BTS 11 PlanningInDefense

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Copyright © 2001 David Bird & Marc Smith
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Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data

Bird, David, 1946-
Planning in defense
(Bridge technique; 11)

ISBN 978-1-55494-011-0
1. Contract bridge — Defensive play. I. Smith, Marc, 1960-.II. Title.

III. Series: Bird, David, 1946-Bridge technique; 11
GV1282.42.B573 2001 795.41’53 C00-933104-2
Cover design and Interior: Olena S. Sullivan

Editor: Ray Lee
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Signals and Discards 5
Signaling in defense 5
Discarding 6
Chapter 2 Opening Leads 7
THE OPENING LEAD AGAINST NOTRUMP 7
Which suit should I lead? 7
Which card should I lead? 8
THE OPENING LEAD AGAINST A TRUMP CONTRACT 10
Leading an unbid side suit 11
Leading a short suit 12
Leading a trump 12
Leading against suit slams 13
Leading against notrump slams 14
Chapter 3 Basic Defense at Notrump 21
Maintaining communications 21
Clearing the suit you have led 24
Clearing the suit partner has led 25
Reading the opening lead 26
Reading partner’s return 28
Avoiding a blockage 29
When to break the ‘rules’ 30
Chapter 4 Defense against Suit Contracts 36
Playing the right card in the third seat 36
Playing the right card in second seat 41
Thinking clearly in defense 43
General guidance on discarding 45
Playing a forcing defense 47
Key points 49
Chapter 5 Counting 53
Counting distribution 53
Counting points 56
Counting declarer’s tricks 57
Bridge Technique Series
Entry Management
Tricks with Trumps
Safety Plays
Eliminations and Throw-Ins

Deceptive Card Play
Planning in Suit Contracts
Planning the Play in Notrump

Defensive Signaling
Squeezes Made Simple
Planning in Defense
Reading the Cards
Tricks with Finesses
C H A P T E R • 1
Signals and Discards
When you start playing with a new partner, it is important to agree what
type of signals and discards you will use. Otherwise you will have little
chance of defending to maximum effect. In the same way, when you set
out to write a book on defense, it is a good idea to state at the outset
which types of signals and discards will be assumed. Let’s do it!
Signaling in defense
In our earlier book in this series, Signaling in Defense, we recommended
that an opening lead of the ace or queen should ask partner to give an
attitude signal (high to encourage, low to discourage). A lead of the
king should request a count signal (high to show an even number of
cards in the suit, low to show an odd number). In all other situations,
we recommended that the defenders should signal their count. Why was
that?
Apart from the fact that it enables the defenders to build a quick
picture of the whole deal, there are many single suit situations where a
count signal can help. Suppose you are West, defending 3NT, and you
lead a fourth-best heart here:
Chapter 1 — Signals and Discards • 5

♥QJ5
N
♥ K 10 7 4 3 W E ♥982
S
♥A6
Dummy’s queen wins the first round and declarer attacks some
other suit, allowing you to regain the lead. Should you play another
heart now? If South’s ace is bare, that will work well. If the ace is still
guarded, a heart continuation will give away a trick. The only way you
can read the position is for your partner to signal his length on the first
round. Here he would play the two, advertising a three-card holding.
As this leaves declarer with only two hearts, you would continue the
suit. If instead East had started with ♥9-2, he would signal with the
nine on the first round. Warned that declarer held three cards in hearts,
you would try a different suit when you gained the lead.
Discarding
What is the best discard system to play? Some players like Lavinthal or
McKenney discards — where you throw a high card to suggest a switch
to the higher of the other two suits, a low card to suggest a switch to the
lower suit. We are not great admirers of this method. Those who use it
often take each discard as a command to switch somewhere, even when
the defender making the discard has no great wish for any particular
play. ‘You did ask for a club,’ is the usual wail as yet another contract
is let through!
When you try to help partner, with a signal or a discard, you should
aim to describe your hand rather than to tell him what to do. How,
indeed, can you know what is the best line of defense when you can see
only your own cards and not partner’s? It is better to describe your own
hand, then leave it to partner to work out what is best.
We recommend a simple system of discarding — ‘keep winners,
throw losers!’ In general, you will throw from a suit in which you have
no interest. A high card will show an even number of cards in the suit,
a low card an odd number.
Perhaps your reaction is: ‘I can’t be bothered with all these count
signals and discards. I play bridge for enjoyment.’ That’s fine by us.
It’s your choice! But you will never be able to defend with consistent
accuracy. Too many times you will have to guess what to do and that is
something that top players hate.
6 • Planning in Defense
C H A P T E R • 2
Opening Leads
‘It all depends on the lead you get.’ How often have you heard someone
say that? The defenders have relatively few chances to affect the
outcome of a contract, particularly a high-level one, and it is vital to
make the most telling strike at Trick 1. We will look first at the opening
lead against notrump, then move to the more varied options available
when leading against a suit contract.
THE OPENING LEAD AGAINST NOTRUMP

