fw;wy; ifNaL

tuyhW
juk; 11
 2015 Kjy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;
Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;fikthdJ.
 ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G
topfhl;b vd;gtw;wpw;Nfw;g
jahupf;fg;gl;lJ.
 myFfspd; ghlNtisfisAk;
mjw;Fupa fw;ww;NgWfisAk;
cs;slf;fpaJ.

Mf;fk; :- eh.nry;tr;re;jpud;

Mrpupau; ah/muhyp ,e;Jf; fy;Y}up.

1
 myF – 01
ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp (ghlNtis 08)
ghlNtis 01

01 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vd;why; vd;d?

kdpjd; jdJ ifj;jpwd;fisf; nfhz;L nra;j gz;l cw;gj;jpapd;

tpidj;jpwid mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ,ae;jpuq;fisf; fz;Lgpbj;J> FWfpa

fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa

fhj;jpukhd khw;wNk ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp vdg;gLfpd;wJ.

02 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l fhyg;gFjp vJ? 18k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd;diug;gFjp

03 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Muk;gkhd ehL vJ? gpupj;jhdpah

04 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l fz;lKk; mjw;fhd gpujhd fhuzKk; ahJ?

INuhg;gh

tu;j;jf tpUj;jp (FbNaw;w ehLfisf; ifg;gw;wp gutyhd ntspehl;L

tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lgl;lik|)

05 ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp ,q;fpyhe;jpy; Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G

2 ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;Fj; Njitahd Copau;fs; ,yFthff; fpilj;jik

3 gpupj;jhdpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; cWjp epiy

4 epykhdpa Kiwapd; tPo;r;rp

5 tpUj;jpaile;j tq;fpfs; kw;Wk; epjp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;

6 %yg;nghUl;fis ,yFthfg; ngwKbe;jik

7 FbNaw;w ehLfs; mjpfupj;jikAk; tpahghuk; tsu;r;rpaile;jikAk;

2
rdj;njhif mjpfupg;G

Vida INuhg;gpa ehLfis tpl gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy;

KjyPL nra;af;$ba nry;te;ju;fs; gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cUthfpapUe;j

mNjNeuk; rdj;njhifAk; mjpfupj;jikahy; gz;lq;fSf;fhd Nfs;tpAk;

mjpfupj;jJ. mjw;Nfw;g nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba rthyhd

xU epiyAk; mq;F cUthdik.

ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;Fj; Njitahd Copau;fs; ,yFthff; fpilj;jik

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ngupa epy clikahsu;fshy; tptrhapfspd; rpwpa

epyq;fs; xd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;L ngupa tptrhag; gz;izfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. ,J Ntypailg;G ,af;fk; vdg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy;

fhzpfis ,oe;j tptrhapfs; NtiyNjb efuq;fSf;Fr; nrd;wdu;.

rpYit Aj;jk; Kbtile;j gpd;du; epykhdpa mbikfs; jkJ

gz;izfSf;Fr; nry;yhky; efuq;fspy; Fbaku;e;jdu;. ,jdhy;

Copau;fs; ,yFthff; fpilj;jik.

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; cWjp epiy

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; epytpa murpay; cwjpg;ghLk; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpf;F

cjtpahf mike;jJ. nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhf mike;j

tu;j;jf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLtjw;fhd Rje;jpuk;> cjtp kw;Wk;

tupr;rYif vd;gd ghuhSkd;wk; %yk; fpilf;fg;ngw;wJ.

3
ghlNtis 02

ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp Vw;gl;l Jiwfs;

01 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l Jiwfs; vit?

1 nerTf; ifj;njhopy; 2 ,uk;GUf;F 3 epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;

nerTf; ifj;njhopy;

02 nerTf;ifj;njhopy; ,ae;jpukakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 gpupj;jhdpaj; JzpfSf;Ff; FbNaw;w ehLfspy; fhzg;gl;l cau;e;j

Nfs;tp

2 E}y; E}w;gij Ntfg;gLj;j Ntz;ba Njit

03 nerTf;ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

Mz;L fz;Lgpbg;ghsu; fz;Lgpbg;G

1733 N[hd;Nf gwf;Fk; E}dhop (gwf;Fk; jwp Xlk;)
N[k;]; E}y; E}w;Fk; n[dp
1764 `hfpupt;];
tYtpdhy; ,aq;Fk; E}y; E}w;Fk;
,ae;jpuk;
mstpy; ngupaJ
tPLfspy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ
1769 upr;rl; Mf;iul;
Ntfkhd ePNuhl;lk; Njitg;gl;lJ.
ePNuhl;l trjpAs;s ,lq;fspy; kl;Lk;
gad;gLj;jyhk;.

E}y; E}w;Fk; kpA+y; ,ae;jpuk;

1776 rhKNty;
FNwhk;ld; nkd;ikahd rf;jp tha;e;j E}iy
cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbe;jik
1785 vl;kd; fhl;iul; ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; kpA+y; ,ae;jpuk;
1846 vypa];NfhNt ijay; ,ae;jpuk;
4
 gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- nerTf;ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy; Vw;gl;l
tpisTfs; vit?

,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopy;

04 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpf;F Kd;du; ,Uk;igg; gad;gLj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l

nghUl;fs; vit?

1 Nghu; MAjq;fs; 2 tptrha cgfuzq;fs;

3 tPl;Lj; jsghlq;fs;

05 ,Ug;GUf;Fj; njhopy; ifj;njhopy; kakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 ghupa ,ae;jpuq;fis jahupg;gjw;fhfg; ghupastpy; ,Uk;Gk; cUf;Fk;

Njitg;gl;lik

2 tpwif vupnghUshff; nfhz;L ghupastpy; ,Uk;ig cUf;f Kbahik

06 ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf

Mz;L fz;Lgpbg;ghsu; fz;Lgpbg;G

1730 Mgpufhk;lhu;gp epyf;fup %yk; ,Uk;gj;jhij cUf;Fk; Kiw.
thu;g;G ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp nra;a Kbe;jJ.

1784 n`d;wpNfhl; Nuhyu; ,ae;jpuk; %yk; gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l ,Uk;G

1856 n`d;wpNg~;ku; ,Uk;gpYs;s fopTfis mfw;Wk; Kiw

1878 tpy;ypak;rPkd; ,Uk;ig cUf;f kpd;rhu #is

];
cau; juj;jpyhd cUf;if cw;gj;jp nra;a
Kbe;jik.
,yhgfukhdjhfTk; NtfkhfTk; cUf;F
cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ.

5
gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- ,Uk;GUf;Ff; ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy;
Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?

ghlNtis 03

epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopy;
01 gpupj;jhdpah epyf;fupg; gbTfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lq;fs; vit?

njd;Nty;];> Nahf;rau;> yq;fhrau;

02 epyf;fup mfo;tpd; NghJ vjpu;Nehf;fpa gpur;rpidfs; vit?

1 epyf;fupr; Ruq;fj;jpDs; xd;WNrUk; ePiu ntspNaw;Wjy; fbdkhf

mike;jik.

2 epyf;fupr;Ruq;fq;fspd; mbg;gFjpapy; er;R thAf;fspd; msTk;

ntg;gepiyak; mjpfupj;jy;

3 Ruq;fj;jpDs; ntspr;rj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kbahik

03 epyf;fupj;njhopy; ifj;njhopy; kakhfpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ,Uk;ig cUf;Fjy;> ,ae;jpuq;fis ,af;Fjy;> tPl;Lg; ghtidf;Fk;

,yhgfukhd vupnghUshf epyf;fup tpsq;fpaik.

2 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; gpd;du; epyf;fupf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik

3 epyf;fupj;njhopypy; fhzg;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;T fhz

Ntz;bapUe;jik

6
04 epyf;fupj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

Mz;L fz;Lgpbg;ghsu; fz;Lgpbg;G

1735 epA+nfhkd; Ruq;fj;jpDs; NrUk; ePiu ntspNaw;wTk;>
Foha;fs; %yk; Fspuhd tspia Ruq;fj;jpDs;
nrYj;jp Fsp&l;Lk; Kiw.

tpidj;jpwd; FiwT.

Vida ifj;njhopYf;F gad;gLj;j KbahJ.

1736 N[k;];thl; nfhjpePuhtp ,ae;jpuk;

epA+nfhkdpd; ,ae;jpuj;ij tpUj;jp nra;jhu;.

vy;yhf; ifj;njhopYf;Fk; gad;gLj;jf; $bajhf

,Ue;jik.
1812 `k;gpwpNltp ghJfhg;G tpsf;F

Ruq;fq;fs; ntspr;rj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;ld.

1839 ,Uk;Gf; Nfgps; fk;gpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik

Ruq;fj;jpypUe;J epyf;fup ,yFthff; nfhz;Ltu

Kbe;jJ.

05 epyf;fup ifj;njhopNyhL njhlu;Gila Vida ifj;njhopy;fs;

1 ghijfs; mikg;gjw;F epyf;fupj;jhu; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lik

2 Gilitr; rhatiffs; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;lik

3 moFrhjdg; nghUl;fs;> vz;nza;> gris tiffs; ngwg;gl;lik

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- epyf;fupf; ifj;njhopypy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy;

Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?

7
ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;

06 ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; guk;gypd; ,U gFjpfSk; vit?

1 NtW ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspyhd guk;gy;

2 NtW ehLfspy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; guk;gy;

NtW ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspyhd guk;gy;

07 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp gutpa Vida Jiwfs; vit?

1 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

2 njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

3 tptrhaj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp

Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

08 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiw tsu;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tpUj;jpapdhy; njhopw;rhiyf;Fj;

Njitahd %yg;nghUl;fisf; nfhz;L nry;yTk; KbTg;nghUl;fis

re;ijfSf;Ff; nfhz;L nry;yTk; tPjpfis Nkk;gLj;j Ntz;b

Vw;gl;lik.

2 ,jw;fhf Gjpa ,ae;jpu cgfuzq;fSk; ghijj; njhFjpfSk;

Njitg;gl;lik

3 mjw;fika gpupj;jhdpahtpy; ghijfSk;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fhy;tha;fSk;

Gifapujg; ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

8
09 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; vit?

fz;L
Mz;L fz;Lgpbg;G
gpbg;ghsu;
1814 N[hu;[; ePuhtpahy; ,aq;Fk; Gifapujk;
];Btd;;rd;
epyf;fup> %yg;nghUlfisf; nfhz;L nry;y
Kbe;jik.

KbTg; nghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;j Kbe;jik.

Fiwe;jsT Neuj;jpy; mjpfsthd

nghUl;fisf; xNu jlitapy; nfhz;L nry;y
Kbe;jik.
1807 nuhgl;Gy;ld; Gifg;glF
1811 n`d;wpngy; Giff;fg;gy;
1885 nlk;su; Nkhl;lhu; tz;b
1903 iwl;rNfhjuu; Mfha tpkhdk;
N[hd;kf;flk; tYthd mj;jpghukpl;L ngupa fw;fisAk;
kz;izAk; gug;gp mjd; Nky; rpwpa
fUq;fw;fisg; gug;gp mtw;iwj;jl;b
kl;lg;gLj;jp ngUe;njUf;fis mikf;Fk;
Kiw

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy;

Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?

9
ghlNtis 4
njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

01 njhlu;ghly; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs; vit?

1 1840,y; Fiwe;j nrytpy; fbjq;fisg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk; ngdP jghy;

Nrit Vw;gl;lJ. mjhtJ ,q;fpyhe;jpd; ve;jnthU gFjpf;Fk; xU

ngdP my;yJ xU ngd;]; nrytpy; fbjk; mDg;g Kbe;jik.

2 1876,y; Nfgps; fk;gpA+lhf fUj;ijg; gupkhwpf;nfhs;Sk;

njhiyNgrpapid mnyf;rhz;lu; fpu`k;ngy; fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.

3 ,uz;L ,lq;fSf;fpilapyhd tpiuthd njhlu;ghly; trjpf;fhf

1844,y; rhKNty; Nkhu;~; vd;gtuhy; je;jp Kiw

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

4 1895 thdiyfisg; gad;gLj;jp nra;jpfisg; gupkhw;w cjTk;

thndhypapid khu;f;Nfhdp fz;Lgpbj;jhu;.

5 n[hd;nyhfp ngahu;l;bdhy; njhiyf;fhl;rp fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- njhlu;ghly; Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy;

Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?

10
 tptrhaj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp

02 tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vit / fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ghupa tptrhag; gz;izfs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik.

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; fhuzkhf mjpfsthd kf;fs; efu;g;Gwk;

Nehf;fpr;nrd;wikahYk;> fpuhkg;Gw rpW tptrhapfs; jkJ epyq;fisf;

iftpl;likapdhYk; rpW epyq;fis xd;wpizj;J ghupa gz;izfs;

cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,it epy milg;G ,af;fk; vdg;gl;lJ.

2 Row;rpKiw> epykhw;W Kiwg; gapu;r;nra;if

gapu;r;nra;if eltbf;iffSf;fhf epykhw;W Kiwapd; mwpKfj;ijj;
njhlu;e;J Neha;gg
; uk;gy; Fiwe;Jk;> tpidj;jpwd; mjpfupj;Jk;
fhzg;gl;lJ. n[d;Nuhl;ly; vd;gtuhy; Vu; G+l;lg;gl;l Fjpiufs; %yk;
tupirahf tpijf;Fk; Kiw Muk;gkhdJ. ,jd; tpijf;Fk; tpijfspd;
msitf;Fiwj;J tpisr;ry; mjpfupf;fTk; Kbe;jJ.

3 tpyq;Ftsu;g;gpy; Gjpa njhopy;El;gKiw

,jw;F cjhuzkhf nuhgl;ngf;nty; vd;gtuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l

nrk;kwpahLfs; ,dg;ngUf;fk; njhlu;ghd fz;Lgpbg;igf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

4 Gjpa tptrha KiwfSk; etPd cgfuzq;fspd; gad;gLk;

fhLfis mopg;gjw;Fk; epyj;ijg; gz;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;> tpijfis cw;gj;jp

nra;tjw;Fk; etPd fUtpfs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;ld. tpisr;riy mjpfupf;f
cuk; jahupg;gpYk; ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. 1800,y; FthNdh cuk;
njd;dhgpupf;fhtpy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;L mnkupf;fhtpYk; gad;gl;lJ.
,urhad cuq;fs;> fpUkp ehrpdpfs; gpd;du; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ.

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ,lk;ngw;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fshy; Vw;gl;l

tpisTfs; vit?

11
ghlNtis 5
Vida ehLfspy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; guty;

01 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp gutpa INuhg;gpa ehLfs; vit?

gpuhd;];> N[u;kdp> ngy;[pak;> `q;Nfup> M];jpupah

02 INuhg;ghtpw;F ntspNa ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp Vw;gl;l ehL
mnkupf;fh
03 19k; E}w;whz;bd; gpw;gFjpapYk;> 20k; E}w;whz;bd; Kw;gFjpapYk; ifj;njhopy;
Jiwapy; mjpfsT tsu;r;rp fz;l Mrpa ehL
[g;ghd;( ifj;njhopw; Gul;rp gutpa Mrpa ehL)
04 20k; E}w;whz;by; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;Fg; gutpa Mrpa ehLfs;
,e;jpah> rPdh> ,yq;if
05 NtW ehLfspy; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rp gutpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 cyfk; KOtJk; rdj;njhif Jupj tsu;r;rpia mile;jik

2 nghUs;fSf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik.

3 INuhg;ghtpy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jj; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tsu;r;rp

4 gpuhd;rpYk; N[u;kdpapYk; epyf;fup fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik.

06 30000 iky;fs; ePskhd ghijfis mikj;j ehL vJ?

M];jpupah
07 %yg;nghUl;fSk; re;ij trjpfSk; fhzg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fspy; ifj;njhopy;fs;
Muk;gkhfpd vd;gjw;F cjhuzq;fs;

ngy;[paj;jpd; nthNydpah> N[u;kdpapd; iryprpah – ,Uk;G cw;gj;jp

Rtpw;ru;yhe;J> N[u;kdpapd; njd; gFjp - gUj;jpg; Glit cw;gj;jp

08 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rp gutpa ehLfis cyfg; GwcUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;
fhl;Lf.
,q;fpyhe;J> N[u;kdp> gpuhd;R> Rtpl;ru;yhe;J> ngy;[pak;> M];jpupah> `q;Nfup>
u~pah> mnkupf;fh> [g;ghd;

12
ghlNtis 6

ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; / khw;wq;fs;

01 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpahy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs;

1 murpay; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tpisT
1 cr;r ,yhgj;ijg; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; gzj;ij KjyPL nra;Ak;
gzf;fhu tFg;gpdUk;> ciog;ig tpw;W tho;f;if elj;Jk; Vio
tFg;gpdUk; cUthfpdu;.
2 njhopyhspfSf;F Fiwe;j $ypia toq;fp mtu;fsJ ciog;igr;
Ruz;baik fhuzkhf mtu;fsJ tho;f;ifj;juk; kpfTk; fPo;
kl;lj;jpy; ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; Kjyhsp> njhopyhsp Kuz;ghLfs;
Vw;gl;L> njhopw;rq;fq;fs;> NtiyepWj;jq;fs; Vw;gl;ld. ,jd;
fhuzkhf nghJTlikthjk;> jhuhz;ikthjk; Mfpa murpay;
nfhs;iffs; Njhd;wpd.
3 nghUshjhu eltbf;iffspy; murpd; jiyaPlhf; nfhs;ifia
mlk;rpkpj; vd;gtu; Kd;itj;jhu;.
4 Fiwe;j tpiyf;F %yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk; $ba tpiyf;F
KbTg;nghUl;fis re;ijg;gLj;jTk; INuhg;gpa ehLfs; jkJ
FbNaw;w ehLfspy; KOikahd murpay; Mjpf;fg;Nghl;bapy;
<Lgl;ld.
5 FbNaw;wq;fis tp];jupf;Fk; Nghl;b fhuzkhf Kjyhk; cyf
kfhAj;jk; Vw;glf; fhuzkhfpaJ.
2 nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l tpisT
1 ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jp mjpfupg;G> tu;j;jf eltbf;if nghUshjhuj;jpy;
Kf;fpa gq;F tfpj;jy; vd;gd Vw;gl;ld.
2 rpW tptrhapfs; jkJ njhopiy Nkw;nfhs;s KbahJ
ifj;njhopw;rhiyfspy; njhopyhsu;fshfr; nrd;wikahy; jd;dpiwTg;
nghUshjhuk; kiwe;J rk;gsj;jpw;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tFg;G
Njhd;wpaJ.
13
 3 tptrhag; nghUshjhuk; itplg;gl;L Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp
mbg;gilapyhd tu;j;jfg; nghUshjhuk; Njhd;wpaJ.
4 cynfq;Fk; Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhuk; Ntfkhfg; gutpaJ.
5 Kaw;rpahsu;fs; xd;wpize;J jdpj;jdp $l;L tu;j;jff; fk;gdpfis
mikj;jdu;. ,it jkJ ehLfspd; mDruizAld; Mrpa> Mgpupf;fh>
,yj;jPd; mnkupf;f ehLfspy; jkJ tu;j;jfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ld.
6 tq;fpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd.

ghlNtis 7
01 rKfj;Jiwapy; Vw;gLj;jpa khw;wk;
1 ed;ikfs;
1 Vuhskhd Ntiy tha;g;Gf;fs; fpilj;jd.
2 kf;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk; cau;e;jik 3 efuq;fs; Njhd;wpaik
4 njhopyhsu; euNdhk;gy; Kiw tpUj;jpaile;jik
5 nfhs;tdTr; rf;jp mjpfupj;jJ.
2 jPikfs;
1 efuq;fspy; rdneUf;fb fhuzkhf mbg;gil trjpfs;
kpff;Fiwe;j
Ntfj;jpy; tsu;r;raile;jik.
2 nry;te;ju;> Vio vd;w tFg;G uPjpahd rKf mikg;G Njhd;wpaJ.
3 nry;te;ju; Mlk;gukhd tho;f;if elj;j ciog;gtu;fspd;
tho;f;if ftiyf;fplkhf khwpaJ.
4 njhopw;rhiyfSf;F mUfpNyNa tho;e;jikahy; Nrupg;Gwq;fspy;
tho;e;j mtu;fspd; Rfhjhu trjpfs; rupahf fpl;ltpy;iy.
5 xNu miwapy; xU Flk;gk; tho;e;jikahy; kJfhtidapd;
gad;ghL> jtwhd nray;fspy; <Lgly; Nghd;w fyhrhu
rPuopTfSk; Vw;gl;ld.
6 #oy; khriljy; Vw;gl;lJ.
7 ngz;fs;> rpWtu;fs; trjp> ghJfhg;gw;w njhopw;rhiyfspy;
Ntiy nra;jdu;.

14
02 nry;te;j tFg;gpdupd; ,U gpupTfSk; vit?
1 epy clikg; gpuGf;fs;
2 kj;jpaju tu;jf;fj;jpduhd tu;j;jfu;fs;> njhopw;rhiy cupikahsu;fs;>
tq;fpahsu;fs;> nghwpapyhsu;fs;> rl;lj;juzpfs;> xg;ge;jf;fhuu;fs;
03 njhopyhsu; mikg;gpduhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Nfhupf;iffs;
1 njhopyhsupd; rk;gsj;ij mjpfupj;jy;
2 Ntiy Neuj;ijf; Fiwj;jy;
3 mbg;gilr; Rfhjhu trjpfisg; ngWjy;
04 ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l ed;ik jPikfisj; njhFj;Jj; jUf.

ghlNtis 8
,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopw; Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F
01 ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; jhf;fk; ,yq;ifapy; Vw;glf; fhuzk; ahJ?
,yq;if gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w ehlhf ,Ue;jik
02 ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;fs; vit?
Njapiy> njd;id> ,wg;gu;
03 ,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopy; Gul;rpapd; gq;fspg;Gf;fs;
1 Nghf;Ftuj;Jj;Jiw
1 1885,y; ngUe;njUf;fis mikf;Fk; Kiw Njhd;wpaJ.
2 ghijfSk; Gifapujg; ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lik
3 nghUl;fis nfhz;L nry;tjw;fhf ngUe;njUf;fSk;> Gifapuj
tPjpfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
4 MWfSf;F FWf;fhf kug;ghyk; mikg;gjw;Fg; gjpyhf
,Uk;Gg;ghyk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 nfhOk;Gj; JiwKfk; mgptpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ

6 MSeu; vl;Ntl;ghz;]; fhyj;jpy; nfhOk;G – fz;b gpujhd tPjp

mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
7 MSehu; n`d;wpNthl; Gifapuj tPjpfis mikf;Fk;
15
 eltbf;ifapy; <Lgl;llhu;.
8 gpd;tUk; Gifapujg;ghijfs; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;Lfs;

1863 – fz;b – nfhOk;G

1871 – Nguhjid – ehtyg;gpl;b

1899 – Nguhjid – gz;lhutis

2 njhlu;ghly; Jiw
1 1815,y; nfhOk;G> fhyp> jpUNfhzkiy> aho;gg
; hzk; Mfpa
,lq;fspy; murhq;f jghy; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 Mrpahtpy; Fjpiu tz;bfisg; gad;gLj;jp jghy; Nrit
,yq;ifapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 1857,y; jghy; Kj;jpiu ntspaplg;gl;lJ.
4 1858,y; je;jp %yk; nra;jp gupkhWk; Kiw Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.
3 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw
1 1804,y; gpnul;upf;Nehj;jpdhy; Nfhg;gp tpijfisg; gpupj;njLf;Fk;
njhopw;rhiy mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
2 Njapiyf; nfhOe;ij cyu;j;Jjy; njhlf;fk; Vw;Wkjpf;fhfj;
jug;gLj;jy;
tiu ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fshy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lik.
3 ,wg;giu Vw;Wkjpf;F jahu;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ,ae;jpu rhjdq;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.
02 ,yq;ifapy; ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;fhy; Vw;gl;l tpisTfs; vit?
1 ngUe;Njhl;lq;fspy; $ypf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tFg;G Njhd;wpaJ.
2 ngUe;Njhl;l cupikahsUk; njhopw;rhiy cupikahsUk; gzf;fhu
tFg;gpduhf khwpdu;.
3 Kjyhspj;Jt nghUshjhu tsu;r;rpAld; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tu;j;jfk;
Kd;dpiy ngw;wJ.
4 tq;fpfs; Njhw;wk; ngw;wd. 6 mQ;ry; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik
03 ,yq;ifapy; tsu;r;rpaile;j efuq;fs; vit?
nfhOk;G> fhyp> fz;b> fk;gis> gJis> khj;jis> ,uj;jpdGup

16
 myF – 02

,yq;ifapy; gpupjj
; hdpa mjpfhuk; jhgpf;fg;gly;

ghlNtis (12)

ghlNtis 01

gpupj;jhdpaupd; Mrpa tUif

01 gpupj;jhdpau; fPioj;Nja ehLfSf;F tUif jUtjw;fhf cUthf;fpa

mikg;G :- Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdp

Mz;L :- 1600

mDkjp toq;fpatu; :- 1k; vyprngj;

02 KjyhtJ fg;gy; FO tu;j;jf eltbf;ififa Muk;gpj;j ,lk; vJ?

Rkhj;jpuh jPT

03 ,e;jpahtpw;F tUif je;j fg;gy; FOtpd; jiytu; ahu;? mtu; ahUld;

tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghd Ngr;Rthu;j;ijfis elhj;jpdu;

tpy;ypak; n`hfpd;];

nkhfyha kd;dd; [`hq;fPu;

04 1623k; Mz;L xy;yhe;juhy; jhf;fg;gl;l Mq;fpNyau; jq;fpapUe;j Nfhl;il

mike;jpUe;j ,lk; vJ?

mk;ngha;dh(,e;NjhNdrpah)

05 gpupj;jhdpau; Mrpah kPJ ftdk; nryj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Mrpahtpy; Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk;> xy;yhe;jUk; ngw;w tu;j;jf ,yhgj;ij

jkjhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;

2 Mrpahtpy; FbNaw;w ehLfisg; ngWjy;

3 jkJ Gfiog;gug;Gjy;

17
06 gpupj;jhdpau; ,e;jpahtpy; tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyaq;fis mikj;j ,lq;fs;

vit?

nrd;id> gk;gha;> fy;fj;jh> #uj;> k#ypg;gl;bdk;

07 ,e;jpahtpy; gpuhd;rpau; tu;j;jf kj;jpa epiyaq;fis mikj;j ,lq;fs; vit?

ghz;br;Nrup> fhiuf;fhy;> re;jpefu;

08 gpupj;jhdpau; ,e;jpahtpy; murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw Kw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk;

nkhfyhag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rp

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;if kPJ ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;

09 gpupj;jhdpauJ ftdk; ,yq;if kPJ jpUk;gpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 miktpl Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :-

,e;J rKj;jpuf; fg;gy; ghijapd; kj;jpapy; ,yq;if mike;jpUej;jik.

,e;jpahtpy; Ml;rpia mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; gpuhd;rpaUldhd

Nghl;baypUe;J ,e;J rKj;jpuf; flyhjpf;fj;ijj; jkjhf;fpf;

nfhs;tjw;F jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk; mtrpakhf ,Ue;jik.

,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;Ff;fiu> fpof;Ff;fiufspy; flw;gil> tpahghu

eltbf;iffis ,yq;ifapypUe;j ,yFthf epu;tfpf;ff; $bajhf

,Ue;jik.

2 tu;j;jf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; :-

INuhg;ghTf;F nfhz;L nry;yg;gl;l fWthtpy; ,yq;iff; fWthTf;F

,Ue;j kjpg;G. Nghu;j;Jf;NfaUk; xy;yhe;jUk; fWth tpahghuk; %yk;
ngw;w yhgj;ij Mq;fpNyau; jkJ trkhf;fpf; nfhs;sy;. kpsF> Vyk;>
fuhk;G> Kj;J> khzpf;fk;> ahidj;je;jk; Nghd;w tu;j;jfg; nghUl;fs;
,yq;ifapy; fpilf;fg;ngw;wik.

18
 3 jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1 ,aw;ifj; JiwKfkhff; fhzg;gl;lik. xNu Neuj;jpy; Vuhskhd

fg;gy;fis epWj;jp itf;f Kbfpd;wik.

2 gUtf;fhw;W fhyq;fspy; ghJfhg;ghf fg;gy;fis epWj;jp itf;f

Kbfpd;wik.

3 ,e;jpahtpd; Nkw;F> fpof;F fiuNahu fg;gw;Jiw> tu;j;jfj;Jiw

eltbf;ifia epu;tfpf;f gaDila epiyakhf ,Ue;jik.

4 jpUNfhzkiyj;JiwKfk; tq;fhs tpupFlhit Nehf;fpa

mike;jpUe;jik.

5 tq;fsh tpupFlhg;gFjpapy; gpuhd;rpaUld; Nkhjy; Vw;gLk;

Ntisfspy; gOjile;j fg;gy;fis jpUj;jp mikg;gjw;F
JiwKfk; xd;W Njitg;gl;lik
ghlNtis 02
J}Jg; gazq;fs;
01 ,yq;iff;F Mq;fpNyau; tUtjw;fhd gpd;dzpia Vw;gLj;jpa kd;dd; ahu;?
fPu;j;jp = ,uh[rpq;fd;
02 ,yq;iff;F tUifje;J fz;b muru;fisj; re;jpj;j Mq;fpNyaj;

J}ju;fisAk; Mz;LfisAk;> re;jpj;j fz;b muru;fisAk;

ml;ltizg;gLj;Jf.

19
 Mq;fpNya fz;b gazj;jpd;
Mz;L tpisT
J}jd; kd;dd; Nehf;fk;
1762 N[hd;igg fPu;j;jp = ,yq;ifAld; xy;yhe;jiu
]; ,uh[rpq;fd; tu;j;jfj; ntspNaw;Wtjw;F cjtp
njhlu;Gfis nra;ahj Mq;fpNyaUld;
Vw;gLj;jpf; tu;j;jfj;ij nkw;nfhs;s
nfhs;sy; fz;b kd;du;fs;
tpUk;ghik.

1782 `pAnghap ,uh[hjp tu;j;jf xy;yhe;jiu

l; ,uh[rpq;fd; njhlu;Gis ntspNaw;Wtjw;F cjtp
Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs; nra;ahj Mq;fpNyaUld;
sy; tu;j;jfj;ij nkw;nfhs;s
fz;b kd;du;fs;
tpUk;ghik.
1795 nwhgl; ,uh[hjp xy;yhe;jupd; xy;yhe;jupd; Nfhl;ilfis
mdl;W}]; ,uh[rpq;fd; Nfhl;ilfisf; jkjhf;fp nfhs;tjpy;
ifg;gw;wpf; Vw;gLk; gyhgyd;fis
nfhs;tjw;F kd;dUld; gfpu
fz;b kd;dupd; mq;fpNyau; tpUk;gtpy;iy
cjtpfisg; fz;b kd;ddpd;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s epge;jidfis Vw;W
y; ePz;lfhy elGwT
xg;ge;jk; xd;iw
nra;Jnfhs;s
Mq;fpNyau;
Kd;tutpy;iy.

20
fpA+ fbjk;

03 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1789

04 1794,y; xy;yhe;ij gpuhd;]; Mf;fpukpj;jNghJ ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F jg;gpNahba

,sturd; ahu;?

];lhl;N`hy;lu; (5k; xNwQ; tpy;ypak;)

05 fpA+ fbjk; vd;why; vd;d?

