BCS301M55

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||JAI SRI GURUDEV||


S.J.C. INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, CHICKBALLAPUR
Department of Mathematics
LECTURE NOTES
MATHEMATICS-3 FOR COMPUTER SCIENCE STREAM (BCS301)
MODULE - 5
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS AND ANOVA

Prepared by:
Purushotham P
Assistant Professor
SJC Institute of Technology
Email id: purushotham@sjcit.ac.in
Phone: 7338005244

Experimental unit:
For conducting an experiment, the experimental material is divided into smaller parts and
each part is referred to as an experimental unit. The experimental unit is randomly assigned to
treatment is the experimental unit. The phrase “randomly assigned” is very important in this
definition.

Experiment:
A way of getting an answer to a question which the experimenter wants to know.

Treatment
Different objects or procedures which are to be compared in an experiment are called
treatments.

Sampling unit:
The object that is measured in an experiment is called the sampling unit. This may be different
from the experimental unit.

Factor:
A factor is a variable defining a categorization. A factor can be fixed or random in nature. A
factor is termed as a fixed factor if all the levels of interest are included in the experiment. A
factor is termed as a random factor if all the levels of interest are not included in the experiment
and those that are can be considered to be randomly chosen from all the levels of interest.

Replication:
It is the repetition of the experimental situation by replicating the experimental unit.

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Experimental error:
The unexplained random part of the variation in any experiment is termed as
experimental error. An estimate of experimental error can be obtained by replication.
Treatment design:
A treatment design is the manner in which the levels of treatments are arranged in an
experiment.

ANOVA:
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an analysis tool used in statistics that splits an observed
aggregate variability found inside a data set into two parts: systematic factors and random factors.
The systematic factors have a statistical influence on the given data set, while the random factors do
not.
ANOVA stands for Analysis of Variance. It is a statistical method used to analyze the
differences between the means of two or more groups or treatments. It is often used to determine
whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of different groups
There are two main types of ANOVA: one-way (or unidirectional) and two-way. There also
variations of ANOVA.

Real Life Applications of ANOVA:

 In social sciences, ANOVA tests can be used to study the statistical significance of various study
environments on test scores. Medical research. In medical research, the ANOVA test can be used
to identify the relationship between various types or brands of medications on individuals with
migraines or depression.
 We can use the ANOVA test to compare different suppliers and select the best available. ANOVA
(Analysis of Variance) is used when we have more than two sample groups and determine whether
there are any statistically significant differences between the means of two or more independent
sample groups.
CRD: A completely randomized design (CRD) is one where the treatments are assigned completely
at random so that each experimental unit has the same chance of receiving any one treatment.

RBD: A randomized block design is a restricted randomized design, in which experimental units are
first organized into homogeneous blocks and then the treatments are assigned at random to these units

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within these blocks. The main advantage of this design is, if done properly, it provides more precise
results.

LSD: The Latin Square Design gets its name from the fact that we can write it as a square with Latin
letters to correspond to the treatments. The treatment factor levels are the Latin letters in the Latin
square design. The number of rows and columns has to correspond to the number of treatment levels.

ONE WAY CLASSIFICATION:

 Define the problem for different varieties and different treatments.


Verities Sum Squares
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 𝑇 𝑇
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 𝑇 𝑇
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 𝑇 𝑇
--- --- --- … --- ---
-
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 𝑇 𝑇

 Define the null hypothesis 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 = 𝜇 =….=𝜇 for the level of significance.


 Find the sum of all the verities (Row wise) Find the sum of all the contents of N varieties,
say T.
 Find the correction factor 𝐶𝐹 =
 Find the sum of squares of individual items 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹
 Find the sum of the squares of between the treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹
 Find the sum of squares with in the class or sum of squares due to error by subtraction
SEE=TSS-SST.
 Here k represents total number of verities, N represents the total number of observations.
 Plot the ANOVA table

Sources d.f SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Between k-1 SST 𝑆𝑆𝑇 𝑀𝑆𝑇
𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 𝐹=
treatments 𝑘−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Error N-k SSE 𝑆𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
𝑁−𝑘
Total N-1 - -

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PROBLEMS:

1. Three processes A, B and C are tested to see whether their outputs are equivalent. The
following observations of outputs are made:

A 10 12 13 11 10 14 15 13

B 9 11 10 12 13 - - -

C 11 10 15 14 12 13 - -
Carry out the analysis of variance and state your conclusion.

