Down To Earth (December-January 2024)

RAJ IAS ACADEMY DTE (Dec-January 2024) Page 1
RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS ACADEMY, CHANDIGARH

DOWN TO EARTH - December 2023 and January 2024 2
Battery Waste Management Rules 2
Draft Patent (Amendment) Rules 2023 3
Agricultural Profit trends in the world 4
Carbon Capture Methods 4
Nagaland’s Seed Preservation Practices 5
Chemicals Management Framework 6
Social Impact Assessment 6
Economics behind solar energy generation 7
Natural Farming 8
Impact of disasters on agriculture and food security 9
Agricultural Emissions 10
India’s Weather Disaster Database 11
Illegal Sand Mining 12
Journey towards a plastic-free world 13
World Intellectual Property Indicators 2023 14
Sulphur Dioxide Emissions 14
Gross Environment Product Index 15
Almora Earthquakes 16
Livestock and Emissions 16
Indigenous Crop Varieties 17
The Mineral (Auction) Rules, 2015 19
World Economic Situation and Prospects Report 2024 20
DOWN TO EARTH - December 2023 and January 2024

Battery Waste Management Rules
India’s Battery Waste Management Rules of 2022 require enhancement to facilitate efficient and
economically viable extraction of critical minerals through recycling. The current rules, while a
step forward, necessitate adjustments to ensure transparency in battery composition, support
efficient refurbishing, and enable effective recycling.
Electric Vehicle Drive and Battery Material Security -

India’s ambitious electric vehicle (EV) program, backed by expanded domestic battery
manufacturing, demands a secure supply of battery materials. However, the nation lacks sufficient
mineral reserves, relying heavily on imported battery cells. Recycling retired batteries emerges as
a strategic move, mitigating geopolitical risks, fortifying material security, reducing e-waste’s
environmental impact, and aligning with net-zero emission goals.
India’s Targets and Commitments -

India aims for 100% electrification of two and three-wheelers and 65-70% of buses by 2030. As
one of the signatories to the Zero Emissions Vehicle Declaration at COP 26, it’s committed to
ensuring only zero-emission cars and vans are sold by 2040.
Battery Potential and Recycling Projections -

NITI Aayog estimates a cumulative potential of 600 GWh for lithium-ion batteries in India
between 2022-2030, with around 128 GWh available for recycling by 2030. Retired batteries,
notably from electric vehicles, hold significant potential in driving India’s clean energy transition.
Key Highlights of Battery Waste Management Rules of 2022 -

The rules focus on achieving 90% material recovery, setting phased targets for recovery by
2026-27. They mandate collection targets for EV manufacturers, gradually escalating from
70% to 80% and higher, promoting recycled material usage in new battery products. The
introduction of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) certificates incentivises environmentally
sound waste battery management.
Battery Recycling Techniques -

Pyrometallurgy and hydrometallurgy are prevalent techniques targeting the recovery of precious
metals and other elements from batteries, while biometallurgy involves a biotechnological
approach. Direct recycling regenerates degraded cathode particles, offering a low-cost
alternative.
Areas for Improvement in Rules -

Enhanced labelling requirements for lithium-ion batteries aim to facilitate efficient disassembly
and recovery. Additionally, promoting eco-design for easier recycling and remanufacturing is
crucial. Moreover, establishing regulatory standards for testing and reusing used batteries in
different applications is essential. Furthermore, incentivizing recycling capacity and facilities
becomes imperative in this context.
Way forward -
Revamping the rules to mandate transparent battery labeling and information disclosure for
efficient recycling. Introduction of a “Battery Passport” system providing comprehensive
battery information throughout its lifecycle to aid producers, users, and recyclers.
A Passport for Batteries -

The concept of a digital battery passport, as adopted by the European Parliament. It aims to
provide crucial battery information, enhancing material sourcing decisions and facilitating efficient
recycling.
Conclusion -
Updating the Battery Waste Management Rules is crucial, moreover, it’s essential for fostering a
circular economy. This update ensures transparent information dissemination and promotes
efficient and sustainable recycling practices, especially in India’s evolving EV landscape.
Draft Patent (Amendment) Rules 2023

The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) has introduced proposed
changes in the form of the ‘Draft Patents (Amendment) Rules’ for public comments. These rules
aim to modify and enhance the existing Patents Rules, aligning them with contemporary
requirements and improving the efficiency of patent administration in India.
Background -
• The Patents Act, 1970, empowers the Central Government to formulate rules for implementing
and regulating patent administration. Subsequently, the Patents Rules, 1972, were enforced,
followed by the introduction of the Patents Rules, 2003, which were further amended in 2005
and 2006.
• The institution implemented these amendments to comply with international obligations, such
as the Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) under the World Trade
Organization (WTO).
Key Aspects of India’s Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 -

• India’s Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005, facilitated product patents on food items, chemicals,
and pharmaceuticals, aligning with the TRIPS regime.
• Notably, the Act balanced WTO requirements on Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) by
incorporating safeguards for public health. It allowed for compulsory licenses during public
health emergencies and enabled pre-grant opposition by individuals or patient associations
against dubious patent applications, especially for pharmaceuticals.
• As much as 20 percent of its resources will support Indigenous-led initiatives to protect and
conserve biodiversity.
Significance of TRIPS in Intellectual Property Rights -

The WTO’s Agreement on TRIPS is a comprehensive framework governing intellectual property. It
plays a pivotal role in facilitating knowledge and creativity trade and resolving IP-related trade
disputes. Additionally, it allows member nations flexibility in achieving their domestic policy goals.
TRIPS underscores the link between IP, trade, innovation, technology transfer, and public welfare,
emphasising the need for a balanced IP system.
Major Provisions in the Draft Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2023 -

• Variable Fee for Pre-Grant Opposition — The proposed amendments introduce a fee for Pre-
Grant Opposition (PGO), which was previously free. This change may pose financial challenges
for smaller entities interested in opposing patents.
• Reduced Timeframes — Shortening the time period for applicants to respond to notices on
PGO to 2 months potentially impacts the effective preparation and submission of responses.
• Revised Examination Timeframe — Applicants are required to file a request for examination
within 48 months from the priority date or filing date. The draft rules propose reducing this
period to 31 months.
• Patent Agent Examination — The amendments propose clarifications on the subjects covered
in the patent agent examination papers, aiming to streamline and specify the scope of
examination content.
• The proposed amendment to Section 8 of The Patents Act, 1970 reduces the duration for
providing information on corresponding foreign patent applications. Originally set at 6 months
from the filing date, the amendment shortens this period to 2 months from the issuance of the
first statements of objections. An extension of this timeline can be requested by filing Form-4
according to the Patent Rules.
Conclusion -
The proposed amendments seek to streamline patent-related processes, enhance transparency,
and provide more clarity to applicants. These changes, if implemented, would significantly impact
various aspects of patent filing, examination, and maintenance in India.
Agricultural Profit trends in the world

The UN Trade and Development Report highlights recent fluctuations in food commodities prices,
coinciding with substantial profits reported by global food traders. This economic landscape
prompts a call for policy shifts and financial reforms to address macroeconomic challenges and
sustain agricultural growth. Agricultural Profit has emerged as a key of food crisis in Africa &
India’s export surge.
Global Agricultural Trends -