,q;fpyhe;jpd; fpa+ khspifapy; itj;J 5k; xNwQ;tpy;ypaj;jpdhy;

xy;yhe;juplk; ,Uf;Fk; ,yq;if gpuhd;rpau; trkhtijj;

jLj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf jw;fhypfkhf mjid Mq;fpNyauplk; xg;gilf;fTk;

vdf; Fwpg;gpl;l fbjkhFk;.

06 fpa+f; fbjj;ij Vw;f kWj;j xy;yhe;J MSeu; ahu;?

gd;vq;fs;Ngu;f;

ghlNtis 03

gpupj;jhdpau; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahuj;ijf; ifg;gw;Wjy;

01 gpupj;jhdpauhy; jpUNfhzkiyj; JiwKfk; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1795

02 jpUNfhzkiyf; Nfhl;iliaj; njhlu;e;J gpupj;jhdpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l

Nfhl;ilfs; vit?

kl;lf;fsg;G> Ky;iyj;jPT> gUj;jpj;Jiw> aho;gg

; hzk;> kd;dhu;

03 xy;yhe;jUf;Fk; Mq;fpNyaUf;Fkpilapy; cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L

1796 ngg;gputup 16

21
04 ,yq;ifiag; gpupj;jhdpaupd; FbNaw;w ehlhf;Ftjpy; Kidg;ghfj; njupAk;

%d;W re;ju;g;gq;fSk; vit?

1 1796,y; ,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrk; KOtijAk; Mq;fpy

fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapduhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ.

2 1802,y; Kbf;Fupa FbNaw;w elhf;fg;gl;lik

3 1815k; Mz;L fz;b ,uhr;rpak; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik

nrd;id Ml;rp

05 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdupd; Ml;rp ,lk;ngw;w Mz;Lfs;

1796 – 1798.

06 ,J nrd;id Ml;rp vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.

Mq;fpy tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapdu; fiuNahuj;jpy; nrd;idapypUe;J mioj;J

te;J epu;thfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;likahy;

07 nrd;id Ml;rpKiwapd; epu;thf eltbf;iffs;

1 fiuNahug;gpuNjrj;ij epu;tfpf;f tjptplg;gpujpepjp xUtu;

epakpf;fg;gl;lhu;.

2 tup mwtpLtjw;fhf cjtpg; gupNrhjfu;fs;(fnyf;lu;) epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.

3 fnyf;lu;fspd; epu;thf ikak; fr;Nrup vdg;gl;lJ

4 fnyf;lu;fSf;F cjtpahf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; mTkpy;jhu;fs;

vdg;gl;ldu;

22
1797 fpsu;r;rp

08 Mq;fpy fpof;fpe;jpa tu;j;jff; fk;gdpf;F vjpuhf fiuNaug;gFjpapy; fpsu;r;rp

,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1797

09 epu;thf mjpfhupfSf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,ilntsp

mjpfupj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Kjypahu; vdg;gl;l RNjr cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; ftdpg;ghuw;W tplg;gl;lik.

mg;gjtpfSf;Fj; NjitahNdhu; nrd;idapypUe;J tutiof;fg;gl;lik.

2 mtu;fSf;F ,e;j ehl;bd; nkhop> fyhrhuk;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy;

mDgtkpd;ik. rptpy; epu;thf eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk; NghJ kf;fSld;

Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gl;lik.

10 Mq;fpy tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; Ml;rpapd; ntspg;gilahd ,ay;Gfs; vit?

fiuNahug;gpuNjrq;fisf; ifg;gw;w ngUe;Njhifahd gzk;

nrytplg;gl;ljhy; FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mjpf ,yhgj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ

11 1797 fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 tup mwtpLtjw;F mTkpy;jhu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;lik (,e;ehl;bd;

fyhrhuk;>

nkhop> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gdtw;iw mtu;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fhik)

2 mTkpy;jhu;fs; kf;fis f\;ug;gLj;jp tup mwtpl;lik

3 gzg;Gof;fk; ,y;yhj fhyj;jpy; gzkhf tup mwtplg;gl;likahy;

kf;fSf;F Vw;gl;l mnrsfupak;.

4 Gjpa tupfs; mwtplg;gl;lik (njd;id tup(10 njd;id kuq;fSf;F

Nky; cs;s fhzpfspy; xU njd;idkuj;jpw;F xU nts;spf;fhR)>

fs;tup> kPd;tup> rhuhatup> cg;Gtup)

23
12 ,f;fpsu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fisf; fz;lwpa epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

Nfzy;b.kpA+wd;

13 kpA+wd; FOtpd; rpghupRfs; vit?

1 tupVy tpw;gidKiwia ePf;Fjy;

2 tup mwtpLtjw;Fr; nrd;id mjpfhupfSf;Fg; gjpyhf cs;ehl;ltiu

epakpj;jy;

3 Gjpa tupfs; ePf;fg;gl;lik

4 xy;yhe;jupd; ePjpkd;w Kiwia kPz;Lk; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

5 tupt#ypg;gjw;Fk; ePjptoq;Ftjw;Fk; ntt;Ntwhd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs;

epakpf;fg;gly;

,ul;il Ml;rp

14 KjyhtJ gpupj;jhdpa MSeuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

gpnul;upf;Nehj;

15 ,ul;il Ml;rp vd;why; vd;d?

,yq;ifapd; fiuNahug; gpuNjrq;fspy; murpay; eltbf;iffis gpupj;jhdpa

murhq;fKk; nghUshjhu eltbf;iffis tu;j;jff; fk;gdpAk; ,ize;J

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ml;rp KiwahFk;.

16 ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; ivt?

1 nrd;id epu;thfj;jpd; gytPdq;fisg; gpupj;jhdpa Kb Gupe;J

nfhz;lik.

2 1797,y; fiuNahu kf;fspd; fpsu;r;rp

3 gpuhd;rpy; neg;Nghypad; ,e;j rKj;jpuj;ij mz;ba gpuNjrq;fspy;

Mjpf;fk; ngWtij; jLf;f gpupj;jhdpa Kb vz;zpaik.

24
17 ,ul;il Ml;rpKiw Njhy;tpaile;jikf;Fupa fhuzq;fs;

1 fk;gdpapd; mYtu;fs; KbAkhdstpy; ,yhgj;jpid <l;bf;

nfhs;tjw;fhf fglkhd Kiwfisf; ifahz;lik.

2 ,e;ehl;L kf;fs; gw;wpa tpsf;fkw;wpUe;j murhq;f mYtu;fs;

jpwikaw;wtu;fshf ,Ue;jik.

3 gpupj;jhdpa KbapDila MSeupd; mYtyu;fSf;Fk; fpof;fpe;jpa

tu;j;jff; fk;gdpapd; mYtyu;fSf;Fk; ,ilNa ey;YwT fhzg;glhik.

18 ,yq;if FbNaw;w ehlhf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1802

ghlNtis 04

01 gpnul;upf; Nehj; nfhz;L te;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

1 ,uh[fhupa Kiwia ePf;fpaik.
2 gy mur jpizf;fsq;fis cUthf;fpdhu; - jghy; jpizf;fsk;> epy
msitj; jpizf;fsk;> nghJNtiyfs; jpizf;fsk;
3 Rfhjhu trjpfis Vw;gLj;jpdhu; - itj;jparhiy mikj;jy;> mk;ikj;
jLg;G kUe;J toq;fy;
4 ePjp gupghyj;jpid tpUj;jp nra;jy; - rl;lj;Jiwapy; jpUj;jq;fis
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;> ,yq;ifapd; rl;lj;njhFg;ig ntspapl;lhu;> fpupkpdy;
ePjpkd;wk;> cau; ePjpkd;wk; vd;gtw;iw epWtpdhu;.
02 1798,y; ,uh[hjp ,uh[rpq;fd; ,we;j NghJ fz;b Ml;rp cupikapy;
,lk;ngw;w rk;gtq;fs; vit?
1 fz;b rpk;khrdj;Jf;Fupa ,U ,sturu;fs; fhzg;gl;lik
2 xUtu; fz;Zrhkp> kw;iwatu; Kj;Jrhkp vd;gtu;fs; Mthu;.
3 fz;bapd; gpujk gpujhdpahd gpypkj;jyhit jdJ mjpfhuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp fz;Zrhkp = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; vd;w ngaNuhL
Ml;rpf;F te;jhd;
4 Kj;Jrhkp ghJfhg;Gf;Nfhup Mq;fpNyauplk; jQ;rkile;jhd;

25
03 1800,y; fz;bf;Fr; nrd;w J}Jf;FOtpd; jiytd; ahu;? mjd; Nehf;fk;

ahJ?

nkf;Nlhty;

,j;J}Jf;Fotpy; 1164 ,uhZtj;jpdUk;> 8 gPuq;fpfSk; mjpy;

,lk;ngw;wpUe;jd. jkJ gilgyj;ijf;fhl;b jkf;Fr; rhu;ghd xg;ge;jk;
xd;wpw;F = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fid ,zq;fr; nra;tNj ,jd; Nehf;fkhf
,Ue;jJ.

04 gpupj;jhdpau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;ijf; ifg;gw;w Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs; ivt?

1 1803,y; gpnul;upf;Nehj;jpdJ Mf;fpukpg;G

2 1815,y; nwhgl; gpwTz;wpf;fpd; Mf;fpukpg;G

1803,y; fz;b kPjhd Mf;fpukpg;G

05 Nehj; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 fiuNahukhfTk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa vy;iyapYkhf ,U gilazpfis

Nritapy; mku;j;j Ntz;bapUe;jik.

2 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;Jf;Fs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; flitfspy; tup nrYj;j

Ntz;bapUe;jik.

3 fiuNahu kf;fSk; fz;b kd;didj; jkJ jiytdhff; fUjpaik.

4 gpypkj;jyhit kfh mjpfhuk; fz;b murdhtjw;F Mq;fpNyaupd;

cjtpia ehbaik.

5 fiuNahug;gFjpfspy; Vw;gLk; fpsu;r;rpfSf;F fz;b kd;dd;

Mjutspj;jik.

6 fz;b kd;dd; gpuhd;rpaupd; cjtpia ehLf;$Lk; vd;w mr;rk;.

7 epu;thfj; jiyikakhd nfhOk;Gf;Fk; flw;gilj; jiyikafkhd

jpUNfhzkiyf;FkpilNa jiug;ghij mikf;f fz;b kd;dd;

,zq;fhik.

26
06 gpnul;upf;Nehj; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;j Mz;L vJ?

1803

07 1803,y; ,lk;ngw;w fz;b kPjhd Mf;fpukpg;Gf;F jiyik jhq;fpatu; ahu;?

nkf;Nlhty;

08 1803 gilnaLg;gpw;F jiyik jhq;fpatu;fs;

nfhOk;G - kf;Nlhty; - fynfju fztha;

jpUNfhzkiy - ghgl; - khj;jisf; fztha;

09 Mq;fpyg; gilfs; fz;bf;Fs; Eioe;j NghJ fz;b kd;dd; gpd;thq;fpa ,lk;

mq;Fuhq;nfj;j

10 gpupj;jhdpauhy; fz;bapd; gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;ltd; ahu;?

Kj;Jrhkp

11 Nehj;jpd; fz;b kPjhd gilnaLg;G Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 fz;b ,aw;if muz;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jik

2 kiyafj;jpw;Fs; EioAk; ghijfs; xw;iwabg;ghijfshf ,Ue;jik

3 fz;b kd;ddpd; Aj;j je;jpuk; mjhtJ nfupy;yh jhf;Fjy; fhuzkhf

Mq;fpNyaUf;F mjpf ,og;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;lik

4 kiyehl;Lr; rpq;fstupd; xw;WikAk; mur tpRthrKk;

5 kiof;fhyk; Muk;gkhdjhy; Mq;fpNyag;gilfspilNa Neha;fs;

Vw;gl;lik

6 fiuNahug;gFjpfSldhd njhlu;Gfs; Jz;bf;fg;gl;ljhy; czT>

Fbghdq;fSf;F jl;Lg;ghL Vw;gl;lik

7 nfhOk;Gldhd jfty;njhlu;Gfs; ghjpf;fg;gl;lik

27
ghlNtis 05

01 Nehj;jpw;Fg; gpwF gjtp Vw;w MSeu; ahu;?

Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l;

02 Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l; nfhz;Lte;j rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?

1 ,uh[fhupa Kiwia kPz;Lk; nfhz;L te;jhu;.

2 [_uprig %yk; tof;Ffis tprhupf;Fk; Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jik

3 jprhitfs;> Kjypahu;fs;> tpjhidkhu;fspd; mjpfhuq;fs; Fiwf;fgl;lik

gjtp cau;Tf;F rptpy; cj;jpNahfj;ju;fs; jkpo; my;yJ rpq;fsj;jpy;

Nju;r;rp ngw Ntz;Lk;.

03 fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd gpd;dzpia Vw;gLj;j Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bdhy;

epakpf;fg;gl;ltd; ahu;?

N[hd;nlhapyp

04 fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhd je;jpukhd nfhs;ifia Nkw;nfhz;l gpupj;jhdpa

MSeu; ahu;? Njhk]; nkapl;yz;l;

05 N[hd;nlhapypf;F rpq;fs nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhLj;jtu; ahu;?

funjhl;l ju;kuhkNjuu;

06 N[hd;nlhapyp vg;ngz; ftpQUf;F ,izahfg; ftpghLk; jpwik

ngw;wpUe;jjhff; $wg;gLfpd;wJ? f[kd;Nehdh

07 fz;biaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;F N[hd;nlhapyp vLj;j eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 Njrpa fyhrhuj;ij ,opTgLj;jhky; mtw;iwf; fw;Wf;nfhz;lhu;.

2 fz;bg; gpujhdpfSld; ,ufrpaj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jp mtu;fis

Mq;fpNyaUf;F rhu;ghdtu;fsha; khw;wpaik

3 tpahghupfs;> mwpQu;fs;> rka FUkhu; Nghd;W N5lk; G+z;l xw;wu;fis

fz;bf;F mDg;gp ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; cs;ehl;L tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghd

jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;jhu;.
28
08 Njhk]; nkapl;yz;bd; gpd;du; MSeuhf epakpf;fgl;ltu; nwhgl; gpwTz;wpf;

gpupj;jhdpau; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;wpf;nfhs;s Kbe;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fDf;Fk; gpujk gpujhdp

gpypkj;jyhitf;Fkpilapyhd fUj;J ntWghLfs;.

2 gpujhdpfspilNa fhzg;gl;l Ngjq;fs;

3 kd;dDf;Fk; gpf;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd ey;YwT ghjpf;fg;gl;lik

4 kd;dd; kPJ kf;fs; nfhz;l ntWg;G

5 N[hd;nlhapypapd; nraw;ghLfs;

nwhgl; gpwTz;wpf;fpd; fz;b kPjhd Mf;fpukpg;G

09 fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Mq;fpNyau; trkhtjw;Ff; fhuzkhd = tpf;fpuk

,uh[rpq;fdpd; nraw;ghLfs; vit?

1 mDgtk; Fiwe;j thypgdhf ,Ue;jikahy; ehaf;f cwtpdu;fspd;

thu;j;ijf;Ff; fl;Lg;gl;L ele;jik

2 jd;id kd;ddhf;fpa gpypkj;jyhitAld; Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;L jd;idf;

nfhy;y Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rjp mk;gykhdjhy; gpypkj;jhyitiaf;

nfhiy nra;jik

3 fz;bapd; ,Wjpg; gpujhdpfshf epakpf;fg;gl;l ,UtUlDk;

Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gl;lik

4 fz;bg; gpujhdpfSf;fpilNaAk; Ngjq;fs; fhzg;gl;lik. Mjdhy;

ngUk;ghyd gpujhdpfs; murDf;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLk; epiy

Vw;gl;lik

5 murdhy; gpf;Ffs; gyu; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;likahy; murDf;Fk;

gpf;FfSf;Fkpilapyhd ey;YwT ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

29
10 murDf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwT rPu;Fiye;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

vit?

1 Nghfk;giuthtpia tp];jupj;jy;> jyjhkhspiff;F gj;jpupg;G mikj;jy;

Nghd;w gzpfspy; <Lg;l;bUe;j rg;ufKt> VONfhwis> ehd;FNfhuis

kf;fs; ,uT Ntisapy; fz;b efUf;Fs; jq;Ftjw;F jil

tpjpf;fg;gl;lik

2 v`ynghytpd; kidtpiaAk; gps;isfisAk; nfh^ukhff; nfhiy

nra;jik

11 nwhgl;gpwTz;wpf; fz;b kPJ gilnaLj;j Mz;L vJ? 1815

12 ,g;gilnaLg;G ,lk;ngw;wikf;fhd cldbf; fhuzk; ahJ?

fiuNahuj;jpypUe;J fz;b ,uhr;rparj;ij Nehf;fpr; nrd;w tzpff;

FOnthd;Wf;F kd;du; fLk; jz;lid tpjpj;jikahy;

13 ,g;gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; kiwe;jpUe;j ,lk; vJ?

nkjkfEtu

14 = tpf;fpuk ,uh[rpq;fd; rpiwitf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?

,e;jpahtpd; NtY}u;

ghlNtis 06

fz;b cld;gbf;if

15 fz;b cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngwf; fhuzk; ahJ?

Mq;fpNyau; fz;biaf; ifg;gw;w Kbe;jikf;F fz;bg; gpujhdpfs; toq;fpa

xj;Jiog;Ng fhuzkhFk;. Mifahy; mtu;fSld; xg;ge;jk; xd;iwr;

nra;Jnfhs;tjd; %yk; fz;b ,uhr;rpa ntw;wpia KOikg;gLj;Jtjw;F

30
16 fz;b cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1815 – khu;r; 2k; jpfjp murrig(kFy;kLt) kz;lgj;jpy; itj;J

ianaOj;jplg;gl;lJ. fz;b ,uhr;rpak; gpupj;jhdpaUf;F mbikg;gl;likia

cWjpg;gLj;Jk; Mtzk; Mfk;.

17 fz;b cld;gbf;if ,lk;ngWtjw;F Kd;du; Vw;wg;gl;l gpupj;jhdpaf;nfhbia

,wf;fptpl;L kPz;Lk; rpq;ff;nfhbia Vw;wpatu; ahu;?

thupanghy = Rkq;fyNjju;

18 fz;b cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;l kiyafj; jiytu;fs; ahtu;

v`yg;nghy> nkhy;ypnfhl> fynfhl> fy`k

19 fz;b cld;gbf;ifia tiue;jtu; ahu;?

N[hd;nlhapyp

20 gpupj;jhdpa Kbapd; rhu;ghf ifnaOj;jpl;ltu; ahu;?

nwhgl; gpwTz;wpf;

21 fz;b cld;gbf;ifapy; vj;jid thrfq;fs; cs;sd

12

22 fz;b cld;gbf;ifapd; Kf;fpa thrfq;fs; vit?

1 1 – 3 thrfq;fs; - ,uh[rpq;f kd;dDf;Fk; mtudJ cwtpdu;fSf;Fk;

fz;b rpk;khrdj;jpd; kPjpUe;j efy cupikfisAk; ePf;fpaJ.

2 4tJ thrfk; - fz;b ,uhr;rpak; Mq;fpNyaupd; Ml;rpf;Fl;gl;lnjd;Wk;>

gpujhdpfspd; cupikfSk; rYiffSk; ghJfhf;fg;gLk; tz;zk; Ml;rp

eilngWk; vdTk; $wg;gl;lJ. Gj;jrhrdKk; fpwp];jtKk;

ghJfhf;fg;gLk;.

3 Vida thrfq;fs; - fz;b ,uhr;rpa ePjpKiwfs;

23 fz;bapy; tjptplg; gpujpepjpahf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;? N[hd;nlhapyp

31
ghlNtis 07

1818 Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

01 KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; vd;gJ ahJ?
1817 nrg;nlk;gu; khjj;jpypUe;J 1818k; xf;Nlhgu; khjk; tiu fz;bapy;
epytpa Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf kf;fs; MAjghzpfshff;
fpsu;en
; jOe;jikahFk;.
02 KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 Rjj;jpuj;ij ,oe;jikAk; murd; ,y;yhikAk; gw;wpa kdNtjid
2 rka> fyhrhu ghJfhg;Gj; njh;ug
; hf gpur;rpidfs;
3 kiyehl;Lg; gpujhdpfSf;F Vw;gl;l jhf;fk;
4 kbNf Kfhe;jpuk; gjtpf;F `[;[p kupf;fhu; epakpf;fg;gl;lik (cldbf;

fhuzk;)
1 Rje;jpuj;ij ,oe;jikAk; murd; ,y;yhikAk; gw;wpa kdNtjid
ehL mbikg;gl;ljd; gpd;du; gpupj;jhdpa murNu fz;bf;Fk; muru; vdg;
gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;lhYk; kf;fs; xUNghJk; mtiuf; fz;ljpy;iy.
kf;fSf;F Njitg;gl;lJ Mapuk; iky;fSf;Fg;ghy; fz;fhzj ,lj;jpy;
cs;s xU kd;diuay;y. jkJ jiyefupy; jkJ ,d;g Jd;gq;fis
Kd;itj;J cjtp ngwj;jf;f kd;diuNaahFk;. ,t;thW
,y;yhikapdhy; jhq;fs; mdhjuthdtu;fs; vd;w czu;T kf;fSf;F
Vw;gl;lJ. kiyafj;jpy; tho;e;j gpf;F xUtu; muru; ,y;yhik gw;wp
“INah vWk;GfNs! …” vd;w ghliyg; ghbAs;shu;.

32
 2 rka> fyhrhu ghJfhg;Gj; njh;ug
; hf gpur;rpidfs;
fz;b cld;gbf;ifapd; 5tJ thrfj;jpy; ngsj;jj;jpw;F cupa ,lk;
toq;fg;gLk; vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;lhYk; mk;kjj;ijr; rhujtu;fshy; cupa
,lk; toq;fg;gLk; vdf; fUjtpy;iy.
ntspehl;ltupd; Ml;rpapy; jkJ fyhrhuKk;> rk;gpujhaq;fSk;
mope;JNghFk; vd;w gak; kf;fs; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;lJ. gioa
rk;gpujhaq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy; murdpd; flikahFk;. gioa Ml;rpapy;
jkJ gjtpf;Fj; jFe;j Mil> Mguzq;fis mzpe;jik ntw;wpd;
nfsutj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhFk;. Mdhy; Mq;fpNyau; mt;thwhdtu;fs;
my;y. vdNt Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk; fz;baUf;FkpilNa ,ilntntsp
Vw;gl;lJ.

3 kiyehl;Lg; gpujhdpfSf;F Vw;gl;l jhf;fk;

fz;bapy; ghuk;gupa gjtpfis njhlue;J Ngzpte;jhYk;. gpujhdpfspd;

mjpfhuKk; r%f epiyikAk; ghJfhg;gw;wjhf ,Ue;jJ.

gpupj;jhdpag; gpilapdu; jkf;F kupahij jUtjpy;iy vd nlhapypaplk;

Kiwg;ghL nra;jdu;.

4 gpujhdpfspd; rk;gpujha tUkhd topfSk; jilg;gl;lik

fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; flikfSf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;j

kbNf Kfhe;jpuk; gjtpf;F ,Jtiu rpq;fstNu epakpf;fg;gl;lNghJk;

Mq;fpNyau; `[;[p kupf;fhu; vd;gtiu mg;gjtpf;F epakpj;jik.

,jdhy; gpujhdpfspilNa rQ;ryk; Vw;gl;lJ.

03 KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Muk;gkhd ,lk; vJ?

Cth nty;y]

33
ghlNtis 08

KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jd;ik

01 fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpd; cupikahsd; vdf;$wp Cth nty;y] gpuNjrj;jpy;

elkhbatu; ahu;?
Jiurhkp
02 Jiurhkpf;F cjtp toq;fpa gpuNjrj;jiytu; ahu;?
nfhFFk;gNu ul;Nluhy
03 Jiurhkpapd; elkhl;lj;ij mwpe;J eltbf;ifnaLj;j gJisapd; mur mjpgu;
lf;s]; tpy;rd;
04 Jiurhkpia ifJnra;a lf;s]; tpy;rdhy; mDg;gg;gl;ltu; ahu;?
`[;[p kupf;fhu;

05 nty;y] gpuNjrj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w fytuj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhf gilfSld;

mDg;gg;gl;L gpd;du; NghuhspfSld; ,ize;J nfhz;ltu; ahu;?
nfg;gl;bg;nghy jprhit
06 1tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; gq;Fgw;;whj gpujhdpfs; ahtu;
nkhy;ypnfhl> vf;ndypnfhl
07 ,g;Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;Ftjw;fhfg; gpwg;gpf;fg;gl;l rl;lk; vJ?
khu;]y;Nyh (,uhZtr; rl;lk;)
08 1tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;ij mlf;f Mq;fpNyau; gpd;gw;wpa topKiwfs; vit?
1 ,uhZtr;rl;lj;ij tpjpj;jik
2 fiuNahug;gFjpapypUe;j ,uhZtk; fz;bf;F mDg;gg;gl;lik
3 epyj;ijg; ghoilar;nra;Ak; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik
4 fpuhkq;fSf;Fj; jPaply;> kf;fspd; nrhj;Jf;fis mopj;jy;> ,ad;wsT
kf;fis ifJnra;J ,uhZr;rl;lj;jpw;F cs;shf;Fjy;
5 nkhy;ypnfhl epyNk mjpfhuj;jpd; epu;thfg; gpuNjrkhd ehd;FNfhwis
Clhf nfhOk;Gld; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jpaik
34
09 gpupj;jhdpauhy; ifJnra;ag;gl;l Nghuhl;lj;jiytu;fs; ahtu;
fynfju nkhfl;lyh> fjpu;fhk grehaf;f epyNk> G+l;lhNt ul;Nluhy>
v`ynghy
10 1tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpy; Fw;wthspfshfff; fUjg;gl;L kuzjz;lid
tpjpf;fg;gl;ltu;fs; ahtu;
nfg;gl;bg;nghy jprhit> kLfy;yjprhit> vy;nynghy
ghlNtis 09

KjyhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpailjy;

01 1818k; Mz;L Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 Mq;fpNyau; ifahz;l fLikahd mlf;FKiwf;nfhs;if
2 ePz;lfhyg; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F Njitg;gl;l MAjq;fNsh tsq;fNsh

fz;bauplk; fhzg;glhik
3 Nghuhl;lk; Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;glhik
4 murdhfj; Njhd;wpa egu; muRupikaw;w Nghypahdtd; vd;W
njupate;jik
5 Gdpjje;jjhJ Mq;fpNyau; trkhdik
6 cau;Fb tu;f;fj;jpdUf;F ,ilapyhd jdpg;gl;l FNuhjq;fs;
02 1tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs;
1 vy;nynghy> nfg;gl;bg;ngh> kLfy;y Nghd;w jiytu;fs; jkJ capiuj;
jpahfk; nra;jik
2 gy gpujhdpfspd; nrhj;Jf;fs; muRlikahf;fg;gl;ld.
3 Nghuhl;lj;ij Mjupj;j jiytu;fs; gyu; ehL flj;jg;gl;ldu;
4 Mq;fpNyaUf;F Mjuthf ,Ue;j nkhy;ypnfhl> vd;ndypnfhl Nghd;w
gpujhdpfSf;F gy;NtW rYiffs; toq;fg;gl;lik

35
03 Mq;fpNyau; fz;b ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; jkJ mjpfhuj;ij cWjpg;gLj;j fz;bg;
gpufldj;ij ntspapl;l Mz;L vJ?
1818 etk;gu; 21
04 fz;bg;gpufldj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l mk;rq;fspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid
56

05 1818,y; ntspaplg;gl;l nfhs;ifg; gpufldj;jpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs;

1 fz;bag; gpujhdpfs; Mq;fpNyauplk; rk;gsk; ngWk;

Copau;fshf;fg;gl;ldu;.

2 fz;bag; gpujhdpfSf;F nghJkf;fs; ntFkjpfs; toq;FtJ

jilnra;ag;gl;lJ.

3 Mq;fpy ePjpkd;w KiwAk; kiyafg; gFjpfspy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.

4 fpuhkj;jiytu; gjtpf;F Ml;fis mku;j;Jtjw;Fg; gpujhdpfSf;fpUe;j

mjpfhuk; ePf;fg;gl;lJ.

ghlNtis 10

,uz;lhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk;

01 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1848

02 2tJ Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jq;fspd; nry;thf;F

2 murpd; Gjpa tupf;nfhs;if

03 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;Jf;Ff; fhuzkhd Nfhy;GWf; rpghupRfs; vit?

1 murpd; epyf;nfhs;if
2 fpuhkrigfs; nrayw;Wg;Nghdik
3 Gjpa ePjpkd;w Kiwfs;
4 muRf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G tpyfpr;nrd;wik
36
1 murpd; epyf;nfhs;if
Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; epyq;ifs tpw;Fk; nfhs;if nraw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.

1840,y; ];Ltl;nkf;fd;]p MSeuhy; nfhz;L tug;gl;l jpupRepyr;rl;lk;

%yk; 30 tUlq;fs; njhlu;r;rpahf mDgtpj;jikf;fhd
Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba rhd;Wfis rku;gg
; pf;fhj gapu;r;nra;iff;F cl;glhj
epyk; muRlikahf;fg;gl;lJ. fz;b kf;fs; guk;giu guk;giuahf
mDgtpj;J te;j ngUk;ghydh epyq;fSf;F rl;lG+u;t Mtzq;fs;
,y;iy. ,jdhy; mtu;fsJ Nrid epyq;fs; muRlikahfpd. ,e;epyq;fs;
ntspehl;ltu;fSf;F kpff; Fiwe;j tpiyapy; tpw;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;
murpd; kPjhd nghJkf;fspd; ek;gpf;ifaw;Wg;NghdJ.

2 fpuhkrigfs; nrayw;Wg;Nghdik
Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpy; fl;lha murNrit Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J

fpuhkrigapd; nraw;ghLfspy; ghupa jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mg;gpuNjr

Fsq;fs;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs;> fhy;tha;fis mikj;jYk; guhkupj;jYk;

fpuhkrigfshNyNa Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L te;jJ. ,f;fpuhkrigf;F

ciog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; top fl;lha murNit KiwahFk;.
,k;Kiw ePf;fg;gl;ljhy; ciog;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ ,ayhky; NghdJ.
NkYk; ,f;fpuhkrigfs; rpwpa gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; jPu;tpidg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jd. Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jk; %yk; ,jd; mjpfhuq;fs;
ePjpkd;wj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;ld. ,jdhy; fpuhkkf;fs; Jd;gj;jpw;F
cs;shfpaik

37
 3 Gjpa ePjpkd;w Kiwfs;
Nfhgy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jjj;jpd;gb rpwpa gpur;rpidfSf;Fk; ePjpkd;wj;ij

ehlNtz;b Vw;gl;lJ. Mq;fpynkhop mwpNth> rl;ljpl;lq;fs; gw;wpa

mwpNth kf;fsplk; fhzg;gltpy;iy. ,e;jPjpkd;wq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yk; NghJ

tof;fwpQu;fSf;fhd nfhLg;gdTfSk;> Kj;jpiuf;fl;lzq;fSf;Fk; gzk;

nrytpl Ntz;b Vw;gl;lik. NkYk; gy ehl;fs; nrytpl Ntz;bAk;

Vw;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; fpuhkkf;fs; Jd;gg;gl;lnjhL mtu;fsJ tptrha
eltbf;iffSk; ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.

