Hydraulic Valves

3/27/2024
Chapter 3
HYDRAULIC VALVES
presented by: Dr. Minh Tuan HO

[email protected]
ME3001 – Hydraulic & Pneumatic Engineering 1
Structure of a hydraulic system
 This simplified block diagram

shows the division of hydraulic
systems into a signal control
section and a hydraulic power
section. This signal control
section is used to activate the
valves in the power control
section.
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Hydraulic power section

 The diagram of the hydraulic power
section is complemented in this case by
a circuit diagram to allow correlation of
the various function groups; the power
supply section contains the hydraulic
pump and drive motor and the
components for the preparation of the
hydraulic fluid. The power control
section consists of the various valves
used to provide control and regulate the
flow rate, pressure and direction of the
hydraulic fluid. The drive section
consists of cylinders or hydraulic motors,
depending on the application in
question.
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Components of a H
hydraulic power system F
G
E D
B
A hydraulic power system has six C

basic components: A
• A tank (reservoir) to hold the hydraulic oil (A)

• An electronic motor or other power source to drive the pump (B)
• A pump to force the oil through the system (C)
• Valves to control oil direction, pressure and flow rate (D-G)
• An actuator to convert the pressure of the oil into mechanical force
or torque to do useful work (H)
• Piping to carry the oil from one location to another
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Hydraulic accessories
Power Control Devices
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Primary Control Functions in a Hydraulic System
 Control valves allow hydraulic systems to produce the type of

motion or level of force needed to complete the functions
expected of a hydraulic circuit.
 A variety of valves can control actuator direction, speed, and

force output.

 The three basic types of control valves are:
1. Pressure control – van điều chỉnh áp suất
→ Control actuator’s Force
2. Flow control – van điều chỉnh lưu lượng
→ Control actuator’s Speed
3. Directional control – van phân phối/điều hướng
→ Control actuator’s Direction
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 Pressure control valves can:

 Protect the system from damage due to excessive pressure
 Sequence motion
 Limit pressure in selected sections of a circuit 9
 Flow control valves control the operating speed of actuators
 They provide a means to vary the rate of fluid flow

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 Directional control valves direct fluid
flow to establish and control actuator
movement .
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Actuating force
 With some types of poppet
valves, the actuating force,
which is dependent on
pressure and area, may be
very high. In order to avoid
this, pressure compensation
may be provided at the
valves.
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Poppet principle
 Valves are based either on the
poppet principle or slide principle. In
poppet valves, a ball, a cone or a
disc is pressed by a spring against
the seat of a passage. Valves of this
kind provide a very efficient seal.
The illustration shows a cone used
as a sealing element.
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Slide principle
 This illustration shows the principle of
a longitudinal slide valve. In order to
allow the piston to move, it has a
certain clearance and floats in
hydraulic fluids. Ring grooves ensure
an even film of oil and thus pressure
equilibrium. The piston can thus be
moved with minimal frictional losses.
 This type of valve cannot provide a perfect seal, which means

that there is always a certain oil leakage.
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Piston overlap
 The switching characteristics of a valve are governed by, among other
things, its piston overlap. A distinction is made between positive,
negative and zero overlap. In the case of positive overlap, the port in
question is completely covered by the piston, while with negative
overlap it is less than completely covered. In the case of zero overlap,
the distances between the control edges of the piston and of the port
are exactly the same.
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Negative switching overlap

 In the case of negative overlap, flow from
A to T is not quite closed when the inlet P
is opened. This means that the pressure
at port A rises slowly and the piston
starts gently.
 In manufacturers' data sheets, overlap
positions are shown within dotted lines
between the switching positions, or the
overlap positions are shown in color.

