Rac Notes Class

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Refrigeration & Air Conditioning RAC ( 22660 )

For Mechanical Branch Diploma in Engineering
Notes By :- Vineet Bhavsar Sir.
Chapter No. Chapter Name Marks

1. Refrigeration 8
2. Refrigeration Cycles & Refrigerants 20
3. Refrigeration System Components 10
4. Basics of Air Conditioning 10
5. Cooling Load Calculation 8
6. Air Conditioning Systems 14
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Some Important Questions & Answers
Notes By :- Vineet Bhavsar Sir
Q. 16 Explain tube in tube type or double tube type condenser.
• tube in tube type or double tube condenser consist of two tubes arrange in such a way that one tube is inside
the another.
• In this type of condenser, the hot vapour refrigerant enters from top side of the condenser in outer tube and
cold water enters from bottom side of the condenser in inner tube.
• The cold water passing through the inner tube and hot vapour refrigerant is circulate around the inner tube
so that cooling water absorb the heat from vapour refrigerant.
• In this way cold water cool the hot vapour refrigerant and this hot vapour refrigerant is converted into cold
liquid refrigerant at outlet of the condenser pipe, and hot water leaves at the top side of condenser.
Q. Explain shell and coil type condenser
• A shell and coil type condenser consist of one or more water coils enclosed inside the Steel shell.
• The water coils may or may not be provided with fins in order to increase surface area, for better heat transfer.
• The shell and coil condenser may be vertical either horizontal.
• In this condenser cooling water is transferred through the coil from bottom side and hot vapour refrigerant are
passes inside the shell at top side.
• As the cooling water passing through the coil and vapour refrigerant are circulated around the coil then these
cold water absorb the heat from vapour refrigerant and convert it into liquid form.
• These cooling water reduces the temperature of vapour refrigerant and the low temperature liquid refrigerant
are leaves at bottom side of the condenser and cold water leaves at the top it becomes little warm.
• This type of condenser is used when the refrigeration capacity below 50 TOR
Q. Compare air cooled and water-cooled condenser
Q. Explain evaporative type condenser with advantages and disadvantage.
• water cool condenser required more water for cooling but

water is not easily available, so water cooled condenser is
replaced by evaporative condenser.
• evaporative condenser uses water as well as air both for

cooling purpose.
Construction
• it consists of fan, water eliminator plates, spray nozzles,

Condensing coil, water tank and pump.
• fan is placed at the top of the condenser and water tank is

placed at the bottom.
• water is transfer to the spray nozzle from water tank with

the help of pump.
• water eliminator plates are provided to remove the water

particles.
Working
• The Hot vapour refrigerant enters in the coil, at the same time water flows from water tank to the spray nozzle
with the help of pump and spray over the tube.
• As the spray of water over the tube, then water absorb the heat from vapour refrigerant and cool it, so the
temperature of vapour refrigerant is decreases and convert it into liquid refrigerant, which leaves at the bottom
of the tube.
• water is collected in water tank. there are small opening is provided at the bottom of the condenser from which
air enters inside the condenser which cools the water so cooling take place by water as well as air.
• hot air suck by the fan and removes to the atmosphere.
Advantages:-
1. Use in large capacity
2. Cheaper as compared to water cooled condenser
3. Preferred in places where water is not available in too much quantity
4. Water consumption is very low
Disadvantages :-
1. Large amount of refrigerant required
2. Long tubing required
Q. Compare air cool condenser and evaporative condenser

Q. State factor affecting the selection of condenser
1. Capacity of refrigeration system
2. Type of refrigerant use
3. Purity of refrigerant
4. Velocity of cooling medium
5. Quantity of cooling medium
Q. What is the function of expansion valve or expansion device
1. The main function of expansion device is to reduces the pressure of liquid refrigerant
2. Maintain pressure difference in the system
3. It control the flow of refrigerant
4. In majority of application throttling process is used so enthalpy remains constant during the expansion
Q. List the expansion devices
1. Capillary tube
2. Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve
3. Thermostatic expansion valve
4. Hand operated expansion valve
5. Low side float valve
6. High side float valve
Q. Explain the working principle of capillary tube with advantages
• Capillary tube is use as an expansion device in small capacity refrigeration system. It is made up of copper or
steel
Working principle :-
• Capillary tube is an expansion device which is used in refrigeration system which convert the high-pressure &
low temperature liquid refrigerant into low pressure, low temperature liquid refrigerant by passing through it.
• So that the function of capillary tube is to create the pressure drop by reducing the pressure of liquid refrigerant
from condenser pressure to evaporator pressure.
• When high pressure, low temperature liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser coil is passing through the
capillary tube then frictional resistance occurs between the liquid refrigerant and inner surface of the diameter
of capillary tube. due to these frictional resistance, pressure of the liquid refrigerant reduces
• The inside diameter of capillary tube is generally about 0.5 mm to 2.25 mm & length varies from 0.5 m to 5 m
• The frictional resistance is directly proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the diameter,
therefore longer the capillary tube smaller the inside diameter of capillary tube and greater is the pressure drop
created in the refrigerant flow.
Advantages :-
1. Low cost
2. Low starting torque required
3. No need of receiver
4. Long life
Disadvantages :-
1. Not suitable for refrigeration system subjected to high fluctuation load
2. Contaminants in the refrigerant such as moisture and dirt may choke the tube and stop the flow of
refrigerant
Applications :-
1. Domestic refrigerator
2. Air conditioners
3. Freezers
4. Water cooler
Q. Why capillary tube is preferred as a expansion device in majority of applications instead of other
expansion valve or devices ?
Capillary tube is preferred as a expansion device due to following reasons
1. It is cheaper
2. It does not have any moving parts so maintenance cost is less
3. Low starting torque required so low cost of motor required
4. Ideal for hermitically compressor base system

Q. Draw a neat sketch of automatic or constant pressure expansion valve and explain it.
• Automatic expansion valve totally works on the pressure of evaporator. If pressure of evaporator increase or
decrease then valve become normally open or close.
Construction :-
• Automatic expansion valve consists of needle valve, adjusting screw, valve seat, strainer, controlling spring,
diaphragm and inlet and outlet port.
• Opening and closing of the valve with respect to seat is depends upon spring pressure and evaporator pressure.
• The spring pressure can be adjusting by tension of the spring with the help of adjusting screw
• Once the spring is adjusted for a desired evaporator pressure then valve operate automatically to maintain
constant evaporator pressure by controlling the flow of refrigerant.
Working :-
• The amount of refrigerant entering into the evaporator is equal to evaporative capacity of the evaporator.
• If load on the evaporator increases then evaporator pressure is decreases, due to the spring pressure, valve
move down and automatic expansion valve get open so that more refrigerant are passes into the evaporator to
maintain the evaporator pressure.
• If load on the evaporator is decreases, then evaporator pressure is increased so that the valve rod move upward
and compress the spring so that valve get normally close and reduce the mass flow rate of refrigerant.
• Automatic expansion valve keeps the pressure constant in the evaporator therefore it is also known as constant
pressure expension valve.
Applications
1. Domestic refrigerator
2. Low capacity freezers