04 muRf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;G tpyfpr;nrd;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 rptpy; Nritahsu;fspd; vz;zpf;ifia Fiwj;jik

2 mtu;fs; ngUe;Njhl;l nra;ifapy; <Lgl mDkjpaspj;jik

3 gpuNjrq;fspd; epu;thfNrit nraw;wpwd; mw;Wg;Nghdik

4 mjpfhupfs; kf;fspd; Njitfs; njhlu;ghf Nghjpa ftdk;

nrYj;jtpy;iy

05 murpd; Gjpa tupf;nfhs;iffs; vt;thW Nghuhl;lj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhfpaJ

MSeu; nuhwpq;ldhy; Gjpa tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;lik cldbf; fhuzkhf

mike;jJ. Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r;nra;if %yk; fpilj;j tUkhdk;

tPo;r;rpaile;jik Kj;jpiutup> tz;btup> glFtup> filtup> Jg;ghf;fptup>

cly;tup vdg;gy tupfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld. Jg;ghf;fptup> eha;tup> Ms;tup

vd;gd fLikahd vjpu;gG

; g;G cs;shdJ. ePyg; Gj;jfj;jpw;fhd jfty;fisg;

ngw Fbkf;fs; njhlu;ghd Gs;sp tpguq;fis Nrfupj;jNghJ ,d;DnkhU

Gjpa tupf;fhd Kaw;rp vd nghJkf;fs; re;Njfg;gl;lik Mstu; vd;gJ

taJ te;j Mz;fs; tUlj;jpy; 6 ehl;fs; ghijfs; ntl;Lk; Ntiy nra;a

Ntz;Lk; mt;thW nra;ahtpl;lhy; 3 rpypd; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

38
ghlNtis 11

,uz;lhtJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; jd;ik

01 2tJ Rje;jpug;Nghuhl;lk; gutpa ,lq;fs; vit?

khj;jis> jk;Gs;is> FUehfy;> thupanghy

02 jkJ Jg;ghf;fpfis mur mjpgUf;F Kd;dhb Nghl;Lilj;J Nghuba ,lk;

gJis

03 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj; jiytu;fs; ahtu;

nfhq;fhnynfhlgz;lh>

tPuGud; mg;G>

FlhnghyNjuu;>

mq;Fuhq;nfj;j bq;fpuhy

04 jk;Gs;isapy; Kb#bf;nfhz;ltu; ahu;

nfhq;fhnynfhlgz;lh

05 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; kj;jpa epiyak; vJ?

khj;jis

06 ,g;Nghuhl;ljpy; gq;Fgw;wpaikf;fhf kuzjz;lid tpjpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

tPuGud; mg;G

07 ,g;Nghuhl;ljpy; gq;Fgw;wpNahUf;F toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs; vit?

1 tPuGud; mg;G - kuzjz;lid

2 FlhnghyNjuu;(fl`nghyNjuu;) – Jg;ghf;pahy; Rlg;gl;Lf;

nfhy;yg;gl;lhu;

3 nfhq;fhNynfhlgz;lh - firabAld; ehL flj;jg;gly;

39
08 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 Nghuhl;lk; ed;F KOikahf xOq;FgLj;jg;glhik

2 ,jpy; gq;Fgw;wpa ngUe;njhifahNdhu; nghJkf;fshtu; ,tu;fSf;F

Nghjpa gapw;rpNah MAjq;fNsh fhzg;glhik

3 kiyehL KOtJk; rpwe;j ghij trjpfs; fhzg;gl;lik

4 Mq;fpNyaupd; gil> MAjk;. ifahSk; KiwfSf;F vjpuhf kf;fshy;

Nghuhl Kbahky; Nghdik

5 kiyehl;bd; rpy gpuNjrq;fspy; kl;Lk; Vw;gl;likahy; ,yFthf

mlf;fptplf;$bajhf ,Ue;jik

09 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 nlhupq;ld;> FbNaw;w nrayhsu; vku;rd; nldd;w; vd;Nghu;

,q;fpyhe;jpw;F

kPs miof;fg;gl;lik

; f;F cs;shfpa rpy tupfs; ePf;fg;gl;lik –

2 nghJkf;fspd; vjpu;gG

filtup> eha;tup

3 rpy tupfs; kWrPuikf;fg;gl;lik – Kj;jpiutup> Jg;ghf;fptup> tz;btup

4 tptrhaj;ijAk; ePug
; ;ghrdj;ijak; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F murpd;

mDruiz toq;fg;gl;lik

5 Fw;wthspfs; vd epUgpf;fg;gl;NlhUf;F jz;lid toq;fg;gl;likAk;>

nrhj;Jf;fis muRlikahf;f eltbf;if vLj;jikAk;

6 gpuNjr kw;Wk; khfhz epu;thf eltbf;iffis Nkk;gLj;JkhW 1852Mk;

Mz;bd; gpd;du; Ml;rpahsu;fSf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;lik

40
ghlNtis 12
RNjr vjpu;gG
; f;fspd; jd;ikiaAk; tpisTfisAk; ml;ltizg;gLj;jpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f

Nghuhl;lf; Nghuhl;lj; Njhy;tpf;fhd Nghuhl;lj;jpd;

Mz;L
fhuzpfs; jiytu;fs; fhuzq;fs; tpisTfs;

1818

1848

41
 myF – 03

,yq;ifapy; rka> gz;ghl;L kWkyu;r;rp

ghlNtis (7)

ghlNtis 01
Njrpa ,zf;fj;jpd; gpd;dzp
01 2tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpd; gpd;du; Rje;jpug; ngw Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffis fhyg;gFjpapd; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L tiffSk; vit?

1 rkak; kw;Wk; Njrpa kWkyu;r;rpf; fhyk; - 1850 – 1915 tiu

2 murpay; Nghuhl;lk; epytpa fhyk; - 1915 – 1948 tiu

02 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpf;fhyq;fspy; mtu;fspd; rka> fyhrhu

eltbf;iffs; ,yq;if KOtJk; guthikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
fz;bapy; RNjr muR fhzg;gl;lik
03 kp~dup ,af;fk; vd;why; vd;d?
fpwp];jt rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffis
kp~dup ,af;fk; vd miof;fg;gl;lJ.
04 gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; nraw;gl;l kp~dupfisAk; ,yq;iff;F te;j
Mz;LfSk;

kp~dupfs; tUif je;j nraw;gl;l gpuNjrk;

Mz;L
,yz;ld; kp~dup 1804 fiuNahug; gFjpfs;
gg;b];w; kp~dup 1812 nfhOk;G
nt];ypad; kp~dup 1814 - 1815 tlf;F> fpof;F gFjpfs;
mnkupf;fd; kp~dup 1816 aho;gg
; hzk; cl;gl tlgFjp
Nru;r; kp~dup 1818 nfhOk;G> fhyp> fw;gpl;b>
kd;dhu;

42
05 kp~dupfs; jkJ rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F ifahz;l Kiwfs;
1 vOj;J topahf
2 ciuahw;Wjy; topahf
3 fy;tp topahf
1 vOj;J topahf

kp~dupfsplk; mr;rfq;fis mikg;gjw;Fk;> E}y;fs;> rQ;rpiffis

ntspapLtjw;Fk; Njitahd gzKk; xOq;Fk; fhzg;gl;ld.

mtu;fSf;F ,Ue;j gpur;rpid nkhopahFk;.

,jdhy; kp~dup kjFUkhi; rpq;fsj;ijAk;> jkpioAk; fw;wdu;.

gpd;du; iggpis rpq;fsj;jpYk; jkpopYk; nkhopngau;j;jdu;.

gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs;> E}y;fs; vd;gtw;iw mr;rpl;L

ntspapl;ldu;. mt;thwhd nra;jpj;jhs;fs; tUkhW

Mz;L ntspaPl;bd; ngau; ntspapl;l jhgdk;

1832 khrpf;f Njf;f Nru;r; kp~dup
1840 yq;fh epjhda rka G+];jpfh rq;fk;
1842 cufy gg;b];w; kp~dup

2 ciuahw;Wjy; topahf
kp~dup FUkhu; gd;riyfSf;F mz;ikapYk;> nghJ kf;fs; elkhLk;

,lq;fspYk; nrhw;nghopTfis elj;jpdu;.

3 fy;tp topahf
rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F gad;kpf;fjhf mike;j top fy;tpahFk;. vdNt
gy ghlrhiyfis mikj;jdu;. mtu;fspd; nraw;ghl;bw;F mur MjuTk;

fpilj;jJ. gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; murhq;fg;gjtpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s

Mq;fpynkhopawpT Njitg;gl;lJ. ,jdhy; rpq;fs jkpo; gps;isfs;

Mq;fpyf; fy;tpiag; ngWtjw;F kp~dupg; ghlrhiyfSf;F nry;y
Ntz;b Vw;gl;lJ.

43
 ghlNtis 02
ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
01 ngsj;j rka kWkyu;r;rp Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
1 kp~dupfshy; rpiy tzf;fk; fz;bf;fg;gl;lik
2 ngsj;j gof;f tof;fq;fs; tpku;rdj;jpw;F cs;shf;fg;gl;lik
3 Rankhopf;fy;tpf;F mur muDruiz fpilf;fhik
4 Njrpa nkhopfspyhd fy;tpia vOr;rp milar; nra;tjw;fhd njit
02 ngsj;j fy;tp eltbf;ifapy; Kf;fpakhf mike;j Kjy; rk;gtk;
1 tyhNd rpj;jhu;j;j Njuu; ,uj;kyhid gukjk;k irj;jpa gpupntdhit
Muk;gpj;jik
2 1873,y; khspfhfe;j tpj;jpNahja gpupntdhitj; `pf;fLt = Rkq;fy
Njuu; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
3 1875,y; Ngyanfhl tpj;jpayq;fhu gpupntdhit ,uj;kyhid ju;kNyhf
Njuu; Njhw;Wtpj;jhu;.
03 ngsj;j rka kWkyu;;r;rpf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l eltbf;iffs;
1 vOj;J topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
2 ciuahw;Wjy; topahf rkak; gug;Gjy; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
3 fy;tp topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;if Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
1 vOj;J topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;iffs; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
1 mr;rfk; xd;iw mikg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpapy; Gyj;fk jk;khyq;fhu =
Rkz jp];] Njuu; <Lgl;lhu;.
2 ,jw;fhf ,yq;ifapy; cs;s nry;te;ju;fsplk; ngw;w epjp
Nghjhikahy; rPa ehl;L murupd; cjtpiag; ngw Kad;whu;.
3 ,jd; gadhf 1862,y; fhypapy; yq;Nfhgfhu mr;rfk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
4 ,jd; gpd;du; gy mr;rfq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;ld. mitahtd yq;fh
gpet tp~;uj mr;rfk;> ftlfjpf mr;rfk;> Rju;~z mr;rfk;> rurtp
re;jnu] mr;rfk; Nghd;wd rpythFk;.
5 ,jdhy; gj;jpupiffs;> rQ;rpiffs; ntspaplg;gl;ld. mtw;Ws;
yf;kpdpg`d> yq;fhNyhfa> rurtp re;jnu]> rpq;fs [hjpa>
rpq;fs ngshj;jah Nghd;wd Fwpg;gplj;jf;fd.

44
ghlNtis 03
2 ciuahw;Wjy; topahf rkak; gug;Gjy; Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
rkaj;ijg; gug;Gtjw;F ngsj;ju;fSk; nrhw;nghopT Kiwiaf;

ifahz;ldu;. ,jid gfpuq;f tpthjq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wjd; %yk;

mwpayhk;. ,t;tpthjq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wtu;fSs; nfhl;lhQ;Nrid

jPgJj;jhuhkatpy; trpj;j kPnfl;Ltj;j Fzhde;j Njuu; Kf;fpak;

ngw;wtuhf tpsq;fpdhu;. ,tUld; `pf;fLt = Rkq;fs Njuu;> t];fLNt

RGjp Njuu;> nghj;Jtpy ,e;jpuN[hjp Njuu;> ,uj;kyhid ju;kNyhf Njuu;

Nghd;Nwhu; gw;Fgw;wpdu;. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; gpd;tUk; Mz;Lfspy;

Ik;ngUk; tpthjq;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd.

1865 - gj;Njfk

1865 - tuhnfhl

1866 - cjk;kpl;l

1871 - fk;gis

1873 - ghze;Jiw

,t;tpthjq;fSs; ghze;Jiw tpthjk; Kf;fpakhdJ. ,jw;F kPnfl;Ltj;j

Fzhde;jNjuu; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

,t;tpthjk; mlq;fpa E}iy thrpj;jjd; %yk; mnkupf;fuhd n`d;wp];By;

xy;nfhl; mtu;fs; ,yq;if te;jhu;.

45
 3 fy;tp topahf rkak; gug;Gk; eltbf;if Muk;gpf;fg;gly;
vOj;J> Ngr;Rj; Jiwfspy; ngsj;ju;fs; Kd;dzpf;F te;jhYk; ngsj;j

ghlrhiyfis mikf;f ,ayhj epiyNa fhzg;gl;lJ. ghlrhiyfis

mikg;gjw;Fk; mtw;iwf; nfhz;L elhj;Jtjw;Fk; Njitahd mikg;G

uPjpahd gyk; ,y;yhJ fhzg;gl;lJ. ,f;fjtpidj; jpwe;J itj;jtu;

n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl; Mthu;. ngsj;j ghlrhiyfs; mikg;gjw;fhd

epjpiag; ngWtjw;fhf xy;nfhl;Lk; ngsj;j gpf;FfSk; ehnlq;fpYk;

nrd;wdu;. n`d;wp ]upy;xy;Nfhl;NlhL `pf;fLt = Rkq;fyNjuu;>

kpnfl;Ltj;j Fzhde;jNjuu;> mefhupf ju;kghy> Nghd;Nwhu; gzphaw;wpdu;.

,jd; gadhf nfhOk;G Mdhe;jf;fy;Y}up> khj;jis tp[a fy;Y}up> fhyp

kfpe;j fy;Y}up> fz;b ju;kuh[ fy;Y}up> khj;jis tp[a fy;Y}up vd;gd

mikf;fg;gl;ld.

ghlNtis 04
ngsj;j kwkyu;r;rpf;Fg; gq;fhw;wpNahu;
01 n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl;bd; topfhl;lypd;gb cUthf;fg;gl;l
mikg;G ngsj;j gpuk;kQhd rq;fk; (1880 )
mikg;gpd; Nehf;fk; ngsj;j khztu;fSf;fhd ngsj;j
ghlrhiyfis Muk;gpg;gJ.
JwtpfisAk; ,y;ywj;jhiuAk;
xd;WgLj;Jjy;.
fpisfs; mikf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fs; nfhOk;G> fhyp> fz;b> ,uj;jpdGup
02 ntrhf; ngsu;zkp jpdj;ij tpLKiw jpdkhfg; ngw;Wj; je;jtu;
n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl;
03 ngsj;j nfhbia cUthf;f Kd;dpd;W cioj;jtu;
n`d;wp ];by; xy;nfhl;

46
04 Njrpa fyhrhuj;jpd; kfpikia vLj;Jf;fhl;lj; Njhd;wpa Kf;fpakhdtu;fs;
mefhupf ju;kghyh> typrpq;f `upr;re;jpu> gpajh] rpwpnrd>
N[hd; j rpy;th
ghlNtis 05
Njrg;gw;iw tsu;f;Fk; ,af;fk;
01 Njrg;gw;iw tsu;f;Fk; ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ
Njrpa fyhrhuj;ij kjpf;f kf;fisj; J}z;Ltjd; %yk; Njrj;jpd; kPJ
gw;Wf;nfhz;l kf;fis cUthf;FtJ
02 Njrg;gw;iw tsu;f;Fk; ,af;fj;Jf;F gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jtu;fSk; mtu;fsJ
gq;fspg;Gf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
1 mefhupf ju;kghy
1 ,e;ehl;bd; goikahd fyhrhuj;jpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijAk;> ngsj;j
rf tho;tpd; Nkd;ikiaAk; tpsf;fpdhu;.
2 gfpuq;f nrhw;nghopTfis epfo;j;jpdhu;.
3 rpq;fs ngsj;jah> k`Nghjp Nghd;w rQ;rpiffspy; fl;LiufisAk;
vOjpdhu;.
4 ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Gj;jfhah Nghd;w Gdpj ,lq;fisg;
ghJfhg;gjw;F Kd;te;jhu;.
2 gpajhr rpwpnrd
1 jkJ ehty;fs; %yKk;> rpq;fs [hjpa vd;Dk; gj;jpupif %yKk;
,yq;ifau;fs; Muhahky; Nkw;fj;jpa ehfupfj;ij jOTtij
tpku;rpj;jhu;.
2 ngsj;j gpf;FfSk;> fy;tpkhd;fSk; ngsj;j fyhrhuj;jpd;
Nkd;ikia Kd;itj;J nghJkf;fis topg;G+l;Lk; eltbf;ifia
Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

47
 3 typrpq;f `upr;re;jpu
1 mDuhjGuj;jpy; cs;s Gdpj ,lq;fisg; ghJfhf;Fk; ,af;fj;ij
Muk;gpj;jhu;.
2 Guhjd fyhrhuk; njhlu;ghd Ma;tpid Nkw;nfhz;ltu;fs;
N[hu;[; lu;du;> up]; Nltp];> vr;.rP.gpy ngy;> n`d;wp ghf;fu;
03 kJ xopg;G ,af;fk; Vw;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kJg;ghtid mjpfupj;jikahy; r%fj;jpy;
gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs; Njhd;wpd. kJghtidapypUe;J tpopg;Gzu;it
Vw;gLj;jp kf;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;.
04 kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;Jf;fhf ghLgl;l jiytu;fs; ahtu;?

1 mefhupf ju;kghy – gj;jpuif %yKk;> nrhw;nghopT %yKk; ,jid

Nkw;nfhz;lhu;.

2 gpajhr rpwpnrd – jkJ Gidfijfspy; gy;NtW ghj;jpuq;fis

cUthf;fp kJghdk; mUe;Jtjd; jPatpisTfisf;

$wpdhu;.

3 N[hd; j rpy;th – ehlfq;fs; %yk; vLj;Jf;fhl;bdhu;. guhgt vd;w

rpq;fs ehlfj;jpd; %yk; ,jid ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;.

48
 ghlNtis 06
,e;J rka kWkyu;r;rp
01 ,e;J kj fyhrhu kWkyu;r;rpf;F jiyik jhq;fpr; nraw;gl;ltu;
=y= MWKfehtyu;
02 =y= MWKf ehtyu; Mw;wpa gzpfs;
1 jkpo;> rk];fpUjk;> Mqpfpyk; Mfa nkhopfspy; jhk; ngw;wpUe;j
cau;kl;l mwpitj; jkJ NritfSf;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
2 ,e;J rkag; gps;isfSf;fhf jkJ tPl;by; tFg;Gf;fs; elj;jpaik
3 irtgupghydrig> ,e;Jf;fy;tpr;rig Mfpatw;iw mikj;jik
4 1872,y; aho;gg
; hzj;jpy; ,e;J Mq;fpyg; ghlrhiyia mikj;jik
5 ,e;Jg; gps;isfSf;fhf E}y;fis vOjpaik> jkpo; nkhopayp;
vOjg;gl;l ciueilfs;> nra;As;fs;> ghly;fis Mq;fpyj;jpy;
nkhopngau;j;jik
6 mr;rk; xd;iw mikj;jnjhL cjaghD vd;Dk; gj;jpupifiaAk;
ntspapl;lhu;.
7 ngupaGuhzk;> fe;j Guhzk;> jpUf;ifyha Guhzk; vd;gtw;iw
vOjpdhu;.
8 1849,y; tz;zhu;gz;izapy; irtg;gpufhr tpj;jpahrhiyia
Muk;gpj;jhu;
03 ehtyupd; kiwtpd; gpd;du; ,e;J fhyhrhu kWkyu;r;rpf;fhfg; ghLgl;ltu;fs;
ahtu;?
1 Nru;.nghd;.,uhkehjd; - 1915,y; ,lk;ngw;w rpq;fs K];ypk; fytuj;jpd;
NghJ gpupj;jhdpaupd; mlf;F Kiwf;F vjpuhff;
Fuy; nfhLj;jhu;. aho;gg
; hzj;jpy; ,uhkehjd;
fy;Y}up> guNk];tuhf; fy;Y}up vd;gtw;iw
mikj;jhu;.
2 Nru;.nghd;.mUzhr;ryk; - rpq;fsj; jiytu;fNshL xd;W Nru;e;J
murpay; mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;fhf
1919,y; ,yq;if Njrpa rq;fj;ij cUthf;fp
mjw;Fj; jiyik jhq;fpdhu;.

49
ghlNtis 07
01 ,];yhkpa fyhrhu kWkyu;r;rpf;fhfg; ghLgl;ltu; ahu;?
vk;.rp;vk;.rpj;jpnyg;ig
02 1883,y; vfpg;jpypUe;J ehL flj;jg;gl;L ,q;F te;J ,];yhkpa kWkyu;r;rpf;Fg;
ghLgl;ltu; ahu;?
Xuhgp gh~h
03 rpj;jpnyg;ig Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?
1 muG nkhopia kl;Lkd;wp Mq;fpy nkhopiaAk; fw;FkhW
K];ypk;fisj;
J}z;baik
2 nfhOk;G K];ypk; fy;tpr; rq;fj;ij epWtpaik
3 nfhOk;G rh`puhf; fy;Y}upia mikj;jik
4 K];ypk; kfspu; ghlrhiyfis epWtpaik
5 K];ypk;Nred; vd;Dk; gj;jpupifia ntspapl;lhu;.
6 K];ypk; fy;tpr;rigia Muk;gpj;jhu;
7 kjuh] vd;Dk; rkag;ghlrhiyfisg; Gduikg;Gr; nra;jhu;
04 b.gp.[hah Mw;wpa gzpfs; vit?
rpj;jpnyg;igapd; kiwtpd; gpd;du; ,];yhkpa kWkyu;r;rpia Kd;ndLj;jhu;.
murpaypy; <Lgl;L ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ mikr;ruitapYk; <Lgl;ltu;

50
 myF – 04

gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpapy; ,yq;ifapd; murpay; khw;wq;fs;

ghlNtisfs; (10)

ghlNtis - 01

Nfhg;GWf; rPu;jpUj;j mwpKfj;jpd; gpd;dzp

01 ,yq;if KOtJk; gpupj;jhdpauhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1815(fz;b ifg;gw;wg;gl;lik)

02 ,yq;if KOtijAk; gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rp nra;j fhyg;gFjp vt;tsT?

133 Mz;Lfs;(1948 – 1815)

03 Nfhy;GWf; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

,yq;ifapypUe;J fpilj;j tUkhdj;jpYk; ghu;f;f epu;thfr; nryTfs;

mjpfkhf ,Ue;jikahy;

04 Nfhy;GWf; Mizf;FOtpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtu;?

lgps;A+.vr;.[p.Nfhy;GWf;

rhs;]; vr;.fkud;

05 Nfhy;GWf; ,yq;iff;F tUif je;j Mz;L vJ?

1829

06 Nfhy;GWf; Ma;T nra;J MNyhrid toq;fpa tplaq;fs; vit?

1 ,yq;ifapd; epu;thfk;

2 tuTk; nryTk; 3 mur jhgdq;fs;

07 rhs;]; fkud; ,yq;if te;j Mz;L vJ?

1830

08 rhs;]; fkud; Ma;T nra;jk tplak; vJ? ePjpj;Jiw

51
09 ,yq;ifapy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l KjyhtJ murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk; vJ?

Nfhy;GWf; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; - 1833

10 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?

murpay; rpgupRfs;

1 rl;lthf;ff;fofk;> rl;l epu;thff; fofk; vd;gd mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

2 kiyehLk;> fiuNahug;gpuNjrKk; ,izf;fg;gl;L xNu Ml;rpapd; fPo;

nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ.

3 ehL Ie;J khfhzq;fshfg; gpupf;fg;gl;lik

4 Mq;fpyk; Nghjdh nkhopahf;fg;gl;lik

nghUshjhu rpghupRfs;

5 fl;lha ,uh[fhupa Kiw ePf;fg;gl;lik

6 murpd; tu;j;jf VfNghf cupik ePf;fg;gl;lJ

7 fhzp tpw;gidr; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lik

11 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l khfhzq;fs; vit?

tlkhfhzk;> fpof;F khfhzk;> njd; khfhzk;> Nky; khfhzk;> kj;jpa

khfhzk;

12 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; rl;lthf;ff;fofj;ij tFj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

52
ghlNtis (02)

INuhg;gpau; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lq;fs;

01 ,yq;ifapy; ,dq;fSf;fpilNa Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;glf; fhuzkhd ahg;G

vJ?

Nfhy;GWf; fkud; rPu;jpUj;jk; (,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw fhuzkhf)

02 1833,y; mikf;fg;gl;l epu;thff; fofj;jpd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtu;?

FbNaw;wr; nrayhsu;> fzf;fhsu;> nghUshsu;> msitahsu;> nfhOk;G

Rq;f mwtPl;lhsu;

03 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; FiwghLfs; vit?

1 ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; fhzg;gl;lik

2 cj;jpNahf rhu;Gs;Nshupd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;lik

3 cj;jpNahf rhu;gw;Nwhu;fs; MSeu;fshy; epakpf;fg;gl;lik

4 MSeuplk; mjpf mjpfhuq;fs; ,Ue;jik

04 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; mk;rq;fis khw;wpaikf;f Kjypy; Nghuhbatu;fs; ahu;?

INuhg;gpa tzpfu;

05 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapy; <Lgl;bUe;j INuhg;gpa tzpfu;fSf;F ,Ue;j

Njitfs; vit?

Njhl;lj;Jiwf;fhd ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapujg; ghijfs;> cl;fl;likg;G

trjpfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.

06 INuhg;gpa tzpfu; Nghuhl;lq;fspy; <Lglf; fhuzk; ahJ?

1 rl;lthf;ff;fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahfr; rhu;gw;Nwhu; rpWghd;ikapduhf

,Ue;jik

2 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwf;Fj; Njitahd epjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; rpukk;

3 cj;jpNahfr; rhu;gw;Nwhu; MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gl;lik

53
07 INuhg;gpau; Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; Nfs;tp Nfl;gJ

2 MNyhrifisr; rku;gg
; pg;gJ

3 gj;jpupiffspy; ftdaPug
; ;G fl;Liufis vOJtJ

4 Nghuhl;lq;fis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;fhd mikg;Gf;fisj; Njhw;Wtpg;gJ

08 1865,y; INuhg;gpa tzpfu; Njhw;Wtpj;j mikg;G vJ? ,yq;ifau; rq;fk;

09 ,yq;ifau; rq;fj;jpd; jiytu; ahu;? N[hu;[N

; thy;

10 ,tu;fsJ Nghuhl;lj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 1889,y; cj;jpNahf rhu;gw;Nwhupd; njhif 8 Mf mjpfupf;fg;gl;lJ

2 K];ypk;fSf;Fk;> kiyehl;L rpq;fstUf;Fk; ,U gpuepjpfs; epakdk;

ngw;wdu;.

3 ,yq;ifau;fs; Kd;khjpupfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kbe;jik.

ghlNtis (03)

FWkf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jk;

01 Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisthf miktJ vJ?

1 rKf> nghUshjhu khw;wk;

2 gioa gpuGj;Jtk; kiwe;J Gjpa kj;jpaju tu;f;fk; Njhd;wpaik

02 1908,y; rPu;jpUj;jf; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;jtu; ahu;?

N[k;];gPup];

03 rPu;jpUj;jf; Nfhupf;iffis Kd;itj;j mikg;Gf;fs; vit?

fiuehl;L cw;gj;jpahsu; rq;fk;> rpyhgr; rq;fk;> aho;gg

; hzr;rq;fk;

54
04 ,tu;fspd; Nfhupf;iffs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahfr; rhu;gw;Nwhupd; mq;fj;Jtj;ij

mjpfupj;jy;

2 ,dthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwia ePf;Fjy;

3 gpuNjrthupg;gpujpepjpj;Jtj;jpw;Nfw;g thf;Fupik %yk; cWg;gpdu; njupT

nra;ag;gly;

4 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fis mjpfupj;jy;

05 ,f;Nfhupf;iffSf;F vjpu;gG
; j; njuptpj;jtu; ahu;?

n`d;wp kf;fyk;

06 1910 ky; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jk; vJ> mjw;F MNyhrid toq;fpNahu;

ahtu;?

FW} – kf;fyk; rPu;jpUj;jk;

MSeu; n`d;wp kf;fyk;

FbNaw;w ehl;L fhupajuprp – FW} gpuG

07 ,t; ahg;G eilKiwf;F te;j Mz;L vJ?

1912

08 ,t; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpw;F Kjd; Kiwahf thf;Fupik %yk; gpujpepjpfs;

njupT nra;ag;gl;lik (tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Fupik)

2 ,yq;ifaUf;F fy;tp fw;w gpujpepjp xUtu; njupT nra;ag;gl;lik

(Nru;.nghd;.,uhkehjd;)

3 cj;jpNahfr; rhu;Gs;Nshu; mjpfkhf ,Ue;jik

55
09 FW} kf;fyk; ahg;gpd; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fis tFj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

ghlNtis (04)

kJxopg;G ,af;fKk; ,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk;

fw;ww;NgW :- kJnthopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rpia tpgupg;ghu;

01 kJtupr;rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1912

02 kJ xopg;G ,af;fk; ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1912

03 kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk; ahJ?

kJtpdhy; tpisAk; jPikfis tpsf;fp kf;fis mjpypUe;J kPl;gJ

04 kJ xopg;G ,af;fk; murpay; jd;ikAld; $ba ,af;fkhf khwf; fhuzk;

ahJ?

1910 Mk; Mz;L rPu;jpUj;jj;jpdhy; jkJ Nfhupf;iffisg; ngw KbahJ

Nghd kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpdNu ,t;tpaf;fj;jpw;F jiyik

jhq;fpaikahy;.

05 kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpd; gz;Gfs; vit?

1 murhq;fj;jpd; kJtupf;nfhs;iff;F vjpuhfg; nghJ kf;fspd;

mgpg;gpuhaj;ij cUthf;f Kaw;rpj;jik

2 kj;jpaju tu;f;fj;jpduhd Mq;fpyk; fw;wtu;fSk;> rka> fyhrhu

kWkyu;r;rp ,af;fj;jpdUk; xNu nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; nraw;gl;lik

3 kJ xopg;G ,af;f Nkilfspy; murhq;fj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;

tpku;rpf;fg;gl;lik

06 kJ xopg;G ,af;fj;jpD}lhf Njrpaj; jiytu;fshf cUthfpatu;fs; ahtu;?

v/g;.Mu;. Nrdhehaf;fh> B.v];.Nrdhehaf;fh> Nru;.B.gp.n[ajpyf

56
07 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F ghLgl;ltu;fs; ahtu;?

RNue;jpuehj;ghdu;[p> ghyfq;fhjujpyfu;> kfhj;khfhe;jp> [tfu;yhy;NeU

08 kfhj;khfhe;jp ,yq;if te;j Mz;L vJ? 1927

09 ,e;jpa tpLjiyg;Nghupd; jhf;fk; vt;thW ,yq;ifapy; jhf;fj;ij

Vw;gLj;jpaJ?

gpupj;jhdpahTf;F Kiwg;gb kDf;fis Kd;itj;jy;> FbNaw;w ehl;Lr;

nrayhsUld; Ngr;R thu;j;ij elhj;Jjy; Nghd;w eltbf;iffs;

Kf;fpakhd murpay; rPu;jpUj;jq;fis miltjw;F Nghjpajha;

,d;ikia ,e;ehl;L jiytu;fs; tpsq;fpf;nfhz;L kpfTk;

xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l murpay; ,af;fq;fs;

%ykhfj; jkJ Nghuhl;lq;fis Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;F Kw;gl;ldu;.

