Perforating Modelling

PulsFrac Modeling Software
Agenda
• What is PulsFrac
• Software capabilities
• Data Request for modeling
• Training and pricing
• Way forward
• Summary
Why Use PulsFrac?
• Job design using PulsFrac
allows to :
 Select tool type,
 Confirm the underbalance
 Avoid excessive equipment
loading and motion
• Job results interpretation

allows for better future
planning:
high-speed recorder data
confirm pre-job modeling
|3
Capabilities
PulsFrac offers three predictive
models:
• TerraFORM: Flow Optimization

Reservoir Modeling
• TerraPERM: Propellant Enhanced
Recovery Maximization
• TerraGARD: Gunshock Analysis and
Risk Detection
TerraFORM: Flow Optimization Reservoir
Modeling
Dynamic Underbalance perforating is a technique to
deliver near-zero skin perforations.
Uses the wellbore dynamics of the perforating event
to temporarily create a (dynamic) underbalanced
condition generating a surge in the perforating
tunnel.
TerraFORM: Flow Optimization Reservoir Modeling
Two Step Process
Step One: Crushed Zone Failure Step Two: Clean Out Surge
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TerraFORM: Flow Optimization Reservoir
Modeling
• Engineer the magnitude and duration of Underbalance
• Determine the underbalance differential to restore near-
tunnel permeability
 Remove the “crushed” zone without causing sand influx nor formation
collapse
• Results used to establish gun string configuration and

firing pressures
• Use high speed Recorders for post job verification.
|7
Intelligent Clean Up Efficiency (iCUE)
MIN. &
MAX. UB
MIN. TIME
|8
TerraFORM: Flow Optimization Reservoir Modeling
Skin
Reduction
Pressure
changes
at P4
Pressure
Drop
9
High-Speed Pressure Record
Pressure,
Temperature, and
Accelerometer
Sensors
High-Speed Data
Recorder
Batteries
PulsFrac Science
10
Modeled vs. Real Data
11
TerraPERM: Propellant Enhanced Recovery
Maximization
• Propellants are used in a wide
range of applications, from tunnel
cleanup to fracture initiation and
sand screen clean up.
• Modeling is needed to:

o - Determine the need for
Propellants
o Determine the length and type of
device
o Estimate length and width of
initiated fractures.
TerraPERM: Propellant Enhanced Recovery
Maximization
TerraGARD Gunshock Analysis and Risk Detection
TerraGard application allows was

designed for gun shock modelling
and risk mitigation:
Mechanical forces acting on the bottom hole
assembly:
• Collapse
• Burst
• Buckle
Pressure surges:
• Inside the tubulars
• Outside the tubulars
• Acting on the packer
• Intentional or unintentional dynamic
underbalance condition
Motion/Tension, TCP Shock
• For wireline jobs, absolute

motion is the important factor
• For tubing-conveyed jobs,
“shock” becomes more
important than absolute motion
• Reflection issues are added with
nearby packers
• PulsFrac models compression
and tensile yield failure,
buckling, and packer slip
15 PulsFrac Science
TerraGARD Gunshock Analysis and Risk Detection
What to do if TerraGARD predicts a possible
problem
• Tubing damage
– Recommend higher grade tubing
– Recommend heavier tubing
– Recommend different location for the Perforating Packer
• Packer damage
– Recommend different set down weight (for mechanical damage)
– Recommend more pressure be held on backside (for hydraulic
damage)
• Casing or bridge plug failure

– Recommend different charge type or SPF
| 17
PulsFrac Summary:
TerraFORM: Dynamic underbalance modeling for:
Gun system selection
Minimum underbalance
Maximum underbalance
Post Job data analysis
TerraPERM: Propellant modeling for:
System selection
Length of propellant
Length and width of initiated fractures.
TerraGARD: Gun shock modeling for risk mitigation for:
Weak point failure on wireline
Collapse, Burst and Buckle on downhole equipment.
PulsFrac Summary:
TerraFORM: Dynamic underbalance modeling for:
Gun system selection
Minimum underbalance
Maximum underbalance
Post Job data analysis
TerraPERM: Propellant modeling for:
System selection
Length of propellant
Length and width of initiated fractures.
TerraGARD: Gun shock modeling for risk mitigation for:
Weak point failure on wireline
Collapse, Burst and Buckle on downhole equipment.
Pre-modeling data
Gun Evaluation Model (GEM)
Case History
22
Compression
Failure of Tubing
Joint Directly on
Top of Guns.
23
Failure of Shock Absorbers
Rubber
elements
extruded
Failed outer housing out of
housing
24
Why are we having failures?
• If we use J-07 as an example we are detonating 40

kilograms of RDX military grade explosives less than 4
metres from a plug.
• In this operation, there is little we can do to prevent
damage
– Shaped charges are only about 35% efficient, there is
plenty of excess energy released to the wellbore.
– Low permeability means the formation cannot absorb
energy fast enough. The energy released must be
balanced, therefore tubing is bent, packers and plugs fail or
are damaged.
– The zinc cases are highly energetic and add even more
energy to the system.
25
Is bending the tubing a bad thing?
• Sacrificing several joints of EUE tubing may be more

desirable than shearing a joint of drill pipe or severely
damaging a packer.
• Using all drill pipe below the packer could potentially
stiffen the system to the point of over loading the packer.
• Shock absorbers are not effective in low permeability
formations and may actually be detrimental.
• Keep the packer unset when completing the upper zones.
• Put sand on the plug, there may be some mitigation of
forces.
26
J-14 Run 1 542 mD Permeability
27
J-14 Run 2 249 mD Permeability
28
J 14 1 joint of 3 ½” EU
29
J-07 8 Joints of Drill Pipe
30
J-07 Packer Unset
31
Case history lessons
• Modeling Template will change with different formation

properties
– High Speed Gauge data allows more exacting behavior for a
particular field
• Altering BHA has altered Results
• Sacrificing tubing instead of performance can be a choice
32
Way Forward
– Improved animations and GUI friendliness
– Faster calculations for quicker models
– Improved calculations accuracy at extreme conditions
– New gun evaluator modeling based on Section II and IV
– Better modeling of shock absorbers (2D to 3D)
33
QUESTIONS?
34

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PulsFrac Modeling Software

• Job results interpretation

• TerraFORM: Flow Optimization

• Results used to establish gun string configuration and

• Modeling is needed to:

TerraGard application allows was

• For wireline jobs, absolute

• Casing or bridge plug failure

• If we use J-07 as an example we are detonating 40

• Sacrificing several joints of EUE tubing may be more

• Modeling Template will change with different formation

– Improved animations and GUI friendliness

– Faster calculations for quicker models

– Improved calculations accuracy at extreme conditions

– New gun evaluator modeling based on Section II and IV

– Better modeling of shock absorbers (2D to 3D)

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