate for this loss of quality and win clients, they practiced aggressive marketing and

advertising to succeed in the capitalist game of consumerism. “Dose big virm ‘ave no self-
respect. Drash”, “Dey get id all, dey get id by advertisement, nod by work.” Mr. Gessler
stood out in this world controlled by consumerism by staying true to his art and through
sheer dedication to his craftsmanship. He refused to let anybody other than his brother make
boots for his company. “You see he went to work in such a way! Would keep the shop on;
wouldn’t have a soul touch his boots except himself. When he got an order, it took him
such a time. People don’t wait. He lost everybody”. And each boot that left his store was
unmatched in quality, for it was the product of hard manual labor instead of blind
mechanization. This commitment to quality caused Mr. Gessler made huge losses, but he
bore them with dignity because producing high-quality boots was the biggest priority of his
life as an artist. He refused to stoop so low as to partake in the mad advertising game, for he
believed that a product’s quality was the prime concern of any trade. “And there he’d sit,
goin’ on and on - I will say that for him - not a man in London made a better boot! But
look at the competition! He never advertised!” In the end, we see that this commitment to
quality ultimately drains the life out of an old Mr. Gessler, who could not make ends meet.
However, he is the real hero in the reader’s heart, for he stood true to his principles.
Competition: between small businesses and big firms.

Competition between small businesses and big firms
The lives of traditional workers who had fought a losing war against the industrial
revolution in the 20th Century
Human tragedy resulting from the cut - throat business competition of today.
The story highlights the decline of handicrafts and cottage industry due to stiff competition
from big firms in the backdrop of the Industrial Revolution in England in the 20th century.
The story shows that the big trading companies increase their trade and push the small
traders back by advertisement, not by quality of work. They (the big companies) bring out
cheap showy things on a large scale and succeed in driving the better and more durable
products out of the market. The author has presented in this story the moving human tragedy
resulting from the cut - throat business competition of today. “... outside one of two little
windows of his shop another name was painted, also that of a bootmaker - making for the
Royal Family. The old familiar boots, no longer in dignified isolation, were huddled in the
single window. Inside, the now contracted well of the one little shop was more scented and
darker than ever” In the story, Mr. Gessler not only maintains the quality of his boots but
also improves them to the best of his ability. He spends all that he earns on buying the

leather of best quality and makes artistic boots but never increases their price. The
competition is so tough that there is no chance of increasing prices. The result is that he has
to starve himself to death.
Central to the narrative is the juxtaposition of traditional craftsmanship with the rise of
industrialization. Gessler embodies the falling art of artisanal craftsmanship, characterized
by meticulous attention to detail and pride in one's work. In contrast, the emerging
industrial era prioritizes efficiency and mass production, often at the expense of quality.
Galsworthy highlights the tensions between tradition and progress, urging readers to
contemplate the value of preserving time-honored skills in the face of technological
advancement.
Integrity: The tragedy of the Gessler brother signifies that human values
are threatened by material gain.
The tragedy of the Gessler brother signifies that human values are threatened by material gain.
His integrity shines through in instances when:
→ He offered a full refund for worn boots that had creaked.

→ Mr. Gessler was dedicated to his craftsmanship till his very last days.
→ Despite facing adversity and financial hardship, he refuses to compromise on the quality of
his shoes, demonstrating the importance of maintaining one’s principles and standard.
The other themes are dedication and integrity.
His integrity shines through in instances when he offered a full refund for worn boots that
had creaked. “Zome boods are bad from birdt. If I can do noding wid dem, I dake dem off
your bill.” Although when hearing the narrator’s complaint about the poor condition of
boots, Mr Gessler has a little frustration and denies its condition at first “Id should’d ‘ave
greaked.” Then he tries to remember about those boots and asks the narrator to send them
back to him to look at.
Mr. Gessler was dedicated to his craftsmanship till his very last days. He did nothing other
than make boots, not even setting aside time to eat and attend to himself. He was just sitting
and making boots whenever it was day or night. He did not let himself have any time to eat
or relax. He spends all of his earnings on the best leather in order to create elegant and
long-lasting boots at the same retail cost. “...he was sittin’ over his boots day and night, to

