Elements of Electrical Engineering

Electrical Installation, Safety

And Protection

By:
Dr Siddharth Joshi
AP EED SoT PDEU
 Outline of the unit
UNIT IV: Electrical Installation, Safety And Protection
Fuse, MCB, ELCB, MCCB
Underground cables, Domestic and Industrial Wiring
Types of lamps, illumination schemes and lumen
requirements for domestic and industrial applications
Earthing and it schemes. Electrical safety rules,
electric shock and first aid
Energy conservation methods, elementary calculation
of energy consumptions, tariffs.
UNIT IV
Electrical Installation, Safety And Protection
• Fuse, MCB, ELCB
Fuse
• Fuse is a current interrupting device which opens the circuit by fusing
the element when the current in the circuit exceeds a certain value. It is
used for overload and short circuit protection in low voltage
installations.

Drawbacks
• They have to be replaced after each operation
• Breaking capacity is small
• Inter-locking is not possible.
Why do we Need Fuse?
• Fuses are used for the prevention of home appliances from the short
circuit and damage by overload or high current etc.
• If we don’t use fuses, electrical faults occur in the wiring and it burns
the wire and electric appliances and may starts fire at home.
• The lives of television, computers, radios and other home appliances
may also put at risk.
• When the fuse goes, a sudden spark occurs which may lead to turning
your home into sudden darkness by disconnecting the power supply
which saves any further mishappenings. That’s why we need fuses to
protect our home appliances from harm.
How Does Fuse work?
• The fuses work on the principle of the heating effect of the current.
It’s made up of thin strip or strand of metallic wire with
noncombustible material. This is connected between the ends of the
terminals. Fuse is always connected in series with the electrical circuit.
• When the excessive current or heat is generated due to heavy current
flows in the circuit, the fuse melts down due to the low melting point
of the element and it opens the circuit. The excessive flow may lead to
the breakdown of wire and stops the flow of current.
 Fuse Wire
• The function of fuse wire is to carry the normal current without excessive heating but
more than normal current when passes through fuse wire, it rapidly heats up and melts.

 Materials used for Fuse Wires

• The materials used for fuse wires are mainly tin, lead, zinc, silver, antimony, copper,
aluminium etc.

• Minimum Fusing Current is the minimum value of current due to which fuse melts.

• Current Rating of Fuse is the maximum value of current due to which fuse does not
get melt.

• Fusing Factor is the ratio of minimum fusing current and current rating of the fuse.
• Therefore, fusing factor = Minimum fusing current or current rating of the fuse.
• The value of the fusing factor is always more than 1.
How to choose a Fuse?
Fuse rating = (watts/volts) x 1.25

Characteristics of Fuses

• Current(Cin)=75%Current (rating)
• V(fuse) >V(open ckt)
• Breaking capacity > maximum rated capacity
(Breaking capacity is the maximum short circuit current a
fuse can safely blow without a catastrophic failure such
as a fire, breakage or explosion)
• Breaking capacity <short ckt current
HRC fuse or High Rupturing Capacity Fuse

• HRC fuse or high rupturing capacity fuse– In that type of fuse, the fuse wire or
element can carry short circuit heavy current for a known time period. During this
time if the fault gets removed, then it does not blow off. Otherwise, it blows off or
melts. The enclosure of HRC fuse is either of glass or some other chemical
compound.
• This enclosure is sufficiently airtight to avoid the effect of the atmosphere on the
fuse materials. The ceramic enclosure having a metal end cap at both heads, to
which fusible silver wire gets welded. There is a space within the enclosure,
surrounding the fuse wire or fuse element, completely packed with a filling
powder.
The melting point and specific resistance of different metals used for fuse wire (FYI)
Approximate fusing currents of lead-tin alloy fuse wire in the air. (FYI)
 MCB

• MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker)—rated current not more than 100 A.

• Trip characteristics normally not adjustable.

