UNIT 1

Past tense

2. did you grow up/are you from

3. Did you live

4. When did you move

5. did you go

6. when did you come/get

Used To

Affirmative: subject + used to + verb + (rest) I used to be (neat and organized . . .)

Negative: subject + didn’t + use to + verb + (rest) I didn’t use to collect . . .

subject + never + used to + verb + (rest) I never used to play . . .

Did . . . use to What did you use to play? Did you use to swim?

Examples

1. A: Hey, Dad. What kinds of clothes did you use to wear -you know, when you were a kid?

B: Oh, we used to wear jeans and T-shirts – like you kids do now.

A: Really? Did Mom use to dress like that, too?

B: No, not really. She never used to like wearing pants. She always used to wear skirts and dresses.

2. A: Did you use to play a sport when you were a kid?

B: Well, I used to be a swimmer. My sister and I used to swim on a team.

A: Wow, that’s cool! Were you good?

B: Yeah. I used to win gold medals all the time. And my sister used to be the fastest swimmer on the
team

Vocabulary

fit: in good health; in shape

messy: untidy; not neat

illness: a disease or sickness

take up: start to do

body cast: a hard protector for the whole body after you break many bones

self-portrait: a painting an artist makes of him/herself

achievement: success

eyebrow: the strip of hair growing above a person’s eye

UNIT 2
Too much/many; less/fewer

• Write this on the board:

Count nouns: there are + too many/few, fewer

Noncount nouns: there is + too much/little, less

There are too many . . . /There is too much . . .

There should be fewer . . . /There should be less. . .

We need more . . .

There aren’t enough . . . /There isn’t enough . . . .

Examples

 We need more public schools.

 There are too many accidents.
 There aren’t enough/too few public parks.
 There is too much noise all the time.
 There isn’t enough/too little recycling in our city.
 The government should build more/less affordable housing.
 The city needs more/fewer bicycle lanes.
 There aren’t enough/too few free Wi-Fi hotspots.
 There are too many traffic jams.
 There isn’t enough public transportation.
 There is too much crime.
 There aren’t enough places to take children.
 There isn’t enough light.

Examples

 There should be fewer traffic jams.

 There should be more public transportation.
 There should be less crime.
 There should be more places to take children.
 There should be more light

Expressions of quantity

1. A: There’s too much trafc in this city. There should be fewer cars downtown.

B: The problem is there isn’t enough public transportation.

A: You’re right. We should have more buses. There aren’t enough of them during rush hour.

2. A: How do you like your new neighborhood?

B: It’s terrible, actually. There’s too much noise and too little parking.

A: That’s too bad. There aren’t enough parking spaces in my neighborhood either.
3. A: Did you hear about the changes to the city center?

Starting next month, there will be more bicycle lanes and less street parking.

B: That’s good. There is too much pollution downtown. I’m sure there will be fewer accidents, too.

A: That’s true.

Vocabulary

ATM: automated teller machine; a machine that automatically provides cash

sign: a symbol that gives information or instructions

restroom: a public toilet

Indirect questions from Wh-questions

 . . . where I can rent a car?

 . . . how much a city tour costs?
 . . . how early the stores open?
 . . . where the nearest Wi-Fi hotspot is?
 . . . how much a taxi to the airport costs?
 . . . what time the post of ce opens?
 . . . where an inexpensive hotel in this area is?
 . . . how late the nightclubs stay open?
 . . . where the best area to stay is?
 . . . what the best way to see the city is?
 . . . how late the buses run?
 . . . how much people tip in a restaurant?
 . . . what a good restaurant to try the local food is?
 . . . what the most popular attractions are?
 . . . where I can hear live music?

Could/Can you tell me . . . or Do you know . . .

 And could you tell me where I can find a good restaurant?

 Do you know what the name of the restaurant is?
 Can you tell me what type of food they serve?
 Do you know what time the restaurant opens?

Examples

1.

1. A: Could you tell me where I can buy some perfume?

B: You should try the duty-free shop.

2. A: Can you tell me where I can -nd a good place to stay?

B: Yeah, there is a nice hotel on the next street.

3. A: Do you know where I can change money?

B: There’s a money exchange on the second oor. There’s also an ATM over there.

4. A: Do you know what time the last train leaves for the city?

B: No, but I can check the schedule.

5. A: Could you tell me where the taxi stand is?

B: Sure. Just follow that sign.

2.

Guest: Could you tell me where the gym is?

Clerk: Sure, the gym is on the nineteenth oor.