• India’s Export Surge — India achieved a historic milestone in 2021-22, emerging as a net
exporter of agriculture and allied products with record export revenue of $50.2 billion. The
agriculture sector remains the largest employer in the country.
• UNCTAD Recommendations — The Trade and Development Report 2023 advocates policy
changes by leading central banks. It calls for institutional reforms proposed during the
COVID-19 crisis. The report emphasises the need for financial reforms and pragmatic strategies
to tackle inflation and inequality. Additionally, it stresses enhanced oversight of critical markets
to avoid prolonged economic stagnation.
• Global Economic Projections — The report anticipates a global economic growth slowdown
from 3% in 2022 to 2.4% in 2023, with limited signs of recovery. While certain countries like
Brazil, China, Japan, Mexico, and Russia might exhibit growth, it is expected to be moderate.
India’s Agricultural Scenario -

• Declining Growth Rate — India witnessed a decrease in agricultural growth from 3.3% in
2020-21 to 3% in 2021-22. Over the past six years, the sector has maintained an average
annual growth rate of 4.6%.
• Investment Shifts — Government investment in agriculture has dwindled, dropping from 5.4%
in 2011-12 to 4.3% in 2020-21. Conversely, private investment surged to 9.3%, indicating a
rising trend of corporatization in the agricultural domain.
Future Prospects and Challenges -

• Resilient Sector Performance — Despite challenges such as the pandemic and global
conflicts like the Ukrainian war, the agricultural sector demonstrated robust growth and
resilience.
• Sector Reorientation — Addressing challenges posed by climate change, fragmented
landholdings, inadequate mechanisation, low productivity, disguised unemployment, and
escalating input costs is imperative for the sector’s reorientation.
Conclusion -
The evolving global economic landscape highlights the necessity for strategic policy shifts and
increased investments. India’s shifting agricultural dynamics further emphasise the importance of
comprehensive reforms. A refine approach is need of hour in the agricultural sector, focusing on
addressing structural impediments. Embracing technological advancements is crucial to navigate
challenges and sustain growth for its continued progress.
Carbon Capture Methods

Bill Gates advocates for an innovative approach to carbon capture, emphasising the need for
native vegetation and the burial of biomass as a practical solution. While traditional tree-planting
methods have limitations, his approach aims to address carbon sequestration through biomass
burial and alternate carbon capture techniques.
Biomass Burial for Carbon Capture -

Gates recommends replacing monocultures with diverse native vegetation comprising trees,
shrubs, and grasses. Establishing this biodiverse ecosystem forms the foundation for biomass
burial, enabling the long-term storage of carbon within forest soils.
Challenges of Nature-Based Solutions -

Conventional tree plantations, due to surface biomass and rapid decomposition upon tree death,
struggle to effectively sequester carbon. Wildfires further exacerbate this issue by releasing stored
carbon from soils and roots.
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) -

CCS serves as a pivotal strategy in reducing carbon emissions and combating global warming.
This technology, including Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS), involves capturing
carbon dioxide from industrial processes and storing or reusing it.
Key Phases of CCS -

• Carbon Capture — Separation of CO2 from industrial gases (e.g., coal/natural gas power
plants or steel/cement factories).
• Transport — Compression and transportation of CO2 via pipelines, roadways, or ships to
storage sites.
• Storage — Injection of CO2 into deep underground rock formations for permanent storage.
Role of CCS in Combating Global Warming -

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) underscores the necessity of
technologies. Thus to remove carbon from the atmosphere to meet the Paris Agreement goals.
CCS emerges as a crucial tool alongside emission reduction efforts in limiting temperature
increases.
Storage Sites for Carbon Emissions -

CCS stores carbon emissions in geological formations, including saline aquifers or depleted oil
and gas reservoirs, typically located at least 1 km below the earth’s surface.
Conclusion -
Gates’ emphasis on diverse native vegetation and biomass burial presents a new approach to
carbon capture, aiming to overcome the limitations of traditional tree-planting methods.
Meanwhile, CCS stands as a promising technology in the global effort to combat climate change
by effectively removing and storing carbon emissions.
Nagaland’s Seed Preservation Practices

Nagaland’s Ao and Sümi Naga communities, rooted in agrarian traditions, uphold traditional
knowledge in seed preservation as a means of sustaining their livelihoods. Their agricultural
practices, deeply embedded in jhum or shifting cultivation, revolve around cultivating various
crops tailored to different types of land. Furthermore, these practices are conform to suit the
diverse landscape and environmental conditions.
Key Practices of Ao and Sümi Naga Communities -

• Crop Diversity — These communities cultivate crops such as rice, millet, pepper, tomato,
brinjal, tobacco, and legumes based on the type of land. They utilize highlands for maize, taro,
and glutinous rice, while lowlands are devote to beans, chili, and leguminous crops.
• Seed Selection and Preservation — Farmers carefully choose seeds harvested from initial
jhum fields for their optimal yield and resilience. They preserve these seeds for successive
cultivation cycles, contributing to sustained agricultural productivity.
Community Seed Banks (CSBs) -

Initiated by local community institutions, CSBs play a crucial role in managing plant genetic
resources. They ensure seed security for farmers, offering seeds at lower costs, and engage in
seed selection, distribution, and knowledge-sharing among farmers.
Significance of Traditional Knowledge (TK) -
TK embodies the knowledge, skills, and practices transmitted across generations within a
community, forming an integral part of cultural identity. It spans various domains including
agricultural, ecological, medicinal, and biodiversity-related knowledge.
IP Issues and TK Protection -

• Defensive Protection — Strategies are employed to prevent illegitimate IP rights over TK. This
includes amending patent systems and developing TK databases as evidence against patent
claims.
• Positive Protection — Efforts aim to prevent unauthorised use of TK and encourage its active
exploitation by originating communities. Negotiations for an international legal instrument on TK
protection are ongoing within WIPO.
Conclusion -
Traditional knowledge in Nagaland’s seed preservation practices is integral to sustainable
agriculture. Efforts toward both defensive and positive protection of TK in intellectual property
systems aim to safeguard the invaluable heritage of indigenous communities. Additionally, they
seek to ensure equitable recognition of their knowledge.
Chemicals Management Framework

UN member-states have endorsed a new global framework at the Fifth session of the International
Conference on Chemicals Management (ICCM) in Bonn, Germany, aiming to mitigate
environmental hazards posed by chemicals and waste.
Framework Objectives and Highlights -

• The adopted global framework aims to eliminate deadly agricultural pesticides by 2035,
addressing environmental risks associated with hazardous chemicals and waste.
• ICCM played a pivotal role in the expected adoption of ‘The Beyond 2020 global chemical and
waste framework’ and the Bonn High-level Declaration on Chemicals and Waste.
• Guiding and overseeing the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management
(SAICM) process falls within the purview of ICCM.
• SAICM, designed as a policy framework, aims to ensure that by 2020, we produce and utilize
chemicals in ways that minimise adverse impacts on the environment and human health.
• The intersessional efforts culminated in the development of ‘The Beyond 2020 global chemical
and waste framework,’ anticipated to be formally ratified at ICCM.
Social Impact Assessment