Sol. To carry out the analysis of variance, we form the following tables

Total Squares

A 10 12 13 11 10 14 15 13 T1=98 T21=9604

B 9 11 10 12 13 T2=55 T22=3025

C 11 10 15 14 12 13 T3=75 T23=5625

Total T 228 -

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The squares are as follows

Sum of Squares

A 100 144 169 121 100 196 225 169 1224

B 81 121 100 144 169 615

C 121 100 225 196 144 169 955

Grand Total - ∑ ∑ 𝑥 2794


Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 2736

Therefore, Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 2794 − 2736


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 58

Sum of the squares of between the treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + − 2736
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 1200.5 + 605 + 937.5 − 2736
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 2743 − 2736
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 7

Therefore, sum of squares due to error SEE=TSS-SST

⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 58 − 7
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 51

Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Between 3-1=2 SST=7 7
𝑀𝑆𝑇 = = 3.5
treatments 2 3.5
𝐹=
Error 19-3=16 SSE=51 51 3.1875
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = 1.0980
16
= 3.1875
Total 19-1=18 - -

Since evaluated value 1.0980<3.63 for F(2,16) at 5% level of significance


Hence the null hypothesis is accepted, there is no significance between the three process.

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2. A test was given to five students taken at random from the fifth class of three schools
of a town. The individual scores are
School I 9 7 6 5 8
School II 7 4 5 4 5
School III 6 5 6 7 6

Carry out the analysis of variance.


Sol.

To carry out the analysis of variance, we form the following tables

Total Squares

S1 9 7 6 5 8 T1=35 T21=1225

S2 7 4 5 4 5 T2=25 T22=625

S3 6 5 6 7 6 T3=30 T23=900

Total T= 90 -

The squares are as follows

Sum of Squares

S1 81 49 36 25 64 255

S2 49 16 25 16 25 131

S3 36 25 36 49 36 182

Grand Total - ∑ ∑ 𝑥 568


Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 540

Therefore, Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 568 − 540


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 28

Sum of the squares of between the treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + − 540
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 245 + 125 + 180 − 540
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 550 − 540
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 10

Therefore sum of squares due to error SEE=TSS-SST

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⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 28 − 10 ⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 18

Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Between 3-1=2 SST=10 10
=5 𝑀𝑆𝑇 =
treatments 2 5
18 𝐹= = 3.33
Error 15-3=12 SSE=18 1.5
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = 1.5
12
Total 15-1=14 - -
Since evaluated value 3.33<3.63 for F(2,12) at 5% level of significance
Hence the null hypothesis is accepted, there is no significance between the three process.

3. Three different kinds of food are tested on three groups of rats for 5 weeks. The
objective is to check the difference in mean weight (in grams) of the rats per week.
Apply one-way ANOVA using a 0.05 significance level to the following data:
Food 1 8 12 19 8 6 11
Food 2 4 5 4 6 9 7
Food 3 11 8 7 13 7 9
Sol. To carry out the analysis of variance, we form the following tables

Total Squares
8 12 19 8 6 11
F1 T1=64 T21=4096
4 5 4 6 9 7
F2 T2=35 T22=1225
11 8 7 13 7 9
F3 T3=55 T23=3025
Total T
154 -

The squares are as follows

Sum of Squares

F1 64 144 361 64 36 121 790

F2 16 25 16 36 81 49 223

F3 121 64 49 169 49 81 533

Grand Total - ∑ ∑ 𝑥 1546


Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 = 𝜇
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 1317.55

Therefore Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 1546 − 1317.55


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 228.45

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Sum of the squares of between the treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + − 1317.55
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 682.66 + 204.166 + 504.166 − 1317.55
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 1391 − 1317.55
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 73.45

Therefore, sum of squares due to error SEE=TSS-SST

⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 228.45 − 73.45 ⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 155

Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Between 3-1=2 SST=73.45 73.45
treatments 𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 36.725
2 𝐹=
= 36.725 10.33
Error 18-3=15 SSE=155 155 = 3.55
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = 10.33
15

Total 18-1=17 - -
Since evaluated value 3.55 <3.68 for F(2,15) at 5% level of significance
Hence the null hypothesis is accepted , there is no significance between the three process.