• Thermal or thermal-magnetic operation. Breakers illustrated above are in this

category.
• MCB notes_Dr. Siddharth Joshi.pdf
High Performance
Cataloge Description: S802N-C20 High
Performance MCB. Long Description: The S802N-
C20 is a 2-pole High Performance Circuit breaker
with C-characteristic, with cage terminal and a rated
current of 20 A. It is a current limiting device with a
maximum breaking capacity of 36kA at 240/415V.
(Video)
 ELCB
• If any current leaks from any electrical installation, there must-be any insulation failure in
the electrical circuit, it must be properly detected and prevented otherwise there may be a
high chance of electrical shock if-anyone touches the installation.
• An earth leakage circuit breaker does it efficiently. Means it detects the earth leakage
current and makes the power supply off by opening the associated circuit breaker. There
are two types of earth leakage circuit breaker, one is voltage ELCB and other is current
ELCB.
• Rated current International Standard IEC 60898-1 defines the rated current In of a
circuit breaker for household applications as the current that the breaker is designed to
carry continuously (at an ambient air temperature of 30 °C). The commonly-available
preferred values for the rated current are 6 A, 10 A, 13 A, 16 A, 20 A, 25 A, 32 A, 40 A,
50 A, 63 A, 80 A and 100 A .The circuit breaker is labeled with the rated current in
ampere, but without the unit symbol "A". Instead, the ampere figure is preceded by a
letter "B", "C" , "D" "K" or "Z" that indicates the instantaneous tripping current, that is
the minimum value of current that causes the circuit-breaker to trip without intentional
time delay (i.e., in less than 100 ms)
 ELCB.pdf
ELCB
• The function of ELCB is to disconnect the supply instantly on the
occurrence of earth faults or leakage of current i.e. ELCB is protecting
against the earth leakage current.
• Although the body or part of the machinery may be earthed but even
the best of Earthing will have a resistance greater than zero.
• In order to prevent a leakage current which may result in build up of
dangerous contact voltages it is needed to install an ELCB.
 Concluding remarks of the topic
• The MCB is largely used in low circuit current, while MCCB is used
for the heavy current circuit. The MCB is used for low energy
requirements (domestic purposes), whereas the MCCB is used in high
energy requirement regions (large industries).
• RCCB refers to ear stands for Residual Current Circuit Breaker. ELCB
stands for Electric Leakage Circuit Breaker. ... RCCB has no
connection with the earth wire and that's why it can trip when both
currents (phase and neutral) are different and it withstands up to both
the currents are same
Underground cables

• Underground cables are used where overhead lines are not

possible as in large cities despite the fact that in their case,
cost per kW per km is much more as compared to overhead
transmission lines.
 Inner Sheath: In order to
protect the cable from moisture,
gases, harmful liquids in the soil
and atmosphere, a metallic
sheath (known as the inner
Core or Conductors: A sheath) of lead, lead alloy or
three core cable has three aluminium tape is provided over
conductors as shown in the insulation.
Figure. These conductors
are made of copper or
aluminium and usually
stranded to make
the cable flexible.

Insulation

Insulation: Each core or conductor is covered by a suitable

thickness of an insulating material. The thickness of the layer
of insulation depends upon the voltage rating of the cable.
 Armouring: Over the bedding, armouring is provided to protect the cable from mechanical
injury. Armouring usually consists of one or two layers of galvanized steel wire or steel tape.
This layer may be omitted in some cables to avoid excessive sheath losses.

Outer Sheath: The last layer above

the armouring is the outer sheath. This
layer protects the armouring from
atmospheric conditions.