The best attack against a notrump contract is usually the suit that is most
strongly held by the defenders. If you have a good suit of your own, and
it has not been bid by the opponents, you need look no further.
Otherwise you may have to judge from the opponents’ bidding whether
partner may have a good suit for you to attack
Which suit should I lead?

Suppose the bidding has been an unhelpful 1NT-3NT and you have to
find a lead from this hand:
♠ KJ82 ♥ J73 ♦ K762 ♣ 84
You would lead a spade rather than a diamond. There are two
reasons for this. Firstly, spades is a major suit; if the dummy held four
spades, he might well have bid Stayman. The second reason is that you
have the jack of spades backing up the king. Leading from an honor
gives away about half a trick, on average. The chance of giving away a
trick is reduced when you have a second card, such as the jack or ten,
backing the top honor.
Chapter 2 — Opening Leads • 7

What would you lead from this hand, after 1NT-3NT?
♠ 9 4 ♥ 10 9 3 ♦ Q 7 6 2 ♣ K 6 5 2
Here neither of the minor-suit honors has any backing. You are
quite likely to give away a trick by attacking in either of these suits. The
risk would be worthwhile if you held a five-card suit, because there
would be a greater prospect of establishing long cards in the suit. With
only four-card holdings in the minors, most top players would choose a
heart lead (the ♥10). This is unlikely to give away a trick and may
strike a good suit in partner’s hand.
When the opponents stop in 2NT, or reach 3NT via a limited
auction such as 1NT-2NT-3NT, it is particularly important to avoid
conceding a cheap trick with the opening lead. Suppose, after such an
auction, you must choose a lead from:
♠ 9 8 4 ♥ K 10 6 2 ♦ A Q 8 3 ♣ 10 3
Had the auction been 1NT-3NT, you would lead a heart. Declarer
might have values to spare and you must hope to establish some tricks
for your side. Against a limited auction it is wiser to lead a spade,
aiming to give nothing away. Let declarer work for his tricks.
Now suppose that the opponents have bid 1♦-1♠-2NT-3NT and
you must find a lead from:
♠ AJ82 ♥ 82 ♦ K984 ♣ J83
With both your four-card suits bid against you, the choice is
between a heart and a club. A doubleton is rarely an inviting lead,
unless partner has bid the suit. Reach for the ♣3.
Which card should I lead?