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Positive switching overlap

 In the case of positive overlap, the
left-hand piston does not open the
passage from P to A until the tank
has been completely isolated by the
other piston. Pressure is
immediately fed to the load device
(cylinder or hydraulic motor) with
the result that this starts abruptly.
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Basic Structure and Features of Control Valves
 A spool is a cylindrical
metal piece fitted into the
bore of a valve body.
 The spool is used to block

or direct fluid through a
valve to produce a desired
fluid flow characteristic.
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 Internal and external forces are used to position the various valve
elements:
 Springs and pilot pressure are typical internal forces used to
operate valve elements
 Manual, pilot pressure, and electromagnetic force are common
external forces used for operation
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 Normal valve position refers to the position the internal

elements assume when a hydraulic system is shut down:
 Normally open
 Normally closed
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Valve Operation and Springs, Fluid Pressure,

and Fluid Flow
 Springs, fluid pressure, and fluid flow are very important in the
operation of hydraulic system control valves.
 Springs are used in control valves to:
 Move spools and other internal elements
 Establish the maximum operating pressure
 Serve as a biasing force
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Valve Operation and Springs, Fluid Pressure, and

Fluid Flow
 Common uses for springs
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Fluid Flow
 Fluid pressure is used in control valves to:
 Directly open or close valves
 Remotely operate a valve element
 Operate a compensating device to obtain desired fluid flow
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Fluid Flow
 Fluid flow through an orifice is used in control valves to establish
differences in pressure.
 These pressure differences combined with balancing pistons and
biasing springs are commonly used in the operation of pressure
and flow control valves.
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1. Pressure Control valves
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Pressure Control valves
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Pressure Control valves

 Pressure control valves may be grouped into one of five types:
 Maximum system pressure valves - van giới hạn áp suất
 (Actuator) sequence valves - van tuần tự
 Restrained movement/Motion control valves (counterbalance & brake)
- van giới hạn/hạn chế chuyển động (van cân bằng & van
hãm)
 (Pump) unloading valves - van xả tải
 (Pressure) Reducing valves - van giảm áp

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Maximum Pressure Control valves

 Maximum system pressure (control) valves are referred to as:
 Relief valves - van tràn
 Safety valves - van an toàn
 Hydraulic pressure fuses – cầu chì thủy lực
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Relief valves
 Relief valves are used to adjust the maximum circuit pressure.
 Relief valves are normally closed valves.
 They open when system pressure approaches the set maximum operating
pressure, allow fluid to return to the tank, thus prevent damage due to
over pressure.
 The operation of relief valves can be classified as:
 Direct- operated/acting relief valves - van tràn điều khiển trực

tiếp
 Pilot- operated/acting (or Compound or Balancing piston) relief valves
- van tràn điều khiển gián tiếp
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Relief valves: Direct-operated

 Direct-operated/acting relief valves use system pressure to generate force
to compress a spring.
 This opens a ball or poppet valve, allowing excess fluid to return to the
reservoir.
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Relief valves
 Cracking pressure: The point at which the internal pressure of a hydraulic system
triggers or actuates a valve. Also called the blow-off pressure.
 Full-flow pressure: The point at which a relief valve is diverting flow at its
maximum rate.
 Pressure override: The full-flow pressure minus the cracking pressure. The pressure
override is a measure of the increase in pressure over the cracking pressure when
additional flow passes through the valve after it cracks.

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Relief valves:
Direct-operated
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 Direct-operated/acting relief valve
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 The application of two direct-operated relief valves for Cushioning of
Hydraulic Motor:
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 The application of two direct-operated relief valves for Cushioning of
Hydraulic Motor:
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Relief valves: Pilot-operated
 Pilot- operated/acting (or Compound or Balancing piston) relief valves

consist of pilot- and balancing-piston sections:
 Combined into a single valve
 More efficient and quieter than direct-operated relief valves

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Relief valves: Pilot-acting

 Pilot-operated relief valves can also be operated by external/remote pilot
signals that connect to the Vent port.
P
Vent port
(V)
T
without Vent connection
Pump port P V
(P)
Tank port T
(T) with Vent connection
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 The pilot section of the compound relief valve contains a small, direct-
operated relief valve.
 The pilot section indirectly establishes maximum system pressure by

controlling the pressure in the balancing-piston section of the valve.
 Pilot-operated relief valves are designed to accommodate higher pressures

than direct-operated ones at the same flow rate capacity. 38
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 The balancing-piston section of the compound relief valve uses a metering
orifice and a balancing spring to create pressure and force differences.
 These differences correctly position the piston to produce a desired
maximum system operating pressure.
 The balancing-piston section of the compound relief valve uses a metering
orifice and a balancing spring to create pressure and force differences.
 These differences correctly position the piston to produce a desired
maximum system operating pressure.