Insulation

Bedding: In order to protect the metallic sheath from

corrosion and mechanical injury due to armouring, a
protective layer of material like jute or hessian tape is
provided over the inner sheath. This layer is known as
bedding. This layer may be absent in some cables.
Industrial Wiring
Domestic and Industrial Wiring
Domestic wiring
Cleat Wiring
 Cleat wiring is normally used for temporary wiring purposes.
 As a permanent system of wiring, it is not preferred in domestic premises.
 It is quite suitable for taking a temporary connection, such as for function,
marriages, etc.
 Material used:
• VIR (Vulcanized Indian Rubber) or PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) insulated
wires
• Weather proof cables
• Porcelain cleats or plastic cleats (two or three grooves)
• Screws
o Advantages
1. It is the cheapest system of internal wiring.
2. Its installation and dismantlement is easy and quick.
oDisadvantages
1. It is not good looking.
2. It is quite temporary and perishes quickly.
oField of Application
1. The wiring of this type is very suitable for temporary installations in dry
places.
2. This is also accepted where appearance is not so important and cheapness
is the main consideration.
Casing Wiring Before installing, a
3mm round
insulator is used
between casing
and the wall to
prevent the
humidity of the wall
affecting the
casing.
The next step
involves grooving
the surface with a
width of ¼ inch.
Material used
• VIR or PVC insulated wires
• Casing Enclosure (made of wood or plastic)
• Capping (made of wood or plastic)
• Casing and capping joints.
Advantages
• Advantages of this kind of wiring scheme are
Cheap and easy to install
Strong and durable wiring
Customization can be done easily
Safe from smoke, dust, rain and steam etc.
Due to casing and capping no risk of shock.
Disadvantages
• Disadvantages of this kind of wiring scheme are
Very costly
Not suitable for weather with high humidity and acidic conditions.
Insect like termites or ants can damage wooden casing and capping.
High risk of fire.
Batten Wiring Group of Single or double or
three core cables are used to be
laid on straight teak wooden
batten. The cables are hold with
help of tinned brass link clip or
buckle clip. Brass pins are used
to fix the buckle clips on the
wooden batten. Buckle clips is
fixed with brass pin on the
wooden batten at an interval 10
cm for horizontal runs and 15 cm
for vertical runs.