Guest: OK. And can you tell me where the coffee shop is?

Clerk: Yes, the coffee shop is next to the gift shop.

Guest: The gift shop? Hmm. I need to buy something for my wife. Do you know what time it closes?

Clerk: It closes at 6:00 P.M. I’m sorry, but you’ll have to wait until tomorrow. It’s already 6:15.

Guest: OK. Oh, I’m expecting a package. Could you call me when it arrives?

Clerk: Don’t worry. I’ll call you when it arrives.

Guest: Thanks. Just one more thing. Do you know how often the airport bus leaves?

Clerk: The airport bus leaves every half hour. Anything else?

Guest: No, I don’t think so. Thanks.

Vocabulary

healthcare: the set of treatments provided for illness

daycare: a place that takes care of children while the parents are at work

commute: travel between work and home

earn: get money for work

UNIT 3
Vocabulary

cramped: having very little space; too small

dingy: dark and unattractive

run-down: old and in poor condition

spacious: large; with lots of extra room

Enough/Too
1.

Enough goes after the adjective (big + enough).

The apartment isn’t big enough.

Enough goes before the noun (enough + closets).

Houses don’t have enough closets.

2. Too always goes before the adjective (too + small).

Apartments are too small for pets.

Examples

 It’s too far from downtown./The house is too far from downtown./It’s too inconvenient.
 It’s too inconvenient.
 It doesn’t have enough bathrooms.
 It’s too expensive./The rent is too high.
 The apartment isn’t modern enough./It’s not modern enough./It’s not new enough.
 There aren’t enough bedrooms.
 It’s too small.
 There aren’t enough parking spaces./There isn’t enough parking.
 This street isn’t quiet enough./This street is too noisy.
 This house doesn’t have enough bedrooms./This house is too small for us./This house has too
few bedrooms for us.
 This living room isn’t spacious enough./This living room doesn’t have enough space./This
living room is too cramped/small
 The rooms are too dark.
 The living room is too cramped for the family.
 The bathroom isn’t modern enough.
 The yard is too small for our pets.
 The street isn’t quiet enough for us.
 The neighborhood isn’t safe enough.
 The location is too inconvenient.
 There aren’t enough bedrooms.
 It’s not modern enough.
 There aren’t enough parking spaces.
 The neighborhood doesn’t have enough streetlights.
 There aren’t enough closets.
 It’s not private enough.
 The living room isn’t spacious enough.

Examples

Client: Well, it’s not as convenient as the apartment on Main Street.

Realtor: That’s true, the house is less convenient.

Client: But the apartment doesn’t have as many rooms as the house.

Realtor: Yes, the house is more spacious.

Client: But I think there are just as many closets as in the apartment.

Realtor: You’re right. The closet space is the same.

Client: The wallpaper in the apartment is not as dingy as the

wallpaper in the house.

Realtor: I know, but you could change the wallpaper in the house.

Client: Hmm, the rent on the apartment is almost as expensive as the rent on the house, but the
house is much bigger. Oh, I can’t decide. Can you show me something else?

Comparisons with adjectives and nouns

1. as + adjective (+ as)

The location is just as convenient as the old one.

The building isn’t as quiet as our old one.

2. as many + count noun (+ as)

We don’t have as many bedrooms as we had.

There aren’t as many good restaurants around.

3. as much + noncount noun (+ as)

We don’t have as much privacy as we had in our old place.

Examples

 My old neighborhood isn’t as safe as this one.

 This apartment has (just) as much privacy as my old one.
 My rent isn’t as high as it used to be.
 The apartment isn’t as big as the house.
 The house isn’t as noisy as the apartment.
 The apartment doesn’t have as many bedrooms as the house.
 The apartment isn’t as expensive as the house.
 The house has (just) as many bathrooms as the apartment.
 The apartment isn’t as modern as the house.
 The apartment isn’t as spacious as the house.
 The house isn’t as convenient as the apartment.
 The apartment isn’t as private as the house.
 The apartment doesn’t have as many parking spaces/as much parking as the house.

Vocabulary

criticize: express disagreement or disapproval

room and board: accommodation and meals (=a place to stay and food to eat)

Learning Objective: use wish

T: I don’t have a car.

S: I wish I had a car.

T: I can’t fly

S: I wish I could fly.

T: I’m tired.

S: I wish I weren’t tired.

T: It won’t stop raining.

S: I wish it would stop raining.

Examples

 I wish she liked my girlfriend.