The Odisha government recently approved a bill exempting select projects from mandatory Social
Impact Assessments (SIAs) and provisions safeguarding food security during land acquisition.
Legislation Background -
• The amendment is aligned with the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land
Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, aiming to facilitate land transfer for
critical national security, defence, and infrastructure projects. It covers diverse sectors like
education, health, government infrastructure, electrification, irrigation, housing, and water
projects.
• Odisha seeks to leverage this amendment to attract private investments for large-scale projects,
promoting initiatives like Make-in-Odisha.
Similar Measures in Other States -

Odisha joins other states like Gujarat (2016), Maharashtra (2018), and Karnataka (2019) in
exempting certain developmental projects from mandatory SIAs and public hearings.
Concerns and Reactions -

Expert and activist concerns have escalated, particularly due to the state’s crackdown on dissent
against land acquisition. SIAs play a crucial role in assessing potential negative social
repercussions during project execution.
Social Impact Assessment (SIA) -

• SIA is a structured process evaluating both positive and negative impacts of projects or
investments on communities or specific groups.
• It serves as a method to analyse the social ramifications of infrastructure projects and other
development interventions.
• These impacts span various aspects of people’s lives, encompassing culture, community,
political systems, and overall well-being.
• SIAs cover key areas such as community engagement, workforce management, housing, local
business involvement, and health considerations to identify impacts and necessary mitigation
measures.
Economics behind solar energy generation

Rajasthan stands as the frontrunner in solar power generation within the country, presenting a
rapid but costly energy solution for a warming world.
About the Solar Energy Transition -

The cost of solar energy has drastically declined in recent years, reaching a point where it
competes favourably with coal and other fossil fuels in many regions. Despite significant
technological advancements, sustainable energy hasn’t completely replaced traditional fossil fuels
yet. Governments have incentivised renewable energy adoption by offering tax credits for solar
and wind energy, historically more expensive than conventional options. However, due to
increased production, government support, and growing environmental concerns, the direct costs
of solar and wind energy for consumers have reduced significantly. In some markets, renewable
energy production is cheaper for consumers compared to fossil fuels. While commercial usage of
wind energy is prevalent, solar energy finds application in both commercial and residential
settings.
Status in India -
According to Global Status Report 2023 & IRENA’s Renewable Capacity Statistics 2023, India
stands 5th in solar PV deployment across the globe at the end of 2022. Solar power installed
capacity has reached around 70.10 GW as on 30-06-2023.
Key Points -
• Fossil fuels remain dominant in U.S. energy consumption, with solar accounting for 2.3%
of total energy consumption.
• Solar power comprises two types: Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic.
• Solar thermal collectors harness the sun’s radiation for heating homes or water.
• Photovoltaic devices utilize sunlight to supplement or replace electricity from the utility grid.
• Governments provide subsidies or tax credits to incentivize solar installations.
• Corporations are investing substantially in solar systems, boosting the positive economics of
solar power.
Economics of Solar Power -

The cost of solar power diminishes annually, and in certain instances, it becomes more
economical than fossil fuels, contingent on the sun exposure and weather conditions at the
installation site. According to Popular Science, solar power is estimated to be the cheapest
energy form in the United States, with prices as low as $0.70 per watt.
Fact Sheet -
• Renewable energy sources boast a collective installed capacity exceeding 150 GW.
• As of July 2023, including large hydropower, renewable energy sources possess an
installed capacity of 179.322 GW.
• Installed capacity for Renewables:
• Wind power: 42.8 GW
• Solar Power: 67.07 GW
• Biomass/Cogeneration: 10.2 GW
• Small Hydro Power: 4.94 GW
• Waste To Energy: 0.55 GW
• Large Hydro: 46.85 GW
Drawbacks to Solar Power -

• Solar panels require minerals extracted from the earth during manufacturing, impacting
local ecosystems similar to coal and copper mining.
• Panels have a limited lifespan and become electronic waste upon obsolescence.
• Solar power isn not optimal for every location, as some areas have more reliable sun
exposure than others.
Natural Farming
The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) recently conducted a two-day workshop
focused on Natural Farming, highlighting its potential benefits and challenges.
Why Natural Farming?

Imbalanced use of chemical fertilisers negatively affects soil productivity and properties,
prompting a shift toward natural farming to enhance livelihoods and production.
About Natural Farming -

Natural farming is a chemical-free approach rooted in Indian tradition, merging ecological
understanding with resource recycling and on-farm optimisation. Key aspects include on-farm
biomass recycling, emphasis on biomass mulching, use of cow dung-urine formulations, and
excluding synthetic chemical inputs. It’s considered an agro-ecology-based diversified system,
integrating crops, trees, livestock, and biodiversity. Consequently, expected benefits include
reduced dependency on purchased inputs, cost-effective practices, and the potential for rural
development and increased employment.
Components -
• Beejamrit: Ancient sustainable agriculture technique for seeds and seedlings.
• Jivamrit: Stimulates soil microorganisms and phyllospheric activity.
• Mulching: Covers soil to conserve moisture, regulate temperature, prevent erosion, and curb
weed growth.
• Whapasa: A mix of air and water vapor between soil particles.
Plant Protection -
• Neemastra: Repels pests and diseases.
• Brahmastra: Natural insecticide against pests.
• Agniastra: Controls sucking pests and caterpillars.
• Dashaparni Ark or Kashaya: Controls various pests based on infestation levels.
• Fungicide: Effective in controlling fungus, prepared with cow milk and curd.
Natural Farming and Zero Budget Farming -

• Zero-budget natural farming entails cultivating crops without chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or
external materials.
• The natural farming approach is sometimes confused with ‘zero-budget’ farming. However,
meeting the demands for high-yield farming often necessitates substantial organic supplements
or essential elements like cow dung, a fundamental component in traditional mixtures.
• Zero-budget natural farming fundamentally involves cultivating crops without relying on
chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or external materials.
Case Study: Andhra Pradesh Community-Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) -

Government Initiative —
• In a significant shift, the Government of Andhra Pradesh embraced farming methods
harmonizing with nature, rooted in ecological science rather than input-driven economics.
• Initially launched as zero-budget farming in 2015, the programme has seen substantial growth,
with approximately 0.8 million farmers, constituting 14% of the state’s cultivators, adopting
some form of natural farming.
Program Implementation -
• The implementation of this initiative is overseen by Rythu Sadhikara Samstha, a non-profit
organisation established by the Department of Agriculture, Government of Andhra Pradesh.
• This community-managed natural farming program focuses on unique agricultural practices. For
instance, farmers employ pelletised seeds, coating them with substances such as cow dung
and ash. These treated seeds are then planted in circular patterns, aiming to minimise soil
disturbance while facilitating crop growth.
Objectives -
• Regenerate soil structure through plant biodiversity.
• Generate income from diverse crops with different growth durations.
Issues and Challenges -