3. Ice cream storage cabinets
4. Milk chilling units

Q. Explain thermostatic expansion valve with neat sketch
• thermostatic expansion valve is most commonly used expansion device in commercial and industrial
refrigeration system. It reduces the pressure of liquid refrigerator and controlling the flow of refrigerant.
Construction :-
• Thermostatic expansion valve consists of needle valve & seat, metallic diaphragm, spring and adjusting screw,
filler bulb and capillary tube.
• Filler bulb is partly filled with the same liquid refrigerant as used in refrigeration system.
• Thermal bulb senses the temperature of outlet refrigerant from evaporator and due to that the corresponding
pressure of thermal bulb acting on diaphragm.
• The opening and closing of the valve depends upon spring pressure, evaporator pressure and filler bulb
pressure.
• The diaphragm is connected to the valve and these valve is connected to the spring and this spring pressure is
control by the adjusting screw
Working :-
• First the refrigerant pass to the expansion valve through strainer, which remove the dirt, dust and impurities
from the refrigerant.
• When the refrigeration load on the evaporator increases, its causes the higher temperature and more vapour
refrigerant coming out from evaporator and this will be sense by thermal bulb so the pressure of thermal bulb
will be increase and which causes diaphragm move downward.
• In other side as the load on evaporator increases the evaporator pressure decreases so the diaphragm moves
downward so that valve get open and increase the mass flow rate of refrigerant in the evaporator.
• When the refrigeration load on the evaporator decreases its causes less amount of vapour refrigerant coming
out from the evaporator whose temperature sensed by thermal bulb so that pressure of thermal bulb is also
decreases so diaphragm moves upward.
• In other side as the load on evaporator decreases the evaporator pressure will be increased so that the
diaphragm moves upward so valve get normally close and reduce the mass flow rate of refrigerant.
• This will be continues till the evaporator pressure and spring pressure maintains equilibrium with the filler bulb
pressure.
Applications :-
Thermostatic expansion valve is commonly used in
1. Industrial refrigeration plants
2. Commercial units such as supermarkets, freezers & ice maker machines
3. Heat pump system
4. Refrigerated containers
5. Liquid chillers
6. Central air conditioners
Q. Compare automatic and thermostatic expansion valve.
Q. Compare thermostatic expansion valve and capillary tube
Q. State the function of evaporator
• the function of evaporator is to absorb the heat from substance or space which is to be cooled by means of
refrigerant.
Q. Classify evaporators
1. According to type of construction
a. Finned tube evaporator
b. Tube in tube evaporator
c. Plate evaporator
d. Shell and tube evaporator
e. Bare tube coil evaporator
2. According to method of refrigerant feed
a. Dry expansion evaporator
b. Flooded evaporator
3. According to mode of heat transfer
a. Natural convection
b. Forced convection
4. According to Frost
a. Frosting evaporators
b. Non frosting evaporators
c. Defrosting evaporators
Q. Explain the working of finned evaporator with neat sketch
• Finned evaporator consists of bare tubes or coils over which the metal plates or fins are fastened.
• The metal fins are made up of thin sheets of metal having good thermal conductivity.
• The shape, size and spacing of the finned it such a way that they provide maximum heat transfer rate.
• The fins greatly increase the contact area of heat transfer surface so that finned evaporator are also called as
extended surface evaporators.
• They are generally used for applications were the refrigeration temperature is about 0° C
Applications
• Air conditioning system
• Deep freezer
• Ice cream cabinets
Q. Explain flooded type evaporator with neat sketch and state its applications
• Flooded evaporator usage float control valve which maintain the constant liquid refrigerant level in the
accumulator so that constant level is always maintain.
• The accumulator act as a storage tank for the liquid refrigerant, it maintain a constant liquid level in evaporator
and helps to separate the liquid refrigerant and vapour refrigerant.
• As the liquid refrigerant passes through the evaporator coil and absorb the heat then it become vapour
refrigerant which enters in the accumulator, then the vapour refrigerant goes to the compressor through flash
chamber and liquid refrigerant remains in the accumulator.
• In accumulator the liquid refrigerant level is set at particular level, and float control valve is placed at the inlet
of accumulator from which liquid refrigerant from expansion device enters.
• As liquid refrigerant enters in the evaporator coil, liquid level of the refrigerant falls down in the accumulator
then float also fall down & due to linkages valve get opens and liquid refrigerant from expansion device enters in
the accumulator.
• The liquid refrigerant level is control by the float valve, as liquid level falls down from set limit the valve get
opens and liquid refrigerant enters in the accumulator and rises the liquid level in accumulator up to the set limit,
then Float rises up and valve get closed.
• Evaporator is almost completely filled with liquid refrigerant.
• Due to gravity liquid refrigerant flows from accumulator to evaporator coil and as the refrigerant absorb heat
from the refrigerated space, it becomes vapour refrigerant and vapour refrigerant has tendency to go upward
then move toward the compressor through flash chamber.
• Baffle plate trap the liquid droplets, and allow only vapour refrigerant to the compressor.
Applications :-
1. Use in chemical and food processing industries
2. Use in comfort and process air cooling installation
3. Use in cold storage boxes and freezers
4. Use in multi evaporator system
Q. Draw neat sketch of following refrigerator
Q. Compare flooded type evaporator and dry expansion type evaporator.

Q. State the function of chiller and classify it
• The main function of chiller is to cooling the secondary refrigerant.
• Chiller is a special refrigeration device which cools water or any other fluid which is circulated for cooling
purpose. eg. Water.
Chillers are classified as
1. According to construction
a. Dry expansion or DX chiller
b. Flooded chiller
2. According to refrigeration cycle used.
a. Chiller working on vapour compression cycle.
b. Chiller working on vapour absorption cycle
Q. Explain working of dry expansion type chiller with neat sketch.
• Dry expansion type chiller is also called as DX chiller.
• The water or liquid is to be cool is keep in the shell while the refrigerant is passing through the tubes.
• The refrigerant enters from bottom side of the shell and absorb the heat from the water or liquid and become
superheated vapour which are coming out of shell at top side.
• Baffle plates are provided to regulate the velocity of water passing over the tubes.
Q. State the selection criteria for refrigeration equipments
1. Temperature requirement
2. Condensing medium
3. Size of unit and its capacity
4. Refrigeration load with expected variation.