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Relief valves: Pilot-acting

 Pilot-operated relief valves can also be operated remotely by using the
Vent port from the chamber above the piston.
 This chamber in turn can be vented to the tank through a solenoid-

operated direction control valve.
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Relief valves
Pilot-acting Vs Direct-acting
 Pilot-operated relief valves have less pressure override, do not start opening until
the system reaches 90% of full pressure.
 Although their operation is slower than that of direct-acting relief valves, pilot-
operated relief valves maintain a system at a more constant pressure while
relieving.
 Pilot-operated relief valves are best suited for high-pressure, high-volume
applications. 41
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Safety valves
 (Pressure) safety valves PSV are used to prevent damage to the hydraulic
system if the (pressure) relief valve PRV should fail to open.
 Typically, PSV are direct-operated relief valves.
 PSV are generally set 25% higher than the normal system operating
pressure.
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Hydraulic pressure
fuses
 Hydraulic pressure fuses function as a pressure-limiting device by using a
disk that ruptures at a predetermined pressure.
 They act as a positive-pressure-limiting device for systems where system
pressure limits are critical to safe system operation.

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Sequence valves
 Sequence valves allow the automatic sequencing of two or more
actuators in a hydraulic circuit
 Primary actuator moves as soon as fluid flow is directed to the
actuator section of the circuit
 Sequence valve blocks flow to the secondary actuator until a
predetermined pressure is reached, then allows fluid flow to the
actuator
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Sequence valves
 A sequence valve is typically fitted with an integral check (non-return) valve.
 This allows free flow of fluid around the valve when the direction of the
actuator is reversed. 45
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Sequence valves
 A circuit containing a sequence valve
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Restrained movement/Motion
control valves
 Restrained movement/Motion control valves are used in circuits to
prevent unexpected actuator movement. Often called:
 Counterbalance (back pressure) valves when used with cylinders
 Brake valves when used with motors

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control valves
 Counterbalance and brake valves are normally closed valves.
 A check valve is required to permit free reverse flow around to valve.
 Counterbalance valves allow the downward movement of loads supported
by a cylinder only when the system pump is operating.
 Force generated by system pressure and the force created by the weight
of the load are needed to move the load downward.

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Counterbalance valves
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Counterbalance valves
 Counterbalance valves prevent unexpected
lowering of the piston.
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Brake valves
 Brake valve = Counterbalance valve

+ External pilot port
 Brake valves prevent unexpected

downward movement of load and
allow free controlled-movement
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Brake valves
 Brake valves are used to prevent an overrunning load from continuing to

turn a hydraulic motor after the directional control valve has been closed.
 Overrunning loads can turn the motor into a pump, allowing the motor to
turn past selected point.
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control valves
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(Pump) Unloading Valve

 Pump unloading controls hold a desired operating
pressure while the pump operates at near-zero
pressure. This reduces energy consumption and
maintenance costs. Unloading valves are normally
closed valves with external pilots.
 Pump unloading controls use an unloading valve

and a dual pump or accumulator to maintain
desired system pressure while dumping unneeded
pump output to the reservoir at very low pressure.
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 Unloading valve (using accumulator)
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 Hi-Lo System (using dual pump)
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Reducing valves
 Reduced pressure control allows a portion of a system to operate
at a pressure below the maximum pressure setting of the system
relief valve:
 Allows a system to operate using two or more pressures
 Maximum pressure is determined by the system relief valve
with the additional pressures lower
 Pressure-reducing valves are normally open valves with an
internal pilot and external drain.