the very last…Never gave ‘imself time to eat; never had a penny in the house. All went in
rent and leather.”
Despite facing adversity and financial hardship, he refused to compromise on the quality of
his shoes, demonstrating the importance of maintaining one’s principles and standard.
Despite the fact that his business is dwindling, he continued his struggle for existence
without giving in to the pressure of competition and advertisements. He is forced by
circumstances to give away a part of his shop. “Two little windows of his shop, another
name was painted, also that of a bootmaker--making, of course, for the Royal Family.
Inside, the now contracted well of the one little shop was more scented and darker than
ever.” “But look at the competition. He never advertised” His refusal to advertise his
products in a world thriving on marketing also bears testimony to his integrity, for Mr.
Gessler was a true artist and not a sell-out.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES:
Metaphor:
Definition: a figure of speech which makes a direct comparison of two unlike things without
using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
Artistic effect: create vivid descriptions or imagery, helping readers visualize things being
described.
Evidence:
Those pairs could only have been made by one who saw before him the Soul of Boot—so
truly were they prototypes incarnating the very spirit of all foot-gear.
⇒ Content effect: The author uses this metaphor to describe the essence of a perfect boot,
suggesting that Gessler did not just craft footwear, but captured the ideal spirit of boots
themselves. This metaphor creates a sense of admiration for the craftsmanship and artists
involved in creating the boots, elevating them to a higher status beyond material objects.
A guttural sound, and the tip-tap of bast slippers beating the narrow wooden stairs, and he
would stand before one without coat, a little bent, in leather apron, with sleeves turned back,
blinking—as if awakened from some dream of boots, or like an owl surprised in daylight
and annoyed at this interruption.

⇒ Content effect: This metaphor portrays Gessler's constant preoccupation with his craft. [We
could see that] this comparison emphasizes the character's passion and commitment to his
profession, highlighting the depth of his involvement and investment in the art of boot-making.
Simile:
Definition: a figure of speech that makes a direct comparison, using the words ‘like’ or ‘as’.
described.
Evidence:
One went in, not as into most shops, in the mood of: “Please serve me, and let me go!” but
restfully, as one enters a church; and, sitting on the single wooden chair, waited—for there
was never anybody there.
⇒ Content effect: So we could see that by comparing going to The Gesslers’ shop as entering a
church, the readers can feel a sense of tranquility or purity in the shop. Furthermore, we can see a
contrast between the typical atmosphere of a normal shop and the unique ambiance of this
particular shop.
Hyperbole
Definition: a figure of speech in which the truth is exaggerated or overstated.
Artistic effect: create emphasis, emotional, humorous effect.
Evidence: ‘Besides, they were too beautiful—the pair of pumps, so inexpressibly slim, the
patent leathers with cloth tops, making water come into one’s mouth, the tall brown riding
boots with marvelous sooty glow, as if, though new, they had been worn a hundred years.’
⇒ Content effect: This hyperbolic statement exaggerates the appearance of the tall brown riding
boots, suggesting that despite being new, they have the worn and weathered look of boots that
have been used for a long time. This exaggeration emphasizes the durability and timeless quality
of the boots.
Personification
Definition: a figure of speech in which objects and animals have human qualities.
described.