➢ Various types of equipment best suited for a given applications.
Q. State the function of drier.
• In refrigeration system the main function of drier is to remove the moisture as well as minute particles of
water.
Q. What is frosting and defrosting.
• Frosting is the phenomenon of deposition of ice on the evaporator coil due to very low temperature.
• When the air passes over the extremely cold evaporator coils then the moisture in the air separates and
deposited on the surface of coils and get solidified to form frosting.
• This deposited ice is bad conductor of heat and reduces the rate of heat transfer so the removal of ice from the
evaporator coil is necessary which is known as defrosting.
RAC. Chapter 4. Basics of Air Conditioning
• Air conditioning can be defined a simultaneous control of temperature humidity motion of air and purity
of air within the enclosed space.
Q.1 State the necessity of air conditioning.
1. To provide the human comfort in industry, office and research work to improve the quality of work and
productivity.
2. To provide the human comfort in summer or winter
3. For rapid industrial development with economic growth of country.
4. Necessity in many plants for controlling various manufacturing processes and properties to improve the
quality of product.
5. Necessity for maintaining accuracy of measuring instruments to obtain the precise measurement and testing
results.
Q.2 Differentiate between industrial and comfort air conditioning.
Q.3 Give the applications of air conditioning.
1. Commercial application of air conditioning.
• To provide comfort to people or occupants
• To provide desired condition of temperatures, humidity for human health and increase the working
efficiency of human being
• Used in restaurants hotels theatres auditorium to give comfort to the occupants
• Used in hospitals, malls and various industries.
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2. Industrial application of air conditioning.
• Air conditioning used in various industries for provide comfort to the industrial workers
• Air conditioning use in various industries to maintain desire temperature and humidity for various
manufacturing processes.
• Used in photographic industry to control temperature, humidity and air filtration
• Used in transport air conditioning for automobile, railways and aircraft to preserve the food during storage
and transport.
• Use in laboratories to maintain the clean atmosphere required for precise work and measurements.
3. Special applications of air conditioning.
• Air conditioning of computer centre
• Air conditioning of tv centres
• Air conditioning of telephone exchange building
Q.4 differentiate between industrial and commercial applications of air conditioning.
Q.5 state the functions of air conditioning system
• Primary function :-
The primary function of the air conditioning system is to provide the human comfort by maintaining and
artificial and comfortable environment for occupants such as temperature, humidity and purity of air.
• Secondary functions :-
1. For maintaining good quality and life of product
2. Control energy and moisture of the product
3. To control air purity inside the room
4. To control the essential parameters such as temperature, humidity, sufficient ventilation, purity of air,
motion of air

Q.6 Define air conditioning system.
Air conditioning system can be defined as an assembly of different parts of a system to produce a specified
condition of air within the enclosed space.

Q.7 what is the concept of bypass factor.
• The portion of air passing from inlet to outlet without making contact with the heating or cooling coil surface
is known as bypass air.
• Bypass factor of coil is defined as the ratio of bypass air quantity to the total air quantity.
• efficiency or effectiveness of heating coil is given by = 1 - BPF
Q.8 Explain sensible heat factor
• Sensible heat factor is defined as the ratio of sensible heat to the total heat
Q.9 Explain adiabatic humidification or evaporative coolling.
• In this process water is spray over the fresh outside air, which is drawn from the fan these arrangement is
called as air washer system or adiabatic humidifier.
• Air washer spray the water in the air so that evaporation is occur and increase the moisture level.
• Water eliminator is used to remove the excess moisture.
• Cooling with adiabatic humidification is defined as the adiabatic saturation of air in which cooling is done by
evaporating the water without transfer of heat from surrounding.

• During this process
Dry bulb temperature decreases
Specific humidity increases
Enthalpy constant
Relative humidity increases
Q.10 Explain heating with humidification process.
• Heating with humidification process is generally use in winter air conditioning system to warm and humidify
the air.
• In this process air is heated and humidified by spraying hot water in the air, then air absorb the heat from
hot water and get humidified by evaporation.
• Sometimes steam is injected over the air to obtained hot and humidified air.
• During this process
Dry bulb temperature increases
Specific humidity increases
Enthalpy increases
Relative humidity increases
Q.11 Explain sling psychrometer
• The function of psychrometer is to measure the dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature of
atmospheric air.
Construction:-
• Sling psychrometer consist of dry bulb thermometer and wet bulb thermometer attach at a single unit side
by side in a protective case.
• Top side of sling psychrometer carries a handle and swivel arrangement for rotated in the atmospheric air.
• A wet cloth or wetted wick is cover on the bulb of wet bulb thermometer which is used to measure the wet
bulb temperature.
• The bulb of dry bulb thermometer is open

Working :-
• Sling psychrometer is rotated in the air for approximately 1 minute and
then readings of both thermometers are noted.
• This process is repeated in several times to assure that the lowest possible
wet bulb temperature is recorded.
• Relative humidity, specific humidity and many other properties are
determined from plotting dry bulb temperature and wet bulb temperature
on the psychrometric chart.
Advantages
• simple construction
• low cost
Disadvantages
• continuous measurement of relative humidity is not possible
• due to glass bulb psychrometer is delicate
Q.12 State various types of humidifier and explain anyone humidifier with neat sketch
• Humidifiers are the equipment’s of air conditioning which are used to increase the moisture level or humidity
of the air
• The process of humidification is done by
1. Injecting the steam
2. Atomizing the water
3. Evaporating the water
4. Air washing
Q.13 Explain humidification by injecting the steam
• To increase the humidity of the air, steam is injected in the flow of air so that idiot evaporated instantly and
increase the relative humidity of the air.
• Steam injection humidifier having low initial cost, silent operation, free from harmful impurities but carries
unpleasant odour and increase the temperature of air.
Q.14 Explain revolving wick type humidifier
• Revolving drum is place in the path of air
• Number of woolen wicks are placed equidistant on the periphery of the drum
• Lower portion of the drum is always deep in a water tray, and the level of water in the tray is kept constant
and control by means of float valve.