 She wishes she were taller./She wishes she weren’t so short.
 I wish my classes weren’t so boring./I wish my classes were more interesting.
 I wish I were on vacation right now.
 We wish we could afford a bigger house./I wish my family could afford a bigger house.
 I wish the neighbors/they would stop making noise.
 Harry/He wishes he had another job./ Harry/He wishes he could nd another job.
 I wish I had my own room.
 I wish I played soccer.
 I wish I had more free time.
 I wish were happier.
 I wish I played guitar

Vocabulary

damage: harm or injury

waste: a bad use of something useful

mobile home: a long, narrow home that can be moved from one place to another

park (a vehicle): to stop a vehicle temporarily in one place

grow one’s own: plant one’s own food crops

seed: a small object produced by a plant that a new plant can grow from

UNIT 4
Simple past vs. present perfect

Examples

Margo: I went to Sunrise Beach last week. Have you ever been to Sunrise Beach, Chris?

Chris: Yes, I have. It’s beautiful. Did you go to the restaurant on the beach?

Margo: Yeah, I did. I went on Saturday. I had the sea snails.

Chris: Wow! I’ve never eaten sea snails!

Margo: Oh, they were delicious. On Sunday I got to the beach early to see the sun come up. Have you
ever seen a sunrise on a beach, Chris?

Chris: No, I haven’t.

Margo: Then I went swimming around 6:00, but there were some strange dark shadows in the water.
Have you ever heard of sharks at Sunrise Beach?

Chris: Yes, I have. I heard a news report about sharks last summer.

Margo: Wow! Maybe I had a lucky escape on Sunday morning! Why don’t you come with me next
time?

Chris: Are you kidding?

Examples

 Have you ever gone horseback riding? Yes, I have. I rode a horse on the beach last summer.
 Have you ever traveled abroad? Yes, I have. I went to Mexico last year, and I went to Germany
five years ago.
 Have you ever read a novel in English? Yes, I have. I read To Kill a Mockingbird when I was a
teenager.
 Have you ever taken a cruise? Yes, I have. I took a cruise to Hawaii two years ago

Examples

Alexa: I went to a Thai restaurant last night.

Pedro: Really? I have/’ve never eaten Thai food.

Alexa: Oh, you should try it. It’s delicious!

Pedro: What did you order?

Alexa: First, I had soup with green curry and rice. Then I tried pad thai. It’s noodles, shrimp, and
vegetables in a spicy sauce.

Pedro: I have not/haven’t tasted pad thai before. Was it very hot?

Alexa: No. It was just spicy enough. And after that, I ate bananas in coconut milk for dessert.

Pedro: Mmm! That sounds good.

Alexa: It was.

Examples

1. A: What did you have for dinner last night?

B: I tried Indian food for the rst time. Have you ever had it?

A: A friend and I ate at an Indian restaurant just last week. It was delicious!

2. A: Have you ever taken a cooking class?

B: No, I haven’t. How about you?

A: I have taken a few classes. My last class was in December. We learned how to make some
wonderful

Spanish dishes.

3. A: I watched a great cooking show on TV yesterday.

B: Really? I have never seen a cooking show. Was it boring?

A: No, it wasn’t. It was very interesting!

Vocabulary

garlic: a plant used in cooking to give a strong taste

appetizer: a small dish served at the beginning of a meal

(an) order: a portion of food

snails: small land animals with a hard round Shell and no legs

adventurous: willing to try something new and unusual

knowledge: information and understanding in your mind

fit: be right for

taste: preferences in food

baker: a person that makes bread and other baked goods

at first: at the start

squid: a long, soft sea creature with eight long arms

seaweed: a type of plant that grows in the ocean

topping: a layer of food spread over a base

takeout: a meal bought at a restaurant and eaten at home

slice: a piece shaped like a triangle

standing up: upright, on one’s feet

UNIT 5
Be going to + verb

• Explain that we use be going to + verb for plans we have decided on.

Nora is 100 percent sure, so she uses be going to.

Will + verb + I guess/maybe/I think/probably

Talking about possible plans

I guess I’ll . . . .

Maybe I’ll . . . .
I think I’ll . . . .

I probably won’t . . .

• We use will + verb for possible plans. Will is often accompanied by other words to show possibility
or probability (e.g., I guess, maybe, I think, probably, I suppose, I expect). We also use will for
spontaneous offers and sudden decisions (e.g., I’ll bring my surfboard! I’ll help you! I’ll get the
phone.).

Examples

Scott: So, Elena, do you have any vacation plans?