10 rpq;fs – K];ypk; fytuk; ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1915

11 epu;thf eltbf;ifapy; $Ljyhd mjpfhuj;ij ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;

vd;w Njitia czu;j;jpa rk;gtk; vJ?

rpq;fs – K];ypk; fytuj;jpd;NghJ ,uhZtr; rl;lijg; gad;gLj;jp

kf;fis mlf;fpaik

12 ,yq;if Njrpa rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1919

13 ,yq;if Njrpa rq;fj;jpd; KjyhtJ jiytu; ahu;?

Nru;.nghd;. mUzhr;ryk;

57
ghlNtis (05)

kdpq;> kdpq;nltd;rau; rPu;jpUj;jk;

01 1920,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l ePu;jpUj;jk; vJ?

kdpq; rPu;jpUj;jk;

02 kdpq; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpy; cj;jpNahf rhu;gw;Nwhu; ngUk;ghd;ik ngw;wik

2 gpuNjrthupg; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw mwpKfkhdik

3 khfhz uPjpahd Nju;jy; Kiw mwpKfk;

03 kdpq; ahg;gpd; rl;lthf;ff;fof cWg;gpdu;fis tFj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

04 1924,y; nfhz;L tug;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jk; vJ?

kdpq; nltd;~au; rPu;jpUj;jk;

05 kdpq; nltd;~au; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 rl;lthf;ff;fofj;jpd; mq;fj;jtu;fSs; ngUk;ghd;ikahNdhu;

tiuaWf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffshy; njupT nra;ag;gl;ldu;.

2 rl;lthf;ff; fofj;jpd; jiyikg;gjtp MSeiuNa rhUk;.

3 Nky;khfhzj;jpy; jkpoUf;nfd;W Gjpa mq;fj;Jtk; xd;W

toq;fg;gl;lJ

06 kdpq; nltd;~au; ahg;gpd; rl;lthf;ff;fof cWg;gpdu;fis tFj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

58
ghlNtis (06)

nlhd%u; Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;lik

01 nlhd%u; Mizf;FO ,yq;if te;j Mz;L vJ? 1927

02 nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;G eilKiwf;F te;j Mz;L vJ?

1931

03 ,yq;ifauplk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f murpay; nghWg;Gf;fis ifaspj;j murpau;

rPu;jpUj;jk; vJ?

nlhd%u;(Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd gazg; ghijapy; Kf;fpa jpUg;G Kidahf

mike;jJ)

04 nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 muRf;fofk; mikf;fg;gl;lik

2 epu;thff;FOKiw

3 ru;trd thf;Fupik

4 MSeUk; mur mjpfhupfSk;

05 muRf;fofj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; vz;zpf;if ahJ? 61

06 muRf;fof mq;fj;jtu;fis tFj;Jf; fhl;Lf.

07 1912,y; thf;Fupikag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;F jifikfshf ,Ue;jit vit?

fy;tp> nrhj;J

08 ru;trd thf;Fupik vd;why; vd;d?

21 tajpw;F Nkw;gl;l midtUk; Mz;> ngz; NtWghL> nkhop NtWghL>

rka NtWghL> tu;f;f NtWghL ,d;wp thf;fspf;Fk; cupik

toq;fg;gl;likNa ru;trd thf;FupikahFk;.

09 gpupj;jhdpahtpd; FbNaw;w ehLfSf;Fs; Kjypy; ru;t[d thf;Fupik

toq;fg;gl;l ehL vJ? ,yq;if

59
ghlNtis (7)

01 nlhd%u; murpay; ahg;gpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l epu;thff; FOf;fs; vit?

1 cs;ehl;L mYty;fs; - b.gp.n[ajpyf

2 fhzp tptrhak; - v.v];.Nrdhehaf;fh

3 cs;Suhl;rp - rP.gl;Ltd;Jlht

4 Rfhjhuk; - b.gp.ghdnghf;if

5 njhopy;> ifj;njhopy;> tu;j;jfk; - gp.Re;juk;

6 fy;tp - rP.lspg;A+.lgps;A+.fd;dq;fuh

7 Nghf;Ftuj;J> nghJNtiyfs; - vk;.vd;.khf;fhd; kuf;fhu;

02 MSeUk; mur mjpfhupfSk;

1 mSeu; muRf;fofj;JlDk; mikr;ru;fSlDk; xj;Jiog;Gld;

nraw;glNtz;bapUe;jik

2 Njrpa ghJfhg;G. epjp> rl;l eltbf;iffs; Mfpa Kf;fpakhd

Jiwfs; mur cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; fPo; itf;fg;gl;bUe;jik ,t;

ahg;gpd; FiwghlhFk;.

ghlNtis (8)

,yq;ifj; Njrpa ,af;fj;jpd; vOr;rp

01 1931,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Nghuhl;l Nehf;fk; ahJ?

1 MSeupd; mjpfhuq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

2 mur mjpfhupfsplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;bUe;j mikr;Rf;fis ,yq;if

mikr;ru;fsplk; ifaspj;jy;

02 ,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rpia Muk;gpj;jtu;fs; ahu;?

vd;.vk;.ngNuuh nfhy;tpd;.Mu.b.rpy;th (1935)

60
03 ,lJrhupj; jiytu;fs; Rje;jpuk; Nfhup Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lj;Jf;F gpurhu

Kiwahf gad;gLj;jpa ,af;fk; vJ?

#upaky; ,af;fk;

04 #upakyu; ,af;fk; vjw;F khw;whf mikf;fg;gl;lJ?

nghg;gp kyu; ,af;fk;

05 nghg;gp kyu; ,af;fk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; mq;ftPdKw;w gpupj;jhdpa ,uhZt

tPu;fSf;Fk; mtu;fsJ FLk;gq;fSf;Fk; cjtp Guptjw;fhf.

06 rkhjhd jpdkhfg; gpufldg;gLj;jg;gl;l jpfjp vJ?

etk;gu; 11(,j;jpdj;jpy; nghg;gp kyu;fis tpw;gid nra;jy;> Cu;tyk;>

nfhz;lhl;lq;fis Vw;ghL nra;J gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRf;F ,yq;ifaupd;

Mjuitj; njuptpg;gjw;fhd Kaw;rpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld)

07 #upafhe;jp kyiu tpw;Fk; ,af;fk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L?

1926

08 #upafhe;jp kyiu tpw;Wg;ngw;w gzk; vjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ?

,e;ehl;L Vio kf;fspd; eyd;fSf;F

09 ,lJrhupfs; vt;thW gpurhuk; nra;jdu;?

nghg;gp kyu; tpw;fg;gl;l gzk; ,q;fpyhe;jpw;f mDg;gg;gl;lgbahy;

mk;kyiu thq;FtJ gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRf;F Mjuitj; njuptpg;gjhFk;

NkYk; #upahfe;jp kyiu mzpe;Jnfhs;tJ Rje;jpug; Nghuhl;lj;jpw;F

MjuT ey;FtjhFk; vdTk; $wpdu;. nghg;gpkyu; mikapd; rpd;dk;

vdTk; #upafhe;jp kyu; Rje;jpuj;jpd; rpd;dk; vdTk; $wpdu;.

61
ghlNtis (9)

Nrhy;gup rPu;jpUj;j mwpKfk;

01 ,uz;lhk; cyf aj;jf fhyj;jpy; mikf;fg;gl;l tpNrl ghJfhg;Gr;

rigapd; mq;fj;jtuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahuu;?

b.v];.Nrdhehaf;fh

02 1942,ypUe;J ehl;bw;F Rje;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij gpujhd Nehf;fkhff;

nfhz;L nraw;gl;l mikg;G vJ?

,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;

03 Nrhy;gup Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1944

04 ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp Kiwia gupe;Jiuj;j Mizf;FO vJ?

Nrhy;gup Mizf;FO

ghlNtis (10)

gpupj;jhdpauhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l rPu;jpUj;jq;fspid mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L

ml;ltiznahd;iw jahupj;Jf; fhl;Lthu;.

mq;fj;jtu;
Mz;L rPu;jpUj;jk; Kf;fpa rpghupRfs;
vz;zpf;if

62
 myF – 05

gpupj;jhdpaupd; fPo; ,yq;ifapd; r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;

ghlNtis (10)

ghlNtis (36 – 11)

INuhg;gpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; r%f nghUshjhu mbg;gil

01 ve;j kd;ddJ fhyj;jpypUe;J ngsj;j rkaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l

r%f> nghUshjhuf; fl;likg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ?
Njtek;gpajP]d;
02 Njtek;gpajP] kd;ddpd; fhyj;jpypUe;jhd fl;likg;G khw;wkilaf;
fhuzkhf mike;jtu;fs; ahu;? Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;
03 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu khw;wk; ahJ?
tu;j;jfj;jpy; ftdk; nrYj;jpaikahy; mtu;fspd; Ml;rpg;gFjpapy;
tptrhak; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij ,oe;jJ.
04 xy;yhe;ju; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs; vit?
1 Vw;Wkjpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L fWth> kpsF Kjypa
gapu;r;nra;iffspy; <Lgl;ldu;.
2 rpW ifj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpj;J nra;J Kbf;fg;gl;l ntiyapd;
mstpw;F $yp toq;fpajhy; rk;gsj;jpw;F Ntiy nra;Ak;
njhopyhsu;fs; rpwpjsT Muk;gkhapdu;.
05 Nghu;j;Jf;Nfau;> xy;yhe;ju; Ml;rpfhyq;fspy; ,yq;ifapd; kuG topte;j
r%fg; nghUshjhu Kiwapy; ghupa khw;wk; Vw;glhikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ
fz;bapy; RNjr muR fhzg;gl;likahy;

63
06 ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpa FbNaw;w ehlhf khwpaNghJ fhzg;gl;l r%fj;jpd;
,ay;Gfs; vit?
1 cau;e;j gpuGj;Jt tFg;nghd;W fhzg;gl;lJ. mtu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Fiwthff; fhzg;gl;lJ. mtu;fs; ehl;bd; epu;thf eltbf;ifapy;
<Lgl;ldu;.
2 ehl;bd; ngUe;njhifahd kf;fs; rhjhuz Fbkf;fshff;
fhzg;gl;lJld; mtu;fs; tptrhaj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l
tho;it Nkw;nfhz;ldu;.
3 kf;fsJ tho;f;if fpuhkj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;like;jJ.
mtu;fSf;Fj; Njitahd czTg; nghUl;fs; fpuhkj;jpNyNa cw;gj;jp
nra;ag;gLk; RaNjitg;G+u;j;jpg; nghUsjhukhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.
4 gu];guk; cjtp GupAk; rkhjhd rf tho;T fhzg;gl;lJ. tptrha
Ntiyfspd; NghJ ciog;Gf;Fg; gjpy; ciog;G gupkhw;wk;
nra;ag;gl;lJ mJ mj;jk; Kiw vdg;gl;lJ.
5 fpuhkrigfshy; kf;fspd; rpwpa gpur;rpidfs; tprhupj;J jPu;f;fg;gl;lJ.
fpuhkq; Fsq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs; guhkupg;G kw;wk; tPjpfs;> tpfhiufs;
mikf;Fk; nghWg;Gk; fhzg;gl;lJ. ,uh[fhupa Kiw %yk; ciog;G
ngwg;gl;lJ.
07 ,uh[fhupa Kiwapd; tiffs; vit?
1 fl;lhaNrit ,uh[fhupa Kiw
2 epyj;ij mDgtpg;gJ njhlu;ghd ,uh[fhupa Kiw
08 muru;fSf;F Nritahw;wpa gpuGf;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyk; vt;thW
miof;fg;gLk;?
NrthguNtzp

64
09 epyj;ij mDgtpg;gJ njhlu;ghd ,uh[fhupa Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
muru;fSf;F Nritahw;wpa mjpfhupfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fs;
NrthguNtzp vdg;gl;ld.mur mjpfhupfSf;F toq;fg;gl;l epyq;fspy;
tptrhak; nra;tjw;fhf kf;fSf;F mit gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ld.,e;j
epyq;fspy; gapupLtjw;fhd tupahfj; jkJ ciog;ig toq;FtJ
epyj;ij mDgtpg;gjw;fhd ,uh[fhupa Kiw vdg;gLk;.
10 fl;lhaNrit ,uh[fhupa Kiw vd;why; vd;d?
ehl;bYs;s taJ te;j Mz;fs; midtUk; Mz;by; Fwpf;fg;gl;l
rpyehl;fspy; vt;tpj nfhLg;gdTkpd;wp murDf;F ,ytrkhf Nrit
toq;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,JNt fl;lha mur Nrit Kiw vdg;gl;lJ.
,jidg; gad;gLj;jp tPjpfs; mikj;jy;> mizf;fl;Lf;fs; mikj;jy;>
fhy;tha; mikj;jy; vd;gd Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;ld.
ghlNtis (12)

Nfhg;GWf; Mizf;FOtpd; nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jq;fs;

01 Nfhy;GWf; Mizf;FO tUif je;jikf;fhd fhuzk;?

murpd; tUkhdj;ij tpl epu;thfr; nryTfs; mjpfupj;jik
02 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nghUshjhu rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?
1 fhzp tpw;gidf; nfhs;if mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lik
2 Copau;fis jlq;fypd;wp ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f top Vw;gLj;jpaik
3 murpd; tpahghu Vfhjpgj;jpak; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lik
4 tup mwptPlL khw;wk;
5 Nrkpg;G tq;fpia Muk;gpj;jy;
1 fhzp tpw;gidf; nfhs;if mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lik
INuhg;gpaUf;F fhzpfis cupj;jhf;fpf; nfhs;tjpy; fhzg;gl;l
jilfis ePf;fpaik. muR ,ytrkhf fhzpfis toq;fpa Kiw
,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;L mjw;Fg;gjpyhf fhzp tps;gidf; nfhs;if
mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;lik. ,jd; %yk; cs;ehl;bdUf;fk;
ntspehl;bdUf;Fk; ,yq;ifapy; jkf;Fj; Njitahd epyj;ij tpiy
nfhLj;J thq;Ftjw;F re;ju;g;gk; fpilj;jJ.

65
 2 Copau;fis jlq;fypd;wp ngw;Wf;nfhLf;f top Vw;gLj;jpaik
,Jtiu fhyKk; murpd; NjitfSf;fhd ciog;G fl;lha Nrit
,uh[fhupa Kiw %yk; vt;tpj nfhLg;gdTfSk; ,d;wp
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,J jdpahs; Rje;jpuj;jpw;F jilahf
,Ue;jijg;NghyNt jdpahu; Jiw Kaw;rpahz;ikf;Fk; nghUj;jkw;wJ
vd Nfhy;GWf; rpghupR nra;jhu;. ,jdhy; ciog;G vd;gJ gzk;
nfhLj;Jg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jd;ikiag; ngw;wJld; rk;gsj;jpw;F
Ntiy nra;Ak; njhopyhsu; tFg;gpdu; cUthFk; tha;g;G Vw;gl;lJ.
3 murpd; tpahghu Vfhjpgj;jpak; ,uj;Jr; nra;ag;gl;lik
Nfhy;GWf; ,yq;if tUk;NghJ epytpa nghUshjhu Kiwf;Nfw;g
fWth kw;Wk; cg;G tu;j;jfk; murpd; VfNghd cupikahff;
fhzg;gl;lJ. ,t;thwhd murpd; VfNghf cupik jdpahu; Jiwapd;
tsu;r;rpf;Fj; jilahf ,Ue;jJ. vdNt fWth> cg;G tu;j;jfj;jpd;
mur VfNghf cupikia ePf;fp jdpahu; JiwapdUf;Fk;
mt;tu;j;jfj;jpy; <LgLtjw;F ,lkwpf;FkhW Nfhy;GWf; rpghupR nra;jhu;.
ghlNtis (13)
ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp
Nfhg;gp
01 ,yq;ifapy; ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;r;nra;iff;F mj;jpthukpl;ltu;fs; ahu;?
Xy;yhe;ju;
02 ,yq;ifapy; Kjd; Kjyhf gapuplg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu; vJ? Nfhg;gp
03 Nfhg;gpr; nra;ifapd; tpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpa fhuzpfs;
1 ntspehl;L KjyPl;lhsu;fs; mjpfstpy; Nfhg;gpj; njhl;lq;fspy; KjyPL
nra;jik
2 INuhg;gpa re;ijapy; Nfhg;gpf;fhd Nfs;tp mjpfupj;jik
3 Nfhg;gprnra;if %yk; mjpf ,yhgk; fpilj;jik
4 njd;dpe;jpa Copau;fs; %yk; Fiwe;j $ypf;F ciog;G
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lik

66
04 Nfhg;gpf;fhd Vw;Wkjp tupiaf; Fiwj;jtu; ahu;? vl;Ntl;ghz;];
05 Nfhg;gp gapuplg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fs; vit?
Jk;giw> fk;gis> Nguhjid> khj;jis> gJis
06 Nfhg;gpg; gapu;r;nra;if tPo;r;rpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 gpupj;jhdpa re;ijapy; ,yq;iff; Nfhg;gpf;F ,Ue;j fLk; Nghl;b
2 1848,y; Vw;gl;l cyfg; nghUshjhu tPo;r;rp
3 1869,y; Nfhg;gpg; gapUf;F Vw;gl;l n`kpypah nt];lhf;];
vd;Dk;,iy ntspwy; Neha;
07 Nfhg;gpa; gapu;r;nra;ifapd; gpd;du; gapuplg;gl;l gapu; vJ?
rpq;Nfhdh
08 rpq;Nfhdhtpy; ,Ue;J jahupf;fg;gl;l kUe;J vJ?
Fapidd;
09 Nfhg;gpg; gapu;nra;ifapd; gpd;du; mur MjuTld; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l
gapu;r;nra;if vJ?
nfhf;Nfh
10 nfhf;Nfh ntw;wpfukhf gapuplg;gl;l ,lk; vJ?
khj;jis
ghlNtis (14)

Njapiy

01 nghUshjhu uPjpapy; Njapiyiag; gapupl;ltu; ahu;?

N[k;]; nuapyu; (Y}y; fe;Ju vd;Dkplj;jpy;)

02 Njapiy gapuplg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs; vit?
khj;jis> fz;b> EtNuypah> gJis
03 Njapiy Muha;r;rp epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
jythf;nfhy;iy (EtNuypah)

67
04 Njapiyapd; tpUj;jpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;j fhuzpfs; vit?
1 ,yq;ifj; Njapiyf;F cyf re;ijapy; rpwe;j Nfs;tp epytpaik
2 cyu; tyak; jtpu ,yq;ifapd; Vida gpuNjrq;fs; Njapiyg;
gapu;r;nra;iff;F cfe;jjhff; fhzg;gl;lik
3 ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapuj tPjpfs; fhuzkhf Nghf;Ftuj;J trjpfs;
NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wkile;jik
4 Fiwe;j $ypf;F ciog;G ngw;Wf; nfhs;sg;gl;lik
njd;id
05 Muk;gj;jpy; tPl;Lj;Njhl;lg; gapuhfgg; gapuplg;gl;l ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu; vJ?
njd;id
06 njd;idg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy; Kf;fpa ,lk;ngw;w ,lq;fs; vit?
FUehfy;> rpyhgk;> fk;g`h
07 njd;id Muha;r;rp epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
YZtpy
,wg;gu;
08 ,yq;ifapy; ,wg;gu; gapiu Kjd; Kjypy; el;ltu; ahu;?
n`d;wp tpf;nfk;gp
09 ,wg;gu; gapu;r;nra;if tpUj;jpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 ,yq;iff;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ,wg;gu; ,dj;ij mwpe;J mjw;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd njhopDl;g Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jpaik
2 Njapiy tpiy jw;fhypakhf tPo;r;rp fz;lik
3 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ ,wg;gupd; tpiy mjpfupj;jik
10 ,wg;gu; gapuplg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fs; vit?
Nffhiy> ,uj;jpdGup> nfhOk;G> fSj;Jiw
11 ,wg;gu; Muha;r;rp epiyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
mfytj;ij

68
ghlNtis (15)

ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;ifahy; Vw;gl;l rhjf> ghjf khw;wq;fs;

01 gpupj;jhdpau; mwpKfg;gLj;jpa ngUe;Njhl;lg; gapu;r;nra;ifahy; Vw;gl;l

rhjhf ghjf tpisTfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
rhjf tpisTfs;
1 nghUshjhu KiwahdJ ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwia mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUshjhukhf khwpaJ.
2 ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;r;nra;if fhuzkhf fz;b> gJis cl;gl ehl;bd;
Vida gpuNjrq;fisj; njhLf;Fk; ngUe;njUf;fSk;> Gifapujg;
ghijfSk; mikf;fg;gl;lik
3 nra;jpg; gupkhw;w eltbf;iffs;> njhlu;ghly; Jiwfs;
tpUj;jpaile;jik cjhuzkhf mQ;rw; Nrit Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik
4 Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gf;fs; Vw;gl;lJld; Gjpa efuq;fs; Njhd;wpd
5 murpdJ gpujhd tUkhd khu;f;fkhfg; ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiw tpsq;fpaJ.
ghjf tpisTfs;
1 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhf ,e;ehl;bd; jd;dpiwTg;
nghUshjhuk; rPu;Fiye;J Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nghUshjhuk; Vw;gl;lJ.
2 fz;b kf;fs; tptrha epyq;fis ,oe;jdu;.
3 kiyafj; jkpou; gpur;rpid Njhd;wpaJ.
4 muprpf;Ff;$l ntspehl;by; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;b Vw;gl;lik
5 ifj;njhopw;Jiw ftdpahJ tplg;gl;lik

nraw;ghL :- “vkJ ehL Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjpg; nghUshjhuf; Nfhyj;Jf;F

cs;shfpa tpjk;” vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu tiuf.
,yq;ifg;glj;jpy; Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;id gapuplg;gLk; gpuNjrq;fis
Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

69
ghlNtis (16)

gpupj;jhdpau; fhy r%f khw;wk;

01 gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l rKf khw;wq;fs; vit?

1 gz;ila cau;Fb tFg;G Nja;Tw;wikAk; Gjpa kj;jpaju tFg;G

cUthfpaikAk;

2 Mq;fpyf;fy;tp fhuzkhf INuhg;gpag; gz;ghl;il kjpf;Fk;> Nky;

ehl;ltUf;Fr; rhu;ghd xU njhFjpr; RNjrpfs; cUthfpaik.

3 njhopyhsu; tFg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

1 gz;ila cau;Fb tFg;G Nja;Tw;wikAk; Gjpa kj;jpaju tFg;G

cUthfpaikAk;

 gz;ila gpuG tFg;gpdu; nghUshjhu epiy> rKf epiy> murpay;

epiy vd;gtw;why; cau;e;J tpsq;fpdu;.
 epy clikahsu;fshf ,Ue;jikahy; mjpf tUkhdj;ijg; ngw;wJld;
Ml;rpahsu;fSf;Fg; gf;fr;rhu;ghdtu;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdu;.
 guk;giur; epyr;Rthe;ju;fspd; topj;Njhd;wy;fshd ,tu;fs; ujy
gpujhdpfs; vdg;gl;ldu;.
 Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisthfg; gzk; rk;ghjpf;ff;$ba gy
topfs; jpwe;J tplg;gl;ld.
 ,jdhy; nry;te;ju; tFg;nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,tu;fs; jkJ
gps;isfis cs;ehl;bYk;> ntspehl;bYk; fy;tp ngWtjw;F jkJ
gzj;ijr; nrytpl;ldu;.
 ,jdhy; Gjpa kj;jpaju tu;f;f;fj;jpdu; Njhw;wk; ngw;wdu;.
 fy;tp> nry;tk; vd;Dk; ,U fhuzpfs; kj;jpaju tu;f;fk; Njhd;wf;
fhuzq;fshFk;

70
 2 Mq;fpyf;fy;tp fhuzkhf INuhg;gpag; gz;ghl;il kjpf;Fk;> Nky;

ehl;ltUf;Fr; rhu;ghd xU njhFjpr; RNjrpfs; cUthfpaik.

 Mq;fpyf;fy;tp fw;w murhq;fj; njhopy;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l kj;jpa

tFg;nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ
 ,tu;fs; murpay; uPjpahfj; jpfo;gtu;fshfTk; tpsq;fpdu;.
 ,tu;fs; Nkiyj;Nja fy;tp %yk; rKf me;j];ijg; ngw;wtu;fshtu;.
 vdNt mtu;fs; Nkiyj;Nja fyhrhuj;ijg; gpd;gw;Wk; efuq;fspy;
trpf;Fk; nry;te;j tFg;gpduhfj; jpfo;e;jdu;.
 20k; E}w;whz;by; ,yq;ifapy; ,lk;ngw;w Nghuhl;lq;fs; ,tu;fshNyNa
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ.

3 njhopyhsu; tFg;G Njhw;wk; ngw;wik

 kuG uPjpahd Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; murpd; nghJ Ntiyfs; fl;lha mur

Nrit %yk; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;likahy; $ypf;F Ntiy nra;Ak; tFg;G
Njhw;wk; ngwtpy;iy.
 ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwf;nfd Fiwe;j $ypf;F njd;dpe;jpahtpypUe;J
njhopyhsu;fis jUtpj;Jf;nfhs;tJ ,yhgfukhjhf ,Ue;jjhy;.
ngUe;Njhl;l cupikahsu;fs; Mapuf;fzf;fhd njhopyhsu;fis
tutioj;jikahy; kiyafg; gFjpfspy; njhopyhsu; tFg;nghd;W
cUthfpaJ.
 Gjpa nghUshjhu eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf ehl;by; cUthd fz;b>
fhyp> nfhOk;G Kjypa khefuq;fspy; nghUl;fis Vw;wpapwf;Fjy;>
Jzpfis ryir nra;jy;> iftz;bfs; %yk; nghUl;fis nfhz;L
nry;yy;> ngUe;njUf;fs;> Gifapuj tPjpfs; mikj;jy; Kjypa
NtiyfSf;Fk; njhopyhsu;fs; Njitg;gl;ljdhy; efu;g;Gwq;fspy;
RNjr njhopyhsu; tFg;nghd;W Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.
02 Nfhy;GWf; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; tpisthfj; Njhw;wk; ngw;w Gjpa njhopy;
tha;g;Gf;fs; vit?
1 rhuha cw;gj;jp> tpepNahfk; kw;Wk; rhuha Fj;jif cupikfisg;
ngWjy;
2 ngUe;Njhl;lq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Nrit toq;Fk; xg;ge;jf;fhuhfr;
nraw;gly;
3 fhuPak; mfo;jy; 4 rpy;yiw tpahghuk;
71
03 gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; vOr;rp ngw;w kj;jpaju tFg;gpdu; ahtu;

1 rl;lj;juzpfs; 2 itj;jpau;fs;

3 nghwpapyhsu;fs; 4 epy msitahsu;fs;

5 vOJtpidQu;fs;

04 njhopw;rq;fq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 kpff; Fiwe;j rk;gsNk toq;fg;gl;lik

2 Ntiy nra;Ak; Neuk; tiuaWf;fg;glhik

3 njhopyhsu; fhg;GWjp> el;L<L toq;Fk; Kiwfs; fhzg;glhik

4 jkJ cupikfis ntd;nwLg;gjw;Fk; Fwpg;gpl;lJiw njhopyhsupilNa

xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;jTk;

05 20k; Ehw;whz;by; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Ntiy epWj;jq;fs; vit?

1 nfhOk;g mr;rfj; njhopyhsu; Ntiy epWj;jk;

2 ryitj; njhopyhsu; Ntiy epWj;jk;

3 iftz;bj; njhopyhsu; Ntiy epWj;jk;

06 efu;gG
; wj; njhopyhsu;fspd; njhopw;rq;fj;jpw;F jiyik jhq;fpatu; ahu;?

1922 – 1935 tiu rpwg;ghfj; nraw;gl;l njhopyhsu; jiytu; ahu;?

V.<.Fzrpq;f

07 Njhl;lj;njhopyhsu; njhopw;rq;fj;ij mikj;jtu; ahu;?

Nfh.eNlrIau;

72
ghlNtis (17)

gz;ghl;L khw;wq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

01 ,yq;ifapy; Nkiyj;Njaf; fyhrhuk; gutf; fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Nfhy;GWf; ahg;gpd; Mq;fpy nkhop %ykhd nkitj;Njaf; fy;tp Kiw

Ntfkhfg; gutpaik

2 kprdupg; ghlrhiyfspYk; mur mDruiz ngw;w ghlrhiyfspYk;

nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l fw;gpj;jy; eltbf;if %ykhf Nkiyj;njrf;

fyhrhuk; gutpaJ.

3 cau; fy;tpf;fhf ntspehL nrd;W te;jtu;fshYk; Nkiyj;njaf;

fyhrhuk; gutpaJ.

4 INuhg;gpaupd; mjpfupj;j tUiff;fhf Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l tpLKiwf;fhy

tpLjpfs; kw;Wk; ,uTf; fspahl;l tpLjpfs; %ykhf

02 19k; E}w;whz;by; INuhg;gpau; ,yq;iff;F mjpfstpy; te;jikf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?

ngUe;Njhl;lj;Jiwapd; guk;gy;> tu;j;jf tsu;r;rp> Nghf;Ftuj;J Jiwapd;

tsu;r;rp njhlu;ghly; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp

03 ,yq;ifapd; fyhrhuj;NjhL ,ize;J nfhz;l Nkiyj;Njaf; fyhrhu

mk;rq;fs; vit?

Milazpfs;> gof;ftof;fk;> tho;j;J tzf;fk; nrYj;Jk; Kiwfs;>

fl;ll fiyak;rq;fs;> czT> ghd tiffs;.

73
ghlNtis (18)

gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l rhjfkhd mk;rq;fs;

01 ,yq;if gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ruz;lYf;F cl;gl;l Mz;Lfspd; vz;zpf;if? 133

02 gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; %ykhfg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gad;kpf;f mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 Mq;fpynkhop> mq;fpyf;fy;tp ngw tha;g;Gf;fs; fpilj;jik

2 Nghf;Ftuj;J> nra;jpg; gupkhw;wk; vd;gd tpUj;jpaile;jik
3 gpupj;jhdpahtpy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopw;Gul;rpapd; nry;thf;F
,yq;ifapYk; gutpaJ. (cgfuzq;fs;> nghwpfs; mit njhlu;ghd
njhopDl;gk;> ghijfs; Nghd;wit)
4 rpW ifj;njhopy;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.
5 Vw;Wkjpf;fhd ngUe;Njhl;lg;gapu;fs; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lik.
6 ghuhSkd;w Ml;rp kiw cUthdik.
ghlNtis (19)
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpapdhy; Vw;gl;l ghjfkhd mk;rq;fs;

01 gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpahy; Vw;gl;l ghjfkhd mk;rq;fs; vit?