• As the drum start rotating then water splashing in the
air by the revolving drum, and wetted wick come in
contact with the air and then water get vaporizes and
mix with the air and air get humidified.
• this is possible because of rotation of drum in which
water splashes and atomize the water particles & hence
Air gets humidified.
Q.15 explain atomization type humidifier.
• In atomization type humidifier Venturi is used to atomize the
water by means of compressed air.
• Atomization means converting a drop of water into number
of small particles with the help of compressed air.
• In this humidifier the compressed air is passed through a
convergent section of pipe so that pressure drop is created
at the throat therefore vacuum is created and water suck
from the water reservoir in upward direction and get mixes in
the air to form moist air.
• The humidifier does not add heat in the room only increase the moisture level in the air by spraying water
in the air.
• Water level in the water reservoir is maintained by float control valve, float is resting over the water surface.
As the water falls down the set limit then float is also move down then due to mechanical linkages, water
supply get on and fill the water in the reservoir so that water level regains in its original level or set limit so
that float also move up. That means water level is control by float.
• This type of humidifier is generally preferred for industrial purpose, where compress air is readily available.
• Due to high velocity of air this humidifier is noisy.
Q.16 explain humidification by evaporating the water or explain shallow and pan coil type humidifier.
• in this system, heating device such a as electric heating coil or steam coil or hot water coil is use to warm the
water and help to evaporation of water take place on the water surface.

• then this water vapour is mixing with the year and increase the moisture level or humidity.
• a large shallow Pan contains water in which heating coil is immersed, heating coil heated water and start
evaporation and these water vapour mixes with the air and become humidified air.
Q.17 explain air washer with neat sketch.
• Air washer is used for humidification purpose.
• Air washer is most effective and commonly used type humidification in all types.
• The number of water spray nozzles are provided to spray water in the flow of air.
• A small pump supplies water to the spraying nozzles so they spray high velocity water jets into the air.
• Due to air washing the temperature of air get decreases therefore a heating coil is placed at the inlet of
humidifier.
• As the water spray in the path of air some water get evaporated and it increases the humidity of air and air
get humidified.
• Evaporated water is collected in the water sump and recirculate again.
• Water level in the water reservoir is maintained by float control valve, float is resting over the water surface.
As the water falls down the set limit then float is also move down then due to mechanical linkages, water
supply get on and fill the water in the reservoir so that water level regains in its original level or set limit so
that float also move up. That means water level is control by float.
• Water eliminator plates provided after the spray to remove the water droplets from the air.
Advantages :-
1. Relative humidity and temperature gate control exactly
2. Easy to operate
3. Low maintenance cost
4. Best suited for industrial purpose.

Q.18 Explain spray type dehumidifier
• The main function of dehumidifier is reducing the moisture content in the air.
• The main components of the dehumidifier is air filter, water circulating pump, water spray line, heating coil,
fan, refrigerating plant.
• In this system, first air is filtered by the filter which is provided at the inlet of dehumidifier, filter remove the
unwanted dust, dirt and contaminants from the air.
• In this system water is cooled by refrigerating plant and this cold water is supplied to the spray nozzle by
water circulating pump.
• When spray nozzle sprays the cold water in the humid air, then air get cooled below its dew point
temperature so that condensation of water vapour occurs and air losses its moisture content and get
dehumidified.
• water is cooled by refrigerator at approximately 5°C which is sprayed by the air washer system.
• Water droplets carried by the air are removed in water eliminator plates and then recirculated room air is
mixes with this air and passes through the heating coil to increase the temperature and then passes to the
room.
Q.19 Explain rotary chemical type dehumidifier.
• The main function of dehumidifier is to reduce the
moisture content in the air.
• Reducing moisture content is very important in textile,
pharmaceutical, food and electronic industries.
• In this humidifier rotary bed contain silica gel as a
chemical agent used to remove the moisture.

• First of all the outside moist air is entered from the filter in which dust, dirt and contaminants are removed.
Then it get enters in the rotating bed contains chemical agent as a silica gel which absorb the moisture and
dehumidify the air.
• At the same time the air is heated by using hot gases coming out of furnace this helps to achieve the desired
temperature of air and then air get dehumidified and supplied to the room where it is required.
Q.20 why filters are provided in Air conditioning system and classify it.
• Air filtration is defined as the process of reducing or eliminating the unwanted particles or gases from the
air such as dust, dirt and other contaminants.
• Primary function of air filter :-
To clean the air before it supply to conditioned space.
• Secondary functions of air filter :-
1. Protection of human health and provide comfort by removing the dust, dirt and other contaminants.
2. Protection of air conditioning machinery
3. Maintain cleanliness of room surface and furnishing.
• Classification of filters
1. Dry filter
2. Wet filter
3. Viscous filter
4. Electric or electronic filter
5. Centrifugal filter
Q.21 Explain dry filter
• These are reusable or use and throw type filter.
• Dry filter is made up of cloth, course paper, wool or cellulose felt.
• Air is flow over a stream at a velocity of 10 m/min through the dry
filter, dust and dirt entrapped in the fabric filter bags and collected
at the bottom of the filter and clean air out at the another side of filter
• This filter bag must be periodically cleaned.
Q.22 Explain wet filters
• This filter is also known as air washer type filter.
• In this filter water is spray in the flow of air then dust
Particles are wetted and settle down at the bottom of filter.
• The efficiency of the filter it's about 75% to 80% and the

effectiveness of wet filter depends upon the tendency of dust particle to get wet.
• This filters are used in industrial air conditioning and use in combination of dry and viscous filter
Q 23 Explain viscous filter
• In this filter, filter element is use as roller pad or mats made
up of steel wool, copper mesh or plastic which is continuously
rolling over the roller.
• In this filter the base pad in the form of roller is dipped in
oil up to the suitable length, then oil get stick to the pad and
form the viscous layer on the roller.
• When air is passes over the roller then dirt and dust particles are stick to the roller and clean air comes out
at another side.
• It is very important to maintain the viscosity of oil continuously.
• The efficiency of filter is about 75% to 80%
Q.24 Explain electric filter or electronic filter.
• Electric filter or electronic filter is works on the principle of ionization method to captured the dust particle
from the air.
• In this filter air get ionized by passing through the electric field.
• The ionized air is passing through the collection chamber.
• The collection chamber has metal plates having positive and negative charge.
• The positive ion particles are present in the air are attracted toward the negatively charged plates and
negative ion particles present in the air are attracted toward the positively charge plates.
• In this way does particles get deposited on the plates and obtained the clean air
• The plates should be clean at the regular interval of period of time.
• The efficiency of filter is about 70% to 90%.