https://www.electrical4u.com/system-of-wiring/
Material used
• CTS (cab tyre sheath) or TRS (Tough rubber sheath) cable
• Straight teak wooden batten (at 10 mm thick)
• Tinned brass link clip ( buckle clip)
• Brass pins
Advantages
• Advantages of this kind of wiring scheme are
• Easy installation
• Cheap in material cost
• Appearance is better.
• Customization is easy
• Less chance of leakage current
Disadvantages
Disadvantages of this kind of wiring scheme are
• Not suitable for outdoor wiring
• Humidity, smoke, steam etc. directly affect on wires.
• Heavy wires are not recommended for this wiring scheme.
• Only suitable for below 250 V.
• High risk of fire.
Conduit
Wiring
Procedure of Conduit Wiring
• This kind of wiring is not easy to install. On the surface of the wall or
ceiling conduit pipes (with GI wire inside) are attached with help of 2-
hole strap and base clip at a regular certain distance.
• Next GI wire is used to lay down the wires through the conduit pipe.
Material used
Metallic Conduit
• 1. Class A conduit: thin layer steel sheet low gauge conduit
• 2. Class B conduit: thick sheet of steel high gauge conduit
Non-Metallic Conduit
• 13, 16.2, 18.75, 20, 25, 37, 50 and 63 mm (diameter) PVC conduit.
• VIR or PVC insulated cables
• GI wire of 18SWG
• Screw
• Coupling
• Elbow
• Rigid off set
• 2-hole strap
• Lock nut
Advantages of Conduit Wiring
• The safest wiring
• Appearance is better
• No risk of fire or mechanical wear and tear.
• No risk of damage of cable insulation
• Safe from humidity, smoke, steam etc.
• No risk of shock
• Long lasting
Disadvantages
• Very expensive
• Installation is not easy
• Not easy to customize for future
• Hard to detect the faults.
Concealed Wiring
Procedure of Concealed Wiring
• Concealed wiring is properly named as concealed conduit wiring. It is
very laborious to install.
• The layout of this wiring is done under the plaster of the wall of the
building.
• Conduit pipes are buried under the plaster of wall with GI wire inside.
After, with the help of GI wires, the main PVC insulated cables are
drawn through the conduit.
Advantages of Concealed Wiring
• The safest wiring
• Appearance is better
• No risk of fire or mechanical wear and tear.
• No risk of damage of cable insulation
• Safe from humidity, smoke, steam etc.
• No risk of shock
• Long lasting
Disadvantages
• Very expensive.
• Installation is not easy.
• Not easy to customize for future.
• Hard to detect the faults.
Two way control of lamp
Two way control of lamp
Logic Position of 1 Position of 2 Lamp
ON/OFF
1 3 ON
1 4 OFF
2 3 OFF
2 4 ON
 Earthing and it schemes
• The term Earthing means
connecting the neutral point
of supply system or the non
current carrying parts of the
electrical apparatus to the
general mass of earth in
such a manner that all times
an immediate discharge of
electrical energy takes place
without danger.
Un-Earthed System (Ungrounded enclosure)
Enclosures connected to neutral wire
Enclosures connected to neutral wire
Earthed System
Current Reaction
1 Milliampere Perception level
5 Milliamperes Slight shock felt; not painful but disturbing
6-30 Milliamperes Painful shock; “let-go” range
Extreme pain, respiratory arrest, severe muscular
50-150 Milliamperes
contraction
1000-4,300
Ventricular fibrillation
Milliamperes
10,000+ Milliamperes Cardiac arrest, severe burns and probable death
Earthing in single phase system
Earthing in poly phase system
Electrical safety rules, electric shock and first
aid
• Electrical Safety_2.docx
Earthing Electrode
Plate Earthing
Pipe Earthing
Pipe Earthing
Rod Earthing
• In this system of earthing 12.5mm diameter solid rods of copper 16mm diameter
solid rod of GI or steel or hollow section of 25mm GI pipe of length not less than
3 meters are driven vertically into the earth.
• In order to increase the embeded length of electrode under the ground, which is
some time necessary to reduce the earth resistance to desired value more than one
rod section are hammered one above the other.
• This system of earthing is suitable for area which are sandy in character .
• This system of earthing is very cheap.
Rod Earthing
Strip or Wire Earthing
• In this system of earthing strip electrode of cross section not less than 25mm into
1.6mm of copper or 25mm * 4mm of GI or steel are buried in horizontal trenches
of minimum depth of 0.5m.
• If round conductor are used their cross sectional area shall not be smaller than
three if copper is used and 6mm2 if GI or steel is used.
• The length of buried conductor shall be sufficient to give the required earth
resistance (about 0.5Ωto 1.5Ω).
• It shall however be not less than 15 m.
• The electrode shall be as widely distributed as possible in a single straight or
circular trenches radiating from a point.
• This type of earthing is used in rocky soil earth bed because at such places
excavation work for plate earthing is difficult.
STRIP OR WIRE EARTHING
Application of Earthing

• Telecommunication
• Transmission
• Substations & Power Generations
• Transformer Neutral Earthing
• Lightning Arrestor Earthing
• Equipment Body Earthing
• Water Treatment Plants
• Heavy Industries
• College, Hospitals, Banks
• Residential Building and many more.
Elementary calculation of energy
consumptions
• https://www.rapidtables.com/calc/electric/energy-consumption-
calculator.html
• https://www.pgvcl.com/consumer/CONSUMER/calculate_n.php
• https://energyusecalculator.com/calculate_electrical_usage.htm
 AC load chart to be enter by user
No. of
Sr. Name of No of Total operating Energy
No. Appliances Watts units Watts hours in Wh
1 Fan 70 3 210 4 840
2 Tubelight 35 3 105 8 840
3 Refrigerator 300 1 300 6 1800
4 Pump 380 1 380 0.25 95
5 TV 110 1 110 2 220
6 Laptop 75 1 75 2 150
Total
Watts 1180 Total Energy 3945
Tariffs

• The rate at which electrical energy is supplied to a consumer is known

as tariff.
Cost of Producing Electricity depends upon the magnitude of
Electricity consumed by load.
Tariff fixation has to be given to different types of consumers (e.g.,
industrial, domestic and commercial).
Tariff fixing for different consumers is more complicated.
Types of Tariff

• There are several types of tariff.