• Current State —
• According to the Centre for Science and Environment, organic and natural farming in India is
in its early stages.
• The main challenges encompass rapid degradation and pollution of land and water
resources. Additionally, there’s a decline in soil fertility, pesticide pollution, and the
emergence of pest resistance.
• Agricultural Underdevelopment — NITI Aayog recognises key reasons for agricultural
underdevelopment, such as insufficient extension services, gaps in the supply chain for quality
seeds and propagation materials, limited institutional credit in various states, low agricultural
investments, and inadequate technological advancements.
Additional Challenges -
• Monocropping System — The monocropping system within natural farming can significantly
impair soil biology, reduce crop diversity, and diminish soil fertility over time.
• Increased Cultivation Costs — While natural farming might elevate cultivation costs, it could
lead to non-remunerative prices for agricultural produce, causing financial indebtedness among
farmers.
• Labour Shortages — The migration of agricultural labor to non-farm employment opportunities
may result in labor shortages within the agricultural sector. Consequently, this can significantly
impact farm operations and productivity.
Conclusion -
Natural farming addresses food insecurity, farmer distress, health risks from residues, and
environmental challenges. Offers employment opportunities and curbs rural youth migration.
Impact of disasters on agriculture and food security

Disasters are resulting in unprecedented levels of destruction across the world. These shocks and
disruptions significantly impact the functioning and sustainability of agricultural production.
Consequently, they pose a threat to the livelihoods of millions of people reliant on agrifood
systems. The publication titled ‘The Impact of Disasters on Agriculture and Food Security’ by
the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The Report offers a comprehensive view of
how disasters are affecting global agriculture and food security.
Key Insights -
• Over the past three decades, natural disasters have resulted in estimated losses of $3.8 trillion
in crops and livestock production. Moreover, Asia bears the largest economic burden in this
scenario.
• On an average, this loss amounts to $123 billion per year, accounting for 5% of the global
agricultural GDP annually.
Nature of Hazards -
• Agriculture faces various hazards including meteorological, hydrological, geo-hazards,
environmental, biological, societal, armed conflicts, and technological and chemical threats.
• The frequency of disaster events has risen significantly from 100 per year in the 1970s to
approximately 400 events per year globally in the last two decades.
Report’s Key Findings -

• The report analyses the extensive impact of disasters on agriculture, spanning crops, livestock,
forestry, fisheries, and aquaculture.
• It highlights how underlying factors like climate change, pandemics, epidemics, and conflicts
contribute to disaster risk in agriculture and its related systems.
Impact on Agriculture -
• Disasters have caused $30 billion in losses to the agriculture sector out of a total of $140 billion
across all sectors, averaging a 22% share in economic impacts.
• Multiple hazards including flooding, water scarcity, droughts, yield declines, and environmental
degradation are threatening global agricultural stability.
Effects of Extreme Events -

• Variations in water supply and extreme temperatures significantly impact agricultural production,
leading to agricultural drought and reduced yields.
• A recent study revealed a threefold increase in the severity of heatwaves and drought impacts
on crop production from 1964-1990 to 1991-2015.
Conclusion and Recommendations -

• To bolster resilient agrifood systems, understanding interconnected risks and underlying drivers
of disaster risk is crucial.
• Investments in improved data monitoring and collection are fundamental. They aid national
capacities in comprehending and mitigating disaster risks in agriculture and associated
systems.
• To address compounded crises and bolster resilience in agrifood systems, integrating multi-
sectoral and multi-hazard disaster risk reduction approaches into policymaking is essential.
• Investments focused on resilience emerge as critical in mitigating disaster risks in agrifood
systems. Simultaneously, these investments enhance agricultural production and livelihoods.
Agricultural Emissions
Agriculture is increasingly targeted by high-income nations worldwide as the prime sector for
implementing emissions reductions in alignment with their national climate objectives. The
agricultural sector contributes to non-CO2 emissions generated within the farm gate by crops
and livestock activities. Additionally, it is responsible for CO2 emissions resulting from the
conversion of natural ecosystems, primarily forest land and natural peatlands, to agricultural land
use.
Insights into Agricultural Emissions -

• Emissions from agricultural production stem from various sources such as livestock farming,
nitrogen fertilisers, rice cultivation, and energy usage.
• Livestock belching, flatulence, and dung generate methane, while nitrous oxide arises from
nitrogen fertilisers. These gases constitute the primary greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted by the
agricultural sector.
• Emissions related to soil carbon storage and farm energy use are not classified within
agricultural emissions.
• Methane and nitrous oxide together contribute to 16% and 6% respectively of global GHG
emissions, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency.
Reasoning for Targeting Agricultural Emissions -

Initiatives Across Nations —
• Denmark — Exploring the imposition of a CO2 tax on beef products to mitigate emissions.
• Canada — Introduced a voluntary plan for farmers to curtail nitrogen fertiliser usage, aiming to
reduce the country’s nitrogen emissions by 30% below 2020 levels by 2030.
• Ireland — Deliberating plans to cull approximately 200,000 cows over three years, with an
annual cost of €200 million as compensation to farmers.
• Netherlands — Aiming to reduce nitrogen emissions by 50% by 2030, which led to farmer
protests due to concerns, resulting in road blockades and other demonstrations.
• New Zealand — Announced plans to tax cow emissions based on factors like herd size, farm
size, and fertiliser type, effective from 2025.
• Belgium — Implementing a €200 million scheme for pig farms to scale down or cease
production, thereby reducing nitrogen emissions in the agricultural sector.
International Treaties Addressing Agricultural Emissions -

• The Global Methane Pledge (GMP) — Signed by 149 countries, this pledge aims to reduce
methane emissions by 25% by 2030 compared to 2020 levels. It is began at the Conference of
the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held in
Glasgow, Ireland, in 2021.
• The European Green Deal - The European Green Deal involves 27 countries. It mandates a
minimum 55% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 compared to 1990 levels. Additionally, it
includes a Nature Restoration Law aiming to restore nature on 20% of EU land and sea area by
2030 through specific habitat and species restoration targets.
Methane Overview -
• Methane ranks as the second most prevalent greenhouse gas (GHG) after CO2. It constitutes
20% of global emissions and is approximately 25 times more potent than CO2, although it
remains relatively short-lived.
• Methane from livestock is responsible for about half of the net temperature rise since the
pre-industrial era. This methane originates from carbon dioxide absorbed by plants during
photosynthesis. Later, this absorbed carbon dioxide is released as methane by animals during
digestion or through decaying manure.
• Livestock fermentation and manure management contribute to around 32% of global
anthropogenic methane emissions. Meanwhile, approximately 63% of these emissions are
attributed to oil and gas operations.
• The COP is the supreme decision-making body of the Convention. All States that are Parties
to the Convention are represented at the COP, at which they review the implementation of
the Convention and any other legal instruments that the COP adopts and take decisions
necessary to promote the effective implementation of the Convention, including institutional
and administrative arrangements.
• The European Green Deal is a package of policy initiatives, which aims to set the EU on the
path to a green transition, with the ultimate goal of reaching climate neutrality by 2050. It
supports the transformation of the EU into a fair and prosperous society with a modern and
competitive economy.
India’s Weather Disaster Database