1 Nkiyj;Njaf; fyhrhuj;jpd; guty; fhuzkhf cs;ehl;Lf; fyhrhuk;
ghuk;gupak; rPu;Fiye;jik.
2 kJghdg; ghtid ehnlq;Fk; gutpaik
3 fhzp cupikaw;w kf;fs; $l;lk; cUthdik
4 kuG uPjpahd jd;dpiwTg; nghUshjhuk; tPo;r;rpaile;jJld; Njrpa
uPjpahd mwpTk; Mw;wYk; kOq;fbf;fg;gl;lik
5 fpuhkrig Nghd;w gaDs;s mikg;Gf;fs; mopTw;wik
ghlNtis (20)

tpthjk; :- “gpupj;jhdpaupd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifr; rKfj;jpw;F ed;ikfNs

fpilj;jd my;yJ jPikfNs fpilj;jd”

74
 myF – 06

,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; fpilj;jy;

(ghlNtisfs; 16)

ghlNtis (21)

Nrhy;gup murpay; rPu;jpUj;jk;

01 ,yq;if Rje;jpuk; mile;j Mz;L vJ?

1948.02.04

02 ,yq;iff;F Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gLk;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j murpay; ahg;G

vJ?

Nrhygup ahg;G

03 Nrhy;gup Mizf;FO epakpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1944

04 ,yq;ifapy; Kjy; jlitahf murpay; fl;rp Kiwapd; fPo; Nju;jy;

,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ? 1947

05 1947 nghJj;Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;l fl;rpfs; Ie;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf?

If;fpaNjrpaf;fl;rp> ,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rp> jkpo; fhq;fpu];> ,yq;if

fk;A+dprf; fl;rp> njhopyhsu; fl;rp

06 mj;Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rp vJ?

If;fpa Njrpaf;fl;rp (42)

07 If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpia Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;? b.v];.Nrdehaf;fh

08 ,yq;iff;F toq;fg;gl;l nghJeythaj;jpw;F cl;gl;l Rje;jpu ehnlhd;wpd;

me;j];J vd;gJ vg;ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk;?

nlhkpdpad; me;j];J

75
09 gpupj;jhdpah ,yq;ifapd; ntsptptfhuq;fis jd;trk; itj;jpUg;gjw;F

Vw;ghL nra;jikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

,yq;ifapd; Gtpapy; mikg;G ghJfhg;G> Aj;j eltbf;iffSf;F

Kf;fpakhd gbahy;

10 ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ gpujku; ahu;?

b.v];.Nrdhehaf;fh

11 b.v];.Nrdehaf;fhTf;Fk; gpupj;jhdpaUf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngw;w

xg;ge;jq;fs; vit?

1 ghJfhg;G xg;ge;jk; - NjitNaw;gl;lhy; gpupj;jhdpah fg;gy;> tpkhdk;

cl;gl Vida gil eltbf;iffSf;F ,yq;ifia

cgNahfg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sy;.

2 ntsptptfhu xg;ge;jk; - Rje;jpu ehL xd;whf ntspehLfSld; Gjpjhf

cwTfis Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F gpupj;jhdpaupd; cjtpiag;

ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.

12 ,yq;ifr; Rje;jpur; rl;lk; nfhz;L tug;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1947.12.19

13 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 MSeu; ehafk;

2 ,Urigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;

3 gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit

4 ePjpr; nraw;ghLfs;

76
1 MSeu; ehafk;

,Jtiu ,Ue;j MSeu; gjtp ePf;fg;gl;L MSeu; ehafk; vd;Dk; gjtp

Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpupj;jhdpa kfuhzpNa ,yq;ifapd; jiytpahf

Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;ljdhy; mtupd; ,e;ehl;L gpujpepjpahf MSeu; ehafk;

nraw;gl;lhu;. ,J ngausT epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwg; gjtpahFk;. gpujkuupd;

MNyhridfisg; gpd;gw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.

2 ,Urigfisf; nfhz;l ghuhSkd;wk;

,Urigfshf gpujpepjpfs; rig> nrdl;rig(%jit) vd;gd

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. gpujepjpfs; rigapy; 101 Ngu; ,lk;ngw;wdu;. ,jpy; 95

Ngu; kf;fshy; Nju;jy; %yk; kf;fshy; njupTnra;ag;gLtu;. vQ;rpa

MWNgUk; rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhf gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb MSeu;

ehafj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; Ie;J

Mz;LfshFk;. nrdl;rigf;F 30 Ngu; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jpy; 15 Ngu;

gpujpepjpfs; rigahy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. Vida 15 NgUk; gpujkupd;

MNyhridg;gb MSeu; ehafj;jhy; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,tu;fspd;

gjtpf;fhyk; MW Mz;LfshFk;.

3 gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit

gpujku; mikr;ruitapd; jiytuhthu;. gpujpepjpfs; eigapy; ngUk;ghd;ik

mq;fj;jtu;fspd; Mjuitg; ngWk; xUtu; MSeu; ehafj;jhy; gpujkuhf
epakpf;fg;gLthu;. mikr;ru;fs; gpujkupd; MNyhridg;gb MSeu; ehafj;jhy;
epakpf;fg;gLtu;. gpujku; ghJfhg;G> ntsptptfhu mikr;Rf;fspd;
nghWg;Gf;fis tfpg;ghu;. ePjp mikr;rUk; ,d;ndhU mikr;rUk;
Nky;rigapypUe;J njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.

77
ghlNtis (22)

murpay; fl;rpfspd; Njhw;wk;

01 murpay; fl;rp vd;why; vd;d?

murpay; fl;rp vd;gJ ehl;bd; Ml;rpf;fhf xOq;fikf;fg;gl;l nfhs;iffspd;
mbg;gilapy; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Nehf;fpy; xd;wpize;j
kf;fs; FOthFk;
02 murpay; fl;rpfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtq;fs; vit?
1 ghuhSkd;w [dehafk; fhzg;gLk; vy;yh ehLfspYk; fhzg;gl
Ntz;ba gz;ghFk;.
2 mt;tt; fl;rpfspd; nfhs;if mbg;gilapy; kf;fis xd;W
jpul;Ltjw;F
3 murpay; thjpfSf;Fk; nghJkf;fSf;Fkpilapyhd cwitf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F
4 fl;rpapd; nfhs;iffis kf;fs; Kd; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F
03 ,yq;ifapy; ve;j INuhg;gpa ,dj;jtu; fhyj;jpy; fl;rp Kiwfs; Njhw;wk;
ngw;wd?
Mq;fpNyau; fhyj;jpy;
04 ,yq;ifapy; fl;rp Kiwfs; mbg;gilapy; KjyhtJ Nju;jy; eilngw;w
Mz;L vJ?
1947
05 1947,y; ,lk;ngw;w Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;l fl;rpfs; vit?
,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rp> If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp> ,yq;if fk;Adp];l;
fl;rp> jkpo;f; fhq;fpu];
06 ,yq;ifapd; gioa murpay; fl;rp vJ? mJ vj;jidahk; Mz;L Njhw;wk;
ngw;wJ? mf;fl;rpapd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd jiytu;fs; ahu;?

,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rp – 1935

vd;.vk;. ngNuuh> nfhy;tpd; Mu.b.rpy;th> gpypg; Fztu;j;jdh

78
07 ,f;fl;rpapypUe;J 1943,y; gpupe;j fl;rp vJ? mjidj; Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?

,yq;if fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp – v];.V.tpf;fpukrpq;f

08 If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? mjidj;

Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?

1946 – b.v];.Nrdehaf;fh

09 If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rpapy; ,ize;J nfhz;l mikg;Gf;fs; vit?

,yq;ifj; Njrpa rq;fk;> rpq;fs kfhrig>
10 =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? mjidj;
Njhw;Wtpj;jtu; ahu;?

1951 – v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.gz;;lhuehaf;fh

11 ,yq;ifapy; nraw;gl;l Vida murpay; fl;rpfs; vit?

1 njhopyhsu; fl;rp - V.<.Fzrpq;f
2 jkpo; fhq;fpu] ; - [P.[P. nghd;dk;gyk;

3 jkpouRf;fl;rp my;yJ rk];bf; fl;rp – v[;.N[.tp. nry;tehafk;

ghlNtis (23)

1956 nghJj; Nju;jy;

01 1956 nghJj; Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;w fl;rp vJ? gpujkuhf njupT

nra;ag;gl;ltu; ahu;?
=yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp> v];.lgps;A+.Mu;.b.gz;;lhuehaf;fh
02 =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp ntw;wp ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 Gjpa rf;jpfs; gy Nru;e;J Nghl;bapl;lik
2 RNjr fyhrhuj;ij kjpf;Fk; nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik
3 mJtiu jPu;f;fg;glhjpUe;j r%f> nghUshjhug; gpur;rpidfs;
gytw;wpw;Fk; jPu;T toq;f Kaw;rpj;jik
03 1952,y; gpujkuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?
ll;yp Nrdehaf;fh

79
04 ll;yp Nrdehaf;fh 1953,y; gjtp tpyfpaikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?
muprp kw;Wk; czTg; nghUl;fspd; tpiy mjpfupj;jikahy; ,lJrhupfs;
Nkw;nfhz;l `u;j;jhy; fhuzkhf
05 ll;yp Nrdhehaf;fh gjtp tpyfpaikiaj; njhlu;e;J gpujkuhfj; njupT
nra;ag;gl;ltu; ahu;? Nru;.N[hd;.nfhj;jyhty
06 1956 nghJj;Nju;jypy; Rje;jpuf; fl;rpAld; ,ize;J Nghl;bapl;l fl;rpfs;
vit?
gpypg; Fztu;j;jd jiyikapyhd Gul;rpfu rkrkh[f;fl;rp> tp[ahde;j
j`ehaf;fh mtu;fspd; gh~h nguKz
07 1956,y; ,lk;ngw;w Nju;jypd; Kf;fpa njhdpg;nghUshf mike;j tplak;
vJ?
rpq;fsj;ij mur fUk nkhopahf khw;Wjy;
08 =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp jiyikapyhd kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzpf;F Mjut
toq;fpa Ik;ngUk; rf;jpfSk; vit?
gpf;Ffs;> RNjr itj;jpau;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs;
09 1956 Nju;jypd; KbTfs; vit?
kf;fs; If;fpa Kd;dzp - 51 Mrdq;fs;
,yq;if rkrkh[f;fl;rp - 14
If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp - 8
jkpouRf;fl;rp - 10
10 gpujku; v];.lgps;A+.Mu.b.gz;lhuehaf;fhtpd; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,lk;ngw;w
Kf;fpa rk;gtq;fs; vit?
1 rpq;fsj;ij mur rUk nkhopahf;fpaik
2 gpupj;jhdpahTld; 1947,y; nra;Jnfhs;sg;gl;l ghJfhg;G> ntsptptfhu
xg;ge;jj;ij ,uj;Jr; nra;jik
3 ty;yuRfspd; mzpfspypUe;J tpyfp eLepiyikahd ntspehl;Lf;
nfhs;ifiaf; filg;gpbj;jik
80
 4 Njrpakag;gLj;Jk; jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthf JiwKfk;> Nghf;Ftuj;J
vd;git muRlikahf;fg;gl;ld.
5 cau; fy;tpj; Jiwapd; tpUj;jpf;fhf tpj;jpNahja> tpj;jpayq;fhu
gpupntdf;fs; gy;fiyf;fofq;fshf juKau;j;jg;gl;lik
11 gz;lhuehaf;fh Rl;lf;nfhy;yg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?
1959
12 cyfpd; KjyhtJ ngz; gpujku; ahu;?
=khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh

ghlNtis (36 – 24)

Kjyhk; FbauR murpay; ahg;G

01 1947 – 1972 tiu ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwapypUe;j ahg;G vJ? Nrhy;gup

02 Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd;gb ,e;ehl;bd; ngausT Ml;rpj;jiytu; ahu;?

gpupj;jhdpa kfuhzp

03 1970 nghJj; Nju;jypy; ,ize;J Nghl;bapl;l fl;rpfs; vit?

=yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp > rkrkh[f;fl;rp> fk;A+dp];l; fl;rp

04 1970 nghJj; Nju;jypd; gpur;rhukhf mike;jJ vJ?

Gjpa murpay; ahg;ig cUthf;Fjy;

05 1970 nghJj;Nju;jypy; ntw;wp ngw;W gpujkuhfj; njupT nra;ag;gl;ltu; ahu;?

=khNth gz;lhuehaf;fh

06 ,yq;ifapy; 1972 Nk khjk; 22k; jpfjp eilKiwf;F te;j ahg;G vJ?

\ Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;G

07 ,t; ahg;gpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; vit?
1 yq;fh vdg;gl;l ,e;ehL =yq;fh vd miof;fg;gLk;
2 gpupj;jhdpag; NguuRld; nfhz;bUe;j murpay; ahg;G uPjpahd
njhlu;Gfis KbTf;Ff; nfhz;Ltuy;
3 ,yq;ifia xd;Wgl;l Fbaurhf;Fjy;
4 kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
81
08 ,t; ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?

1 ngausT [dhjpgjpg; gjtp 2 Njrpa muRg;Nguit

3 mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;

4 gpujku; jiyikapyhd mikr;ruit

5 ePjpkd;wq;fs;

1 ngausT [dhjpgjpg; gjtp

Nrhy;gup ahg;gpd; MSeu; ehafj;jpw;Fg; gjpyhf Gjpa murpay; ahg;gpd;

gb ngausT [dhjpgjpg; gjtp cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,tiu epakpf;Fk;

mjpfhuk; gpujkUf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,Jtiu fhzg;gl;l MSeu; ehafj;jpd;

mjpfhuq;fs; ,tUf;F toq;fg;gl;ld. KjyhtJ ngausT [dhjpgjpahf

tpy;ypak; Nfhgy;yht njupT nra;ag;gl;lhu;.

2 Njrpa muRg;Nguit

1972f;F Kd;du; ghuhSkd;wk; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l rl;lrigf;Fg; gjpyhf

Njrpa muRg; Nguit cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,J nghJkf;fshy; njupT

nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;ljhFk;. ,yq;if njhlu;ghd

rl;lkpaw;Wk; G+uz mjpfhuk; ,jw;F toq;fg;gl;lJ. mjd; gjtpf;fhyk;
MW Mz;LfshFk;.
3 mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs;
,t;ahg;gpd; 18tJ tpjpapy; mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpf;
Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
1 rl;lj;ij mDgtpj;jy;> nraw;gLj;jy;> ghJfhg;Gg; ngwy;
midtUf;Fk; nghJthdjhFk;.
2 rl;lj;jpd; %ykhftd;wp egu; xUtupd; capupw;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk;
ghJfhg;gpw;Fk; ,ilQ;ry; Gupaf;$lhJ
3 midj;J Fbkf;fSf;fk; rpe;jpf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; kdrhl;rpg;gb
elf;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpw;Fk; cupikAz;L.
4 Fbkf;fSf;F mikjpahf xd;W $Ltjw;Fk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis
ntspapLtjw;Fk; Rje;jpuKz;L.
82
09 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; ahu;?
gpujku;
10 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; mikf;fg;gl;l epjpkd;wq;fs; vit?
cr;r ePjpkd;wk;> Nky; ePjpkd;wk;> khtl;l ePjpkd;wk;> ePjthd; ePjpkd;wk;
11 Kjyhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; ePjpkd;wq;fspd; rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;F
cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G vJ?
ePjpr;Nrit Mizr;rig> ePjpkd;w xOf;fhw;W rig
ghlNtis (25)

,uz;lhk; FbauR murpay; ahg;G

01 1977 nghJj; Nju;jypy; fl;rpfs; ngw;w Mrdq;fs; vj;jid?

If;fpa Njrpaf; fl;rp - 140
jkpou; tpLjiyf; $l;lzp - 18
=yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp - 8
njhopyhsu; rq;fk; - 1
RNal;ir - 1 (nkhj;jk; 168)
02 1978,y; eilKiwf;F te;j murpay; ahg;G vJ?
,uz;lhk; FbauR murpay; ahg;G
03 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; mbg;gil mk;rq;fs; vit?
1 ,yq;if [dehaf Nrhryprf; FbauR vd miof;fg;gLk;
2 mJ xw;iwahl;rp ehlhff; fhzg;gLk;
3 kf;fsplk; cs;s rl;lj;jiw mjpfhuk;> ru;t[d thf;Fupik %yk;
njupT nra;ag;gLk; gpujpepjpfshYk;> nghJrd mgpg;gpuha thf;nfLg;gpd;
%yk; nghJkf;fspdhYk; kf;fspd; ,iwik ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
4 nghJkf;fspd; epiwNtw;wjpfhuk; kf;fshy; njupT nra;ag;gLk;
[dhjpgjpahy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk;.
5 nghJkf;fspd; ePjpkd;w mjpfhuq;fs; ahg;gpd; %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s
ePjpkd;wj; njhFjpahy; nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;.
83
04 ,uz;lhk; FbuaR ahg;gpd; Kf;fpa rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; vit?
1 epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp 2 ghuhSkd;wk;
3 ePjpkd;wk; 4 gpujkUk; mikr;ruitAk;
5 mbg;gil cupikfs;
05 epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpapd; mjpfhuq;fs; vit?
1 murpd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;

1 ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; ,yq;ifia gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;jy;.

2 ru;tNjr cld;gbf;ifia Nkw;nfhs;sy;

3 mur itgtq;fSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;

4 ntspehl;Lj; J}Jtu;fis epakpj;jYk; mq;fpfupj;jYk;

5 mur Kj;jpiuiag; ghJfhj;jy;

2 rl;lj;JiwAld; njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

1 ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;ly;> fiyj;jy;> xj;jpitj;jy;>

,ilepWj;jy;.

2 mur nfhs;if tpsf;fj;ij Kd;itj;jy;

3 ghuhSkd;ej;jpd; rlq;F uPjpahd ,Uf;iffSf;F jiyik

jhq;Fjy;

3 epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytu; vd;w tifapy;

1 mur nfhs;ifia eilKiwg;gLj;jy;

2 mur nfhs;ifia fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

3 mur Nrit cau; mjpfhupfis epakpj;jy;

4 Kg;gilfSf;F jiyik jhq;Fjy;

5 NghiuAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; gpufldg;gLj;jy;

84
 4 ePjpj;Jiw njhlu;ghd mjpfhuq;fs;

1 Fw;wthspfSf;F kd;dpg;G toq;Fjy;

2 cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpgjp cl;gl Nkd;KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;w

ePjpgjpfis epakpj;jy;

06 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; vj;jidahtJ cWg;Giuapy; [dhjpgjp

murhq;fj;jpd; jiytUk;> epiwNtw;Wj;Jiwapd; jiytUk;>

Kg;gilfspdJk; gpujk jsgjp vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ?

30tJ cWg;Giu

07 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; ahu;?

[dhjpgjp

08 gpujkiu epakpg;gtu; ahu;? [dhjpgjp

09 mikr;ruitapd; nghWg;Gf;fs; vit?

1 ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;jy;

2 xt;nthU mikr;Rf;Fk; tuT – nryTj;jpl;l kjpg;gl

P ;ilj; jahupj;jy;

3 mikr;ru;fsplk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s Jiwfisg; nghWg;Ngw;W

eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;

ghuhSkd;wk;

10 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpy; rl;lkd;wk; vt;thw miof;fg;gLfpwJ? mjd;

cWg;gpdu;fspd; vz;zpf;if ahJ> mtu;fs; vt;thW njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
ghuhSkd;wk; 225 cWg;gpdu; (tpfpjhrhuj; Nju;jy; %yk; 196NgUk;>
Njrpag;gl;bay; %yk; 29 NgUk; mlq;Ftu;)
11 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuq;fs; vit?
1 rl;lj;ijg; gpwg;gpj;jy; 2 epjpiaf; ifahSjy;
3 tuT nryTj; jpl;lj;ij mDkjpj;jy;
4 mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fis tFj;jy;
85
ghlNtis (26)

ePjpkd;wq;fs;

01 ,uz;lhk; FbauR ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePjpkd;wq;fisAk;

mtw;wpd; mjpfhuq;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?

ePjpkd;wq;fs; mjpfhuq;fs;

 ,yq;ifapd; ,WjpahdJk; mjpcau; Nkd;KiwaPl;L

ePjpkd;w mjpfhuKila ePjpkd;wkhFk;.
 ,jd; jiytu; gpujk ePjpauruhthu;.
 ,jd; mjpfhuq;fs;
 murpay; ahg;Gf;F tpahf;fpahdk; $Wjy;
cr;r  mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghf tprhuiz nra;jy;
ePjpkd;wk;
 Nju;jy; Kiwg;ghLfis tprhuiz nra;jy;
 ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; tug;gpurhjq;fs; kPwg;gly; njhlulghd
Fw;wq;fis tprhupj;jy;
 [dhjpgjpf;F vjpuhfg; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; rku;gg; pf;fg;gLk;
Fw;wg; gpNuuizfs; njhlu;ghfg; guprPypj;jy;
 ,Wjp Nkd;KiwaPl;il tprhupj;jy;
 ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd Kiwg;ghLfis
tprhupj;jy;
Nkd;KiwaPl;L  gy;NtW fl;lisfisg; gpwg;gpj;jy;(Nghgpa];Nfhg];>
ePjpkd;wk; ru;rpNauhup> nkz;bK];)
 Nky; ePjpkd;wk; kw;wk; Ntw ePjpkd;wj; jPu;g;Gfis vjpu;j;J
njhLf;fg;gLk; tof;Ffis tprhupj;jy;
 ePjpkd;wj;jpd; mwpf;iffis jpwdha;T nra;tjw;Fk;
guprPypg;gjw;Fkhd mjpfhuk;
Nky; 1 ghupa Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlu;ghd ePjp mjpfhuk;
ePjpkd;wk; nfhiy> fw;gopg;G> mur tpNuhj #o;r;rpfs;> ghupa nfhs;is
2 flw;gug;G Fw;wr;nray;fs; njhlu;ghd ePjp mjpfhuk;
3 ,yq;if thd;gug;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; Fw;wk; njhlu;ghd
ePjp
mjpfhuk;
4 ,yq;ifau; xUtu; ntspehl;by; Gupe;j Fw;wr;nray;fs;

86
 khtl;l  tpthfk; njhlu;ghd tof;Ffs;
ePjpkd;wk;  nj];jnkd;J(tpUg;ghtz tof;F)
 fhzp tof;Ffs;
 gps;isfisj; jj;njLg;gjw;fhd tpz;zg;gk;
 gpuptpid tof;Ffs;
ePjthd;  nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg;G njhlu;ghd Fw;wr; nray;fs;
ePjpkd;wk;  Nghu;> tpkhdg;gil> flw;gil> ,uhZtk; njhlu;ghd
Fw;wq;fs;
 mur Copau; njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fs;
 Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd Fw;wq;fs;

02 ePjpkd;wq;fspd; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ghJfhf;Fk; nghUl;L cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G

vJ?

ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FO

03 ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;Fotpd; jiytu; ahu;?

gpujkePjpauru;

04 ePjpr;Nrit Mizf;FOtpd; gzpfs; vit?

1 Nky; ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; ,lkhw;wq;fis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

2 ePjpj;Jiw cj;jpNahfj;ju;fspd; gapw;rp 3 mtu;fspd; gjtp cau;T

4 xOf;fhw;W eltbf;iffs;

05 ,uz;lhk; fbauR ahg;gpy; $wg;gl;Ls;s mbg;gil cupikfs; vit?

1 rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtiuAk; rkkhf kjpj;jy;

2 Ngr;R> fUj;Jj; njuptpj;jy; njhlu;ghd Rje;jpuk;

3 nfh^u jz;lidapypUe;J tpLgLk; rje;jpuk;

4 tpUk;Gk; rkaj;ij> nfhs;iffis> ek;gpf;iffis gpd;gw;Wk; Rje;jpuk;

06 murhq;f> $l;Lj;jhgd Nritfspy; gzpahw;Wk; xUtuJ cupikfs;

87
 kPwg;gl;lhy; tprhupg;gtu; ahu;?

xk;Gl;];kd; (FiwNfs; mjpfhup)

ghlNtis (27)

07 1978,y; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s thf;fspg;G Kiwfs; vit?

1 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;

2 tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jtj; Nju;jy;

3 nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj; Nju;jy;

1 [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;

,jd; NghJ ehL KOtJk; xU Nju;jy; njhFjpahff; fUjg;gLk;.

mspf;fg;gl;l nkhj;j thf;Ffspy; 50tPjj;jpYk; $Ljyhfg; ngw;wtu;

[dhjpgjpahthu;. KjyhtJ epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjp N[.Mu;.n[atu;j;jdh

Mthu;. [dhjpgjpapd; gjtpf;fhyk; 6 Mz;Lfs;.(jw;NghJ 5 Mz;Lfshff;

Fiwf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ) 4 Mz;Lfs; fopj;J Nju;jy; elj;jg;glyhk;.

Mu;.gpNukjh]h> re;jpupfh FkhuJq;fh> kfpe;j uh[gf;r> ikj;jpupghy

rpwpNrdh MfpNahu; epiwNtw;W [dhjpgjpg; gjtpia tfpj;Js;sdu;.

2 tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jtj; Nju;jy;

ghuhSkd;wk;> khfhzrig> cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; vd;gtw;wpw;F

mq;fj;jtu;fs; ,j;Nju;jypd;gbNa njupTnra;ag;gLtu;. ,jd;gb

mq;fj;jtu;fs; FOthfg; Nghl;bapLtu;. thf;fhsu;fs; thf;fspf;Fk; NghJ

FOTf;F xU thf;fpidAk;> mq;fj;jtu;fs; %tUf;F tpUg;G

thf;FfisAk; toq;fyhk;. FOf;fs; ngw;w nkhj;j thf;FfSf;F

mika mq;fj;jtu;fs; njupTnra;ag;gLtu;.

88
 3 nghJrd mgpg;gpuhaj; Nju;jy;

Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j xU tplaj;jpy; Neubahf kf;fs;

Miziaf; Nfhupg; ngWtjw;fhd xU Kiwahf ,jidf; nfhs;syhk;.

,jd;gb Fwpg;gpl;l tplak; njhlu;ghf jkJ tpUg;ig Mk; my;yJ

,y;iy vdj; jPu;khdpf;fyhk;. 1982,y; ,j;Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ.

ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; gjtpf;fhyj;ij ,d;ndhU gUtj;jpw;F

mjpfupg;gjw;fhf ,j;Nju;jy; elhj;jg;gl;lJ. 50tPjj;jpYk; $Ljyhd

thf;fhsu;fs; thf;fspf;fg;gl;l tplak; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

ghlNtis (28)

gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l mgptpUj;j epiyik

01 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Ml;rpf;F te;j ,U gpujhd fl;rpfSk; vit?

If;fpaNjrpaf; fl;rp> =yq;fh Rje;jpuf;fl;rp

02 gpupj;jhdpa Ml;rpapd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; ney; cw;gj;jpapy; ftdk;

nrYj;jpaikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd;NghJ czTg; nghUs;fspd; ,wf;Fkjp

ghjpg;Gw;wik
2 1929,y; Vw;gl;l cyfg; nghUshjhu rPuoptpdhy; czTg; nghUl;fspd;
tpiyfs; Ntfkhf mjpfupj;Jr; nrd;wd.
03 vt; ahg;gpd; gpufhuk; tptrha mikr;R ,yq;ifaUf;F toq;fg;gl;lJ?

nlhd%u;

04 ,yq;ifapd; KjyhtJ tptrha mikr;ru; ahu;?

B.v];.Nrdehaf;fh

89
05 new;nra;iff;F mtrpakhf cyu; tyaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ngsjpf mk;rq;fs;

vit?

1 nghUj;jkhd tskhd kz; 2 rkjiuahd G+kp

ghlNtis (36 – 29)

cyu; tya FbNaw;wq;fs;

01 cyu; tyaj;jpy; tptrhaf; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd

Nehf;fq;fs; / fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 <utyaj;jpy; ngUfpr; nry;Yk; rdj;njhif neUf;fbf;Fj; jPuT

; fhzy;

2 czT cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;fjy;

3 Ntiy tha;gG
; f;fis cUthf;Fjy;

4 cyu; tyaj;jpy; cs;s Guhjd Fsq;fs;> fhy;tha;fs; vd;gtw;iwg;

Gduikj;J mq;Fs;s epyj;ij mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpf;

nfhs;sy;

5 <utyaj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; epyg;gw;whf;Fiwf;F gupfhuk; fhZjy;.

02 cyu; tyaj;jpy; tho;e;j ngUk;ghyNdhu; <utyaj;jpw;F ,lk;ngauf;

fhuzkhd gilnaLg;ig Nkw;nfhz;ltd; ahu;? fypq;fkhfd;

03 Gjpa tptrhaf; FbNaw;wq;fis cUthf;Fk; NghJ murhq;fk; vjpu;Nehf;fpa

rthy;fs; vit?
1 <utyaj;jpypUe;J njupTnra;j kf;fSf;F cyu; tyaj;jpy; epyq;fis
toq;fp tPlikj;Jf; FbNaw;Wjy;.
2 ePz;l fhykhff; fhlhfpf; fple;j epyj;ij tptrhaj;jpw;F cfe;jjhf
khw;wpaikj;jy;
3 mg;gpuNjrq;fspy; ePu;gg
; hrd trjpia Vw;gLj;Jjy;
4 KjyhtJ mWtiliag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; tiu vjtp ejpia

90
 toq;Fjy;
5 nghJ kf;fSila Rfhjhuk;> fy;tp cl;gl Vifa trjpfis
Nkk;ghlilar; nra;jy;.
04 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F Kd;du; mikf;fg;gl;l tptrhaf; FbNaw;wq;fs; vit?

kpd;Ndupah> ehr;rJth> ngufk> kpdpg;Ng> guhf;fpuk rKj;jpuk;>fzjwth

05 Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;du; mikf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs; vit?

gj;nkby;y> fpupj;jiy> ghdpad;flty> ,uizkL> fy;Nyah> fe;jsha;

06 ,yq;ifapy; KjyhtJ gyNehf;Fj; jpl;lk; vJ? fy;Nyhah

07 fy;Nyhah ejpapy; mikf;fg;gl;l ePu;gg

; hrd mikg;G vJ?

Nrdehaf;f rKj;jpuk;

ghlNtis (30)

kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp jpl;lk;

01 kfhtypfq;if flypy; fyf;Fk; ,lk; vJ?

nfhl;bahuf;Flh

02 kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l Nehf;fq;fs; vit?

1 cyu; tyaf; fhzpfisf; $ba gad;ghl;Lld; gapu;r;nra;if

eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitahd epue;ju ePu;trjpia

toq;Fjy;

2 mjpfupj;Jr;nry;Yk; Njitiag; G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;Sk; tz;zk; kpd;

cw;gj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;sy;

3 ePu; tsj;jpd; %yk; FbNaw;wj; jpl;lq;fis cUthf;fp epykw;w

tptrhapfSf;Ff; fhzpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;J gapu;r;nra;ifiag;

gutyilar; nra;jy;

4 tptrhaj;Jiwj; njhopy; tha;g;Gfis cUthf;Fjy;

5 nts;sg;ngUf;iff; fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;

6 ed;dPu; kPd; tsu;g;ig tpUj;jpailar; nra;jy;

91
 7 N[.Mu;.n[atu;j;jdthy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ.

03 kfhtypfq;ifapd; Kjw;fl;lg; gzpfs; vit?