Evidence: I cannot forget that day on which I had occasion to say to him: “Mr. Gessler, that
last pair of town walking boots creaked, you know.” He looked at me for a time without
replying, as if expecting me to withdraw or qualify the statement, then said: “Id shouldn’d
’a’ve greaked.” “It did, I’m afraid.”
⇒ Content effect: The verb ‘creak’ here means that something makes a long low sound when it
moves or is moved. The personification in this passage serves to enrich the narrative, helping
readers visualize the interaction between the character and the boots.
Parallelism
Definition: a repetition of the same pattern of words or phrases within a sentence or passage
to highlight the importance of those ideas.
Artistic effect: create a satisfying rhythm in the language an author uses, emphasizing the
articulation (expressions).
Evidence:
….“he was a good man, he made a good bood; but he is dead.”... “He could nod ged over
losing de oder shop.”
⇒ Content effect: The repetition of the phrase “he was a good man, he made a good boot, but
he is dead,...” illustrates the contrast between the character's identity and skill and the reality of
the marketing industrialization. “He could nod ged over losing de oder shop” - This sentence
conveys a sense of loss, highlighting the character's struggles and the impact of external factors
on their livelihood.
“Dey get id all,” “dey get id by adverdisement, nod by work. Dey dake it away from us, who
lofe our boods.
⇒ Content effect: This parallelism draws attention to the disparity between those who achieve
success through hard work and dedication versus those who rely on advertising and marketing
tactics.
[The use of parallelism in these passages not only creates a rhythm in the language, but also
emphasizes the key themes and contrasts in the story]
[By repeating similar patterns of words and phrases, the author effectively highlights the
importance of certain ideas and the overall impact of the narrative.]
Climax:

Definition: the arrangement of ideas in an increasing order of their importance.
Artistic effect: create a satisfying rhythm in the language an author uses, emphasizing the
articulation (expressions).
Evidence:
“Slow starvation, the doctor called it! You see he went to work in such a way! Would keep
the shop on; wouldn’t have a soul touch his boots except himself. When he got an order, it
took him such a time.
People won’t wait. He lost everybody. And there he’d sit, goin’ on and on—I will say that for
him—not a man in London made a better boot!
But look at the competition! He never advertised! Would ’a’ve the best leather, too, and do it
all ‘imself.
⇒ Content effect: Starting with the mention of "slow starvation," the author indicates a problem
faced by the character. Continuing reading, [the reader can feel] the ‘tension’ increasing
(increases) with each revelation about the character's actions. The insistence on doing everything
himself, from keeping the shop open to making the boots, demonstrates his struggles and
alienates potential customers. The climatic moment occurs with the realization that despite the
characters’ dedication and skill in making boots, he is unable to compete with others in the
market.
[From Parallelism & Climax, we could see how the rhythm in the language can push the
emotions of readers, helping readers to better understand the emotions or the consciousness of
the characters.]
Symbolism
Definition: the use of one object to suggest another, hidden object or idea.
Artistic effect: act as a visual aid for readers to better understand the complex ideas of
concepts.
Evidence:
The first image of symbolism is The Gesslers’ boots. [In particular, they are obviously high-
quality boots with the best leather.]
⇒ Content effect: This image represents the intrinsic value of human nature (the supreme
quality of character) and also the talent of the artists who make them.

The second image of symbolism is The Gesslers’ shops.
⇒ Content effect: It stands for small businesses in the Industrial Revolution in England in the
20th century. They are enthusiastic business owners, however, they face up to difficulties when
competing with large firms. [So we could understand that there were a lot of businesses that
would end up closing during that time].
The third image of symbolism is The Gessler brothers.
⇒ Content effect: They represent talented artists who always want to devote themself to the
sake of customers and society. However, they are put in a tragedy in which people seem to care
more about the “outlook”, not the “quality”. By portraying their image, the author signifies the
reality of modern society: material gain may defeat intrinsic values.
The fourth image of symbolism is The Gesslers’ language.