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Reducing valves
 (Pressure) reducing valve
2 3
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Reducing valves
 (Pressure) reducing valve used to limit clamping force
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Reducing valves
 Multiple pressures in one circuit
. circuit at rest with pump running

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Reducing valves
 (Pressure) reducing valve used to limit torque developed by a rotary
actuator
 In this case, the rotary actuator is turning a screw to tighten a connection.

If too much torque is applied, the threads will be damaged.
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Reducing valves
 (Pressure) reducing valve used to limit clamping force
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Pressure Control Devices
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2. Flow Control Valves
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Flow Control valves
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Flow Control Devices

 Flow control devices produce the desired rate of actuator operating
speed by controlling the volume of fluid allowed to reach the
actuator.
 Flow control devices can be divided into two general types :
 Restrictor
 Bypass
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Restrictor-type
 Restrictor-type flow control valves limit the volume of fluid
through the valve.
 Excess pump output is forced to return to the reservoir
through the system relief valve.
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Restrictor-type
 Circuit containing a restrictor-type flow control valve
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Bypass-type
 Bypass type flow control valves use an integral control port to
return excess pump output to the reservoir.
 The returned fluid is at a pressure less than system relief valve
pressure.
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Bypass-type
 Circuit containing a bypass-type flow control valve
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 Conceptual operation of a flow control valve may be traced to a basic
orifice.
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 The flow rate through a simple, sharp-edged orifice depends on:
 Area of the orifice
 Pressure difference between the inlet and outlet sides of
the orifice
 Viscosity of the fluid, which varies with fluid temperature
 Simplified formula:
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 Flow control valves may be noncompensated – không bù (áp suất)
or compensated – có bù (áp suất) :
 The flow rate through noncompensated valves varies as the load
or fluid viscosity changes
 Compensated valves automatically adjust for fluid pressure
variations to produce a consistent flow rate under varying load
and temperature conditions
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 Noncompensated and compensated flow control valves may have:
 Fixed flow rate
 Adjustable flow rate
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Restrictor-type, noncompensated
 The simplest restrictor-type flow control valve is a simple orifice:
 Basically, a calibrated hole (controlled orifice’s area)
 Serves as a noncompensated, fixed-rate flow control device
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 A needle valve is the simplest restrictor-type, noncompensated
adjustable flow control device:
 Consists of an orifice fitted with a tapered needle machined
on a threaded stem
 Turning the threaded stem changes the effective area of the
orifice, which adjusts the flow rate through the valve
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 Basic adjustable flow control valve:
 A simple needle valve
without check valve is
called also metering valve
– van định lượng.
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 Adjustable restrictors:
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 Adjustable restrictors:
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 One-way flow control valve:
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Pressure compensation
 When using a restrictor-type, noncompensated flow control
valve, actuator speed varies when system loads change.
 Caused by the change in pressure drop across the control
valve, which varies the flow rate through the valve.
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 A pressure compensator maintains a constant pressure difference
across the metering orifice of a flow control valve:
 Senses pressure on the inlet and outlet sides of the orifice
 These pressures generate forces that act on the end surfaces of

a sliding spool that is preloaded by a biasing spring
 Force generated by the biasing spring establishes the constant

pressure difference across the orifice.
 This constant pressure difference maintains constant fluid flow

through the valve even when system loads change.
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 A basic pressure-compensated flow control valve
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 Pressure compensator operation:
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 Pressure compensator operation:
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Temperature compensation
 Temperature compensation is necessary in flow control devices if an
accurate, consistent flow rate through a valve is needed.
 This is due to the fluid viscosity changes that occur as fluid

temperature changes.
 Temperature compensation is typically accomplished in flow control

devices by:
 Specially designed, sharp edged orifice
 Heat-sensitive metal rod that operates a needlelike control device

in the metering orifice of the valve
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 Temperature compensation using sharp-edged orifice:
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 Temperature compensation using a heat-sensitive metal rod:
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Pressure vs. Temperature compensation