1 nghy;nfhy;iyapy; ejpia kwpj;J ngupa miziaf;fl;b

RJfq;iff;F ePiu toq;Fjy;

2 fyhthtp> jp[hthtp> Etuthtp> her;rJththtp Nghd;w gy

Fsq;fSf;F ePiu toq;Fjy;

3 1970k; Mz;L ,j;jpl;lk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ

04 Jupjkfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1977

05 kfhtyp mgptpUj;jp mikr;ruhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;? fhkpdpjpehrhaf;fh

06 ,jw;fhf 1979,y; cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G mJ? kfhtypmjpfhurig

07 kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;s ePuj

; ;Njf;fq;fs;

vit?

nfhj;kiy> tpf;Nlhupah> ue;njdpfy> ud;jk;Ng> Jd;fpe;j> khJWXah

ghlNtis (31)

kfhtyp jpl;l ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;

01 nfhj;kiy ePuj
; ;Njf;fk; vt;thW cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?

kfhtypfq;ifapd; fpisejpfSs; xd;whd nfhj;kiy Xahtpy; flnjhu

vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; mizfl;b mikf;fg;gl;lJ.

02 nfhj;kiy ePuj
; ;Njf;fj;Jf;Ff;F cjtp toq;fpa ehL vJ? RtPld;

03 tpf;Nlhupah ePu;j;Njf;fk; vq;Nf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?

kfhtypfq;ifapy; nghy;nfhy;iy ePuj

; ;Njf;fj;jpw;F mUfpy;

04 tpf;Nlhupah ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; vJ? kpd; cw;gj;jp

05 tpf;Nlhupah ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpw;F cjtp toq;fpa ehL vJ? gpupj;jhdpah

06 ue;njdpnty ePu;j;Njf;fk; vq;Nf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ?

92
 tpf;Nlhupah ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpd; fPo;g; gFjpapy; kpdpg;Ng mizf;fl;Lf;F

Nkw;Fw;Gwkhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

07 ue;njdpnty ePu;j;Njf;fj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs; vit?

ePu;gg
; hrdk; > kpd;Dw;gj;jp

08 ,jDld; ,ize;j ePuj

; ;Njf;fk; vJ? ud;jk;Ng

09 ,tw;Wf;F cjtp toq;fpa ehL vJ? Nkw;F N[u;kdp

10 kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpy; ,lk;ngWk; nraw;ghLfs; vit?

1 kpd;Dw;gj;jp

2 ePu;gg
; hrdk;

3 FbNaw;wq;fisAk; efuq;fisAk; mikj;jy;

4 ghijfis mikj;jy;

11 ney; cw;gj;jpiag; ngUf;Ftjw;F Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Vida eltbf;iffs;

1 1948,y; ney;Yf;F cj;juthj tpiy mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly;.

2 Muha;r;rp epiyaq;fis cUthf;Fjy;> Gjpa ney; ,dq;fis

mwpKfg;gLj;jjy;

3 tptrha Nrit kj;jpa epiyaq;fis Muk;gpj;jy;

4 murhq;f tq;fpfs; %yk; tprhapfSf;f fld; trjpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;.

ghlNtis (32)

Jupj kfhtyp mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; mikf;fg;gl;l ePu;gg

; hrdj; jpl;lq;fis
,yq;ifg; glnkhd;wpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.

ghlNtis 33)

tu;j;jf tptrhak;

01 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd %d;W jrhg;j fhyj;jpy; Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fshf

tpsq;fpa gapu;fs; vit?

Njapiy> ,wg;gu;> njd;id (ghuk;gupag; gapu;)

93
02 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; tu;j;jf tptrhaj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;f vLf;fg;gl;l

eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 1972k; Mz;bd; epyr;rPu;jpUj;jr;rl;lk; - egu; xUtu; itj;jpUf;ff;$ba

epyj;jpd; msT tiuaWf;fg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fika 25 Vf;fu; tay;

epyKk;> 50 Vf;fu; fhzp epyKk; cr;r vy;iyahf tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.

2 1975k; Mz;bd; epyr;rPu;jpUj;jk; - tu;j;jfg; gapu;r;nra;ifapy;

<Lgl;bUe;j fk;gdpfSf;F clikahf ,Ue;j fhzpfs; nghJ

clikahf;fg;gl;ld. ,jd; %yk; ngUe;Njhl;lg; nra;ifapy;

<LgLj;jg;gl;bUe;j fhzpfspy; 62tPjk; muRlikahdJk; mtw;Ws;

10tPjk; rpwpa gug;G fhzpfis tptrhapfSf;Fg; gfpu;e;J mspj;jjd;

%yk; rpW Njhl;lr; nrhe;jf;fhuu; tu;f;fk; xd;W cUthdJ.

3 1952 ,y; rPd - ,yq;if ,Ujug;G tu;j;jf xg;ge;jk; %yk;

,yq;ifapd; ,wg;gUf;F epue;ejukhd re;ij xd;W fpilj;jik

4 1977Mk; ,wg;gu; kPs;eLiff;Fk; Gjpa eLiff;Fk; fhzpr;

nrhe;jf;fhuu;fSf;F cjtp GupAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lk;

eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; ,it Njapiyr; nra;iff;Fk;

tp];jupf;fg;gl;lJ.

03 jdpahuplkpUe;J ngw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l fhzpfis epu;tfpf;f cUthf;fg;gl;l

jhgdq;fs; vit?

1 1975 – murhq;f ngUe;Njhl;lf; $l;Lj;jhgdk;

2 1976 – kiyehl;L Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr;rig

3 1976 – kf;fs; Njhl;l mgptpUj;jpr;rig

04 rpW Vw;Wkjpg; gapu;fs; vit?

94
 Nfhg;gp> nghf;Nfh. fWth> fuhk;G> rhjpf;fha;> kpsF

05 rpWVw;Wkjpg; gapu;fspd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 1968k; Mz;L Njapiyg; gapu; nra;Ak; epyq;fspt; rpWVw;Wkjpg;

gapu;nra;ifia Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;

2 1972k; Mz;L khj;jisapy; rpWVw;wkjpg; gapu;fSf;fhd Muha;r;rp

epiyak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ. gpd;du; Fz;lrhiy> njy;gpl;b> ehuk;kiy

Nghd;w ,lq;fSf;Fk; tp];jupf;fg;gl;ld.

ghlNtis (34)

Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;duhd ifj;njhopy; nraw;ghLfs;

01 gpupj;jhdpau; fhyj;jpy; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;glhikf;fhd

fhuzk; ahJ?

gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fspd; re;ijahf

tpsq;fpaik

02 2k; cyf kfhAj;j fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopy;

nghUl;fs; vit?

gPq;fhd; nghUl;fs;> fljhrp> rthu;f;fhuk;> thridg;nghUl;fs;

03 cyf tq;fpf;FO ,yq;if te;j Mz;L vJ> mjd; rpghupR vJ?

1952 – mur jiyaPl;Lld; eLj;ju> rpW itj;njhopy;fis Muk;gpg;gjd;

mtrpak;

04 nts;is mwpf;if ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1955

05 ifj;njhopy; Ngl;il Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l ,lk; vJ? vf;fiy

06 ,uhj;jyhidapy; ifj;njhopy; FbNaw;wk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1960

95
07 1960Mk; Mz;bd; gpd;du; ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; gz;Gfs; vit?

1 1961k; Mz;L kf;fs; tq;fp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJld; rpW

ifj;njhopyhsUf;Ff; fld; trjpfs; nra;J nfhLf;fg;gl;ld.

2 1966,y; cs;ehl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfspd; juj;ij

epu;zapg;gjw;fhfj; juepu;za rig Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik.

3 murpd; ifj;njhopy; nfhs;ifahy; 1960,d; gpd;du; ,e;ehl;bw;Fj;

Njitahd Efu;Tg; nghUs; cw;gj;jpapy; tsu;r;rp Vw;gl;lJ.

4 1970 – 1977 fhyfl;lj;jpy; muR filg;gpbj;j gjpyPl;Lf; ifj;njhopy;

nfhs;ifapy; Fbir> myF ifj;njhopy; Jiwfspy; tsu;r;rp

Vw;gl;ld.

08 mur jiyaPl;Lld; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l njhopw;rhiyfs; vit?

1 cUf;Fj; njhopw;rhiy

2 nerTj;njhopw;rhiyfs; - nfhFtis> Ngrhiy> Jy;fpupah

3 xl;Lg;gyiff; $l;Lj;jhgdk; - fpe;Njhl;il> nfh];fk

4 fdpakzy; - `pq;Fuhid 5 fdpakzy; - Gy;Nkhl;il
09 ,wf;Fkjpg;gp gpujpaPl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; vd;why; vd;d?
ntspehLfspy; ,Ue;J ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf
mtw;iw ,e;ehl;bNyNa cw;gj;jp nra;J nfhs;tNj ,wf;Fkjpg;
gjpyPl;Lf;ifj;njhopy; vdg;gLfpwJ.
10 1977fspd; gpd;du; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;l ifj;njhopy;fs; vit?
1 ntspehl;L KjyPLfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;
2 jdpahu; KjyPl;il Cf;Ftpj;jy;
11 nfhOk;G nghUshjhu Mizf;FO cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? 1978
12 Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyaq;fs; ( Vw;Wkjp gjdply; tyaq;fs;) cUthf;fg;gl;l
,lq;fs; vit?
96
 fl;Lehaf;fh> gpafk> nfhf;fy

fy;tp

13 ghyu; tFg;G Kjy; gy;fiyf;fofk; tiu ,ytrf;fy;tpia

mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;

rP.lgps;A+.lgps;A+.fd;dq;fuh

14 1948k; Mz;bd; gpd;du; fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; vit?

1 murhq;fg; ghlrhiyfis mikj;jy;> fy;tpf;F mjpf gzk; xJf;Fjy;

2 ghlj;jpl;lj;ij tpUj;jpailar; nra;J Mrpupa gapw;rp eltbf;iffs;

etPd kag;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

3 tpQ;Qhd Ma;T$l> E}y; epiya trjpfs; tpupthf;fg;gl;ld.

4 ,ytr gfYzT> itj;jpak;> gy;itj;jpak;> rYif mbg;gilapyhd

Nghf;Ftuj;Jf; fl;lzq;fs;> ,ytrg;ghlE}y;> ,ytr rPUil

vd;gtw;iwg; ngw;Wf; nfhLj;jy;

5 njhopDl;gf; fy;tpj;jhgdq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;lik

15 cau; fy;tpf;fhf vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 1942,y; ,yq;ifg; gy;fiyf;fofj;ij nfhOk;gpy; Muk;gpj;jik

2 1952,y; mjidg; Nguhjidf;F ,lkhw;wpaik

3 tpj;jpNahjagpupntdhTk;> tpj;jpayq;fhu gpupntdhTk; = [atu;j;jdGu>

fsdp gy;fiyf;fofq;fshfj; juKau;jg;gl;lik

4 1972,y; nkhul;Lt – fl;Lg;ngj;j fy;fiyf;fofk; c&thf;fg;gl;lik

5 1974,y; aho;gg
; hzg;gy;fiyf;fofk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

97
ghlNtis (35)

r%f eyNdhk;gy;

01 nghJkf;fspd; kPJ murpay;thjpfspd; ftdk; jpUk;gpaikf;fhd fhuzk;

ahJ?

1931,y; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l ru;trd thf;Fupik

02 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd; te;j murhq;fq;fspd; Kf;fpa nraw;ghL vJ?

FbNaw;w Ml;rpahy; Vw;gl;bUe;j ghjfkhd murpay;> nghUspay;> r%fg;

gpur;rpidfSf;F jPu;itf; fhZjy;.

03 ,g;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;F vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 fpuhkg; gpuNjrq;fspy; fy;tp eltbf;iffis tsu;r;rpailar; nra;jy;

2 njhopy;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; jpwikf;F Kd;dplk; toq;Fjy;>

Nghl;bg; guPl;irfs; %yk; njupTfs; ,lk;ngw;wik

3 Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> mbg;gil cupikfs; vd;gd murpay; ahg;gpy;

,lk;ngw;wik

4 tptrha> kPd;gpb eltbf;iffSf;F fld; trjpfsk; khdpaq;fSk;

toq;fg;gLjy;

04 RfhjhuNritia Nkk;gLj;j vLf;fg;gl;l eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 fpuhkg;Gwq;fspy; itj;jparhiyfis mikj;jy;

2 jha; - Nra; eltbf;iffs; Nkk;ghlilar; nra;jy;

3 Nehaj; jLg;G kUe;Jfis toq;Fjy;

4 itj;jpa Kfhk;gis elhj;Jjy;

5 RNjr itj;jpaKiwia Nkk;ghlilar;nra;jy;

05 Rfhjhuj;Jiwapd; tsu;r;rp fhuzkhff; fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l Neha;fs; vit?

ahidf;fhy;> kNyupah. raNuhfk;> ,dk;gps;is thjk;

98
ghlNtis (36)

01 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l Vida eyd;Gup eltbf;iffs;

vit?

1 Nghf;Ftuj;J 2 ePu; tpepNahfk; 3 kpd;rhuk; 4 nra;jpj;njhlu;G

02 Rje;jpuj;jpd; Kd;du; czT khdpag; toq;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

2k; cyf kfhAj;j fhyj;jpy; czTg; nghUl;fspd; ,wf;Fkjpiaf;

fl;Lg;gLj;j Ntz;b Vw;gl;lik

03 Rje;jpuj;jpd; gpd;du; czT khdpak; toq;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

vit?

1 Fwpj;j fhyj;jpw;F czT khdpaj;jpw;F kf;fs; gof;fg;gl;lik

2 Fiwe;j tUkhdj;ij kf;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lik

3 fhzpg;gw;whf;Fiw fhzg;gl;lik

4 Fiwe;j mWtil fpilj;jik

04 muprp khdpak; vt;thW toq;fg;gl;lJ?

khdpaj;Jld; $ba $g;gd; Gj;jfq;fs; toq;fg;gl;lik

05 muprpf; $g;gd;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf 1977 Mk; Mz;bw;Fg; gpd;du;

mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiw vJ?

czT Kj;jpiu

99
 myF – 07
cyfpy; ,lk;ngw;w gpujhd Gul;rpfs;
ghlNtis (10)
ghlNtis (01)

mnkupf;fhtpy; INuhg;gpau; mikj;j FbNaw;wq;fs;

01 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghu; vd;why; vd;d?
mnkupf;ff; FbNaw;wthrpfs; gpupj;jhdpag; NguurpypUe;J tpLjiy ngw
Nkw;nfhz;l Nghuhl;lkhFk;.
02 Gjpa cyfk; vsg;gLk; mnkupf;ff; fz;lj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; ahu;?
fpwp];Njhgu; nfhyk;g];
03 fpwp];Njhgu; nfhyk;g]; fuPgpad; flypy; gfhk jPTfspy; ,wq;fpa Mz;L
vJ? 1492
04 mnkupf;f fz;lj;ijr; Nru;e;j ngUk; epyg;gpuNjrj;ijf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu;
ahu;? mnkupf;f nt];Grp
05 mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;j INuhg;gpa ehLfs; vit?
Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ghdpah> xy;yhe;J> gpuhd;];> ,q;fpyhe;J
06 INuhg;gpau; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 INuhg;gpa ehLfspy; Vw;gl;l fj;Njhypf;f> Gul;l];jhe;J
Nkhjypdhy; rka Rje;jpuj;ij vjpu;ghu;j;J kf;fs; gjpa
,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;y tpUk;gpaik.
2 tu;j;jfj;jpd; nghUl;L gjpa gpunjrq;fspy; epyq;fisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjd; %yk; tho;it rpwg;ghdjhf;fpf; nfhs;s kf;fs;
tpUk;gpaik
3 GfioAk; nry;tj;ijAk; mjpfupf;Fk; Nehf;Fld;> INuhg;ap ehLfspd;
Ml;rpahsu;fs; Gjpa ,lq;fisf; fz;Lgpbg;gjw;F toq;fpa
xj;Jiog;G

100
07 gpupj;jhdpauhy; mnkupf;fhtpy; epWtg;gl;l FbNaw;wq;fs; vit?

Ntu;[pdpah> epANahu;f;. N[hu;[pah> tl fNuhypdh (13

08 1607,y; gpupj;jhdpauhy; Kjypy; mikf;fg;gl;l FbNaw;wk; vJ?

Ntu;[pdpah
09 tl mnkupf;fhtpy; ,Wjpahfj; Njhd;wpa gpupj;jhdpaf; FbNaw;wk; vJ?
N[hu;[pah
ghlNtis (02)
mnkupf;fg; Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs;
01 mnkupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;j gpupj;jhdpau; kPJ
tpjpf;fg;gl;lepge;jidfs; vit?
1 gpupj;jhdpa Mjpf;fj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
2 jha; ehl;Lr; rl;lq;fis Gjpa FbNaw;wq;fspy; nraw;gLj;j
Ntz;Lk;.
02 1763,y; mnkupf;f FbNaw;wthrpfs; vjpu;Nehf;fpa ghJfhg;Gj; njhlu;ghd
gpur;rpidfs; vit?
1 gpuhd;rpaupd; mr;RWj;jy;
2 mnkupf;f G+u;tPff; FbNaw;wthrpfshd nrt;tpe;jpaupd; vjpu;gG
;

03 gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk;> gpuhd;rpw;Fk; ,ilNa 1756 – 1763 tiu ,lk;ngw;w

Nghu; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;? Vohz;Lg;Nghu;

04 gpupj;jhdpauhy; mnkupf;fhtpy; filg;gpbf;fg;gl;l nghUsjhuf;

nfhs;iffs; vit?

1 gpupj;jhdpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nghUl;fs; FbNaw;wq;fspy;

cw;gj;jp nra;tJ jilnra;ag;gl;lJ

2 Gifapiy> rPdp> gUj;jp> Njd;> nkOF> NfhJik> ntz;fyk; Nghd;w

101
 nghUl;fs; gpupj;jhdpahTf;F khj;jpuNk nfhLf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.

3 ,it jtpu;e;j Vida nghUl;fis gpupj;jhdpahTf;F mDg;gpNa

Vida ehLfSf;F mDg;gjy; Ntz;Lk;.

4 FbNaw;w ehLfs; cw;gj;jp my;yJ tu;j;jfk; njhlu;ghf jha;

ehl;Lld; Nghl;bapl KbahJ

05 mnkupf;f FbNaw;wq;fspypUe;J mwtplg;gl;l Rq;ftup Kiwahf

mwtplg;gLtjw;fhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhz;l gpupj;jhdpag; gpujku;

ahu;? N[hd; fpud;tpy;

06 ,ufrpa tu;j;jf;ij jilnra;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;lq;fs; vit?

1 rPdpr;rl;lk; - (fUk;Gr; rl;lk;)

2 ehzar;rl;lk;

3 Kj;jpir;rl;lk;

07 gpupj;jhdpa murhq;fj;jhy; Kj;jpiur;rl;lk; nfhzLtug;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1765

08 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; NghUf;fhz fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 gpupjhdpag; ghuhSkd;wj;jhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gjpa tupfs;

(Kj;jpiu tup> Njapiy tup> fz;zhb tup> > fljhrp tup)

2 mnkupf;f FbNaw;wthrpfs; ePz;l fhykhfg; gpupj;jhdpa

jiyaPl;bw;F khwhf Ra epu;thfj;jpw;Fg; gof;fg;gl;bUe;jik

3 gpupj;jhdpau; gpd;gw;wpa jha;ehl;bw;Fr; rhjfkhd nghUshjhuf;

nfhs;if

4 FbNaw;wrhtpfspd; ePjpahd Nghuhl;lq;fisf; fl;Lg;gLj;j

102
 gpupj;jhdpah eltbf;if vLj;jik

ghlNtis (03)

mnkupf;fg; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

01 gpupj;jhdpauhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tupfSs; mjpf vjpu;gG

; Tf;Fs;shd

tup vJ?

Kj;jpiutup

02 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; RNyhfk; vJ?

gpujpepjpj;Jtk; ,d;Nwy; tupAkpy;iy

03 1767,y; ,wf;Fkjp tup tpjpf;fg;gl;l nghUl;fs; vit?

fz;zhb> <ak;> fljhrp> Njapiy

04 Ngh];ld; NjePu; tpUe;J ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1773 (mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghupd; Muk;g epfo;thf mike;j rk;gtk;)

05 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; Nghu; njhlu;ghf Kjyhtjhf ,lk;ngw;w khehL vJ?

mJ vj;jidahk; Mz;L ,lk;ngw;wJ?

1774 – gpynly;gpah (12 FbNaw;wq;fs; fye;J nfhz;ld)

06 gpynly;gpa khehl;bd; KbTfs; vit?

1 mnkupf;f FbNaw;wq;fs; njhlu;ghf rl;lq;fis mKy; nra;aNth

tup mwtplNth gpupj;jhdpa ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;F mjpfhuk; ,y;iy.

2 gpupj;jhdpag; nghUl;fis gfp~;fupj;jy;

3 ghJfhg;gpd; nghUl;L FbNaw;wthrpfs; MAjk; jupj;jy;

07 1775k; Mz;L ,Ujug;gpdUf;FkpilNa MAjg; Nghu; eilngw;w ,lk; vJ?

nyf;rpd;ld;

08 mnkupf;f FbNaw;wthrpfspd; gilf;Fj; jiytuhf epakpf;fg;gl;ltu; ahu;?

103
 N[hu;[; nth~pq;ld;

09 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug; gpufldk; ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1776 – [_iy 04

10 Nghupy; gpupj;jhdpag;gil Njhy;tapile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 gy;yhapuk; iky;fs; J}uj;jpy; gof;fkpy;yhj gpuNjrj;jpy;

gpupj;jhdpag; gilfs; Nghupl Ntz;bapUe;jik

2 gpuhd;]; mnkupf;f FbNaw;wthrpfSf;F cjtpaspj;jik

11 ,U jug;gpdUf;Fk; ,ilNa rkhjhd xg;ge;jk; ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1783 – ghup]; cld;gbf;if

12 mnkupf;fh Rje;jpu ehlhf Njhw;wk; ngw;w mz;L vJ?

1783

13 cyfpy; Kjd; Kjypy; murpay; ahg;G cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ? ve;j

ehl;by; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ?

1787 – mnkupf;fh

14 mnkupf;fhtpd; KjyhtJ [dhjpgjp ahu;?

N[hu;[; nth~pq;ld;

15 mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;Nghupd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 If;fpa mnkupf;f ehLfs; vd;w Rje;jpu muR Njhd;wpaJ

2 KO kdpj Fyj;jpw;Fk; Rje;jpuj;jpd; Nkd;ikia vLj;Jf;fhl;ba

re;ju;g;gkhf mJ mike;jJ

3 mbg;gil kdpj cupikfs; gw;wpa czu;T cyfk; KOtJk;

Vw;gl;lJ

4 midj;J ,dj;jtUk; rkkhdtu; vd;w gjk; gpw;fhyj;jpy; cyfpy;

,lk;ngw;w Gul;rpfspd; jiyg;ghf mike;jJ.

104
 5 KjyhtJ vOj;J %y $l;L murpay; ahg;Gj; Njhd;wpaJ.

ghlNtis (04)

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F Kd;duhd epiyikfs;

01 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp vd;why; vd;d?

jhd;Njhd;wpj;jdkhf Coy; epiwe;j Ml;rp elj;jpa 16k; Yhap

kd;Df;F vjpuhf me;ehl;L kf;fs; jkJ kdpj cupikfis

ntd;nwLg;gjw;fhf Kd;ndLj;j Nghuhl;lNk gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

vdg;gLfpwJ.

02 kdpj cupikfis ntd;nwLj;j Kf;fpakhd xU re;ju;g;gkhf mikAk;

rk;gtk; vJ?

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp

03 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp ,lk;ngw;w NghJ gpuhd;rpd; Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?

16k; Y}ap

04 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; RNyhfk; vJ?

Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;

05 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; NghJ fhzg;gl;l epiyikfs; vit?

1 gpuhd;]; INuhg;gpa ehlfspy; nry;te;j ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ
2 ntspehl;L tu;j;jfk;> ifj;njhopy; vd;gtw;wpy; Kd;dpiyapy;
,Ue;jJ
3 Vida ehLfis tpl tptrhapfs; ey;y epiyayp ,Ue;jdu;.
4 mwptpYk;> rKfg;gof;f tof;fq;fspYk; gpuhd;]; Kd;dzpapy;
,Ue;jJ
5 Ml;rpahsu;fspd; gytPdk; fhuzkhf murapy;> r%f>
nghUshjhuj;Jiwapy; tPo;r;rpaile;jpUe;jJ.
105
ghlNtis (05)
gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd murpay; fhuzq;fs;
01 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd murpay; fhuzq;fs; vit?
1 kd;du;fs; jkJ muRupikia flTs; je;j xU tukhff; fUjpaik
2 kd;dd; nfhz;bUe;j tiuaiwaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;
3 kd;dd; mDgtpj;j RfNghf tho;T
4 vjpupfis klf;Ftjw;F mur mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;
5 Coy; epiwe;j Kbahl;rp
1 kd;dd; nfhz;bUe;j tiuaiwaw;w mjpfhuq;fs;
rl;lk;> epu;thfk;> ePjp Mfpa midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; mjpfhuq;fs;
murdplk; Ftpe;J fhzg;gl;ld. vz;zpylq;fhj mjpfhuq;fisf;
nfhz;bUe;j 14k; Y}ap ehNd muR vdf; $wpdhd;. ehd; tpUk;Gk;
vJTk; eilngWk; vdTk; mtd; $wpdhd;. vJtpj tprhuizAkpd;wp
vtiuAk; ifJnra;J tho;ehs; KOtJk; rpiwapy; itf;f
murDf;F mjpfhuk; ,Ue;jJ. ,t;thW kd;dDf;F ,Ue;j
mjpfhuq;fis kf;fs; ntWj;jdu;.
2 vjpupfis klf;Ftjw;F mur mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;

murd; jdf;fpUe;j mjpfhuq;fis jdpg;gl;l murpay;> vjpupfisg;

gopthq;fg; gad;gLj;jpaJld; mtu;fs; g];By; rpiwr;rhiyapy; rpiw

itf;fg;gl;ldu;. ,jdhy; gpuhd;rpd; Coy; epiwe;j Ml;rpapd;

milahskhf tpsq;fpa g];By; rpiwr;rhiyNa Gul;rpapd; NghJ

Kjypy; jhf;fg;gl;lJ.

106
 3 kd;dd; mDgtpj;j RfNghf tho;T

kd;ddpd; vy;iyaw;w RfNghf tho;T kf;fspd; vjpu;gG

; f;F cs;shdJ.

kd;dd; tho;e;j Ntu;nrapy;]; khspif gy Vf;fu; epyg;gug;gpy;

gutyile;J tpsq;fpaJ. mq;F ePu;tPo;r;rp> ePug

; ;G+q;fh> kyu;gG
; +q;fh

Nghd;wd fhzg;gl;ld. mt;thwhd RfNghf khspifapy;

tho;e;jikahy; kd;dDf;Fk; kf;fSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd cwtpy; tpupry;

tpOe;jJ. khspiff;Fs; Eiotjw;F rhjhz kf;fSf;F

mDkjpapy;iy. FUkhUk; gpuGf;fSNk mDkjpf;fg;gl;ldu;. mtu;fs;

ehl;ilg;; gw;wpAk; kf;fisg; gw;wpak; jtwhd fUj;Jf;fisNa

Kd;itj;jdu;.

02 Gul;rpapd; NghJ gpuhd;rpy; Ml;rp nra;j tk;rk; vJ?

G+u;gd; mur tk;rk;

03 16k; Y}ap kd;ddpd; kidtp ahu;?

Nkup md;nlhapdl;

04 murd; gpuNjr epu;thfj;jpd; nghUl;L epakpf;fg;gl;l mjpfhupfs; ahtu;?

,d;nld;ld;

05 gpuhd;rpd; Kbahl;rp vdg;gl;lJ vtw;iw cs;slf;fpapUe;jJ?

murid Kjd;ikahff; MNyhridr;rig> MNyhridr;rigapd;

MNyhridapd;gb nraw;gl;l mikr;ruit

06 gpuhd;rpd; ghuhSkd;wk; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lJ> mJ vj;jid Mz;Lfs;

$l;lg;glhjpUe;jJ?

107
 ];nll;n[duy; 175 Mz;Lfs;

07 Gul;rpapd; NghJ fhzg;gl;l r%f mikg;G vJ?

epykhdpaKiw

08 gpuhd;rpd; r%fg; gpupTfs; vit?

FUkhu;> gpuGf;fs;> rhjhuz kf;fs;

09 rhjhuz kf;fs; vdg;gl;ltu;fs; ahu;?

kj;jpa tFg;gpdu;> tptrhapfs;> njhopyhsu;fs;

10 gpuhd;rpy; gpuGf;fSk;> FUkhu;fSk; mDgtpj;j rYiffs; vit?

1 ehl;bd; ve;j ,lj;jpYk; kPd; gpbf;fTk; Ntl;ilahlTk; cupik

2 gpuGf;fSf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd jhdpa Miyfs;> itd;> tbrhiyfs; >

ntJg;gfq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; tptrhapfs; jkJ Njitia epiwT

nra;a Ntz;bapUe;jJld; ,jd; nghUl;L mjpf gzk; nrYj;j

Ntz;bapUe;jJ.

3 tptrhapfspd; epyq;fspypUe;J tup mwtpLk; cupik

4 murhq;fj;jpw;Fr; nrYj;j Ntz;ba tupfspypypUe;J tpyf;Fg;ngwy;

ghlNtis (06)

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd r%ff; fhuzpfs;

01 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd r%ff;; fhuzpfs; vit?

1 Gul;rpapd; NghJ fhzg;gl;l khdpaKiw. Gue;j epyg;gug;igf;

cupikahf;fpf; nfhz;bUe;j gpuGf;fspd; jiyikaspy;

Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yg;gl;l Kbahl;rp KiwahFk;.

2 FUkhu;fSk;> gpuGf;fSk; mDgtpj;j rYiffs;

108
 3 nkhj;jr; rdj;njhifapy; rpWghd;ikapduhf ,Ue;jhYk; gpuGf;fSk;>

FUkhu;fSk; nry;te;ju;fshff; fhzg;gl;lik

4 kj;jpa tFg;gpdu; tu;j;jfj;jpy; <Lg;gl;L nry;te;ju;fshf tpsq;fpDk;

murpay; uPjpahf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngwhik

5 fy;tpapy; Kd;dpd;w kj;jpa tFg;gpdUf;F cupa ,lk;

toq;fg;gltpy;iy. fy;tpapy; gpd;dpd;w gpuGf;fSf;f Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

toq;fg;gl;lik. xUtupd; epiyapid gpwg;gpidf; nfhz;ly;yhJ>

jpwikiaAk; nry;tj;ijAk; nfhz;Nl kjpg;gpl Ntz;Lk; vd;w

fUj;J Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ. ,jpypUe;Nj rkj;Jtk; vd;w vz;zf;fU

Njhd;wpaJ. 6 92 tPjkhNdhuhff; fhzg;gl;l tptrhapfNs ngUk;

,d;dy;fSf;F cs;shfpdu;. fbdkhf ciof;Fk; mtu;fSf;F

epyq;fspy; cupik ,Ue;j NghjpYk; gpuGf;fSf;Fr; nrYj;jpa

tupr;Rikahy; mtu;fsJ tho;f;if fbdkhdJ.

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd nghUshjhuf;; fhuzpfs;

02 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd nghUsjhuf; fhuzpfs; vit?

1 gpuhd;rpd; jpiwNrup ntWik epiyia mile;jik

2 nghJkf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUe;j mjpf tupr;Rik

1 gpuhd;rpd; jpiwNrup ntWik epiyia mile;jik

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; NghJ gpuhd;rpd; rpiwr;rhiy Kw;wpYk;

ntWikahfp ,Ue;jJ. ,jw;fhuz fhuzq;fshf murdJk; mur

FLk;gj;jpduJk; Mlk;gu tho;f;ifapdhy; Vw;gl;l mjpf nryT>

Njitaw;w Aj;jr; nryT vd;gd fhuzq;fshFk;.