4. Three types of fertilizers are used on three groups of plants for 5 weeks. We want
to check if there is a difference in the mean growth of each group. Using the data
given below apply a one-way ANOVA test at 0.05 significant level
Fertilizer 1 6 8 4 5 3 4
Fertilizer 2 8 12 9 11 6 8
Fertilizer 3 13 9 11 8 7 12

Sol.
To carry out the analysis of variance, we form the following tables

Total Squares
6 8 4 5 3 4
F1 T1=30 T21=900
8 12 9 11 6 8
F2 T2=54 T22=2916
13 9 11 8 7 12
F3 T3=60 T23=3600
Total T
144 -

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The squares are as follows

Sum of Squares

F1 36 64 16 25 9 16 166

F2 64 144 81 121 36 64 510

F3 169 81 121 64 49 144 628

Grand Total - ∑ ∑ 𝑥 1304


Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 1152

Therefore Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 1304 − 1152


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 152

Sum of the squares of between the treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + − 1152
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 150 + 486 + 600 − 1152
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 1236 − 1152
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 84

Therefore sum of squares due to error SEE=TSS-SST

⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 152 − 84 ⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 68

Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Between 3-1=2 SST=84 84
𝑀𝑆𝑇 = = 42 42
treatments 2 𝐹=
4.533
Error 18-3=15 SSE=68 68 = 9.2653
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = 4.533
15
Total 18-1=17 - -

Since evaluated value 9.2653 >3.68 for F(2,15) at 5% level of significance


Hence the null hypothesis is rejected, there is significance between the tree process.

5. Set an analysis of variance table for the following data.


A 6 7 3 8
B 5 5 3 7
C 5 4 3 4
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Sol.

To carry out the analysis of variance, we form the following tables

Total Squares
6 7 3 8
A T1=24 T21=576
5 5 3 7
B T2=20 T22=400
5 4 3 4
C T3=16 T23=256
Total T
60 -

The squares are as follows

Total Squares
36 49 9 64
A 158
25 25 9 49
B 108
25 16 9 16
C 66
Grand Total - ∑ ∑ 𝑥
332
Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 300

Therefore, Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 332 − 300


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 32

Sum of the squares of between the treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 144 + 100 + 64 − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 308 − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 8

Therefore sum of squares due to error SEE=TSS-SST

⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 32 − 8
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 24

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Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio
variation
Between 3-1=2 SST=8 8
𝑀𝑆𝑇 = =4 4
treatments 2 𝐹=
Error 12-3=9 SSE=24 24 2.66
𝑀𝑆𝐸 = = 1.5037
9
= 2.66
Total 12-1=11 - -

Since evaluated value 1.5037<4.26 for F(2,9) at 5% level of significance


Hence the null hypothesis is accepted, there is no significance between the three process.

6. A trial was run to check the effects of different diets. Positive numbers indicate weight loss
and negative numbers indicate weight gain. Check if there is an average difference in the
weight of people following different diets using an ANOVA Table.
Low Fat Low Low protein Low
Calorie carbohydrate
8 2 3 2
9 4 5 2
6 3 4 -1
7 5 2 0
3 1 3 3
Sol.
To carry out the analysis of variance, we form the following tables

Low Fat Low Low protein Low


Calorie carbohydrate
8 2 3 2
9 4 5 2
6 3 4 -1
7 5 2 0
3 1 3 3
T 33 15 17 6 71
T2 1089 225 289 36 -
The squares are as follows
Low Fat Low Calorie Low protein Low carbohydrate
64 4 9 4
81 16 25 4
36 9 16 1
49 25 4 0
9 1 9 9
𝑥 375
239 55 63 18

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Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 252

Therefore Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 375 − 252


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 123

Sum of the squares of between the treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + + − 252
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 217.8 + 45 + 57.8 + 7.2 − 252
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 327.8 − 252
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 75.80

Therefore sum of squares due to error SEE=TSS-SST

⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 123 − 75.80


⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 47.2

Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Between 4-1=3 SST=75.80 75.80
treatments 𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 25.26
3 𝐹 = = 8.56
= 25.26 2.95
Error 20-4=16 SSE=47.20 47.20
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
16
= 2.95
Total 20-1=19 - -
Since evaluated value 8.56 >3.24 for F(3,16) at 5% level of significance
Hence the null hypothesis is rejected, there is significance between the four process.