• Advantages
1. Ease of operation
2. Compactness
3. Low running cost
4. Low maintenance cost
• Disadvantages
1. They need high electric voltage supply
2. Efficiency of filter decreases if air quantity increases.
Q.25 explain centrifugal filters.
• Centrifugal filter is used in powder processing or asbestos industry to collect the dust and can be reuse it.
• In this filter air is enters in the blower and a high velocity air stream is used to produce a whirl in a chamber
then centrifugal force developed which separates the light and heavy dust particles.
• Heavy particles move toward the inner side of chamber and fall down and collected at the collector pan and
then removed from the bottom.
• Lighter particles remains at the centre where as clean air is collected at the top of the chamber and moves
out.
• Efficiency of this filter is about 50% to 75%.
• Advantages
1. Rigid construction
2. More durability
• Disadvantages
1. High power consumption
2. Noisy operation

RAC. Chapter 5. Cooling load calculation
Q.1 What is human comfort
• Human comfort is defined as the condition of mind which expresses the satisfaction with thermal
environment.
• Human comfort provides a human friendly environment by controlling the properties of air and its
circulation.
Q.2 Heat exchange between the human body and environment take place in the form of sensible heat and
latent heat explain.
• Human body is like a machine which producing the work and consuming the food.
• Human body feels comfortable thermodynamically when
[Heat produced by metabolism of human body] = [heat dissipated to the surrounding] + [heat stored in human
body by raising the temperature of body tissues]
• The human body maintains thermal equilibrium with environment by means of three modes of heat transfer
evaporation, radiation and convection.
• Metabolic rate is defined as the rate at which the body produces heat.
• Sensible heat transfer means a process of heat exchange where the temperature change can be sensed &
measured.

• Latent heat transfer means a process of heat exchange where temperature change cannot be sensed and
measured, but phase change take place.
• During winter period, outside environment temperature is lesser than body temperature so the sensible
heat transfer take place from body to environment due to these the body temperature falls down and human
body feels cold effect.
• During summer period, outside environment temperature is higher than body temperature so heat is
transfer from surrounding to human body and body temperature get raised and feel hot effect. And due to
hotness and wet conditions lot of sweat coming from human body if there is evaporation of sweat taking place
means phase change occurs then latent heat of vaporization take place.
Q.3 State the factor affecting on human comfort.
1. Temperature of air :-
• The main objective of air conditioning system is to remove the heat & control the room temperature of air.
• Proper control of temperature of air give comfort to human being and remove the physiological stress and
improve the physical health of the human being.
2. Humidity of air :-
• Too much humidity and too less humidity will cause discomfort to peoples so that to maintain proper amount
of specific humidity and relative humidity is necessary.
• Relative humidity should not be more than 60% in summer and 40% for winter condition.
3. Motion of air :-
• When low velocity air come in contact with human skin then air dissipates heat from the skin surface and
give a feeling of comfortness, so that air velocity should not exceed 5 m/sec in any air conditioning system.
• Air distribution is also important so air should be uniformly distributed in the conditioned space.
4. Purity of air :-
• Air contains toxic gases, small particles, suspended solids, bacteria, smoke, viruses etc
• All these harmful content causes uncomfortable to people while breathing therefore proper filtration,
cleaning and purification of air is necessary.
5. Odour control :-
• Air contains gases, fumes and smoke which have peculiar order which make unpleasant to the occupants so
that odour control becomes necessary.
• Air is sprayed with deodorants, freshness chemicals & air purifying sprays.
6. Air quantity: -
• It is essential to decide percentage of each amount of recirculated air and amount of fresh air from outdoor
or atmosphere.
• Generally, 15% to 20% fresh air is added to maintain the enough amount of oxygen in air and remaining is
recirculated through condition space.
7. Hot and cold surfaces

8. Air stratification
9. Effective temperature.

Q.4 describe various sources of heat gain considered in calculation of cooling load for classroom.
Or
What is the sensible heat gain and latent heat gain? List the sources of sensible and latent heat gain in
restaurant.
• It is necessary for Air conditioning designer to know about the heat sources and their nature before design
of air conditioning system.
A. The sources of sensible heat :-

• When there is direct addition of heat to the enclosed space which is sense or measured is called as
sensible heat.
• At the temperature increases phase change does not occur.
• Various sources of sensible heat load are
1. Flow of heat through the exterior walls, ceilings, floors, windows and doors due to the
temperature difference between two sides.
2. Load due to solar radiation from glass of windows and ventilators.
3. Heat rays absorb by walls and roof from Sun.
4. Sensible heat receives from the occupants.
5. Heat gains due to lightening load.
6. Heat received from in filtrate outdoor air through cracks, indoor windows and ventilators through
their frequent openings.
B. The sources of latent heat :-

• when there is addition of heat which change the phase in enclose space is known as latent heat.
• when addition of water vapour to the air causes increase in heat it is also known as latent heat.
• various sources of latent heat loads are.
1. Latent heat load from outdoor air entering into the air condition space by infiltration.
2. Latent heat load from occupants
3. Latent heat load from cooking foods and from Stored materials.
4. Moisture passing directly into the air-conditioned space through walls.
C. Extra loads
• The fresh air taken from the outside adds the sensible and latent heat loads on air conditioner and
not in the room.
• Heat gain from the fan work is added in the fresh air.
• Total load on air conditioning system = Load A + Load B + Load C

Q.6 What is cooling load and state the best suited air conditioning system for the particular
application.
• Cooling load is defined as the total heat required to be removed from the space in order to bring the
desire temperature and cooling condition.
Q.7 state the safety factors used in cooling load calculation.

• For designing air-conditioned space, cooling load calculations are necessary but all these calculations
are done on the designed day.
• A design day is defined as a day when,
1. DBT and WBT peak simultaneously
2. Clear sky, No haze
3. Internal heat loads within the space are normal
• There are always chances of errors in observations and calculations so that to decide to take
always design load.
• Design load is calculated by multiplying safety factor to the total load.
• Mathematically, Design load = Safety Factor × Total Load
• Safety factor usually ranges from 1.05 to 1.1