109
 gpupj;jhdpaTldhd Vohz;Lg;Nghu;> mnkupf;f Rje;jpug;NghUf;F
cjtpaik Mfpa fhuzq;fshy; gpuhd;rpd; nghUshjhuk;
tPo;r;rpaile;jJ.
2 nghJkf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUe;j mjpf tupr;Rik
gpuhd;rpy; epytpa mjpf tup fhuzkhfTk; Gul;rp Vw;gl;lJ. rhjhuz
Fbkf;fs; jkJ tUkhdj;jpy; 60 tPjj;ij tupahfr; nrYj;jpdu;.

nlyp – nghJkf;fspd; tPLfs;> epyq;fs; vd;gtw;wpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l

tupfshFk;.
nfngy; - ,J cg;gpypUe;J ngwg;gl;l tupahFk;. tsu;e;j midtUk;

Mz;nlhd;wp;F VO ,whj;jy; cg;ig tpiy nfhLj;J thq;f

Ntz;Lk;.
nfg;gpnl~d; - midtuplkpUe;Jk; mwtpl Ntz;ba tupahf 1695,y;
mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ vdpDk; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ me;j
tupr;RikAk; nghJkf;fs; kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;lJ.

03 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;F gq;fspj;j jj;JtQhdpfisAk; mtu;fsJ

gq;fspg;Gf;fisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 nkhd;nl];fpA – rl;lj;jpd; rhuk; vDk; E}iy vOjpdhu;. ,jpy;

jdpg;gl;l xUtuplk; mjpfhuq;fs; Ftpe;jpUg;gJ

nghUj;jkw;wnjdTk;> ,J ru;thjpfhu Ml;rp fl;bnaOg;gg;gl

topNaw;gLk; vdTk; $wpdhu;. ,jidj; jLf;f rl;lk;>

epu;thfk;> ePjp Mfpa %d;W JiwfSf;Fk; mjpfhuq;fs;

gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; vdf; $wpdhu;.

2 Nlhy;lau; - Rje;jpukhff; fUj;J ntspapLk; cupik gw;wpf; fUj;J

110
 ntspapl;lhu;. Kbahl;rpapdJk;> jpUr;rigapdJk; ru;thjpfhu

Ml;rpia fLikahf tpku;rpj;jhu;.

3 &Nrh – r%f xg;ge;jk; vd;Dk; E}ypd; %yk; kf;fspd; Rje;jpuk;

njhlu;ghd vz;zf;fUit Kd;itj;jhu;. kd;dd; kf;fspd;

eyd; fUjpr; nraw;gl ntz;LnkdTk; mt;thW nra;ahj

Ml;rpahsid kf;fs; Juj;j Ntz;LnkdTk; $wpdhu;. mtuJ

,f;fUj;J rkj;Jtk;> kf;fs; Mjpf;fk; vd;w vz;zf;fUf;fspd;

mbg;gilahdJ.

ghlNtis (07)

gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

01 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rp ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ? 1789

02 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpf;fhd cldbf;fhuzk; vJ?

murpd; epjp epyik rPuw;Wf; fhzg;gl;likahFk;.

03 175 Mz;Lfspd; gpd;du; n];nll;n[duy; ghuhSkd;wj;ijf; $l;ba

Ml;rpahsd; ahu;?

16k; Y}ap

04 nldp];ikjhd cWjpnkhop vd;why; vd;d?

];nll;n[duy; ghuhSkd;wj;jpy; mq;fk; tfpj;j gpuGf;fs;> FUkhu;fs;.

nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; MfpNahu; mq;fk; tfpj;jdu;. ,tu;fspy;

nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; jdpahf $baNghJ mtu;fs; $ba

kz;lgj;ij %btpl eltbf;if vLf;fg;gl;lNghJ mtu;fs; mq;fpUe;J

111
 ntspNawp nld;dp];ikjhdj;jpy; xd;W$b gpuhd;rpq;F Gjpa murpay;

ahg;igj; jahupf;fhJ ntspNaWtjpy;iy vd cWjpnkhop

vLj;Jf;nfhz;ldu;.

05 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; Muk;g epfo;T vJ? mJ vg;NghJ ,lk;ngw;wJ?

g];By; rpir;rhiy cilg;G – 1789 [_iy 14

06 gpuhd;rpag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 1791k; Mz;L mbg;gil cupikfs; njhlu;ghf rhrdk;

ntspaplg;gl;lik

1 vy;yh kdpjUk; Rje;jpukhfg; gpwg;gjhy; mtu;fs;

midtUf;Fk; rkcupik cupj;jhf Ntz;Lk;.

2 midj;Jg; gupirfSk; rl;lk; ,aw;Wk; nraw;ghl;by;

gq;Fnfhs;s cupikAz;L.

3 midj;Jf; Fbkf;fSf;Fk; Rje;jpukhff; fUj;J ntspaplTk;

jhk; tpUk;Gk; kjj;ijg; gpd;gw;wTk; cupikAz;L.

2 gpuhd;rpd; Kbahl;rp tPo;r;rpAw;wik

3 gpuhd;rpd; tptrrhaj; njhopyhs kf;fSf;Fr; rYif fpilj;jik

4 gpuhd;rpy; cWjpaw;w murpay; Kiw Njhd;wpaik

07 gpuhd;dpy; fhzg;gl;l murpay; cWjpapd;ikag; gad;gLj;jp 1799k; Mz;L

mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpa ,uhZt mjpfhu ahu;?

neg;Nghypad;

112
ghlNtis (08)

u];ag; Gul;rpapd; mwpKfk; kw;Wk; fhuzq;fs;

01 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;by; Mwpy; xU gq;fpidf; nfhz;l ehlhf tpsq;fpaJ

vJ? u~;ah

02 u~;ahtpd; gue;j Nguuir epu;tfpf;f cjtpNahu; ahtu;?

,uhDtk;> fhty;gil> ,ufrpa nghyp];

03 u];ag;Gul;rp vd;why; vd;d?

,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;lhFk; NghJ u];ahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Coy; epiwe;j

ru;thjpfhu kd;duhl;rpf;F vjpuhf nghjkf;fshy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;l

Gul;rpNa u];ag;Gul;rp vdg;gLk;.

04 u[;ag;Gul;rpapd; jhuf ke;jpuk; vJ?

czT> epyk;> rkhjhdk;

05 u];ag;Gul;rp ,lk;ngw;w Mz;L vJ?

1917 – khu;r;> xf;Nlhgu;

06 u];ag;Gul;rpapd; ,wjp ,yf;fhf mike;jJ vJ? tFg;Gfsw;w r%fk;

07 u];ag;Gul;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 u];ahtpy; fhzg;gl;l Coy; epiwe;j ru;thjpfhu Kbahl;rp –

u];ahit Ml;rp nra;j rhu; kd;du;fs; mur gjtpahdJ flTs;

nfhLj;j tuk; vdf;fUjp nraw;gl;ldu;. jkJ ed;ikia kl;LNk

fUj;jpw; nfhz;L kpfTk; Coy; epiwe;j Ml;rpia elj;jpdu;.

murhq;f tUkhdj;ij mjpfupf;Fk; nghUl;L kf;fis

nfhLikg;gLj;jp tup mwtpl;ldu;.

113
 2 Coy; epiwe;j epykhdpa r%f Kiw

u];ahtpd; nghUshjhu r%f mikg;ghdJ khdpa Kiwia

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l tptrhag; nghUshjhukhfNt fhzg;gl;lJ.

ghuk;gupa epyTlik gpuGf;fSilajhf ,Ue;jJ. ehl;bd; rhjhuz

kf;fshd tptrhapfs; epy mbikfshf tptrhaj;jpy; <lgl;ldu;.

gpuGf;fs; nry;te;ju;fshf ,Ue;jJld; epymbikfs; mtu;fsJ

nrhj;jhff; fUjg;gl;ldu;. jkJ tpisr;rypd; xU gFjpia tupahf

murhq;fj;jpw;Fk;> jpUr;rigf;Fk;> gpuGf;fSf;fk; nfhLf;f

Ntz;bapUe;jikahy; ngupJk; ,d;dYw;wdu;.

3 [g;ghDldhd Aj;jj;jpy; Njhy;tpaile;jik

1904 – 1905 fhyg;gGjpapy; [g;ghDld; eilngw;w Aj;jj;jpy; u];ah

Njhy;tpaile;jJ. 1905,y; vjpu;g;G eltbf;if ,lk;ngw cldbf;

fhuzkhf mike;jJ. tptrhapfspd; fpsu;r;rp> njhopyhsu; Ntiy

epWj;jk;> mur tpNuhj nraw;ghlfs;> flw;gilf; fpsu;r;rpfSk;

Vw;gl;lJ. ,g;Nghuhl;lq;fs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jhYk; mur tpNthj

Nghuhl;lq;fSf;F Kd;Ndhbahf mike;jJ

4 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupd; NghJ tptrhapfisg; Nghu;tPuu;fshfr;

Nru;j;jikahy; Vw;gl;l neUf;fbfs;

08 u];ag;Gul;rpia 1917,y; elj;jp Kbj;jtu; ahu;? mtuJ fl;rp vJ?

nydpd; - Nghy;n]tpf;fl;rp

114
ghlNtis (09)

u];ag; Gul;rpapd; Nghjhd epiyikfs;

fw;ww;NgW :- u~;ag;; Gul;rpia tpsf;Fthu;.

01 1917Mk; khu;r; khjk; Gul;rp Vw;glf; fhuzkhf mike;j epfo;T vJ?

Gilitj; njhopw;rhiynahd;wpy; Vw;gl;l Ntiy epWj;jk;

02 ,jd; NghJ kd;dd; gjtp Jwf;f Ml;rpg; nghWg;igNaw;wtu; ahu;?

nfnud;];fp

03 mg;Nghija Njtifshf ,Ue;jit vit?

tptrhapfSf;F - epyk;

giltPuu;fSf;F - rkhjhdk;

midtUf;Fk; - czT

04 nydpd; jiyikapyhd Nghy;n]tpf; fl;rpapdu; cUthf;fpa mikg;G

vJ?

Nrhtpal;kz;lyk;

05 Nrhtpaj;jpy; fhzg;gl;l ,U murpay; FOtpdUk; ahtu;?

nky;~tpf; - rPu;jpUj;jq;fs; %yk; kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;f

KbAk; vd;W fUjpatu;fs;

Nghy;n]tpf; - Kjyhspj;Jtj;ij jfu;j;njwpe;J nghJTlikf;

fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;l rKjhaj;ij Njhw;Wtpg;gJ

06 Nghy;n]tpw;fpw;F jiyik jhq;fpatu;fs; ahu;? nydpd;> l;nwh];fp

07 ,e;j re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ehk; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;whtpl;lhy; tuyhW vkf;F

115
 ,uf;fk; fhl;l khl;lhJ vdf; $wpatd; ahu;? nydpd;

ghlNtis (10)

u];ag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs;

01 u];ag; Gul;rpapd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 nfud;];fp jiyikapyhd muirf; ftpo;j;J nydpd; jiyikapyhd

Nghy;n]tpf;Ffs; Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;wpaik.

2 ehl;by; rkhjhdk; cUthdJ

3 jdpahu; fhzp cupik ePf;fg;gl;L $l;Lg;gz;iz Kiw

Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lik

4 rhu; kd;dupfspd; Ml;rpia Kw;wpYk; xopj;J mjw;Fg; gjpyhf

njhopyhsu;fspdJk; tptrhapfspdJk; gpujpepjpfisf; nfhz;l
Nrhtpaw;rigapd; mbg;gilapy; njupT nra;ag;gl;l Gjpa
mYtyu;fs; epakpf;fg;gl;ldu;.
5 Nrhtpaj; rkTlikf; FbauR vd miof;fg;gl;lJ

6 nghJTlikj; jj;Jtk; cynfq;Fk; gutpaik

7 ghl;lhsp tFg;gpdupd; Gul;rpfs; cynfq;Fk; gutpaik

8 u];ahit ikakhff; nfhz;l rkTlikthj mzp Njhw;wk; ngw;wJ.

02 rkTlikf; nfhs;if vd;why; vd;d?

rKjhaj;jpd; nry;tk; njhlu;ghdd nghJ cupik midj;Jg;

gpuirfSf;Fk; cupajhFk;. jkJ jpwikiar; Nkk;glr; nra;Ak;

nghUl;L rkkhd re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fjy;> cw;gj;jpapd; gaid

midtUf;Fk; rkkhfg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy; vd;gd cl;gl

murpay;> r%f> nghUshjhu Kiwia Vw;Wf;nfhz;l xU murpay;

116
 jj;JtkhFk;.

03 rkTlikf; nfhs;ifapd; ,ay;Gfs; vit?

1 jdpegu; Njitia tpl r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk; r%fj;

NjitfSf;Fk; Kd;Dupik toq;Fjy;.

2 rKjhaj;jpy; mePjpfisak; Vw;wj;jho;tpidAk; mfw;Wjy;

3 rKjhaj;jpy; tFg;Gg; ghFghLfis mfw;wp midtiuAk;

rNfhjuu;fshf vz;Zk; cau; khdpl rKjhaj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.

04 rkTlikf; nfhs;iff;Nfw;g jkJ ehl;bd; murpay; ahg;gpid cUthf;fpf;

nfhz;l ehLfs; vit?

rPdh> fpof;F N[u;kdp> tlnfhupah> fpA+gh

117
 myF – 08
cyf kfh Aj;jq;fSk; ,zf;fg;ghLfSk;
ghlNtis (12)
ghlNtis (11)

cyf kfh Aj;jk; mwpKfk;

01 ,Ugjhk; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;diug; gFjpapy; mfpy cyfj;jpw;Fk; nguk;

ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;jpaJ vJ? cyf kfh Aj;jq;fs;

02 ,U cyf kfh aj;jq;fs; ,uz;Lk; Muk;gkhd fz;lk; vJ? INuhg;ghf;

03 cyf kfh Aj;jq;fs; vd;why; vd;d?

cyfpy; gyk; nghUe;jpa ehLfs; gyTk; ,e;j Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;L KO

cyfpYk; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaikahy; ,it cyf kfh Aj;jq;fs;

vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk;

04 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; eilngw;w fhyg;gFjp vJ?

1914 A+iy 28 – 1918 etk;gu; 11

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jq;fSf;fhd fhuzq;fs;

05 Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jk; ,lk;ngw;wikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fs;
1 N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; eltbf;ifapd; NghJ gpuhd;Rk;
N[u;kdpAk; gifik ehLfshf cUntLj;jik
2 N[u;kd; Nguurdhfpa ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;
3 FbNaw;wq;fs; Fwpj;j Nghl;b
4 MAjg; Nghl;bfSk; ,dthjk; tsu;r;rpailjYk;
5 gpuhd;ir jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gp];khu;f; gpd;gw;wpa
ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if
118
cldbf;fhuzk;

1 M];jpupa Kbf;Fupa ,sturdpd; nfhiy

1 N[u;kdpia If;fpag;gLj;Jk; eltbf;ifapd; NghJ gpuhd;Rk;

N[u;kdpAk; gifik ehLfshf cUntLj;jik 350 rpwpa ehLfshf

,Ue;j gpuNjrq;fis xd;wpizj;J N[u;kdp vd;Dk; ehlhf;fpatu;

Xl;Nlhkhd; gp];khu;f; Mthu;. ,jw;fhf 1870,y; N[u;kdpia

cUthf;fp mjidg; gyk; tha;e;j ehlhf;Ftjw;fhf gpuhd;Rld;

Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;lhd;. me;j Aj;jj;jpy; gpuhd;]; ngUk;

Njhy;tpaile;jJ. gpuhd;rpd; tsk; epiwe;j my;Nr];>

nyhiud;]; gpuNjrq;fis N[u;kdp ifg;gw;wpaJ. md;W Kjy; ,U

ehLfSk; gu];guk; gif ehlfshf khspd.

2 N[u;kd; Nguurdhfpa ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypaj;jpd; nraw;ghLfs;

N[u;kdpapd; If;fpaj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhd gp];khu;f; N[u;kdpf;F ntspNa

FbNaw;w ehLfis cUthf;Ftjpy; mf;fiw fhl;ltpy;iy. Mdhy;

1887,y; N[u;kdpapy; Nguurdhf te;j ,uz;lhk; tpy;ypak; (nfa;ru;

tpy;ypak;) N[u;kdpf;F FbNaw;wq;fis mikj;J N[u;kdpia

Nguurhf;FtNj Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. mtdJ ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if

Vida ehLfSf;F re;Njfj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaJ.

119
 3 gpuhd;ir jdpikg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gp];khu;f; gpd;gw;wpa
ntspehl;Lf;nfhs;if
1870,y; ,lk;ngw;w gpuhd;Rldhd Nghupy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l my;nr];>
nyhiud;]; gpuNjrq;fis gpuhd;]; kPz;Lk; ifg;gw;Wk; vd;w mr;rk;
N[u;kdpf;F ,Ue;jJ. ,jdhy; INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfSld; N[u;kdp
el;GwTfis Vw;gLj;jtJk;> gpuhd;Rf;F el;Gf;nfhs;s VJk; ,y;yhky;
nra;tJk; N[u;kdpapd; Nehf;fkhf ,Ue;jJ. jdpikg;glj;jg;gl;l
gpuhd;]; INuhg;ghtpy; el;G ehLfis Njbr;nrd;wikahy; N[u;kdp
kw;Wk; guhd;]; jiyikapy; ,U Kfhk;fs; Njhd;wpd. N[u;kdp>
,j;jhyp> M];jpupah cs;spl;l ehLfs; xU KfhkhfTk;> gpuhd;];>
gpupj;jhdpah> u];ah cs;spl;l ehLfs; ,d;ndhU KfhkhfTk; gpupe;J
epd;wd.
M];jpupa Kbf;Fupa ,sturdpd; nfhiy
M];jpupahtpd; Kbf;Fupa ,strud; Ngu;bdhe;Jk; mtdJ kidtpAk;
Nru;gpahtpd; jiyefu; ru[pNthtpy; itj;J Rl;lf;nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;. ,J
jdf;fhd #o;r;rp vdj; jPu;khdpj;j M];jpupah epge;jidfs; rpytw;iw
tpjpj;J el;l<L Nfl;lJ. Nru;gpah mjid epufhupj;jikahy; 1914
[_iy 20k; jpfjp nru;gpahTf;F vjpuhf M];jpupah Aj;j gpufldk;
nra;jJ. ,e;epfo;Nt ru[pNth rk;gtk; vdg;gLfpwJ.
03 FbNaw;w ehLfis mikj;Jf;nfhz;l INuhg;gpa ehlfs; vit?

gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> ngy;[pak;> Nghu;j;Jf;fy;> ];ngapd;

04 mjpf FbNaw;w ehLfis itj;jpUe;j ehL vJ?(#upad; m];jkpf;fhj

rhk;uh[;aj;ijf; nfhz;bUe;j ehL vJ?

gpupj;jhdpah

120
05 N[u;kdp FbNaw;w ehLfifs cUthf;fpf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpj;jikf;fhd

fhuzq;fs; vit?

N[u;kdpapy; Vw;gl;l ifj;njhopy; Jiwapd; tsu;r;rpahy;

%yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk; KbTg;nghUl;fisr; re;ijg;gLj;jTk;

FbNaw;w ehLfs; Njitg;gl;lik

06 MAj gyj;jhy; Ie;J tulq;fsp; ngw;witfisg; ghJfhf;f NkYk; 50

tUlq;fs; MAjk; jupj;j epiyapy; ,Uf;f Ntz;b tUk; vdf;$wpa

N[u;kdpd; Nrdhjpgjp ahu;?

nthd; Nthy; Nf

07 INuhg;ghtpy; Vw;gl;l Njrpathjj;jpd; ,yl;rzkhf miktJ vJ?

jkJ ehl;bd; kPJ gw;Wf;nfhs;tjk; Vida ehLfis xopg;gJkhFk;.

ghlNtis (12)

Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; gutpa Kiw

01 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupy; gq;Nfw;w mzpfisAk; ehLfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 el;G ehLfs; (Ner ehLfs;) - gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;];> u];ah> If;fpa

mnkupf;fh

2 kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ty;yuR (mr;R ehLfs;) - N[u;kdp> M];jpupah>

,j;jhyp> JUf;fp> gy;Nfupah> `q;Nfup

121
02 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghu; gutyile;j Kiwfs; vit?

 ru[pNth rk;gtk; fhuzkhf M];jpupah nru;gpah kPJ Aj;j gpufldk;

nra;jJ
 M];jpupahtpd; ,r;nraiy mjd; el;G ehlhfpa N[u;kdp Mjupj;jJ
 Nru;gpahtpw;F cjt u];ah Kd;te;jJ.
 M];jpupahtpw;F rhu;ghf Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpa N[u;kdp Mtzp Kjyhk; jpfjp
u];ahtpw;F vjpuhf Aj;j gpufldk; nra;jJ
 u];ahtpd; el;G ehlhf gpuhd;]; ,Ue;jikahy; gpuhd;Rf;F vjpuhf N[u;kdp
Aj;j gpufldk; nra;jJ
 N[u;kdp ngy;[paj;jpd; topahf gpuhd;ir Mf;fpukpj;jikahy; ngy;[paj;jpd;
ghJfhg;G cjtpahf ,Ue;jik> el;G ehlhf gpuhd;]; tpsq;fpaik Mfpa
fhuzq;fshy; gpupj;jhdpah Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpaJ.
 gpupj;jhdpah jdJ Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpaikahy; mjd; FbNaw;w ehLfis
Nehf;fpAk; Aj;jk; tpuptile;jJ.
 If;fpa mnkupf;fhtpd; gazpfs; fg;gyhd YRj;jhdpah jhf;fg;gl;likahy;
If;fpa mnkupf;fh Nghupy; ,wq;fpaJ

03 kj;jpa INuhg;gpa ty;yuRfs; mzpapypUe;J tpyfp ,ufrpa xg;ge;jk;

%yk; el;G ehLfNshL ,ize;j ehL vJ? ,j;jhyp

04 Gul;rp fhuzkhf Nghupd; ,ileLtpy; tpyfpa ehL vJ? u];ah

05 Kjyhk; cyfg;Nghupy; N[u;kdp jiyikapyhd kj;jpa INuhg;gpa

ty;yuRfs; mzp Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 If;fpa mnkupf;fh el;G ehLfs; mzpf;F rhu;ghf Nghupy;

,ize;jik

2 If;fpa mnkupf;fhtplk; fhzg;gl;l ngUe;njhifahd

czTf;ifapUg;G> ,U kpy;ypaidf;nfhz;l fhyhl;gil> kw;Wk;

flw;gil> Gj;jk; Gjpa etPd Nghu; MAjq;fs; vd;gtw;why; Vw;gl;l

neUf;fb

122
 3 ,ufrpa xg;ge;jk; %yk; ,j;jhyp el;G ehLfs; gf;fk; Nru;e;jikahy;

Nghu; ,ufrpaq;fs; vjpupapd; iffSf;Fr; nrd;wik

4 N[u;kdpapd; NghupLk; rf;jp gytPdkile;jik> czT neUf;fb
Vw;gl;lik> ,uhZtj;jpd; kj;jpapy; Vw;gl;l mikjpapd;ik
Vw;gLj;jpaJ.
5 N[u;kdpapy; kf;fs; fpsu;r;rp Vw;gl;L fytuq;fs; ehL KOtJk;
gutpaik.
ghlNtis (13)

Kjyhk; cyf Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;

01 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 Aj;jj;jpy; mr;R ehLfs; mzp Njhy;tpaile;jik

2 Aj;jj;jpy; el;G ehLfs; mzp ntw;wp ngw;wik

3 MAjg;ghtid fhuzkhf ngUe;njhifahd kdpj capu;fs;

nfhy;yg;gl;lNjhL gj;J ,yl;rk; kf;fs; CdKw;wdu;.

4 ngUksthd nrhj;Jf;fs; moptile;jd.

5 Nghupd; Kbtpy; Njhy;tpaile;j ehLfSld; ntw;wpaile;j ehLfs;

cld;gbf;if ifr;rhj;jplg;gl;L jz;lid toq;fg;gl;lJ.

(cjhuzk; N[u;kdpNahL Ntu;nrapy;]; cld;gbf;if)

6 cyfpd; tpyik kpf;f ehLfshf gpupj;jhdpahTk;> If;fpa
mnkupf;fhTk; vOr;rp ngw;wik
7 ru;tNjr rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;lik
02 Ntu;nrapy; khspifapy; ,lk;ngw;w Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapy; gq;Nfw;wtu;fs;
ahtu;?
If;fpa mnkupf;fh - Tl;Nwhtpy;rd;
gpupj;jhdpah - nyhapl;N[hu;[;
gpuhd;]; - fpsnkd;N~h
,j;jhyp - tpl;NlhupNah xnyz;Nlh

123
03 Ntu;nrapy;]; cld;gbf;if %yk; N[u;kdpf;F toq;fg;gl;l jz;lidfs;

vit?

1 ntw;wp ngw;w ehLfSf;F ngUe;njhifahd gzj;ij el;l <lhf

nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;

2 ,uhZtj;ij itj;Jf;nfhs;sy;> nghu;j; jsghlq;fis jahupf;f

tplaj;jpy; tiuaiwfs; tpjpf;fg;gl;ld.

3 gpuhd;rplkpUe;J ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpuNjrq;fshd my;Nr];> nyhiud;];

gpuNjrq;fs; kPz;Lk; gpuhd;rplk; xg;gilf;fg;gly;

4 N[u;kdpf;F ntspNa mike;jpUe;j mjd; FbNaw;w ehLfs; ntw;wp

ngw;w ehLfspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;fg;gl;ld.

04 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpdhy; tPo;r;rpaile;j ru;thjpfhu kd;duhl;rp

muRfs; vit?

N[u;kd; NguuR> M];jpupa `q;Nfupg; nguuR> JUf;fpg; NguuR

05 ,dq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L Njhd;wpa Rje;jpu muRfs; vit?

gpd;yhe;J> Nghye;J> nrf;nfh];Nyhthf;fpah> `q;Nfup

ghlNtis (14)

ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; Nehf;fk;> gzpfs;

01 kPz;Lk; Aj;jk; Vw;gLtijj; jLf;fTk; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;fTk;

cUthf;fg;gl;l mikg;G vJ?

ru;tNjr rq;fk;

02 ru;tNjr rq;fk; cUthf Kd;dpd;W cioj;j mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp ahu;?

T+l;nwhtpy;rd;

03 ru;tNjr rq;fk; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ?

1920.01.10
124
04 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpy; muk;gj;jpy; vj;jid ehLfs; mq;fk; tfpj;jd?

42

05 ru;tNjr rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ehLfspilNa Vw;gLk; fUj;J NtWghLfis rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;j;jy;

2 vjpu;fhyj;jpy; Aj;jk; xd;W Vw;gLtijj; jLj;jy;

3 ru;tNjr Gupe;Jzu;itak; xj;Jiog;igAk; flbnaog;Gjy;
4 rpwpa ehLfspd; Rje;jpuk;> RahjPdk; vd;gtw;iwg; ghjfhj;jy;
5 kdpj Fy xw;Wik %yk; cyf rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jy;
06 ru;tNjr rq;fk; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhf;f vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; vit?
1 RtPlDf;Fk; gpd;yhe;Jf;Fk; ,ilapYk;> N[u;kdpf;Fk; Nghye;jpw;Fk;
,ilapYk;> fpNuf;fj;jpw;Fk; gy;NfupahTw;Fk; ,ilapYk; > <uhDf;Fk;
JUf;fpf;Fk; ,ilapYk; Vw;gl;l Aj;j Kuz;ghLfis jtpu;j;jik

2 mfjpfs; Gdu;tho;tpw;fhf eltbf;ifnaLj;jik

3 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;j

FbNaw;wq;fspd; Ml;rp eltbf;iffis ntw;wpfukhf Nkw;ghu;it

nra;jik

4 rl;l tpNuhkhd mbik tpahghuk;> Nghijg; nghUs; tpahghuj;ijf;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

07 ru;tNjr rq;fk; Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 cyfpd; nry;te;j ehlhfTk;> nghu;gg

; ykpf;f ehlhfTk;> ru;tNjr

rq;fj;jpd; Njhw;wj;jpw;Fk; fhuzkhd If;fpa mnkupf;fh mq;fk;

tfpf;fhik.

2 cyfpd; kw;iwa ty;yurhd u];ahit ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J

xJf;fp itj;jik

125
 3 jdJ jPu;khdq;fis epu;gg
; e;jk; %yk; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj;
Njitahd epue;jug;gilNah my;yJ VjhtnjhU rkhjkhdg;
gilia gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd nghJ ,zf;fg;ghNlh fhzg;glhik
4 cyf rkhjhdk; rPu;Fiyf;fg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspy; me;ehLfSf;F

vjpuhf eltbf;if vLf;f KbakhypUe;jik. cjhuzkhf ,j;jhyp

mgprPdpahit Mf;fpukpj;j NghJk;> [g;ghd; kQ;#upahit Mf;fpukpj;j

NghJk; eltbf;ifnaLf;f Kbatpy;iy.

gpd;njhlu;Ntiy :- Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;NjhL njhlugila ehLfis

cyfg; GwTUtg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;jf;fhl;Lf.

ghlNtis (15)

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

1 `pl;yupd; vOr;rp

01 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; ,lk;ngw;w fhyg;gFjp vJ?

1939 nrg;nlk;gu; - 1945 Mtzp tiu

02 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzpfs; vit?

1 N[u;kdpapy; `pl;yupd; vOr;rpAk; mtupd; eltbf;iffSk;

2 ,j;jhypapy; KNrhypdpapd; eltbf;if

3 [g;ghdpd; eltbf;iffs;

4 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpd; gytPdk;

126
03 N[u;kdpapy; `pl;yupd; vOr;rpAk; mtupd; eltbf;iffSk; vt;thW cyf

kfh Aj;jj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpaJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff?