7. The following data show the number of worms quarantined from the GI areas offour groups
of muskrats in a carbon tetrachloride anthelmintic study. Conduct a
two-way ANOVA test.
I II III IV
33 41 12 38
32 38 35 43
26 40 46 25
14 23 22 13
30 21 11 26

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Sol.
Given
I II III IV
33 41 12 38
32 38 35 43
26 40 46 25
14 23 22 13
30 21 11 26
Subtract 30 from all the observations, we get
I II III IV
3 11 -18 8
2 8 5 13
-4 10 16 -5
-16 -7 -8 -17
0 -9 -19 -4

I II III IV
3 11 -18 8
2 8 5 13
-4 10 16 -5
-16 -7 -8 -17
0 -9 -19 -4
T -15 13 -24 -5 -31
T2 225 169 576 25

The squares are as follows


I II III IV
9 121 324 64
4 64 25 169
16 100 256 25
256 49 64 289
0 81 361 16
𝑥 2293
285 415 1030 563
Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 = 𝜇 = 𝜇
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 48

Therefore, Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 2293 − 48
⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 2245

Sum of the squares of between the treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + + − 48
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⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 45 + 33.8 + 115.2 + 5 − 48
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 199 − 48
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 151

Therefore sum of squares due to error SEE=TSS-SST

⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 2245 − 151


⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 2094

Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Between 4-1=3 SST=151 151
treatments 𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 130.87
3 𝐹= = 2.6
= 50.33 50.33
Error 20-4=16 SSE=2094 2094
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
16
= 130.87
Total 20-1=19 - -
Since evaluated value 2.6<3.24 for F(3,16) at 5% level of significance
Hence the null hypothesis is accepted, there is no significance between the four process.

TWO WAY CLASSIFICATION:

 Define the problem for different varieties and different treatments.


Verities Sum Squares

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 𝑇 𝑇
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 𝑇 𝑇
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 𝑇 𝑇
--- ---
--- … --- --- ---
-
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 … 𝑥 𝑇 𝑇
Sum P1 P2 P3 --- PK =G
2 2 2 2
Squares P1 P2 P3 --- PK
 Define the null hypothesis 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 = 𝜇 =….=𝜇 for the level of significance.
 Find the sum of all the verities (Row wise) Find the sum of all the observations of N
varieties, say T.
 Find the correction factor 𝐶𝐹 =
 Find the sum of squares of individual items 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹
 Find the sum of the squares of rows 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

 Find the sum of the squares of columns 𝑆𝐶𝐶 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹


 Find the sum of squares with in the class or sum of squares due to error by subtraction
SEE=TSS-SSR-SSC.
 Plot the ANOVA table

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Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio
variation
Rows r-1 SSR 𝑆𝑆𝑅 𝑀𝑆𝑅
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = 𝐹 =
𝑟−1 𝑀𝑆𝐸
Columns c-1 SSC 𝑆𝑆𝐶
𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
𝑐−1
𝑀𝑆𝐶
𝐹 =
Error (r-1)(c-1) SSE 𝑆𝑆𝐸 𝑀𝑆𝐸
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
(𝑟 − 1)(𝑐 − 1)
Total N-1 - -

1. Set up an analysis of variance table for the following per acre production data for
three varieties of wheat, each grown on 4 plots and state it the variety differences
are significant at 5% significant level.
Per acre production data
Plot of land Variety of wheat
A B C
1 6 5 5
2 7 5 4
3 3 3 3
4 8 7 4
Sol.

To carry out the analysis of variance, we form the following tables


Per acre production data T T2
Plot of land Variety
A B C
1 6 5 5 16 256
2 7 5 4 16 256
3 3 3 3 9 81
4 8 7 4 19 361
P 24 20 16 =60 -
P2 576 400 256
The squares are as follows

Variety
A B C
36 25 25
49 25 16
9 9 9
64 49 16 Grand Total -
∑ ∑ 𝑥 =332
Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇 , N=12
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 300

Therefore, Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹


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⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 332 − 300
⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 32

Sum of the row squares 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + + − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 85.33 + 85.33 + 27 + 120.33 − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 318 − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 18

Sum of the column squares 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 144 + 100 + 64 − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 308 − 300
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 8