RAC. Chapter 6. Air Conditioning System
Q.1 What is air conditioning system and list its basic elements
• Air conditioning system is defined as the assembly of different parts of the system to produce a specified
condition of air within a specified enclosed space.
• The basic elements of air conditioning systems are fans, filters, refrigerating plant, humidifiers, dehumidifier,
control systems.
Q.2 Classify air conditioning system.
Q.3 explain summer air conditioning system with neat sketch.
The main function of summer air conditioning system is to cool the air & reduce the moisture content of the
air.
Construction :-
• Summer air conditioning system consist of filter, cooling coil, air washer system, heating coil & fan.
• Air damper is provided to suck Fresh atmospheric air, and then pass to filter.
• Filter is provided to remove the dirt, dust and contaminants from the air.
• Cooling coil is placed before air washer and heating coil is placed after air washer.
• A fan is placed after heating coil to distribute the air in conditioned space.
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Working :-
• Outside fresh air is coming from damper and then filtered for cleaning purpose then the air is pass through
a cooling coil where it gets cooled.
• The cooling coil has surface temperature less than due point temperature of air so air get cooled and some
quantity of water vapour associated with the air are condensed. Due to cooling air below the dew point
temperature so air losses the moisture content in the form of condensed water which is collected in the sump.
• Due to cooling below the dew point temperature moisture content reduced but air get too much cooled. So,
it is necessary to passing the air from heating coil to maintain the required temperature.
• The fan distributes the air in conditioned space
• Summer air conditioning system is used in two types of weather conditions.
1. Hot and wet weather conditions like Delhi, where temperature as well as relative humidity is very high
therefore cooling with dehumidification is done by the summer air conditioning system.
2. Hot and dry weather conditions like Nagpur Jalgaon where temperature is high but relative humidity is very
low therefore cooling with humidification is done by summer air conditioning system.
Q.4 Explain winter air conditioner with the help of neat sketch.
The main function of winter air conditioning is to increase the temperature of air and specific humidity of air.
Construction :-
• Winter air conditioning system consist of air damper, filter, primary heating coil, secondary heating coil, air
washer, pump & water eliminator plates.
• Air damper is provided to suck Fresh atmospheric air, and then pass to filter.
• Filter is provide to remove the dirt, dust and contaminants from the air.
• Primary heating coil is place before the air washer or humidifier and secondary heating coil is placed after
the water eliminator plates.
• Water eliminator plates remove the water particles from the air.
• A fan is placed after heating coil to distribute the air in conditioned space.
Working :-
• Outside fresh air is coming through a damper and then filtered for cleaning purpose.
• After filtration air is passing over the primary heating coil where it is warm to increase the dry bulb
temperature of air.
• In air washer water is sprayed in the flow of air so that the water particles evaporated and increase the
moisture content of the air and the air get humidified.
• This humid air is passed through the water eliminator plates to remove the water droplets from the
conditioned air.
• Due to adiabatic humidification temperature of air decreases so it is again passing over the secondary heating
coil to maintain the required temperature.
Q.5 compare Summer air conditioning and winter air conditioning
Q.6 Explain with neat sketch Year around air conditioning system.
The main function of year around air conditioning system is heating and humidifying in winter and cooling and
dehumidifying in summer.
Construction and working
• Year around air conditioning system consist of filter, heating coil, cooling coil, air washer, fan.
• The air comes from air damper which is filtered to remove the dirt, dust and contaminants from the air.
• In winter, cooling coil is not in operative condition, so the air get humidified in air washer and then passing
over the heating coil then distributed in the condition space with the help of fan
• In Summer, air is passing over the cooling coil and get cooled after that water is sprayed in the flow of air in
air washer so the water particles get evaorated and increase the moisture content.
• Year around AC is used in both the season summer as well as winter which is very helpful for human being.
Q.7 Explain central air conditioning system.
• In a central air conditioning system all the components of the system are placed in one Central room and
conditioned air is distributed from Central room to the required places through the duct.
• The central air conditioning system is generally used for load above 25 tonnes of refrigeration and 2500
m³/min of conditioned air.
• The whole system can be divided into three parts
1. Plant room in which compressor, condenser and motor placed
2. Air Handling unit room
3. Air distribution system (ducting)
• The plant room is located away from the room to be conditioned.
• In this air conditioning system, air coming from the damper and goes to the filter in which removal of dirt,
dust and contaminants occured.
• Then this air passing over evaporator coil and get cooled. Then then it passes to the air washer and
humidification and dehumidification take place according to decide condition and if temperature of air getting
too low then passing over the heating coil which keeps the year at design temperature.
• This air is passing to the conditioned room with the help of duct and blower which is helpful for distribution
of air.
Advantages :-
1. Low capital cost per tonnes of refrigeration
2. Lays space occupied per tonnes of refrigeration
3. Better accessibility for maintenance
4. Noise and vibration troubles are less
Disadvantages :-
1. Large size of duct required
2. If any problems occur in system then whole system will be stop.
3. Complicated and expensive
4. Individual needs of room cannot be achieved
Q.8 compare unitary and central air conditioning system.
Q.10 Explain window air conditioning system.
• Window air conditioner is a small unit having capacity 0.5 TOR or 3 TOR.
• Window air conditioner is a room air conditioner mounted in window through wall.
Construction :-
• Window air conditioning system consist of compressor, condenser, expansion device, evaporator, air filter,
controlling parameter.
1. Compressor :-
• Hermetically sealed type compressor is used in window air conditioning in which motor and all the moving
parts are sealed in air tight casing.
• The main function of compressor is to increase the pressure of vapour refrigerant
2. Condenser :-
It is air cooled type condenser used in which continuous coil of copper tubes. A fan is placed in front of
condenser to cool the condenser coil.
• The main function of condenser is to cool the vapour refrigerant by using outside air.
3. Expansion device :-
Capillary tube is most commonly used expansion device in window air conditioner. It is a tube of very small
diameter and long .
Length.
• The main function of expansion device is to reduce the pressure of liquid refrigerant.
4. Evaporator :-
• It is located between compressor and expansion device. It is also made up of copper tubing like condenser
coil.
• A propeller type fan is located in front of evaporator to pull the fresh air inside and push the conditioned air
to the room.
• The main function of evaporator is to absorb the latent heat from the air and cool it.
5 Air filter :-
• The main function of air filter is to remove the dust, dirt and other contaminants from the air.
6. Controlling parameter :-
• Various master controls are present to ON/OFF the compressor motor, condenser fan and evaporator as per
requirement.
• Thermostat control is used to ensure the desire temperature conditions inside the room.
Working :-
• Low temperature, low pressure vapour refrigerant enters inside the compressor and compressor
compressed it at high pressure & high temperature then vapour refrigerant is passing to the condenser coil.
• In condenser high pressure, high temperature refrigerant enters and cooled with the help of outside air and
condenser fan help it for cooling. Condenser convert the refrigerant into high pressure, low temperature liquid
refrigerant.
• This low temperature, high pressure liquid refrigerant enters in the capillary tube, and capillary tube reduce
its pressure and then passing to the evaporator.
• In evaporator fresh air and recirculated air are sucked and push over the evaporator coils for cooling purpose.
Low pressure low temperature liquid refrigerant absorb the heat from air and cool it. These cooled air passing
to the room with the help of fan.
• The amount of fresh air and recirculated air is depending upon the application.
Q.11 Explain split air conditioning system.
• Split air conditioner is a modification of window air conditioner
• In window air conditioning there are some noise problems occurs so that in order to overcome this
disadvantage a new modified version of air conditioner launch and called as split air conditioning system.
• In this system two separate units are formed.
1. Indoor unit :-
• This unit is located inside the room.
• It consist of evaporator (cooling coil), fan, electronic controls.
2. Outdoor unit :-
• These unit is located outside the room.
• It consist of compressor, capillary tube, condenser and condenser cooling fan with motor.
• The outdoor unit is connected to indoor unit by pipelines with insulating material.
Split air conditioner is also called as remote mounted air conditioner which remove the vibrations and noise
problem.
Advantages :-
1. Noiseless operation
2. Less vibration
3. Better circulation of air
4. No necessary of wall opening
5. Occupies less space in room
6. Good aesthetic quality.
Disadvantages :-
1. High cost
2. If distance between indoor and outdoor unit is more, then pressure drop occurs
3. Poor COP
4. Chances of leakage increases
Applications :-
1. Hotels and restaurants