 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; N[u;kdpapy; mikf;fg;gl;l Gjpa

muR itku; $l;lhl;rp vdg;gl;lJ.
 itku; murpd; gytPdj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp `pl;yu; Ml;rpf;F te;jik
 ngUe;njhifahd gzj;ij el;l <lhf nfhLf;f Ntz;bapUe;jik
fhuzkhf N[u;kdpapd; tUkhdk; KOtijak; nrytopf;f Ntz;b
Vw;gl;lJ. itku; muR gzj;ij mr;rbf;f Kw;gl;ljhy; gzj;jpd;
ngWkhdk; tPo;r;rpaile;J ehl;by; tWikAk;> nghUl;fspd; tpiu
mjpfupg;G> Ntiyapd;ik Mfpad Vw;gl;ld
 1929,y; Vw;gl;l cyfg; nghUshjhu neUf;fbapdhy; N[u;kdp ngupJk;
ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ. itku; muRf;F ,g;gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;gg
; jw;F ,ayhJ
vd `pl;yupd; Mjuthsu;fs; $wpdu;
 M];jpupauhd `pl;yu; itku; Ml;rpf;F vjpuhfr; #o;r;rp nra;jik
fhuzkhf rpiwapyilf;fg;gl;lhu;. mg;NghJ mtu; vdJ Nghuhl;lk;
vd;Dk; E}iy vOjpdhu;. ,jpy; ehrprthjk; Fwpj;Jf; $wpAs;shu;
 rpiwapypUe;J ntspte;j `pl;yu; ,dthjj;ijg; gug;gp 1933,y;
ghuhSkd;wj;jpd; mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wp (up~;lhf;) rhd;ryuhdhu;.
 ,tupd; fl;rp Njrpa Nrhryprf; fl;rp vdg;gl;lJ. ,jpypUe;Nj ehrp vd;w
nrhy; cUthdJ.
 `pl;yu; rhd;ryhfg; gjptpNaw;w NghJ N[u;kdpapd; [dhjpgjpahf
nthd;`pld;ghu;f; vd;gtu; ,Ue;jhu;
 `pld; ghu;f; ,wf;f mtuJ mjpfhuq;fs; midj;ijAk; `pl;yu;
jdjhf;fpf; nfhz;lhu;.
 Nju;jy; neUq;Fk; NghJ ghuhSkd;wj;jpw;f jPitj;Jtpl;L mjd; gopia
fk;Adp];Lfs; kPj Rkj;jpdhu;
 rfy murpay; fl;rpfSk;> rkTlikthjpfSk; jilnra;ag;gl;ldu;
 A+ju;fis $z;NlhL nfhiy nra;a Muk;gpj;jhu;.
 v];.v];. ,uhZtk;> nf];lNgh vd;Dk; ,ufrpa nghyprhUk; nfhiyfspy;
<Lgl;ldu;
 Clfq;fs; midj;ijAk; jdf;Fr; rhjhfkhdg; gad;gLj;jpdu;. ,jw;F
Clfj;Jiw mikr;ruhf ,Ue;j nfhangy;]; vjtpdhu;.

127
  gj;jpupifr; Rje;jpuk;> $l;lk; RLk; Rje;jpuk;> fUj;J ntspapLk; Rje;jpuk;
Mfpa midj;Jk; jilnra;ag;gl;ld.
 `pl;yupd; fk;A+dpr vjpu;gi
; gf; fz;l Nkw;Fyf ehLfs; `pl;yUf;F
vjpuhf eltbf;if vLf;fhikapdhy; NkYk; gpbthj FzKs;stuhf
khwpdhu;.
 1934,y; N[u;kdp ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfp Aj;jj;ij Nehf;fpr;
nry;yj; njhlq;fpaJ.
 `pl;yupd; Mf;fpukpg;G Kaw;rpfs;
o 1938,y; M];jjpupahit Mf;fpukpj;J N[u;kdpald;
,izj;Jf;nfhz;lhu;.
o nrf;Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpa kPJ ftdk; nrYj;jp mtu;fis
nrf;Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpau;> N[u;kdpapdu; vd ,duPjpahfg; gpupj;J
RNll;yhe;J vd;Dk; ngaupy; jdpehL cd;iw mikj;jhu;
o gpd;du; RNll;yhe;ijAk;> nrf;Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpahitAk;
Mf;fpukpj;jhu;
o Nghye;ij Mf;fpukpf;Fk; NghJ gpupj;jhdpah> gpuhd;]; ehLfs;
`pl;yUf;F vjpuhf Aj;jj;ij Muk;gpj;jd.

04 ehrprthjk; vd;why; vd;d?

ru;thjpfhuj;ij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l murpay; KiwahFk;.

[dehafthjk;> rkTlikthjk;> Kjyhspj;Jthjk; vd;gtw;wpw;F

vjpuhdJ. ,jd; mbg;gil Nehf;fk; N[u;kd; ,dkhdJ khrw;w

Mupau;fisf;nfhz;l cyfpd; cd;djkhd ,dk; vd;gjhFk;.

05 `pl;yuhy; mikf;fg;gl;l tij Kfhk;fs; vit?

mTl;tpl;];> gu;fu; ngy;~d;> ngy;n~f;> nrhk;Nghu;

128
ghlNtis (16)

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd fhuzq;fs;

2 KNrhypdp Ml;rpf;F tUjy;

01 ,j;jhypapy; KNthypdpapd; nraw;ghLfs; vt;thW ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh

Aj;jj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpaJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff?

 Kjyhk; cyf kfh Aj;j Kbtpy; ,j;jhyp ntw;wp ngw;w mzpapy; ,Ue;j
NghjpYk; rkhjhd cld;gbf;iffs; %yk; ngupJk; ed;ikfs; fpl;ltpy;iy.
 Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Ntiyapd;ik> czTj;jl;Lg;ghL> NtiyepWj;jk; vd;gd
Vw;gl;ld.
 ,jidg;ggad;gLj;jp 1922,y; ghrprthj murpay; fl;rp Clhf murpay;
mjpfhuj;ijf; ifg;gw;wpdhu;.
 fUQ;rl;il tPuu;fs; vd;Dk; ,uhZtj;ij cUthf;fp ghrprj;ij
vjpu;j;jtu;fis mopj;jhd;.
 ,j;jhypapy; ru;thjpfhu Vl;rpia Vw;gLj;j KNrhypdp Nkw;nfhz;l
eltbf;iffs; vit

1 ghrpr mbg;gilf; nfhs;iffis gbg;gbahf epiyepWj;jpaik

2 mur gjtpfis jdf;F rhu;ghdtu;fSf;F toq;fp jd;id

vjpu;j;jtu;fs; kPJ mlf;F Kiwiaf; ifahz;lik

3 gj;jpupif Rje;jpuj;ijg; gwpj;jik

4 thf;fhsu;fis fWg;Gr;rl;il gilapdu; %yk; gyte;jg;gLj;jpaik

 Aj;j uPjpapy; ,j;jhypia tYg;gLj;j KNrhypdp vLj;j eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 ghrpr thjk;> ,dthjk;> Nghu; vd;gd cau;thff; fUjg;gl;lJ

2 ,isQu;fSf;F Aj;j Nrit fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ

3 vj;jpNahg;gpahitf; jhf;fp ,j;jhypAld; ,izj;Jf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ

4 n[duy; gpuhd;rp];Nfhtpd; miog;gpd; Ngupy; ,j;jhypag;

gilnahd;iw ];ghdpahTf;F mDg;gpaik

129
02 ghrprthjk; vd;why; vd;d?

Nfhl;ghLfNsh> jj;Jtq;fNsh> Ngr;Nrh my;yhkw; fl;Lg;ghLfSld;

$ba nraw;ghL kl;LNk Njit vd;w rpe;jidiaf; nfhz;l

thjkhFk;. gzp> ek;G> NghupL> jiytd; ey;yijNa nra;thd; vd;gj

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ru;thjpfhu Ml;rpahFk;.

[g;ghdpd; vOr;rp

03 [g;ghdpd; Mf;fpukpg;G eltbf;iffs; vt;thW ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh

Aj;jj;jpw;F fhuzkhfpaJ vd;gij tpsf;Ff?

1 19k; E}w;whz;bd; ,wjp miug;gFjpapy; Mrpa ehLfspy; [g;ghd;

Kd;Ndw;wfukhd ehlhf tpsq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ

2 cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd r%yg;nghUl;fisg; ngwTk; >

KbTg;nghUl;fis tpw;gid nra;aTk; re;ijfs; Njitg;gl;ld.

3 Mrpahtpy; ngUk;ghyd FbNaw;wq;fs; INuhg;gpau;fshy;

mikf;fgl;;bUe;jik fhuzkhf mtu;fNshL Nkhj Ntz;ba #oy;

Vw;gl;lJ.

4 1934y; tlrPdhtpd; kQ;#upahit Mf;fpukpj;J mjid jd;Dld;

,izj;Jf; nfhz;lJ.

5 ru;tNjr rq;fj;jpypUe;J tpyfp rPdhtpd; Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fisAk;>

efuq;fs; rpytw;iwAk; ifg;gw;wpaJ.

6 Mrpahtpy; Aj;jk; guTtjw;F [g;ghd; fhuzkhf mike;jJ

130
ghlNtis (17)

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; gutyile;j Kiw

01 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpy; gq;Nfw;w mzpfs; vit?

1 Ner ehLfs; mzp :- If;fpa mnkupf;fh> gpuhd;];> gpupj;jhdpah>

u];ah

2 mr;R ehlfs; mzp :- N[u;kd;> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd;

02 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpw;fhd cldbf; fhuzk; vJ?

1939 nrg;nlk;gu; Kjyhk; jpfjp N[u;kdp nghye;ij Mf;fpukpj;jik

03 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jk; gutyile;j Kiwfs; vit?

1 Nghye;ijg; ghjfhf;f xg;ge;jk; nra;jpUe;j gpupj;jhdpahTk;> gpuhd;Rk;

N[u;kdpf;F vjpuhf Aj;jj;jpy; ,wq;fpd.

2 ehd;F thuq;fSf;Fs; nghye;J Mf;fpukpf;fg;gl;lJ

3 Nehu;Nt> nld;khu;f;> xy;yhe;J> ngy;[pak; Mfpa ehLfs; N[u;kdpahy;

ifg;gw;wg;gl;ld.

4 1940,y; gpuhd;irj; jhf;fp ghup]; ifg;gw;wg;gl;lJ

5 KNrhypdpAk; ,j;jhypapd; vy;iyfisf; fle;J gpuhd;Rf;Fs;

gpuNtrpj;jhd;.

6 1941,y; [g;ghd; mnkupf;fhtpd; Ngu;s; jiwKfj;jpd; kPJ

Fz;LtPrpajhy; mnkupf;fh NerehLfs; rhu;ghf Aj;jj;jpy;

,ize;jJ.

04 gpupj;jhdpa kf;fis ehrpfSf;F vjpuhd Nghupy; <LgLj;Jtjpy; ntw;wp

ngw;w gpujku; ahu;?

tpd;rd;l;Nru;r;rpy;

131
05 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghupy; mnkupf;fh <Lgl;likf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

[g;ghd; mnkupf;fhtpd; Ngu;s; JiwKfj;ij jhf;fpaik

06 [g;ghDf;F vjpuhf Aj;j gpufldk; nra;j mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp ahu;?

gpuhq;spd; &];nty;l;

07 INuhg;ghtpw;Fs; kl;lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUe;j Aj;jk; cyf Aj;jkhf

khw;wkile;j Mz;L

1941

08 ruzilAq;fs; ,y;yhJtpl;lhy; mbNahL mopj;JtpLNtd; vd 2k;

cyfkfh Aj;jj;jpy; ,q;fpyhe;Jf;F miw$ty; tpLj;jtd;

`pl;yu;

09 gpupj;jhdpahTf;Fk; N[u;kdpf;Fk; ,ilNa fLk; thd;Nghu; eilngw;w

Mz;L vJ? 1940 nrg;nlk;gu; 14

10 `pl;yu; u\;ah kPJ gilnaLj;jikf;fhd fhuzk; ahJ?

cf;Nudpd; jhdpa tpisepyq;fisAk;> fhfr]; vy;iyapy; fhzg;gLk;

vz;nza; tay;fisAk; ifg;gw;Wjy;. nfhkpA+dprf; nfhs;iffis

,y;yhnjhopj;jy;

11 u];ah kPJ gilnaLj;J gLNjhy;tpaile;j gpuhd;rpd; rf;futu;j;jp ahu;?

neg;Nghypad;

12 u\;ahtpy; N[u;kdp Njhy;tpaile;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 u\;ag;gilapdupd; je;jpuq;fs;

2 fLk; Fspuhy; jfty; gupkhw;wk; nraypoe;jik

3 gdp tPo;r;rp fhuzkhf Aj;j jhq;fpfs; nraypoe;jik

4 Fspuhy; Nghu; tPuu;fs; ,we;jik

5 czTj;jl;Lg;ghL> Neha;fs; gutpaik

132
13 N[u;kdp epge;jpidapd;wp ruzile;j Mz;L vJ?

1945

14 N[u;kdp vt;thW ruzile;jJ?

1 Nrhtpaj;jpd; nrk;gilfs; N[u;kdpag; gilfis njhlu;e;J jhf;fp

jkJ gpuNjrq;fis kPl;Lf;nfhz;L N[u;kdpia Nehf;fp fpof;Fj;

jpirapy; Kd;Ndwpd.

2 gpuhd;]; kw;Wk; mnkupf;fg;gilfs; Nehu;khz;bapy; jiuapwq;fp

gpuhd;ir kPl;Lf;nfhz;L Nkw;Fj; jpirahf N[u;kdpia Nehf;fp

tpiue;jd.

3 1945 khu;r;rpy; jiyefu; ngu;ypDf;Fs; ,uz;L gilfSk; Eioe;jd. 4

`pl;yu; cs;spl;l mtdJ fl;lisj; jsgjpfs; jw;nfhiy nra;J

nfhz;ldu;.

15 [g;ghdhy; ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gpupj;jhdpah FbNaw;w ehlfs; vit?

rpq;fg;G+u;> kNyrpah> gu;kh> n`hq;n`hq;

16 [g;ghd; 1942,y; ifg;gw;whj Mrpa ehLfs; vit?

,yq;if> ,e;jpah

17 ,uz;lhk; cyf Aj;j fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; nfhOk;G> jpUNfhzkiy

JiwKfq;fs; kPJ jhf;Fjy; elj;jpa ehL vJ?

[g;ghd;

18 [g;ghdpy; mZFz;L tPrg;gl;l efuq;fs; vit?

`pNuhrpNkh – 1945 Mtzp 06

ehfrhrp - 1945 Mtzp 09

19 [g;ghdpy; mZFz;L tPr mDkjpaspj;j mnkupf;f [dhjpgjp ahu;?

`upl;&kd;

133
20 epge;jidaw;w tpjj;jpy; ruzila ,zq;fpa [g;ghdpag; Nguurd; ahu;

`pNjh`pj;Njh

21 [g;ghdpd; ruzhfjp xg;ge;jj;jpy; ifnaOj;jpl;ltu;fs; ahu;?

kprTup fg;gypy; itj;J

[g;ghd; rhu;ghf - khnkhU rpnfkpR> narpl;]uP h cnkl;]_

Ner ehLfs; rhu;ghf - nkf; Mj;ju;

ghlNtis (22 – 18)

,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs;> NguopTfs;

01 ,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; tpisTfs; vit?

1 N[u;kdp> ,j;jhyp> [g;ghd; Mfpa mr;R ehLfs; Njhy;tpaile;jd.

2 ,e;j Aj;jj;jpy; 50 kpy;ypaDf;fk; mjpfkhd kdpj capu;fs;

nfhy;yg;gl;lNjhL nrhj;Jf;fs; kw;Wk; nry;tq;fspd; mopT

fzf;fplKbahjitahf ,Ue;jd.

3 `pl;yupd; A+ju;fSf;F vjpuhd nfhs;if fhuzkhf N[u;kdp>

Nghye;J> `q;Nfup Nghd;w ehLfspy; tho;e;j kpy;ypad; fzf;fhd

A+ju;fs; nfhy;yg;gl;ldu;.

4 mZFz;L Nghuhajkhf Kjd; Kjypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. xU

,yl;rj;Jf;Fk; mjpfkhNdhu; nfhy;yg;gl;Lk;> mjid tplg;

ngUe;njhifahNdhu; fhag;gl;Lk;> mZf;fjpu; tPr;rpdhy;

ngUe;njhifahNdhu; Neha;tha;gl;lNjhL vjpu;fhy re;jjpak;

ghjpf;fg;gl;lJ.
5 ,Jtiu ty;yurhf ,Ue;j gpupj;jhdpahTk; gpuhd;Rk; ,e;j ,lj;ij
,oe;Jtpl mnkupf;fhTk;> u];ahTk; ,e;j ,lj;ijg;
gpbj;Jf;nfhz;ld.

134
 6 ,yq;if> ,e;jpah Nghd; FbNaw;w ehLfs; Rje;jpukile;jd.

7 Nghupy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l INuhg;gpa ehLfisf; fl;bnaOg;g mnkupf;f

mur nrayhsu; N[hd;khu;ry; vd;gtuhy; eltbf;ifnaLf;fg;gl;lJ.
,J khu;ry; jpl;lk; vdg;gl;lJ
8 mnkupf;fh [dehafj;jpd; ghJfhtydhfTk;> u];ah rktilikapd;
ghJfhtydhfTk; khwpaNjhL ,U ehLfs; jiyikapy; ,U
mzpfs; Njhd;wpd. Kjyhspj;Jt mzpapduhy; Nel;Nlh mikg;Gk;>
rkTlikthj mzpapduhy; thu;Nrh mikg;Gk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;lJ.
02 gdpg;Nghu; vd;why; vd;d?
,uz;lhk; cyf kfh Aj;jj;jpd; gpd;du; Njhd;wpa ,e;j ,uz;L
Kfhk;fSk; Nghu; MAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jhJ jkJ Kfhik ntw;wp

ngwr; nra;tjw;fhf gy;NtW cghaq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Kd;ndLj;j

Nghuhl;lNk gdpg;Nghu; vdg;gLk;.
03 gdpg;Nghupd; NghJ ,U ehLfSk; gad;glj;jpa cj;jpfs; vit?

1 ,ufrpa csTr;Nrit (mnkupf;fh – CIA> u];ah – KGB)

2 mikg;Gf;fis mikj;jy; (mnkupf;fh – Nel;Nlh> u];ah – thu;Nrh)

3 cjTk; nray;jpl;lq;fis tpupTgLj;Jjy; ( FbNaw;w ehL vd;w
epiyapypUe;J ePq;fp RahjPd ehLfshf khwpa ehLfspd;
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; ,e;ehLfs; cjtp nra;tjd; %ykhf jkJ
Kfhk;fSf;Fs; cs;thq;fpf; nfhs;s Kad;wdu;)
04 ,U Kfhk;fSf;Fs;Sk; Nruhj ehLfs; cUthf;fpa mikg;G vJ?
mjw;F topfhl;bahf ,Ue;jtu; ahu;? Muk;gpj;j Mz;L vJ?
mzpNruh ,af;fk;> 1961 ,e;jpag; gpujku; [tfu;yhy; NeU
05 mzpNruh ehLfspd; cUthf;fj;jpw;Ff; fhuzkhf ,Ue;jtu;fs; ahu;?
,e;jpah - [tfu;yhy; NeU
A+Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpah - khu;ry; bl;Nlh
vfpg;J - mg;Jy; fkhy; ehru;

135
ghlNtis (19)

If;fpa ehLfs; rig

01 el;G ehLfs; Aj;jj;jpy; <Lgl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpa

Mtzk; vJ? mJ vj;jidahk; Mz;L ifnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ> mjpy;
ifnaOj;jpl;ltu;fs; ahtu;?
mj;jpyhe;jpf; gpufldk; (ml;yhz;bf; rhrdk;)
1941

mnkupf;fh – gpuhq;spd; &];nty;l;

gpupj;jhdpah - tpd;rd;Nru;r;rpy;
me;j ehLfis miog;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jpa nrhy; - If;fpa ehLfs;
02 1943,y; nkh];Nfhtpy; ve;j ehLfspd; ntspehl;likru;fs; gq;Fnfhz;L
ru;tNjr ehLfspd; mikg;nghd;iw mikg;gJ njhlu;ghff;
fye;Jiuahbdu;?
mnkupf;fh> gpupj;jhdpah> u];ah> rPdh

03 If;fpa ehLfs; rig cUthtjw;Ff; fhuzkhdtu;fs; ahu;?

mnkupf;fh - gpuhq;spd; &];nty;l;

gpupj;jhdpah - tpd;rd; Nru;r;rpy;

u];ah - N[hrg; ];lhypd;

04 If;fpa ehLfs; rig mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L vJ> KjyhtJ $l;lk;

eilngw;w ,lk; vJ> mjpy; vj;jid ehlfs; gq;Fnfhz;ld?

1945> rhd;gpuhd;rp];Nfh> 50

05 ,k;kfhehl;by; gq;Fgw;whJ cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaOj;jpl;l ehL vJ?

Nghye;J

06 If;fpa ehLfspd; jpdk; vg;NghJ nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ?

Xf;Nlhgu; 24
136
07 If;fpa ehLfs; rig mikf;fg;gl;likf;fhd fhuzq;fs; vit?

1 ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhg;igAk; NgzptUjy;

2 ehLfSf;fpilNa el;Gwit tsu;j;jy;

3 kdpj kw;Wk; mbg;gil Rje;jpuj;ij cWjpnra;J ru;tNjr

xj;Jiog;ig tpupTgLj;Jjy;

08 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; fl;likg;G ?

1 nghJr;rig 2 ghJfhg;Gr;rig 3 nrayfk;

4 ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; 5 r%f nghushjhu rig

6 ek;gpf;if nghWg;ghz;ikr; rig

nghJr;rig

09 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nghJr;rigapidg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf?

1 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; midj;J ehLfisAk;

gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jk; mikg;ghFk;. (mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; 193)

2 xt;nthU mq;fj;Jt ehl;bw;Fk; xU thf;Fupikf;F cupj;JilaJ

3 tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw $Lk; (nrg;nlk;gu; khjk;)
4 mjpfkhd mq;fj;jtu;fsJ Ntz;LNfhspd;gb tpNrl $l;lq;fs;
elhj;Jtjw;F mDkjpAz;L
10 nghJr;rigapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?
1 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nfhs;iffSf;F mikthf
Kd;itf;fg;gLk; ve;jnthU tplak; Fwpj;Jk; fye;Jiuahly;
Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L jPu;khdnkLj;jy;.
2 MAj tpsf;fk;> MAjf; fl;Lg;ghL njhlu;ghd nfhs;iffs;> tu;rNjr
rkhjhdk; kw;Wk; ghJfhg;G Fwpj;J cupa nfhs;iffis
mtjhdj;jpw; nfhs;sy;

137
 3 ghJfhg;Gr;rig kw;Wk; Vida epWtdq;fsplkpUe;J fpilf;Fk;

mwpf;iffis kPsha;T nra;jy;

4 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; tuT nryTj;jpl;l mwpf;iffisg;

guprpypj;jy;

5 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; MNyhridapd;gb nghJr;nrayhsiu njupT

nra;jy;

ghJfhg;Gr;rig

11 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; cWg;G ehLfs; vj;jid? 15

12 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; epue;ju cWg;G ehLfs; vj;jid> mit vit?

5 rPdh> gpuhd;];> u];ah> gpupj;jhdpah> If;fpa mnkupf;fh

13 epue;jukw;w 10 ehLfspd; gjtpf;fhyk; vt;tsT? 2 tUlk;

14 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapy; jPu;khdq;fs; epiwNtw;wg;gl vj;jid thf;Ffs;

Ntz;Lk;? 9

15 ,uj;jjpfhuk; nfhz;l ehLfs; vit? epue;ju cWg;G ehLfs; Ie;Jk;

16 ghJfhg;Gr;rigapd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?

1 ru;tNjr rkhjhdj;ijAk; xw;WikiaAk; Ngzy;

2 ru;tNjrg; gpur;rpidfSf;F VJthf mikAk; rfy fhuzpfisAk;

Muha;jy;

3 Mf;fpukpg;ghsu;fSf;F vjpuhf eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;

(nghUshjhuj;jil> Nghu;gg
; yj;ij gad;gLj;jy;

4 MAjg;ghtidfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L jpl;lq;fis

Nkw;nfhs;sy;

138
ghlNtis (20)
nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rig

01 nghUshjhu kw;Wk; r%f rigapd; cWg;G ehlfs; vj;jid> mit

vt;thW njupT nra;ag;gLk;?

54 .gjtpf;fhyk; 3 tUlk;. 3 tUlj;jpw;F xUKiw 18 mq;fj;jtu;fs;

gjtp tpyf Gjpa 18 mq;fj;jtu;fs; njupT nra;ag;gLtu;.
02 ,jd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?
1 kdpj cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
2 ru;tNjr khehLfis elhj;Jjy;
3 If;fpa ehLfspd; tpNrl jhgdq;fSld; cld;gbf;iffis
xOq;FgLj;jy;
4 rig eltbf;iffs; njh;u;ghf mur rhu;gw;w mikg;Gf;fsplk;
MNyhrid Nfl;ly;
03 r%f nghUshjhu rig cjtpapidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;
,izepWtdq;fs; vit?

1 czT kw;Wk; tptrha mikg;G (FAO)

2 ru;tNjrj; njhopyhsu; mikg;G (ILO)

3 If;fpa ehLfspd; mgptpUj;jp Ntiyj;jpl;lk; (UNDP)

4 If;fpa ehLfs; jhgdj;jpd; ru;tNjr rpWtu; epjpak; (UNICEF)

5 If;fpa ehLfsJ fy;tp> tpQ;Qhd kw;Wk; fyhrhu jhgdk;

(UNESCO)

6 ru;tNjr ehza epjpak; (IMF)

7 cyf czT Ntiyj;jpl;lk; (WFP)

8 cyf Rfhjhu mikg;G (WHO)

9 If;fpa ehLfspd; mfjpfSf;fhd Mizahsu; ehafk; (UNHCR)

139
ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr; rig

04 ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gr;rigapd; cWg;gpdu;fs; ahtu;?

1 ek;gpf;if Ms;Gyd;fis epu;tfpf;fpd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;

2 ek;gpf;if Ms;Gyd;fis epu;tfpf;fhj epue;ju cWg;Gila

ghJfhg;Gr;rig cWg;Gupik

3 nghWg;ghz;ikr; rigapdhy; 3 tUl fhyg;gFjpf;nfd njupT

nra;ag;gLk; cWg;gpdu;fs;

05 ,jd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?

1 epu;tfpf;fpd;w mjpfhurigapdhy; rku;gg

; pf;fg;gLk; jPu;khdq;fis

fUj;jpw;nfhs;sy;

2 kDf;fisNaw;W epu;tfpf;fpd;w mjpfhu rigAldhd

fye;jhNyhridAld; guPl;rpj;jy;

3 me;j Ms;;Gyd;fSf;Fr; nry;Yjy;

06 rfy ek;gpf;ifg; nghWg;Gg; gpuNjrq;fSk; jkJ Rje;jpuj;ij epiyehl;bf;

nfhz;l Mz;L vJ?

1994 (,Wjpahf ghypj;jPT)

ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

07 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd ePjpj;Jiw epWtdk; vJ?

ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk;

08 ru;tNjr ePjpkd;w ePjpgjpfspd; vz;zpf;if vj;jid? Mtu;fspd;

gjtpf;fhyk; vt;tsT?

9 Ngu;. 15 tUlq;fs;

140
09 ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?

neju;yhe;jpd; N`f; efupy;

10 mjd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?

1 If;fpa ehLfs; rig mjd; Vida epWtdq;fSf;F ePjp MNyhrid

toq;fy;

2 mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; %yk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; Fw;wr;rhl;Lfis

tprhuiz nra;jy;

3 mq;fj;Jt ehLfs; Kd;itf;Fk; Kiwg;ghLfSf;Fupa

tprhuizfspy; gq;Fgw;Wtjhapd; ru;tNjr ePjpkd;wk; toq;fk;

jPu;g;igNaw;wy;

nrayfk;

11 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gpujhd epu;thff; fhupahyak; vJ?

nrayfk;

12 nrayfj;jpw;Fg; nghWg;ghdtu; ahu;? mtupd; gjtpf;fhyk; vt;tsT?

nghJr; nrayhsu;. 05 tUlk;. xUtu; ,uz;L jlit gjtpapy;

,Uf;fyhk;

13 ,jd; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; vit?

1 mikg;gpd; Mz;lwpf;ifiaj; jahupj;J Kd;itj;jy;

2 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; mikjpg;gilia epu;tfpj;jy;

3 gpur;rpidj;jPuptpd; NghJ rkhjhdj; J}Jtdhfj; jiyapLjy;

4 If;fpa ehLfspd; tplaq;fSf;Nfw;w tifapyhd ru;tNjr

khehLfisf; $l;Ljy;

141
ghlNtis (21)

If;fpa ehLfs; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfs;

01 cyf ehLfspilNa rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjpy; If;fpa ehLfs; rig

vLj;j Kaw;rpfs; vit?
1 Ra]; neUf;fb
2 tisFlh neUf;fb
3 fpA+gh neUf;fb

1 Rna]; neUf;fb

1956y; vfpg;jpa [dhjpgjp mg;Jy; fkhy; ehru; nghJTlikthj

Nfhl;ghl;bd;gb Rna]; fhy;thia Njrpa clikahf;fpa NghJ

vOe;j neUf;fb epiyia If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; ghJfhg;Gg;

gilapdu; mg;gFjpapypUe;j gpupj;jhdpa> gpuhd;]; ,];Nuy; gilapdiu

mfw;wp rkhjhdj;ij Vw;gLj;jpaik

2 tisFlh neUf;fb

<uhf;fpd; vy;iyapy; fhzg;gl;l Ungapyh fdpa vz;iz

taypypUe;J Fitj; vz;izia cwpQ;Rtjhf Fw;wk; rhl;b

Fitj;ij <uhf; Mf;fpukpj;j NghJ If;fpa ehLfs; rig gilfis
mDg;gpj; jLj;jJ.
3 fpA+gh neUf;fb
1962y; Nrhtpaj; u\;ahtpdhy; If;fpa mnkupf;fhTf;F vjpuhf
fpA+ghtpy; VTfizfs; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;ld. mjw;Fg; gjpybahf
If;fpa mnkupf;fh u\;ahTf;F vjpuhf VTfizfis JUf;fpapy;
epiyg;gLj;jpaJ. If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; nrayhsu; mnkupf;f
[dhjpgjp N[hd;nfd;dbAlDk; u\;aj; jiytuhd FUNrTlDk;
fye;Jiuahbg; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;j;jhu;.

142
02 jw;fhy cyfpy; rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhg;gjw;fhf If;fpa ehLfs; rig

vLf;f Ntz;ba eltbf;iffs; vit?

1 nghUshjhuj;jil tpjpj;jy;

If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jPu;khdj;jpw;F vjpuhfr; nraw;gLk;

ehLfSf;F nghUhjhuj;jil tpjpg;gjd; %yk; me;jj; jPu;khdj;ij

nraw;gLj;j rk;ge;jg;gl;l ehLfis ,zf;fj;jpw;F cl;gLj;j

KbAk;.
2 mZ MAjq;fisf; Fiwf;fTk; mtw;iwf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk;
eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;
Fwpg;gpl;l ehLfspy; Gjpjhf mZ MAjq;fis jahupg;gjhff; jfty;
fpilj;jJk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; Mizf;FOit mDg;gp
epiyikiag; gurPypf;fpd;wJ. tlnfhupah> <uhd; Mfpa ehlfs;
mZ MAjq;fs; jahupj;jNghJ ,t;thwhd Mizf;FOf;fs;
epakpf;fg;gl;ld.
3 rkhjhdg;gilia <LgLj;jy;
,U gpuptpdupilNa fLk; Nghu; Vw;glf;$ba re;ju;g;gj;jpy;
epiyikiaf; fl;lg;gLj;Jk; nghUl;L If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd;
rkhjhdg;gil <gLgLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
03 If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; jiyikafk; mike;Js;s ,lk; vJ?
epA+Nahu;f;
ghlNtis (22)
gpd;tUk; ,lq;fis cyfg;glj;jpy; Fwpj;Jf;fhl;Lf.

neju;yhe;J> N`f; efuk;> epA+Nahu;f;> Ngu;s; JiwKfk;> `pNuhrpkh> ehfrhfp>

N[u;kd;> gpuhd;];> M];jpupah> gpupj;jhdpah> ,j;jhyp. M];jpupah> Nghye;J> If;fpa
mnkupf;fh> [g;ghd;> nrf;Nfh];rpNyhthf;fpah> Ngu;ypd;> ghup];> lhd;rpf; JiwKfk;

143
144