Therefore SSE=TSS-SSR-SSC

SSE=32-18-8=6

Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Rows 4-1=3 SSR=18 18 6
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = =6 𝐹 = =6
3 1
Columns 3-1=2 SSC=8 8
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = 4
2
Error 3X2=6 SSE=6 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = =1 4
𝐹 = =4
Total 12-1=11 - - 1

𝐹 = 6> F(3,6)=4.76 &


𝐹 = 4< F(6,2)=19.33

2. Three varieties of coal were analysed by four chemists and the ash-content in the varieties
was found to be as under.
Varieties Chemists
1 2 3 4
A 8 5 5 7
B 7 6 4 4
C 3 6 5 4
Carry out the analysis of variance.

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Sol. To carry out the analysis of variance, we form the following tables

Chemists T T2
Variety 1 2 3 4
A 8 5 5 7 25 625
B 7 6 4 4 21 441
C 3 6 5 4 18 324
P 18 17 14 15 =64 -
P2 324 289 196 225
The squares are as follows

Chemists
1 2 3 4
64 25 25 49
49 36 16 16
9 36 25 16 Grand Total - ∑ ∑ 𝑥 =366
Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇 , N=12
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 341.33

Therefore, Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 366 − 341.33


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 24.67

Sum of the row squares 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + − 341.33
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 156.25 + 110.25 + 81 − 341.33
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 347.50 − 341.33
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 6.17

Sum of the column squares 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + + − 341.33
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 108 + 96.33 + 65.33 + 75 − 341.33
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 344.66 − 341.33
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 3.33

Therefore SSE=TSS-SSR-SSC

SSE=24.67-6.17-3.33=15.17

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Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio
variation
Rows 3-1=2 SSR=6.17 6.17 3.085
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = = 3.085 𝐹 =
2 2.53
Columns 4-1=3 SSC=3.33 3.33 = 1.22
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = = 1.11
3
Error 3X2=6 SSE=15.17 𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
.
=2.53 2.53
𝐹 =
Total 12-1=11 - - 1.11
= 2.28

𝐹 = 1.22 < F(2,6) &


𝐹 = 2.28< F(6,3)

3. Perform ANOVA and test at 0.05 level of significant whether these are differences in the
detergent or in the engines for the following data:
Detergent Engine
I II III
A 45 43 51
B 47 46 52
C 48 50 55
D 42 37 49
Sol.
Given the data
Engine
Detergent
I II III
A 45 43 51
B 47 46 52
C 48 50 55
D 42 37 49
Subtract 45 from all the observations, we get
Detergent Engine T T2
I II III
A 0 -2 6 4 16
B 2 1 7 10 100
C 3 5 10 18 324
D -3 -8 4 -7 49
P 2 -4 27 2 =25
2
P 4 16 729 4 -
The squares are
Detergent Engine Sum
I II III
A 0 4 36 40
B 4 1 49 54
C 9 25 100 134
D 9 64 16 89
Grand Total -
∑ ∑ 𝑥 = 317

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Set the null hypotheses 𝐻 : 𝜇 = 𝜇 𝜇 , N=12
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 52.08

Therefore Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 317 − 52.08


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 264.92

Sum of the row squares 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + + − 52.08
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 5.33 + 33.33 + 108 + 16.33 − 52.08
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 163 − 52.08
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 110.92

Sum of the column squares 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − 52.08
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 1 + 4 + 182.25 − 52.08
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 187.25 − 52.08
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 135.17

Therefore SSE=TSS-SSR-SSC

SSE=264.92-110.92-135.17=18.83

Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio


variation
Rows 4-1=3 SSR=110.92 110.92 36.97
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = 𝐹 =
3 3.14
= 36.97 = 11.77
Columns 3-1=2 SSC=135.17 135.17
𝑀𝑆𝐶 =
2
= 67.58
.
Error 3X2=6 SSE=18.83 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = =3.14 67.58
𝐹 =
Total 12-1=11 - - 3.14
= 21.52

𝐹 = 11.77 > F(3,6) &


𝐹 = 21.52> F(6,2)

Since the null hypothesis is rejected and there is a significance between Detergent and
Engine.

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4. Analyze and interpret the following statistics concerning output of wheat for field obtained as
result of experiment conducted to test for Four varieties of wheat viz. A,B,C and D under
Laton square design.