 In a circuit using a restrictor-type flow control valve:
Pressure compensation Temperature compensation

Pressure drop across the internal flow- Internal flow-control device is adjusted
control device in the valve remains for viscosity variations that occur
constant, which produces a constant during fluid temperature changes
flow rate through the valve, during
fluid pressure changes
Actuator speed will not vary when Flow remains constant as system
system loads change operating temperatures change
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 Circuit containing restrictor-type, compensated flow control valve
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Bypass-type
 Bypass-type flow control valves:
 Provide partly accurate flow to actuators
 Direct any excess flow from the pump directly to the reservoir
through an integral / bypass port
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Bypass-type
 Typical bypass-type flow
control valve:
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Bypass-type
 The operating pressure of a system using a bypass-type flow
control valve is determined by the load on the actuator plus the
pressure needed to overcome the force of the biasing spring.
 The relief valve functions only when actuator loads are great
enough to increase system pressure above the cracking
pressure of the relief valve.
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Bypass-type
 Operation of a bypass flow control valve during increasing or
decreasing load:
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Bypass-type
 Operation of a bypass flow control valve during steady load:
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Bypass-type
 Operation of a bypass flow control valve with stalled actuator:
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Bypass-type
 The bypass flow control design provides an efficient operating flow
control circuit
 Pressure in the system is only as high as needed to move the
load and operate the valve compensator
 This reduces system heat generation and energy consumption
 Care must be taken to accurately determine actuator loads
and the cracking pressure of the system relief valve
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Flow Divider valves

 Priority and proportional divider valves – bộ chia lưu lượng
are designed to divide one fluid supply between two circuit
subsystems.
 Many of these valves can also be used to combine the flow
from two different circuits.
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Priority Divider valves

 Priority divider valves – bộ chia ưu tiên maintain constant
flow from the controlled flow (CF) port or priority port. Any
additional flow passes out the excess flow (EF) port or
secondary port.
 Often used in mobile equipment where pump output is
controlled by engine speed.
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 Typical priority valve:
CF EF
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 Circuit containing a priority divider valve
CF
EF
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 Priority flow divider arranged to bleed-off excess flow to tank
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 CEB Press Priority Flow Divider circuit
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Proportional Divider valves

 Proportional divider valve – bộ chia tỉ lệ splits input port flow
into two proportional output flows.
 Ratio between the output flows may be fixed or variable.
 Ratio of 50-50 is most common.
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Proportional Divider valves

 A typical use of proportional flow divider valve:
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Design and Operation of Basic Flow-Related Circuits
 Three basic flow control circuits are used in hydraulic systems:
 Meter in – điều chỉnh ngõ vào
 Meter out – điều chỉnh ngõ ra
 Bleed off – điều chỉnh rẽ nhánh
 These basic circuits meet the varying flow-control demands for
systems with positive and negative loads.
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 Basic meter-in circuit
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 The meter-in flow control design places the flow control valve
between the pump and the inlet of the actuator:
 Should only be used for positive loads
 Cannot provide accurate control under a negative load condition
 The prime mover is always operating against the maximum
pressure setting of the system relief valve
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 Basic meter-out circuit
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 The meter-out flow control design places the flow control valve
between the actuator outlet and the reservoir:
 Can provide accurate control for positive and negative loads
 The prime mover is always operating against the maximum
pressure setting of the system relief valve
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 Basic bleed-off circuit
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 The bleed-off flow control design places the flow control valve in a
tee in the working line between the directional control valve and the
actuator inlet:
 Outlet of the flow control is directly connected to the reservoir
 Measured flow is diverted to the reservoir while remaining

flow operates the actuator
 The prime mover operates against a pressure only high

enough to move the load
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 Meter-in and meter-out circuits provide the most accurate
actuator speeds.
 Both meter fluid flow delivered directly to or from the actuator.
 The meter-out circuit is the best method for negative loads that
may pull the actuator.
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 The bleed-off flow control circuit is less accurate than either the
meter-in or meter-out system:
 Flow is metered back to the reservoir while the remaining
pump output establishes actuator speed
 The remaining flow can vary because of pump efficiency
and system leakage
 Flow control valve metering accuracy under varying load
conditions is also a factor