India’s Weather Disaster Database, which maps & quantifies the damage caused by June-
September 2023’s extreme weather events. India endured an unbroken streak of 122 days of
extreme weather events between June and September 2023, encompassing lightning and
storms, heavy rains, floods and landslides, heat waves, cold days, snowfall, cloudbursts, and
cyclones. Tragically, nearly 3000 lives were lost due to these calamities.
Purpose of the Database -

The database aims to map the frequency and geographic dispersion of extreme weather events in
India while quantifying the resultant loss and damage. It draws primary data from two
governmental bodies—the IMD and the Disaster Management Division. However, it focuses on
the count of extreme weather event days rather than the precise number of distinct events.
Methodology and Assumptions -

• Various government documents align with categorising extreme weather events into seven
broad types. These categories include heavy rains, floods, landslides, lightning, storms,
cyclones, snowfall, cloudbursts, cold days, cold waves, heatwaves, and severe heatwaves.
• In the context of heavy rains, floods, and landslides, only events associated with fatalities or
damage are considered. These events require rainfall between 64.5 to 115.5 mm in 24
hours. Lightning and storms encompass thunderstorms, hailstorms, dust storms, and gales.
Meanwhile, the cold day/cold wave category incorporates varying degrees of cold conditions.
The heatwave category includes different levels of extreme heat.
Assessment of Loss and Damage -

The database evaluates losses across four key categories: human fatalities, affected crop areas,
destroyed houses, and animal deaths. While information on human deaths and crop area impact
comes from media reports, IMD, and the Disaster Management Division, data on houses
destroyed and animal deaths, available solely for monsoon months, is sourced exclusively from
the Disaster Management Division.
Limitations -
The data collection process in India involves State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs),
which collate and provide disaster-related information to central agencies. However, some
SDMAs, like Assam and Himachal Pradesh, release their individual data. To prevent data
inconsistencies and gaps, this report hasn’t included these specific sources, prioritising
centralised data sources instead.
Illegal Sand Mining

The Wildlife Justice Commission’s recent report shed light on instances of violence linked to
opposition against illegal sand mining. Sand mining is an environmental crime linked to violence.
Learn more in the Wildlife Justice Commission’s report & the National Chambal Sanctuary in India,
where sand mining is threatening endangered species.
Overview -
In a significant move, The Wildlife Justice Commission categorised sand mining as an
environmental crime, emphasising its adverse effects on water bodies and biodiversity.
Globally, an estimated 40-50 billion tonnes of sand are extracted each year. This highlights a
lack of comprehensive treaties or policies to regulate this activity.
Ecological Impact of Sand Mining -

Excessive sand mining can alter the river bed, force the river to change course, erode
banks, and cause flooding. It causes river and estuary deepening, as well as the expansion of
river mouths and coastal inlets. It may also result in saline water intrusion from the nearby sea.
Illegal sand mining poses a substantial ecological threat in India, particularly evident in the
Chambal region, where it causes significant environmental harm and jeopardises several
endangered species.
The Chambal Scenario -

The National Chambal Sanctuary (NCS) in the Chambal region has been witnessing widespread
illegal sand mining activities. Spanning across Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh,
this sanctuary hosts rare wildlife. Additionally, it contains crucial sandbanks that serve as habitats
for various endangered species.
Impact on Wildlife -
Sand mining increases turbidity in the affected area. Turbidity describes the cloudiness of
water. Increased turbidity is harmful to organisms such as corals and seagrasses, which
depend on sunlight. “Sediment plumes stirred up by the dredging block sunlight, make it
difficult for photosynthesis. Illegal sand mining is compelling gharials to seek alternative egg-
laying habitats in Kuno and Parbati rivers, tributaries of the Chambal. It is eroding the sandbanks
along the Chambal, essential for basking and egg-laying by these critically endangered species.
Human Impact -
Unchecked illegal sand mining in the Chambal region poses threats to multiple threatened
species. The mining activities persist round the clock with little regard for the environmental
impact. Illegally extracted sand finds its way to various regions, including the National Capital
Region (NCR).
Urgency for Action -

Immediate action is imperative. Stringent enforcement of laws and regulations is vital to combat
illegal sand mining. Raising public awareness about the ecological significance and
consequences of illegal sand mining can be pivotal in addressing this pressing issue. Unregulated
sand mining poses a grave threat to the environment; it is crucial to address this issue promptly to
safeguard biodiversity and maintain ecosystem health.
Journey towards a plastic-free world

Single Use Plastic — Disposable plastic items intended for one-time use.
Microplastics — Tiny plastic particles measuring less than 5 millimeters, often resulting from the
breakdown of larger plastic items.
Plastic Microfibers — Minuscule plastic fibers shed from synthetic textiles during washing.
Plankton — Microscopic organisms in water bodies, including both plants (phytoplankton) and
animals (zooplankton).Oxo-biodegradable Plastics: Plastics designed to degrade faster through
exposure to oxygen and sunlight, breaking down into smaller fragments.
Circular Economy — An economic model aimed at reducing waste by keeping resources in use
for as long as possible through recycling and regeneration. Plastic-eating Bacteria:
Microorganisms capable of breaking down certain types of plastic.
In news -
• Prime Minister’s Call — Prime Minister Narendra Modi urged people to abandon single-use
plastic for the sake of the environment.
• Promotion of Alternatives — Emphasised the use of jute and cloth bags as eco-friendly
alternatives.
• Innovation in Recycling — Encouraged startups and experts to explore innovative ways to
recycle plastic, such as incorporating it into building highways.
• Shopkeeper Appeal — Requested shopkeepers to display signs indicating their refusal to
provide plastic bags and to offer cloth bags for sale or use.
At Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy (IGNFA) -

• Adage of “Charity Begins at Home” Highlighted to underscore the responsibility of IGNFA
(Indian Forest Service training center) in minimizing plastic use.
• Role of IFS Officers: Defined around conserving the nation’s ecological integrity.
• Initiative by 2018 Batch IFS Trainees: Resolved on April 2, 2019, to make IGNFA plastic-free.
• Implementation of “Plastic-free IGNFA Initiative”: Initiated to gather baseline data through
assessments and surveys.
• Systematic Approach: Detailed location-specific plans and actions to achieve the plastic-free
goal.
Event Specific Initiatives -

• Diverse Activities at the Academy — Includes sports meets, cultural events, workshops, and
study tours.
• Initiative for Plastic-Free Events — Team meetings before events to identify and address
potential plastic usage.
• Transforming Sports Meets — Eliminated single-use plastic bottles, glasses, and plates,
replaced with biodegradable alternatives. Packaging plastics from sports gear were sent for
recycling.
• Awareness Through Posters — Used posters to raise awareness about reducing plastic
dependency.
• Convocation 2019 Changes — Shifted from plastic-wrapped bouquets to wooden baskets and
jute wrappings. Introduced metal water bottles instead of single-use plastic for chief guests.
• Remaining Challenges — Certain areas like plastic banners, thermocol for decoration, and
plastic coverings on food and gift wrappers still posed challenges in eliminating plastic use.
Efforts made to reuse generated plastic waste.
• Touring Initiatives — Identified disposable water bottles as a major source of plastic waste
during tours. Introduced hand-operated water pumps and refillable cans in vehicles. Provided
gunny bags for waste collection and organised cleanliness drives during tours.
Conclusion -
The initiative, starting April 2, 2019, aims to curb plastic misuse at the Academy by addressing the
harm from single-use plastics and poor waste management. Change is gradual, requiring
documentation, SOPs, and constant monitoring. Remaining challenges include canal clogging
and extending the initiative campus-wide. The established committee leads the effort, enforcing
measures and adapting as needed. Small actions, it’s believed, will systematically tackle
environmental issues, fostering harmony with nature.
World Intellectual Property Indicators 2023