2. Hospitals
3. Departmental stores
4. Offices
5. Schools
6. Seminar halls.
Q.12 Compare window air conditioner and split air conditioner.
Q.13 Draw neat sketch of air flow diagram and explain air handling system.
• Air handling system consist of
1. Air distribution system :- it includes various inlets for recirculated air and ducts for the supply.
2. Duct system :- it includes the return duct, supplied duct and air conditioning apparatus including dampers,
filters, coils or air washer.
3. Fan :- it provide necessary energy or mechanical work to move the air.
• Figure shows a schematic air flow diagram in which Fresh air sucked from outside atmosphere and passing
through the filter at that time recirculated air also suck from the room and passing through the filter.
• Filter remove dust, dirt particles and contaminants from the air, and passing through the air conditioning
apparatus in which air get cooled and conditioned.
• These cooled and conditioned air passing to the room with the help of fan by supply duct.
• Recirculated air suck from return duct and gives to the filter and then process continues.
Q.14 State the function of duct and classify it.
• The main function of duct is carry or convey the conditioned air between two points. (That means from air
handling unit to the room).
• Ducts are generally made up of galvanized iron sheet or aluminium sheet.
• Now a days some non metallic materials are also used for manufacturing of duct such as resin bonded glass
fibre, cement asbestos and wooden duct also used.
Classification of duct
1. According to type of air in duct :-

A. Supply air duct
B. Return air duct
C. Fresh air duct
2. According to pressure of air in inlet :-
A. Low pressure duct
B. Medium pressure duct
C. High pressure duct
3. According to velocity of air in duct :-
A. Low velocity duct
B. High velocity duct
4. According to cross-section
A. Rectangular duct
B. Square duct
C. Circular duct
Q.15 List the three duct systems and explain anyone of them.
1. Duct consist of two types mainly as supply duct and return duct.
2. Closed perimeter or loop perimeter system.
3. Radial parameter system
4. Extended plenum system
Q.16 Explain closed perimeter or loop perimeter duct system.
• Central air conditioning unit is placed in the basement of the building and conditioned air from central air
conditioning plant is brought to Central plenum.
• From Central plenum conditioned air is carried out by feeder duct to the common continuous close loop
around the outer perimeter of building.
• The outlets provided at the outer perimeter of buildings are used to supply the conditioned air to the room.
• In such way that conditioned air is transferred to the room with the help of closed perimeter duct system.
Q.17 Explain radial duct system
• Air from central air conditioning plant is drought to Central plenum by separate duct to each outlet.
• This type of arrangement is commonly used in residential buildings.
Q.18 explain extended plenum system.
• this system is mostly used in small residence and commercial buildings.
• the central air conditioning plant can be place away from the room and conditioned air supplied directly
from the main duct and branch duct to the room.
• the outlets provided at this branch are used to supply the conditioned air to the all room in proper manner.
Q.19 State the material which is used for making ducts.
• ducts are usually made from
1. Metals
A. Galvanize iron sheet metal :- galvanize iron sheet metal is most commonly used for duct
material because of it prevent from rusting and no need of painting.
B. Aluminium sheet metal :- it is used because of its lighter in weight and better resistance to
moisture.
C. Stainless steel :- it is used in special application to offer greater or maximum resistance against
moisture or humidity
2. Non metals :-
A. Resin bonded glass fibre :- it is used due to high strength and easy to manufacture in all shapes
and sizes.
B. Wooden duct :- they are suitable for places where moisture contain in air is less.
C. Cement asbestos :- they are suitable for underground air distribution system for exhausting
corrosive materials.
Q.20 What are the desirable properties of duct materials or what are the requirements of duct materials
1. Low thermal conductivity

2. Low cost
3. Odourless
4. Easy to fabricate
5. Light in weight
6. Non corrosive and nonreactive
7. More durability
8. Fireproof
9. Low tendency to absorb moisture
10. Enough strong to sustain vibration and excessive pressure
Q.21 Explain various losses in duct system.
1. Surface friction loss :-

• When conditioned air passing through the duct then friction between them take place which
causes losses which is given by Darcy's equation
2. Last due to change in direction :-

• When direction of air change in duct system then losses are occurs. If sudden change occurs (90
degree bend duct system) then maximum losses take place.
3. Loss due to sudden enlargement :-

• When cross sectional area of duct increases suddenly then rise in pressure occurs which causes
loss of head.
4. Loss due to sudden contraction :-

• When cross sectional area of duct decreases suddenly then rise in velocity occur which causes
loss of head.
5. Losses due to elbows :-

• Due to number elbows and joints the losses occurs. So to reduce the losses designing of duct
having elbows is much important.
6. Losses due to heat transfer :-

• When cooled air is passed to the condition space through the duct it exchange heat energy with
surrounding so losses take place.
Q.22 Classify fans and blowers
Q.23 What are different outlets used in air distribution system explain any one of them.
The function of air distribution system is to produce and maintain required condition of air within the comfort
zone from floor to ceiling.
1. Supply outlets :-
• The function of supply outlet is to distribute the conditioned air to room.
• Supply outlet can give velocity to the air stream so the proper amount of air delivered in room.
2. Return outlets :-
• These are opening in the room surface.
• They are used to allow the room air to enter in the return duct for recirculation or ventilation purpose.
• They are usually located on the walls of room but opposite to the walls on which supply outlets are fixed.
3. Ceiling Diffuser :-
• Function of diffuser is to supply adequate quantity of conditioned
air to the room.
• Diffuser consist of series of separated concentric rings with collar
which connect to the duct.
• Diffusers are generally mounted in the ceiling and it is more popular for commercial application.
4. Grilles and Registers:-
• Grilles are the rectangular duct outlets having vertical and
horizontal vanes which may be fix type or adjustable type.
• These vanes can be operated by damper driven by a motor.
• Grilles act as a "return air duct” they move the room air outside.
• Generally, one or two grilles are provided for one room.
• If the grille has motorized damper to control its operation, then it is known as register.
Q.24 What is the purpose of insulation or state the function of insulation and state advantages.
A. Primary functions/Purpose:-
• To isolate the warm surrounding from refrigerated region.
B. Secondary functions
1. To retard the flow of heat from surrounding.