1. Simple Tariff
2. Flat rate Tariff
3. Block rate Tariff
4. Two part Tariff
5. Maximum demand tariff
6. Power Factor Tariff
7. Three part Tariff
Simple tariff

• When there is a fixed rate per unit of energy consumed, it is called a simple tariff
or uniform rate tariff.
Advantages of Simple Tariff:
• In simple tariff, the cost does not vary with increase or decrease in number of units
consumed.
• The consumption of electrical energy at the consumer terminals is recorded by
means of an energy meter.
• This is the simplest of all tariffs and is easily understood by the consumers.
Simple tariff

Disadvantages:
• Every consumer has to pay equally for the fixed charges irrespective
of load variation.
• The cost per unit delivered is high.
• It does not encourage the use of electricity.

Application:
• Generally applied to tube wells used for irrigation purposes.
 Flat rate tariff
• When different types of consumers are charged at different uniform per unit rates,
it is called a flat rate tariff.
• In this type of tariff, the consumers are grouped into different classes and each
class of consumers is charged at a different uniform rate.
• The different classes of consumers are made taking into account their diversity
and load factors.

Diversity factor =Sum of Individual Max. Demand / Max.

Demand = 6 kW / 1.5 kW =4. Demand Factor = Maximum
demand / Total connected load = 1.5 kW / 12 kW = 0.125.

or example, if the average load is 66 kWh/d (or 2.75 kW)

and the peak load is 10.5 kW, the load factor is 2.75
kW/10.5 kW = 0.26.
Flat rate tariff

Advantages of Flat rate Tariff:

• This tariff is more benefit to different types of consumers
• Flat rate tariff is quite simple in calculations.
Disadvantages:
• Separate meters are required for lighting load, power load etc.
• The application of such a tariff is expensive and complicated.
• A particular class of consumers is charged at the same rate irrespective of
the magnitude of energy consumed.
Application:
• Generally applied to domestic consumers.
Block rate tariff

• When a given block of energy is charged at a specified rate and the succeeding
blocks of energy are charged at progressively reduced rates, it is called a block
rate tariff.
• The energy consumption is divided into blocks and the price per unit is fixed in
each block.
• The price per unit in the first block is the highest and it is progressively reduced
for the succeeding blocks of energy.
• For example, the first 30 units may be charged at the rate of 60 paise per unit; the
next 25 units at the rate of 55 paise per unit and the remaining additional units
may be charged at the rate of 30 paise per unit.
Block rate Tariff
Advantages:
• The consumer gets an incentive to consume more electrical energy.
• This increases the load factor of the system and hence the cost of generation is
reduced.
• Only 1 energy meter is required.
Disadvantages:
• It lacks a measure of the consumer demand.
• This type of tariff is being used for majority of residential and small commercial
consumers.
Application
• Generally applied to residential and small commercial consumers.
 Two-part tariff
• When the rate of electrical energy is charged on the basis of maximum
demand of the consumer and the units consumed, it is called a two-
part tariff.
• In two-part tariff, the total charge to be made from the consumer is
split into two components viz., fixed charges and running charges.
• The fixed charges depend upon the maximum demand of the consumer
while the running charges depend upon the number of units consumed
by the consumer.
Application:
• Generally applied to industrial consumers with appreciable max
demand.
Maximum demand tariff