Recently the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has released the World Intellectual
Property Indicators (WIPI) for 2023.
Key findings of the report -

• It focuses on global economic conditions and their impact on intellectual property (IP).
• Despite economic uncertainty, a record-high of nearly 3.5 million patent applications were
submitted worldwide.
• In 2022, 13 out of the top 20 offices experienced an increase in the number of patent
applications compared to 2021.
• Noteworthy growth was observed in the offices of South Africa (+27.6%), India (+25.2%), and
Indonesia (+13.3%) reporting a double-digit growth.
• Trademark filing normalised after a pandemic-linked surge, with a 14.5% decline in application
class counts but still over 1.5 times more applications than in 2012.
• Despite a 2.1% decline in designs, there is a longer-term growth trend.
• In 2022, innovators from around the world submitted a record-breaking 3.46 million patent
applications – the highest number of filings ever recorded.
• Patent applications filed worldwide grew by 1.7% in 2022, marking a third consecutive year of
growth.
• Non-resident applicants accounted for 57.5% of total applications filed in the US, but only 9.6%
in China.
• In 2022, offices located in Asia received around 68% of patent applications filed globally,
marking an increase of 11.9 percentage points on their share a decade earlier in 2012.
Sulphur Dioxide Emissions

A study found that the reduction in the planet’s sulphur dioxide emissions could be behind the
recent spike in global warming.
About Sulphur dioxide (SO2) -

• It is a foul-smelling toxic gas that is emitted by the burning of fossil fuels or other materials that
contain sulphur.
• Sources of SO2 — SO2 is in emissions from power plants, metals processing and smelting
facilities, and vehicles. Diesel vehicles and equipment were a major source of SO2, but federal
regulations to reduce the sulphur in diesel fuels has significantly lowered emissions.
• Like nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide can create secondary pollutants, such as sulphate
aerosols, particulate matter, and acid rain, once released into the air.
• Anthropogenic SO2 emissions typically settle in the troposphere, the lowest part of the
atmosphere, with the upper boundary being 10-18 km from the Earth’s surface. The pollutant
here is short-lived, lasting only about two weeks.
• However, natural SO2 emissions have a bigger impact because they reach the stratosphere,
a layer of atmosphere stretching from 10 km to 50 km above Earth’s surface.
• One example of natural SO2 emission was seen in 1991, when Mount Pinatubo in the
Philippines erupted and released 15 million tonnes of the gas, causing a global temperature
fall of 0.6˚C over the next 15 months.
Human health and environmental concerns -

• Acid rain can damage trees and plants, inhibit plant growth, and damage sensitive ecosystems
and waterways.
• Sulphur dioxide also contributes to the formation of thick haze and smog.
• Sulphur dioxide contributes to respiratory illness by making breathing more difficult, especially
for children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing conditions.
• Longer exposures can aggravate existing heart and lung conditions.
Monitoring, Reporting, and Regulations -

• Sulphur dioxide is one of six common air pollutants called ‘Criteria Pollutants’, that are subject
to primary and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards.
• Other five are: Particulate Matter (PM), Ozone, Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Dioxide and
Lead.
• Primary standards define the air quality required to prevent adverse effects on human health;
secondary standards are set to prevent adverse impacts on the environment.
• Minnesota is currently in compliance with national standards for all six criteria pollutants.
• The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is responsible for prevention of marine and
atmospheric pollution by ships — enforced reduction of sulphur content in shipping fuels
from 3.5% to 0.5%.
• 13 % of the world’s SO2 emissions come from shipping.
Gross Environment Product Index

GEP Index is the first-of-its-kind index to evaluate Gross Environment Product.
Background -
• Traditional indicators like Gross Domestic Product measure output and growth, but they fail to
account for the impact of human actions on environmental quality and societal well-being.
• There is a need for a concept to measure the environmental costs, social inequalities,
sustainability implications and the negative externalities of resource use by humans — these are
crucial to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals.
About Gross Environment Product (GEP) -

• GEP as a concept was introduced in 2011 by the Himalayan Environmental Studies and
Conservation Organization (HESCO) in Dehradun, Uttarakhand. It helps in assessing
environmental health based on four pillars: forest, water, air and soil.
• Uttarakhand, in 2021, announced that it would be the first state to introduce it to address
shortcomings and measure the growth of the environment along with development.
• It aims to assess the growth and health of natural resources, and the positive or negative
impact that human activities have on them.
• Uttarakhand is currently working on formulating a GEP Index.
Status of Forests -
• The Forest-GEP Index looks at the ecological significance of forests beyond the traditional
focus on timber production.
• It aims to quantify human efforts to enhance forested regions by introducing climate resilient
trees that contribute to ecological functions.
Status of Water -
The Water-GEP Index critically assesses the overall status of water resources. It aims to assess
human and governmental action to improve water quality and quantity, like rainwater harvesting
through ponds, check dams and water holes.
Status of Air -
• The air quality index is already measured across countries, and is represented as a numerical
value determined by monitoring concentrations of pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen
dioxide and sulphur dioxide.
• The index ranges from 0 to 500, where higher values indicate poorer air quality.
Status of Soil Health -

• The Soil-GEP index examines the impact of land management practices on soil health and its
ability to deliver essential ecosystem services such as fostering plant growth, facilitating nutrient
cycling, purifying water and sequestering carbon.
• These services are impacted by the application of chemical fertilisers, deforestation and
rampant urbanisation.
Almora Earthquakes
The Union Minister of Earth Sciences informed that there has been an increase in the number of
earthquakes in 2023, in comparison to the last three years, due to activation of the Almora fault.
What is Almora and how is it related to earthquakes?