C B A D
25 23 20 20
A D C B
19 19 21 18
B A D C
19 14 17 20
D C B A
17 20 21 15
Sol.

Given observations are

C B A D
25 23 20 20
A D C B
19 19 21 18
B A D C
19 14 17 20
D C B A
17 20 21 15
Null hypothesis Ho : There is no significant difference between rows, columns and treatment

Code the data by subtracting 20 from each value, we get

T T2

C B A D
5 3 0 0 8 64
A D C B
-1 -1 1 -2 -3 9
B A D C
-
-1 -6 -3 0
10 100
D C B A
-3 0 1 -5 -7 49
P 0 -4 -1 -7 =- 12
2
P 0 16 1 49 - -

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The squares are as follows

C B A D
25 9 0 0
A D C B
1 1 1 4
B A D C
1 36 9 0
D C B A
9 0 1 25
36 46 11 29 ∑ ∑ 𝑥 =122
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = =9

Therefore, Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 122 − 9
⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 113

Sum of the row squares 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + + −9
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 16 + 2.25 + 25 + 12.25 − 9
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 55.5 − 9
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 4

Sum of the column squares 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 0 + + + −9
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 4 + 0.25 + 12.25 − 9
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 16.5 − 9
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 7.5

To find the sum of the treatments

Observations 𝑄
= (𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠) 𝑄
A 0 -1 -6 -5 -12 144
B 3 -2 -1 1 1 1
C 5 1 0 0 6 36
D 0 -1 -3 -3 -7 49
Sum of the squares of treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + + −9
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 36 + 0.25 + 9 + 12.25 − 9
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⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 57.50 − 9
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 48.50

∴ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝑆𝑅 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 − 𝑆𝑆𝑇 ⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 113 − 46.5 − 7.5 − 48.50 = 10.5, We
know that 𝐹(3,6) = 4.76

Sources d.f SS MSS F Ratio Conclusion


variation
Rows 4-1=3 SSR=46.5 46.5 15.5 𝐹 > 𝐹(3,6)
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = 𝐹 =
3 1.75 𝐻 -Rejected
= 15.5 = 8.85

Columns 4-1=3 SSC=7.5 7.5 2.5 𝐹 < 𝐹(3,6)


𝑀𝑆𝐶 = 𝐹 =
3 1.75 𝐻 -Accepted
= 2.5 = 1.428
Treatments 4-1=3 SST=48.5 48.5 16.16 𝐹 > 𝐹(3,6)
𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 𝐹 =
3 1.75 𝐻 -Rejected
= 16.16 = 9.23
Error 3x2=6 SSE=10.5 10.5 - -
𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
6
= 1.75
Total 25- - - - -
1=24

5. Five varieties of paddy A, B, C, D, and E are tried. The plan, the varieties shown in each plot
and yields obtained in Kg are given in the following table (LSD)
B E C A D
95 85 139 117 97
E D B C A
90 89 75 146 87
C A D B E
116 95 92 89 74
A C E D B
85 130 90 81 77
D B A E C
87 65 99 89 93
Test whether there is a significant difference between rows and columns at 5% LOS.

Sol. Given observations are


B E C A D
95 85 139 117 97
E D B C A
90 89 75 146 87
C A D B E
116 95 92 89 74
A C E D B
85 130 90 81 77
D B A E C
87 65 99 89 93
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Null hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between rows, columns and treatment,
Code the data by subtracting 100 from each value, we get

T T2

B E C A D
-5 -15 39 17 -3 33 1089
E D B C A -
-10 -11 -25 46 -13 13 169
C A D B E
-
16 -5 -8 -11 -26
34 1156
A C E D B -
-15 30 -10 -19 -23 37 1369
D B A E C -
-13 -35 -1 -11 -7 67 4489
P -27 -36 -5 22 -72 = - 118
P2 729 1296 25 484 5184 - -

The squares are as follows:

B E C A D
25 225 1521 289 9
E D B C A
100 121 625 2116 169
C A D B E
256 25 64 121 676
A C E D B
225 900 100 361 529
D B A E C
169 1225 1 121 49

775 2496 2311 3008 1432 ∑ ∑ 𝑥 =10022


( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 557

Therefore Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 10022 − 557


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 9465

Sum of the row squares 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

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𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + + + − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 217.8 + 33.8 + 231.2 + 273.8 + 897.8 − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 1654.4 − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 1097.4