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 The bleed-off circuit is the most energy-efficient design.
 This is due to the fact the prime mover operates at a pressure
only high enough to move the load.
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3. Directional Control Valves
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Directional control valves
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Directional Control Devices
 Directional control devices allow a system operator to control the
direction of fluid flow in the system
 Starting and stopping of actuators
 Control of actuator movement direction
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 Directional control devices can be grouped in four general
classifications:
 Shut-off or two-way valves – van ngắt
 Check valves – van một chiều
 Three-way valves – van ba cửa
 Four-way valves – van bốn cửa
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Non-return/Check valves
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 The primary purpose of check valves is to allow free flow in one
direction while preventing reverse flow.
 Other functions include:
 Bypassing components during the return cycle of the
system
 Providing flow resistance to maintain a minimum system
pressure required for pilot operations
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 A standard check valve consists of a valve body containing a one-
way valve located between inlet and outlet ports:
 The one-way valve allows fluid flow through the valve in only
one direction
 Some designs contain a spring that seats the valve poppet or
ball
 In other designs, the poppet is seated only by fluid flow
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Non-return/Check valves
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 Typical inline check valve
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 Typical right-angle check valve
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 Restriction check valves allow free flow in one direction and
restricted flow when flow direction is reversed.
 This is accomplished via a metering orifice machined into the
poppet.
Typical restriction check valve:
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 Pilot-operated check valves can allow reverse flow through the valve:
 Typically, pilot pressure opens the valve
 In some designs, pilot pressure may also hold the valve shut to
block flow in both directions
Pilot pressure to open check valve

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128
Pilot pressure to block flow through valve
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Pilot Operated Check Valve
 During the cylinder extending, the

rod side drain check valve is opened
by the pilot pressure from the cap
end.
130
130

 The primary purpose of shut-off valves is to block fluid flow
through a hydraulic system line:
 Globe valve – van cầu
 Gate valve – van cổng
 Ball valve – van bi
 Spool valve – van con trượt
 Needle valve – van kim

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Directional Control
Devices
 Typical globe valve
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132

 Typical gate valve
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Directional Control
Devices
 Typical ball valve
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134

 Typical spool valve
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 Typical needle valve
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136
 Three-way directional control valves provide a
means to extend rams and single-acting cylinders.
 The actuator is returned to its original position by
an external force:
 System load
 Spring built into the actuator
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137
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 Typical three-way directional control valve
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138
 During extension, the three-way valve connects the actuator inlet line
to a system supply line, allowing fluid to enter and extend the unit.
 During retraction, the valve blocks the supply line and connects the
actuator line to a system return line, allowing external force to return
the actuator to its original position while directing displaced fluid to
the reservoir.
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 Four-way directional control valves provide a means to power
actuators in either direction:
 Valve has four external ports for connection to system supply
line, reservoir, and inlet and outlet of the actuator
 Internal structure of the valve allows the ports to be alternately
connected when a change in actuator direction is necessary
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140

 Four-way valve powers double-acting cylinder during extension
and retraction.
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 Four-way directional control valves are typically manufactured as
two- or three-position valves. This provides several operating
options when designing circuits.
 Typical two-position, four-way
valve (4/2-way valve ):
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142
 In two-position valves, the first position operates the actuator in one
direction, while the second position reverses the direction.
 In three-position valves, a center position is added that provides
additional circuit operating characteristics.
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Typical three-position, four-way valve:
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144

 Directional valve 4/3 powers double-acting cylinder, providing the
reciprocating action of the ram in hydraulic shaping machine.
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 A number of center position configurations are available:
 Closed
 Open
 Tandem
 Floating
 Regenerative
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146

 Symbols for four-way valve center position
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 The center position affects directional control characteristics and
overall system efficiency.
 Each style provides distinct operating characteristics that allow
hydraulic system designers to obtain maximum performance from a
system.
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148

 A number of activation  Five general categories:
methods are used to shift the  Flow actuation
 Manual operation
internal components of
 Mechanical operation
directional control valves.
 Pilot operation
 Electrical operation
 Flow actuation uses internal fluid movement to actuate the
valve. No external mechanism or force is used.