• Almora is a geological fault in the Himalayan region that runs from western Nepal to
Uttarakhand.
• The activation of the Almora fault led to many earthquakes of varying degree of magnitudes like
5.8 in January 2023, 6.2 in October 2023 and 6.4 in November 2023.
• All the earthquakes that occur in the Himalayas are due to the Main Himalayan Thrust, which
is a break in the Earth's crust, 15-20 km below the mountain range.
North Almora Fault/Thrust -

• Almora comes under Seismic Zones of IV.
• It is two closely parallel tectonic discontinuities —
• The North Almora Fault, a steep south dipping high angle brittle fault with a dominant east
slip and subordinate dip slip component; and
• The North Almora Thrust, a low angle south dipping thrust marking the northern boundary of
the large Almora - Jajarkot Nappe.
• The >500 km long dextral strike slip North Almora Fault mimicking the ∼800 km long Karakoram
Fault is responsible for significant strain partitioning in the west-central Lesser Himalaya.
Livestock and Emissions

Recent study finds that there is a need to explore alternative solutions to curb livestock
emissions.
Details -
• The primary sectors of agriculture, fisheries, livestock and forestry are as old as human
civilisation, while the secondary and tertiary sectors have come into existence after the
Industrial Revolution to meet the needs of humankind.
• In view of rising methane emissions from agriculture, particularly from enteric fermentation in
livestock, countries are undertaking measures like taxing beef products and modifying pig
farms.
• However, the idea of culling livestock brought up in Ireland to minimise methane
emissions is distressing; it is an act of taking away the animals’ right to life.
Livestocks and Greenhouse Gas (GHG) -

• In 2018, some 11% of the global greenhouse gas emissions were from food the world
produced; of this, the bulk of emissions (about 40%) were from enteric fermentation in the
digestive systems of ruminant livestock.
• Another 26% of the agriculture-related emissions were nitrous oxide from livestock
manure applied in fields or dumped.
• Synthetic fertilisers used on crops then added 13% nitrous oxide and methane emissions from
rice cultivation contributed 10% of the total agriculture-related emissions.
• It is recently been estimated that the global food system is responsible for about a third
of greenhouse gas emissions—second only to the energy sector; it is the number one
source of methane and biodiversity loss.
• The number of people suffering acute food insecurity increased from 135 million in 2019 to
345 million in 82 countries by June 2022, as the war in Ukraine, supply chain disruptions, and
the continued economic fallout of the COVID-19 pandemic pushed food prices to all-time highs.
Who is most affected by climate impacts on food security?

• About 80% of the global population most at risk from crop failures and hunger from climate
change are in Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, where farming families are
disproportionately poor and vulnerable.
• A severe drought caused by an El Nino weather pattern or climate change can push millions
more people into poverty.
Impact on Farmers -
• Up to a certain point, rising temperatures and CO2 can be beneficial for crops. But rising
temperatures also accelerate evapotranspiration from plants and soils, and there must also be
enough water for crops to thrive.
• Farmers are the first victims of climate change impacts. In our world, it is a multifold crisis
that threatens their very survival.
• The increasing cost of agricultural inputs and the lack of public infrastructure, including
for irrigation, hits their livelihood.
• Increasing food costs are unaffordable to most consumers and governments step in to
import food from intensive farming systems that are also invariably subsidised.
• Farmers are being hit repeatedly by extreme weather events; their crops are lost to
floods, droughts, pest attacks and unseasonal cold and heat.
What could be the possible solutions?

• It is possible to reduce emissions and become more resilient, but doing so often requires major
social, economic, and technological change.
• Use water more efficiently and effectively, combined with policies to manage demand.
• It includes better management of water demand as well as the use of advanced water
accounting systems and technologies to assess the amount of water available, including
soil moisture sensors and satellite evapotranspiration measurements.
• Switch to less water-intensive crops, like rice farmers could switch to crops that require less
water such as maize or legumes.
• Improving soil health by increasing organic carbon in soil that helps and allows water plants to
access water more readily, increasing resilience to drought.
• Nature-based solutions to environmental challenges that could deliver 37% of climate change
mitigation.
Way forward -
• More than 40% of the Earth’s land is now used for agriculture, making agricultural systems
the largest terrestrial ecosystems on the planet. The food industry contributes up to 30% to the
world’s greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and 70% to freshwater use.
• The urgency of addressing these pressing issues through the transformation of food
production and distribution systems that harmonise environmental, social, and economic
dimensions is imperative.
• Treating landfills and establishing effluent and wastewater treatment plants, which high-income
countries would be able to do efficiently, could control a huge amount of methane emissions.
Indigenous Crop Varieties

Recently, farmers in Karnataka are focusing on preserving rare native paddy varieties through
cultivation.
Details -
• Conservation of indigenous crop varieties does not mean just collecting and storing seeds in a
container, but it needs to cultivate and harvest the crop every year to ensure its conservation.
• The indigenous crops of India include several varieties of rice, millets, wheat, barley, and maize.
• The indigenous varieties of rice and millets are resistant to drought, salinity, and floods.
Significance of indigenous crop varieties -

• Adaptability — They are well-adapted to the regions where they originate, making them sturdy
and resistant.
• They require less water and usually display special characteristics in terms of nutritional
value, fragrance, and colour.
• Nutrition — Indigenous food plants tend to be very nutritious, often more nutritious than some
introduced (and perhaps more popular) plants.
• Biodiversity — The diversity provided by eating indigenous vegetables contributes to food
security.
• They are genetically diverse and sustainable.
• Climate-Smart Agriculture — Cultivation of indigenous crops has the potential to make
agriculture climate-smart.
Associated challenges -
• The Green Revolution in the 1960s introduced high-yielding varieties of rice and wheat to
increase food production.
• However, this led to a decline in the production of other food crops such as indigenous rice
varieties and millets.
• It led to the disappearance of many of these indigenous crops, which were widely grown
and eaten until just 100 years ago.
• Complex Harvest Licensing Procedure and Limited Seed Access — Indigenous crop
farmers often face complex harvest licensing procedures and limited access to seeds or
cuttings.
• Land Dispossession and Cultural Appropriation — Indigenous farmers often face issues such
as land dispossession and cultural appropriation.
• Lack of Recognition and Limited Access to Resources and Markets — Indigenous farmers
often lack recognition and have limited access to resources and markets.
• Loss of Unique Properties — The loss of indigenous crop varieties means disruption of
agriculture cycles that have been feeding, nurturing, and sustaining human beings and other life
forms for aeons.
• Shift in Consumer Preference — Consumers moving to other varieties, shifting rainfall
patterns, and a change from multi-cropping to mono-cropping are all contributing to the drop
• Negative Cultural Perception — There is often a negative cultural perception of Indigenous
Food Plants (IFPs) and a lack of preparation knowledge at the consumption level.
• Other challenges include the competition with subsidised conventional production, limited
distribution options, and capabilities and capacity of growers, and lack of institutional support.
Measures to save the indigenous crop varieties -

• Use of Drought-Tolerant Local Varieties — Indigenous farmers often use local varieties of
crops that are more tolerant to drought conditions.
• Polyculture — This is the practice of growing multiple crops in the same space, which can help
to maintain biodiversity.
• Agroforestry — This involves integrating trees into crop fields, which can help to improve soil
health and biodiversity.
• Water Harvesting — Techniques for collecting and storing rainwater can help to ensure a
reliable water supply for crops.
• Soil Conservation — Practices such as crop rotation and cover cropping can help to maintain
soil health and fertility.
• Seed Banks and Seed Exchanges — These can play an important role in preserving ancient,
heirloom varieties of important food crops.
• Reviving Indigenous Crops — In some regions, farmers have returned to growing indigenous
crops, which are often better suited to local climatic conditions.
• Education and Awareness — Spreading knowledge about the importance of indigenous crops
and how to cultivate them can help to ensure their survival for future generations.
Related government initiatives -