• It is similar to two-part tariff with the only difference that the maximum demand is
actually measured by installing maximum demand meter in the premises of the
consumer.
• Advantages of Maximum demand tariff:
• The maximum demand is assessed merely on the basis of the rateable value.
• This type of tariff is mostly applied to big consumers.
• Disadvantages of Maximum demand tariff:
• It is not suitable for a small consumer.
• Separate maximum demand meter is required.
Power factor tariff

• The tariff in which power factor of the consumer load is taken into consideration
is known as power factor tariff.
• A low power factor increases the rating of station equipment and line losses.
• A consumer having low power factor must be penalized.
(I) KVA Maximum Demand Tariff
In this type of tariff, the fixed charges are made on the basis of maximum demand in kVA
instead of KW.
We know that power factor = kW / kVA
Hence, the pf is inversely proportional to kVA demand. Hence, a consumer having low
power factor load will have to pay more fixed charges. This gives the incentive to the
consumers to operate their load at high power factor. Generally, the suppliers ask the
consumers to install power factor correction equipment.
(II) KW And KVAR Tariff
In this tariff scheme, the active power (kW) consumption and the reactive power (kVAR)
consumption is measured separately. A consumer having low power factor load will have
to pay more fixed charges.
(III) Sliding Scale Tariff
In this type of tariff scheme, an average power factor (generally 0.8 lagging) is taken as
reference. Now, if the power factor of the consumer’s loads is lower than the
reference, he is penalized accordingly. Hence, a consumer having low power factor load
will have to pay more fixed charges. Also, if the pf of the consumer’s load is greater than
the reference, he is awarded with a discount. This gives incentives to the consumers. It is
usually applied to large industrial consumers.
Three-part tariff
• When the total charge to be made from the consumer is split into three parts viz.,
fixed charge, semi-fixed charge and running charge, it is known as a three-part
tariff.
Total charge = Rs (a + b × kW + c × kWh)
Where, a = fixed charge made during each billing period.
b = charge per kW of maximum demand,
c = charge per kWh of energy consumed.
• It may be seen that by adding fixed charge to two-part tariff, it becomes three-part
tariff.
• The principal objection of this type of tariff is that the charges are split into three
components.
• This type of tariff is generally applied to big consumers.
Types of lamps, illumination schemes

• Types of lamps.pdf
Filament or Incandescent Lamp
Working Principle :
• As we know when a room heater is switched On , it gives out red light with
heat at the working temperature of 750 oC and at this temperature the
radiations are mostly in infrared regions. This working principle is used to
develop the filament lamp.
• When an electric current is passed through a fine metallic wire , it raises the
temperature of wire. At low temperature only heat is produced but at higher
temperature light radiations goes on increasing. As filament lamp consists of
fine wire of high resistive material placed in an evacuated glass bulb. This
type of lamps are operated at the temperature of 2500 oC .
 Filament Lamp

A tungsten filament is enclosed in evacuated glass bulb but to improve its performance
some chemical like argon or nitrogen gas are filled.
 Properties of Metal for Filament
1. High melting point : so that it can be operated at high temperature.
2. High specific resistance : so that it produces more heat.
3. Low temperature coefficient : so that filament resistance may not change at
operating temperature.
4. Low vapor pressure ; so that it may not vaporize
5. High ductile : so that it may withstand mechanical vibrations.
Illumination Level
Type of work Recommended illumination level
Offices 100-400 lumens/ meter square
Schools 250-400 lumens/ meter square
Industry 1000 lumens/ meter square
Shops 250-500 lumens/ meter square
Hotels 80-100 lumens/ meter square
Hospitals 250-3500 lumens/ meter square
 Energy conservation methods

Why to
conserve?
What We Can Do ?

• RECYCLE - compositing waste materials into new products to prevent

waste of potentially useful materials.
• Turn off all electronic devices that are not in use. Not only turn them
off but try to remember to unplug them.
• You will be surprised how much you will save with this simple step!
• Replace old light bulbs with energy saving fluorescent bulbs.
• They may cost more, but will save you much more in the long run.
• Energy conservation in lighting system.pdf