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 Manual operation methods include:
 Handwheels
 Levers
 Push buttons
 Foot pedals
 These devices require constant operator presence and are
typically found in less-complex systems.
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150

 Mechanical operation methods include:
 Rollers
 Cams
 Levers
 Rams
 Mechanical operation is often used when the opening and

closing of the valve must occur at a specific position in
actuator travel.
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151
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 Circuit containing a mechanically actuated directional control valve
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152

 Pilot operation uses system pressure to activate the valve,
rather than physical labor.
 This method is effective when:
 Larger forces are need to shift the valve
 Remote operation is required because of safety or tight

physical factors
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 Electrical control of hydraulic systems is common in many types
of equipment:
 Simple solenoid devices to shift basic valves
 Electronic controllers operate proportional solenoid valves

to produce extreme accuracy and repeatability
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154
 Multiple-position directional control valve may be held in a
desired position using springs or detents.
 Springs are located on the ends of the valve spool to return
the valve to its normal operating position.
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155
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 Symbols for spring-return valves
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156

 Detents are locking devices that hold the spool in a selected
position:
 The spool may be held until the operator manually shifts
the valve
 Increased system pressure at the end of an operation may
automatically shift detent valves back to the normal
position
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 Typical detent operation
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158
References
1. A. Esposito, Fluid power with applications, 7th edition,
Pearson, 2014
2. P. Chapple, Principle of hydraulic systems design, 2nd
edition, Momentum Press, 2015
3. M.M. Abootorabi, Hydraulics & Pneumatics, Yazd
University
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79

Hydraulic Valves

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Hydraulic Valves

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3/27/2024

presented by: Dr. Minh Tuan HO

Structure of a hydraulic system

 This simplified block diagram

Hydraulic power section

hydraulic power system F

A hydraulic power system has six C

• A tank (reservoir) to hold the hydraulic oil (A)

Power Control Devices

Primary Control Functions in a Hydraulic System

 Control valves allow hydraulic systems to produce the type of

 A variety of valves can control actuator direction, speed, and

Primary Control Functions in a Hydraulic System

1. Pressure control – van điều chỉnh áp suất

→ Control actuator’s Force

2. Flow control – van điều chỉnh lưu lượng

→ Control actuator’s Speed

3. Directional control – van phân phối/điều hướng

→ Control actuator’s Direction

Primary Control Functions in a Hydraulic System

 Pressure control valves can:

Primary Control Functions in a Hydraulic System

 Flow control valves control the operating speed of actuators

 They provide a means to vary the rate of fluid flow

Primary Control Functions in a Hydraulic System

 Directional control valves direct fluid

flow to establish and control actuator

valves, the actuating force,

pressure and area, may be

very high. In order to avoid

this, pressure compensation

may be provided at the

poppet principle or slide principle. In

poppet valves, a ball, a cone or a

disc is pressed by a spring against

the seat of a passage. Valves of this

kind provide a very efficient seal.

The illustration shows a cone used

 This type of valve cannot provide a perfect seal, which means

Negative switching overlap

A to T is not quite closed when the inlet P

is opened. This means that the pressure

at port A rises slowly and the piston

 In manufacturers' data sheets, overlap

positions are shown within dotted lines

between the switching positions, or the

overlap positions are shown in color.

Positive switching overlap

left-hand piston does not open the

passage from P to A until the tank

has been completely isolated by the

other piston. Pressure is

immediately fed to the load device

(cylinder or hydraulic motor) with

the result that this starts abruptly.

Basic Structure and Features of Control Valves

 The spool is used to block

Basic Structure and Features of Control Valves

 Springs and pilot pressure are typical internal forces used to