Elena: Well, I’m going to paint my apartment because the walls are a really ugly color. What about
you?

Scott: I’m going to rent a car and take a long drive.

Elena: Where are you going to go?

Scott: I’m not sure. I’ll probably visit my sister Jeanne. I haven’t seen her in a long time.

Elena: That sounds nice. I like to visit my family, too.

Scott: Yes, and maybe I’ll go to the mountains for a few days. I haven’t been hiking in months. How
about you? Are you going to do anything else on your vacation?

Elena: I’ll probably catch up on my studying. I have a lot of work to do before school starts.

Scott: That doesn’t sound like much fun.

Elena: Oh, I am planning to have some fun, too. I’m going to relax on the beach. I love to go surfing!

Examples

2. A: How are you going to get there?

B: I’m going to drive.

3. A: Where are you going to stay?

B: I’m going to stay in a condominium. My friend has one near the beach.

4. A: Is anyone going to travel with you?/Are you going to travel with anyone?

B: No, I’m going to travel by myself.

Future with be going to and will

B: I’m not sure. I’m really tired, so I probably won’t do anything exciting. Maybe I’ll see a movie on
Saturday. How about you? How are you going to spend your weekend?

A: My wife and I are going to do some work on our house. We’re going to paint the living room on
Saturday. On Sunday, we’re going to clean all the rugs.

B: Are(n’t) you going to do anything fun?

A: Oh, I think we’ll have/’re going to have a lot of fun. We like working around the house. And
Sunday’s my birthday, so we’re going to have dinner at my favorite Italian restaurant.

B: Now that sounds like fun!

Describing necessity

You must/You need to/You (don’t)

have to . . . .

Giving suggestions

You’d better/You ought to/You should/You shouldn’t . . . .

Examples

 You should never leave cash in your hotel room.

 You need to take your credit card with you.
 You have to pay an airport tax.
 You should let your family know where they can contact you.
 You’d better not go out alone late at night.
 You must get a vaccination if you go to some countries
 You need to buy good quality camping equipment.
 You ought to buy maps and travel guides.
 You shouldn’t forget a -rst-aid kit.
 You don’t have to take a lot of cash.
 You should get a GPS device for your car.
 You’d better remember to bring insect spray.
 You must take your driver’s license.
 You should remember to bring a jacket.
 You don’t have to pack a lot of luggage
 You must show identication at the airport. They won’t allow you on a plane without an of-
ficial ID.
 Your ID needs to have a picture of you on it. It’s required.
 The picture of you has to be recent. They won’t accept an old photo.
 Travelers should get to the airport at least two hours before their flight. It’s not a good idea to
get there later than that.
 All travelers have to go through airport security. It’s necessary for passenger safety.
 Many airlines don’t serve food, so passengers on long flights probably ought to buy
something to eat at the airport.

Vocabulary

pleasant: enjoyable

danger: the possibility of suffering harm or injury

whole: all of; entire

pick (someone) up: collect someone who is waiting for you

sub-zero: below zero degrees; very cold

pick: choose

UNIT 6
Vocabulary

criticize: say bad things about

loud: making a lot of noise

mess: something that is dirty or untidy

drive (someone) crazy: to make someone feel crazy, annoyed, or excited

Would you mind (doing something)?: Please (do something).

make sure: be certain that something will happen

lock: close with a key

thin: not thick or strong

admit a mistake: say that you did something wrong

make an offer: say you are willing to do something for someone

make a promise: say that you de nitely will (or won’t) do something

look after: to take care of

almost: very close to happening

staff: people who work for an organization

gain: to get, to increase

Learning Objectives: use two-part verbs to make requests; use will to respond to requests

 Turn the music/the TV/the lights off, please.

 Turn the music/the TV/the lights on, please.
 Please turn the music/the TV/the lights down.
 Pick up your socks/the magazines/your jacket/your boots, please.
 Please put your socks/the magazines/your jacket/your boots away.
 Hang your jacket up, please.
 Please take your boots/your jacket off.
 Clean the yard/your boots/the room up, please.
 Please take the trash out.
 Please let the cat out.

clean up the garbage, the mess, the kitchen

hang up the towels, your coat, his shirt

pick up the garbage, the magazines, the mess, the towels, your coat, the socks

put away the groceries, the magazines, the towels, your coat, your laptop, your things
take out the garbage, your laptop, the dog

throw out the garbage, the magazines, the old food

turn off/on the microwave, your laptop, the lights