• The Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Authority, 2008 — It recognised the
on-farm conservation of 20 varieties by tribal communities of Wayanad, namely Kurichiya and
Kuruma, under the title, Genome Saviours.
• Promotion of Indigenous Varieties of Rice — The Indian Government is promoting indigenous
varieties of rice through various programs.
• 574 indigenous varieties of rice have been propagated and tested at more than 10,000
farmers’ fields.
• Community seed banks have been established at community level involving KVKs and Self
Help Groups in remote and tribal areas of the country.
• Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, 2001 — This legislation provides for
the registration of traditional crop varieties as farmers’ varieties, and for the sharing of benefits
when those varieties are incorporated into new commercial varieties.
• Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999 — This
legislation provides for the registration of indications to promote the marketing of goods which
derive their quality and characteristics from their geographical origin.
• National Seeds Programme (1975-85) — It was launched with the aid of the World Bank with
two components viz. Breeder Seed Production (BSP) and Seed Technology Research
(STR).
The Mineral (Auction) Rules, 2015

Recently, the Union Ministry of Mines has proposed changes to the Mineral (Auction) Rules, 2015.
The Mineral (Auction) Rules, 2015 -

• These rules exercise the powers conferred by section 13 of the Mines and Minerals
(Development and Regulation) Act, 1957.
• The rules define several terms such as Composite Licence, Mine Development and Production
Agreement, preferred bidder, qualified bidders, successful bidder, technically qualified bidders,
reserve price, section, Schedule, tender document, upfront payment, value of estimated
resources, and value of mineral despatched.
• The tender document issued by the State Government shall contain a geological report
pursuant to the Minerals (Evidence of Mineral Contents) Rules, 2015 specifying particulars and
estimated quantities of all minerals discovered in the area.
About the proposed changes -

• Mineral (Auction) Amendment Rules, 2024 — These amendments bring about crucial
modifications in bid submissions, upfront payments, and performance security.
• Noteworthy limits have been imposed on upfront payments and performance security for
preferred bidders and composite licence holders, ensuring a balanced and competitive
environment.
Earlier changes in the rules -

• Minerals (Evidence of Mineral Contents) Amendment Rules, 2021 — As per the amended
rules limestone, iron ore and bauxite blocks having surficial deposits can be auctioned for
mining lease at G3 level of exploration.
• Further, auction for composite licence for all minerals has been allowed at G4 level of
exploration.
• Mineral (Auction) Amendment Rules, 2021 — The rules provide incentive for production &
dispatch earlier than the scheduled date of commencement of production.
• Mineral (Auction) Second Amendment Rules, 2021 — The amended Rules provide for cap on
net worth requirement for mining lease and composite licence.
• Mineral (Auction) Fourth Amendment Rules, 2021 — In case the area proposed by a person
is put up for auction to grant a composite licence, such person shall be required to submit the
bid security of only 50% of the amount specified for participating in the auction for the said
area.
• Mineral (Auction) Amendment Rules, 2022 — As per the amended Rules, global positioning
system has been allowed for identification and demarcation of the area where a composite
licence is proposed to be granted through auction.
World Economic Situation and Prospects Report 2024

Recently, the UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) has released the
World Economic Situation and Prospects for 2024.
About the World Economic Situation and Prospects (2024) -

• In 2023, global energy investment is estimated to have increased by 7% to a record level of US
$2.8 trillion. Investment in clean energy exceeded $1.7 trillion, but its share in total energy
investment rose marginally.
• Investment in fossil fuels, on the other hand, surpassed pre-pandemic levels in 2022 and 2023.
Key Findings -
• Global GDP Growth — The report forecasts a deceleration in global GDP growth, from an
estimated 2.7% in 2023 to 2.4% in 2024.
• This signals a continuation of sluggish growth trends.
• Developing Economies — Developing economies are struggling to recover from pandemic-
induced losses, with many facing high debt and investment shortfalls.
• Regional Disparities — The United States, the world’s largest economy, is expected to see a
drop in GDP growth from 2.5% in 2023 to 1.4% in 2024.
• China is projected to experience a moderate slowdown, with growth estimated at 4.7% in
2024, down from 5.3% in 2023.
• Europe and Japan also face significant economic headwinds, with growth rates forecasted
at 1.2% for both regions in 2024.
• Least Developed Countries (LDCs) — The LDCs are projected to grow by 5.0% in 2024, yet
this falls short of the 7.0% growth target set in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
• Risks and Challenges — Simmering geopolitical tensions, the growing intensity and frequency
of extreme weather events, tight financial conditions, and high interest rates pose increasing
risks to global trade and industrial production.

Down To Earth (December-January 2024)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Down To Earth (December-January 2024)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Down To Earth (December-January 2024)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

RAJ IAS ACADEMY DTE (Dec-January 2024) Page 1

RAJ MALHOTRA’S IAS ACADEMY, CHANDIGARH

DOWN TO EARTH - December 2023 and January 2024

Electric Vehicle Drive and Battery Material Security -

India’s Targets and Commitments -

Battery Potential and Recycling Projections -

Key Highlights of Battery Waste Management Rules of 2022 -

Battery Recycling Techniques -

Areas for Improvement in Rules -

A Passport for Batteries -

Draft Patent (Amendment) Rules 2023

Key Aspects of India’s Patents (Amendment) Act, 2005 -

Significance of TRIPS in Intellectual Property Rights -

Major Provisions in the Draft Patents (Amendment) Rules, 2023 -

Agricultural Profit trends in the world

Global Agricultural Trends -

India’s Agricultural Scenario -

Future Prospects and Challenges -

Carbon Capture Methods

Biomass Burial for Carbon Capture -

Challenges of Nature-Based Solutions -

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) -

Key Phases of CCS -

Role of CCS in Combating Global Warming -

Storage Sites for Carbon Emissions -

Nagaland’s Seed Preservation Practices

Key Practices of Ao and Sümi Naga Communities -

Community Seed Banks (CSBs) -

IP Issues and TK Protection -

Chemicals Management Framework

Framework Objectives and Highlights -

Social Impact Assessment

Similar Measures in Other States -

Concerns and Reactions -

Social Impact Assessment (SIA) -

Economics behind solar energy generation

About the Solar Energy Transition -

Economics of Solar Power -

Drawbacks to Solar Power -

Why Natural Farming?

About Natural Farming -

Natural Farming and Zero Budget Farming -

Case Study: Andhra Pradesh Community-Managed Natural Farming (APCNF) -

Issues and Challenges -

Impact of disasters on agriculture and food security

Report’s Key Findings -

Eﬀects of Extreme Events -

Conclusion and Recommendations -

Insights into Agricultural Emissions -

Reasoning for Targeting Agricultural Emissions -

International Treaties Addressing Agricultural Emissions -

India’s Weather Disaster Database

Purpose of the Database -

Methodology and Assumptions -

Assessment of Loss and Damage -

Illegal Sand Mining

Ecological Impact of Sand Mining -

The Chambal Scenario -

Urgency for Action -

Journey towards a plastic-free world