Sum of the column squares 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + + + − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 145.8 + 259.2 + 5 + 96.8 + 1036.8 − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 1543.6 − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 986.6

To find the sum of the treatments,

Observations 𝑄 𝑄
= (𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
A 17 - -5 -15 -1
13 -17 289
B -5 - -11 -23 -35
25 -99 9801
C 39 46 16 30 -7 124 15376
D -3 - -8 -19 -13
11 -54 2916
E -15 - -26 -10 -11
10 -72 5184

Sum of the squares of treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + + + − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 57.8 + 1960.2 + 3075.2 + 583.2 + 1036.8 − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 6713.2 − 557
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 6156.2

∴ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝑆𝑅 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 − 𝑆𝑆𝑇


⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 9465 − 1097.4 − 986.6 − 6156.2
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 1224.8

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Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio Conclusion
variation
Rows 5-1=4 SSR=1097.4
𝑀𝑆𝑅 274.3 𝐹 < 𝐹(4,12)
1097.4 𝐹 =
102.66 𝐻 -Accepted
= = 2.672
4
= 274.3
Columns 5-1=4 SSC=986.6 986.6 246.65 𝐹 < 𝐹(4,12)
𝑀𝑆𝐶 = 𝐹 =
4 102.66 𝐻 -Accepted
= 246.65 = 2.4026
Treatments 5-1=4 SST=6156.2 𝑀𝑆𝑇 1539.05 𝐹 > 𝐹(4,12)
𝐹 =
6156.2 102.66 𝐻 -Rejected
= = 15
4
= 1539.05
Error 4x3=12 SSE=1224.8 𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
.
=102.66
Total 25- - - -
1=24

6. Present your conclusions after doing analysis of variance to the following results of
the Latin-square design experiment conducted in respect of five fertilizers which

were used on plots of different fertility.

A B C D E
16 10 11 9 9
E C A B D
10 9 14 12 11
B D E C A
15 8 8 10 18
D E B A C
12 6 13 13 12
C A D E B
13 11 10 7 14
Sol. Given observations are

A B C D E
16 10 11 9 9
E C A B D
10 9 14 12 11
B D E C A
15 8 8 10 18
D E B A C
12 6 13 13 12
C A D E B
13 11 10 7 14

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Null hypothesis Ho: There is no significant difference between rows, columns and treatment,
Code the data by subtracting 10 from each value. We get,

T T2

A B C D E
6 0 1 -1 -1 5 25
E C A B D
0 -1 4 2 1 6 36
B D E C A
5 -2 -2 0 8 9 81
D E B A C
2 -4 3 3 2 6 36
C A D E B
3 1 0 -3 4 5 25
P 16 -6 6 1 14 = 31
P2 256 36 36 1 196 - -
The squares are as follows:

A B C D E
36 0 1 1 1
E C A B D
0 1 16 4 1
B D E C A
25 4 4 0 64
D E B A C
4 16 9 9 4
C A D E B
9 1 0 9 16

74 22 30 23 86 = 235
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 38.44

Therefore Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 235 − 38.44


⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 196.56

Sum of the row squares 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + + + − 38.44
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 5 + 7.2 + 16.2 + 7.2 + 5 − 38.44
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 40.60 − 38.44
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 2.16
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Sum of the column squares 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + + + − 38.44
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 51.2 + 7.2 + 7.2 + 0.2 + 39.2 − 38.44
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 105 − 38.44 ⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 66.56
To find the sum of the treatments
Observations 𝑄 𝑄
= (𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠)
A 6 4 8 3 1 22 484
B 0 2 5 3 4 14 196
C 1 -1 0 2 3 5 25
D -1 1 -2 2 0 0 0
E -1 0 -2 -4 -3 -10 100
Sum of the squares of treatments 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑇 = + + + + − 38.44
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 96.8 + 39.2 + 5 + 0 + 20 − 38.44
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 161 − 38.44
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑇 = 122.56
∴ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 𝑇𝑆𝑆 − 𝑆𝑆𝑅 − 𝑆𝑆𝐶 − 𝑆𝑆𝑇
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 196.56 − 2.16 − 66.56 − 122.56
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐸 = 5.28
Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio Conclusion
variation
Rows 5-1=4 SSR=2.16 2.16 0.54 𝐹 < 𝐹(4,12)
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = 𝐹 =
4 0.44 𝐻 -Accepted
= 0.54 = 1.227