2. To minimise temperature fluctuations.
3. To prevent water vapour condensation.
4. To give better surface finish.
Advantages of insulation :-
1. It reduces overall operating cost by reducing the fuel consumption.

2. It gives better surface finish
3. It minimises is the water vapour transmission
4. It minimises the temperature fluctuations
5. Better control of temperature in refrigerated space
6. To reduce the vibration and noise
7. It gives strength to walls and ceiling.
8. It provides fire protection to the plant and piping.
Q.25 give the properties of insulating materials.
A. Physical properties :-
1. Low density
2. Resist moisture
3. It should not be flammable
4. Low odour level
5. Compactness
B. Chemical properties :-
1. Resistance to corrosion
2. Not chemically react with surrounding as well as refrigerated region.
C. Mechanical properties :-
1. Abrasion resistance
2. Good compressive strength
3. Sufficient hardness
D. Thermal properties :-
2. Low heat or thermal capacity
3. Low thermal diffusivity
4. Low combustibility.
E. Other desirable properties
1. Better performance
2. Good strength
3. Light in weight
4. Water repellent
5. Fire proof
6. Low cost
7. Low specific gravity
8. Resistance to vibration and shock
Q.26 State the factor to be considered for selection of insulating materials.
2. Fire resistance
3. Vapour permeability
4. Mechanical strength and rigidity
5. Less moisture absorption
6. Easy of application
7. Low cost
8. Light in weight
Q.27 Explain any four insulating materials.
1. Cork :-
• It is derive from oak trees. It is light in colour, porous in structure, not affected by moisture, possess low
thermal conductivity, easily compressible.
• Cork sheets and board are used for insulating wall and ceiling for pipes carrying steam or hot water, for
refrigeration and cold storage insulation.
2. Glass wool :-
• Glass wool is a form of fibrous glass with short and fine fibres.
• It is a fibres in structure, lighter in weight, having good tensile and dielectric strength, thermal conductivity,
durable.
• It is used for insulation of pipes, bends, wall panel insulation, thermal and sound insulation of aircrafts,
insulation in boilers, ovens, cylinder or pipe.
3. Fibre glass :-
• Fibre glass is a fibres insulatic material which offer maximum resistance for heat transfer.
• The fibres insulation materials are the most suitable and efficient among the wide range of insulation
materials available all over the world.
• Non inflammable, easy to handle, light in weight, non hygroscopic, low cost, good thermal insulation, rigid
and strong.
4. Asbestos :-
• Asbestos is a mineral fibre composed of hydrous silicate of magnesia with small amount of iron oxide and
alumina.
• It is flexible, resistant to high temperature, fireproof, resistance to corrosion, resistance to heat and
electricity.
5. Thermocole :-
• Thermocole is a type of polystyrene made by direct extrusion of the foam from raw materials.
• It is much lighter in weight, lower thermal conductivity, highly resistance to moisture, odourless, chemically
stable, resistant to fungus attack, fully resistant to water, good shock protecting properties.
• It is used for insulation in refrigerators, cold storage, air conditioning & industrial insulation.
6. Rockwool :-
• Rockwell is produced from flint Rock containing some calcareous matter.
• In the absence of such a natural rock, flint and lime are mixed and melted in a furnace at temperature of
1700°C. These molton material is then form into small globules and drawn into very fine fibres which is called
as Rock wool.
• It is soft, flexible, heat and sound proof.
• It is used for heat and sound insulation purpose, for electric insulation.
Q.28 explain air conditioning system in automobile.
• Automobile air conditioning system is works on vapour compression cycle which uses R-134a refrigerant.
• While installing air conditioning in the automobile, the compressor is Mount Above the engine and it is driven
by belt drive.
• The condenser is mounted ahead of car radiator
• Remaining construction and working are same as vapour compression cycle

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Student Name :- _________________________________

College Name :- _________________________________

Refrigeration & Air Conditioning RAC ( 22660 )

Chapter No. Chapter Name Marks

2. Refrigeration Cycles & Refrigerants 20

3. Refrigeration System Components 10

4. Basics of Air Conditioning 10

5. Cooling Load Calculation 8

6. Air Conditioning Systems 14

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Q. Explain shell and coil type condenser

• The shell and coil condenser may be vertical either horizontal.

Q. Explain evaporative type condenser with advantages and disadvantage.

• water cool condenser required more water for cooling but

• evaporative condenser uses water as well as air both for

• it consists of fan, water eliminator plates, spray nozzles,

• fan is placed at the top of the condenser and water tank is

• water is transfer to the spray nozzle from water tank with

• water eliminator plates are provided to remove the water

• hot air suck by the fan and removes to the atmosphere.

1. Use in large capacity

2. Cheaper as compared to water cooled condenser

3. Preferred in places where water is not available in too much quantity

4. Water consumption is very low

1. Large amount of refrigerant required

2. Long tubing required

Q. Compare air cool condenser and evaporative condenser

1. Capacity of refrigeration system

2. Type of refrigerant use

4. Velocity of cooling medium

5. Quantity of cooling medium

Q. What is the function of expansion valve or expansion device

2. Maintain pressure difference in the system

3. It control the flow of refrigerant

Q. List the expansion devices

2. Automatic or constant pressure expansion valve

3. Thermostatic expansion valve

4. Hand operated expansion valve

5. Low side float valve

6. High side float valve

Q. Explain the working principle of capillary tube with advantages

2. Low starting torque required

1. Not suitable for refrigeration system subjected to high fluctuation load

Capillary tube is preferred as a expansion device due to following reasons

2. It does not have any moving parts so maintenance cost is less

3. Low starting torque required so low cost of motor required

4. Ideal for hermitically compressor base system

2. Low capacity freezers

4. Milk chilling units

Thermostatic expansion valve is commonly used in

1. Industrial refrigeration plants

2. Commercial units such as supermarkets, freezers & ice maker machines

3. Heat pump system

6. Central air conditioners

Q. Compare automatic and thermostatic expansion valve.

Q. Compare thermostatic expansion valve and capillary tube

Q. State the function of evaporator

1. According to type of construction

a. Finned tube evaporator

b. Tube in tube evaporator