“Id is an Ardt” - “I will ask my brudder”
⇒ Content effect: How the Gesslers - as foreigners, struggle to integrate themselves into the
local community and into the marketing industrialization.
Onomatopoeia
Definition: an imitation of natural sounds by words.
Artistic effect: create mental pictures that appeal to readers, making readers imagine how
things sound.
Evidence:
“A guttural sound, and the tip-tap of bast slippers beating the narrow wooden stairs, and he
would stand before one without coat, a little bent, in leather apron, with sleeves turned back,
blinking—as if ….
“And as I moved to the door, I would hear the tip-tap of his bast slippers restoring him, up
the stairs, to his dream of boots.”
⇒ Content effect: The auditory imagery transports the reader into the scene, letting them to
imagine the rhythmic sound of the slippers as the character moves about his environment. [So
not only can we see pictures in our imagination through the descriptions, the author also creates
some sounds to make the story more exciting.] The onomatopoeic language creates a sensory
experience for the reader and also contributes to the development of character and atmosphere.

Imagery
Definition: the use of words to represent things, actions, and ideas by sensory descriptions.
Artistic effect: create mental pictures that appeal to readers, making readers imagine how
things look, feel, smell, sound and taste.
Evidence:
Himself, he was a little as if made from leather, with his yellow crinkly face, and crinkly
reddish hair and beard, and neat folds slanting down his checks to the corners of his mouth,
and his guttural and one-toned voice; for leather is a sardonic substance, and stiff and slow
of purpose.
⇒ Content effect: This imagery paints a vivid picture of the character's appearance, comparing
him to leather to demonstrate resilience, durability, toughness. [Leather is often associated with
strength and resilience, implying that the character has gone through numerous challenges and
hardships in life.] This expression enriches the readers’ understanding of the appearance, and
also the character of Mr Gessler.
….And looking at his lined face I saw things I had never noticed before, bitter things and
bitter struggle—and what a lot of gray hairs there seemed suddenly in his red beard!
⇒ Content effect: The imagery of the character's lined face and gray hairs conveys a sense of
hardship and bitterness in his past. These details add depth to the character, revealing hidden
struggles and challenges. [This imagery enhances the emotional impact of the story, readers will
have a feeling that they have a strong connection with characters].

Quality (John Galsworthy)

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QUALITY (JOHN

A successful dramatist → naturalistic style.

Best known today as the author of "The Forsyte Saga.”

1881–1886: studied law at New College, Oxford.

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 1

1905: the pair eventually married.

1924: co-founded the international writer's organization PEN.

1932: The Nobel Prize for literature

An honorary fellow of New College, Oxford.

From the Four Winds (1897)

The Man of Property (1906)

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 2

The Silver Spoon (1926),

A Modern Comedy (1929).

The Patrician (1911)

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 3

2. The narrator visits the store less than he used to.

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 4

(“but my elder brudder is dead.”, Page 4, line 9 bottom-up).

("Did I dell you my brudder was dead?", Page 5, line 14).

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 5

("Slow starvation, the doctor called it!”, Page 6, line 6).

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 6

("Did I dell you my brudder was dead?", Page 5, line 14).

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 7

He was poor but he did not want to change

Quality vs. Timeliness:

Gessler prioritized creating high-quality boots, even if it took longer

Man vs. society: MAIN

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 8

Customer Expectations vs. Gessler's Approach:

Customers become impatient with Gessler's slow and meticulous process

Love for boots vs. love for money:

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 9

+ smell of leather and the dark

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 10

Time mentioned in the story:

+ Historical background: Industrial revolution and advertised products in the 20th

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 11

shoemaker - the younger one in Gessler brothers

An extremely skilled and committed German boot maker.

Pale face with lots of wrinkles

Crinkly, curly, red hair, and a thick red beard

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 12

"Zend dem back!" he said; "I will look at dem."

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 13

2. Passionate (and hard-working)

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 14

3. A Perfectionist in His Profession

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 15

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 16

His Commitment to Excellence:

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 17

His Enduring Hardships:

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 18

"Yes," he said, "beople do nod wand good boods, id seems."

→ Resilience and Determination

His Tragic End:

QUALITY (JOHN GALSWORTHY) 19

"You goddem wed before dey found demselves?"