Columns 5-1=4 SSC=66.56 𝑀𝑆𝐶 16.64 𝐹 > 𝐹(4,12)


𝐹 =
66.56 0.44 𝐻 -Rejected
= = 37.81
4
= 16.64
Treatments 5-1=4 SST=122.56 𝑀𝑆𝑇 30.64 𝐹 > 𝐹(4,12)
𝐹 =
122.56 0.44 𝐻 -Rejected
= = 69.63
4
= 30.64
Error 4x3=12 SSE=5.28 𝑀𝑆𝐸 = - -
.
=0.44
Total 25- - - - -
1=24

7. Set up ANOVA table for the following information relating to three drugs testing to judge the effectiveness in
reducing blood pressure for three different groups of people:

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Group of people Drug

X Y Z

A 14 10 11
15 9 11

B 12 7 10
11 8 11

C 10 11 8
11 11 7

Do the drugs act differently? Are the different groups of people affected differently? Is the interaction term
significant? Answer the above questions taking a significant level of 5%.
Sol.
Given observations from different people (A, B, C) to the different drugs (X, Y, Z) are as
Group Drug T T2
of
X Y Z
people
A 14 10 11 70 4900
15 9 11
B 12 7 10 59 3481
11 8 11
C 10 11 8 58 3364
11 11 7
P 73 56 58 =187 -

P2 5329 3136 3364 - -

Where N=6+6+6=18
( )
Correction Factor 𝐶𝐹 = = = = 1942.722
The squares are as follows
Group Drug Sum of
of Squares
people X Y Z

A 196 100 121 844


225 81 121
B 144 49 100 599
121 64 121
C 100 121 64 576 ∑ ∑ 𝑥 =2019
121 121 49

Therefore, Total sum of squares 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = ∑ ∑ 𝑥 − 𝐶𝐹

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⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 2019 − 1942.722
⇒ 𝑇𝑆𝑆 = 76.28
Sum of the row squares 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝑅 = + + − 1942.722
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 816.67 + 580.16 + 560.67 − 1942.722
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑅 = 14.78
Sum of the column squares 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = ∑ − 𝐶𝐹

𝑆𝑆𝐶 = + + − 1942.722
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 888.16 + 522.66 + 560.67 − 1942.722
⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝐶 = 28.77
SS within samples (SST)= (14 – 14.5)2 + (15 – 14.5)2 + (10 – 9.5)2 + (9 – 9.5)2 + (11 – 11)2 +
(11 – 11)2 + (12 – 11.5)2 + (11 – 11.5)2 + (7 – 7.5)2 + (8 – 7.5)2 + (10 – 10.5)2 + (11 – 10.5)2
+ (10 – 10.5)2 + (11 – 10.5)2 + (11 – 11)2 + (11 – 11)2 + (8 – 7.5)2 + (7 – 7.5)2
SST=3.50
Therefore,
SSE=TSS-SSR-SSC-SST
⇒ SSE = 76.28 − 14.78 − 28.77 − 3.5
⇒ SSE = 29.23
We have F(2,9)=4.26 , F(4,9)=3.63
Sources d.f. SS MSS F Ratio Conclusion
variation
Rows 3-1=2 SSR=14.78 14.78 7.39 𝐹 > 𝐹(2,9)
𝑀𝑆𝑅 = 𝐹 =
2 0.389 𝐻 -Rejected
= 7.39 = 19

Columns 3-1=2 SSC=28.77 28.77 14.385 𝐹 > 𝐹(2,9)


𝑀𝑆𝐶 = 𝐹 =
2 0.389 𝐻 -Rejected
= 14.385 = 37
Treatments 9 SST=3.5 3.5 7.33 𝐹 > 𝐹(4,9)
𝑀𝑆𝑇 = 𝐹 =
9 0.389 𝐻 -Rejected
= 0.389 = 18.84
Error 4 SSE=29.33 𝑀𝑆𝐸 =
.
=7.33 - -

All the very best…..

Prepared by: PURUSHOTHAM P, SJC INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, 7338005244 P a g e | 29

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