Once you have decided which suit to lead, the choice of card is a matter
of convention. Unless you hold three or more honors, including at least
two touching honors, this is the scheme:
• Lead the fourth-best card from a holding with one or more
honors (the four from K-J-9-4-2).
• Lead the top card from a doubleton, also from holdings such as
Q-J-3 or J-10-4.
• Lead the bottom card from honor third (the six from Q-9-6).
• Otherwise lead the second-best card (the seven from 8-7-5-2,
the six from 9-6-3).
How can you read the lead of a middle card such as the six or
seven? By recalling the bidding and inspecting the other cards on view,
you will usually be able to tell whether partner is leading from a strong
suit or a weak suit.
Suppose, after bidding of 1NT-3NT, partner attacks this suit:
♠ Q 10 8
N
♠9752 W E ♠K643
S
♠AJ
Partner leads the ♠7 and we’ll suppose first that declarer plays the
queen from dummy. Even if the bidding does not exclude a holding of
A-J-9-7 with West, you should reason that declarer would have played
the 10 from dummy if he held two low spades in his hand. You should
therefore withhold the king, signaling count with the six.
Suppose instead that declarer calls for the ten from dummy at
Trick 1. Now he is destined to make a trick even if partner has led from
A-J-9-7. Again there is nothing to be gained, and plenty to be lost, by
playing the king. Most of the time it will be clear from the bidding if
the lead is from 9-7-x-x and that declarer holds A-J doubleton.
When you hold a three-honor combination including two touching
honors, you should usually lead the higher of the touching honors. So,
you lead the jack from K-J-10-x, the ten from Q-10-9-x-x. These
holdings are known as ‘interior sequences’.
From ‘broken sequences’ such as to A-K-J-x-x or K-Q-10-9-x, you
choose which honor to lead according to the signal you would like
partner to give. This is the scheme:
• The lead of an ace or queen asks for an attitude signal.
• The lead of a king asks for an unblock, otherwise a count
signal.
We dealt fully with this subject in Signaling in Defense.

Here are a few examples:
♦97
N
♦ A K J 10 3 W E ♦862
S
♦Q54
You lead the king of diamonds against 3NT, requesting the unblock
of any honor, otherwise a count signal. When partner follows with the
two you know (a) that he does not hold the queen and (b) that he holds
three diamonds. South’s queen must therefore be guarded. If you held
a certain entry in some other side suit, you might choose to clear the
diamonds next. Otherwise, you would seek an entry to partner’s hand,
so he could play a diamond through declarer’s queen.
♦97
N
♦ A K J 10 3 W E ♦8652
S
♦Q4
This time the king draws the six from East and the four from South.
Holding four cards, East would signal with the second-best card
(followed by the third-best), so you know it is possible that South’s
queen is doubleton. Furthermore, if East holds two diamonds to South’s
four, one lead through the queen will not be enough to bring in the suit,
even if you could put partner on lead. It will usually be best to continue
with the diamond ace, hoping to drop the queen from South.
THE OPENING LEAD AGAINST A SUIT CONTRACT

The best attack against a suit contract is more difficult to determine.
These are the main options:
• Lead an unbid side suit, with the aim of cashing or establishing
tricks there.
• Lead a short suit — a singleton or doubleton — in the hope of
obtaining a ruff.
• Lead a trump, hoping to reduce declarer’s ruffing potential.
Once you have decided which suit to lead, there is little problem in
choosing the particular card. The conventional choice is the same as in
notrump, with these two exceptions. Firstly, do not underlead an ace.
Except against contracts at the five-level or higher, it is generally a poor
idea to lead from a suit containing an ace not accompanied by the king.
If you do decide to lead from a holding such as A-8-4-2, lead the ace,
not a low card. The second exception is that from a four-card or longer
holding headed by touching honors, lead the top honor rather than a low
card. For example, you would lead the king from K-Q-6-2, the queen
from Q-J-7-5-3. The third round of the suit will doubtless be ruffed by
someone or other. It is essential that your honors play a role on the first
two rounds.
We will look more closely now at the three types of lead against a
suit contract.
Leading an unbid side suit

This is the type of lead that we like best. Suppose the opponents’
bidding has gone 1♠-2♦-2♠-4♠. There is a fair chance that declarer’s
plan will be to draw trumps, establish the diamonds, then throw his
losers away on the long cards in diamond suit. You cannot afford to
waste any time! Attack in one of the unbid suits, aiming to cash — or
at least establish — whatever winners you may have there.
Layouts such as the following are dealt by the million:
Both Vul. ♠A65

Dealer South ♥942
♦AQJ62
♣K5
♠82 N ♠97
♥KJ83 W E ♥Q76
♦975 S
♦K83
♣ A 10 7 3 ♣J9862
♠ K Q J 10 4 3
♥ A 10 5
♦ 10 4
♣ Q4
WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

1♠
pass 2♦ pass 2♠
pass 4♠ all pass

It is essential that you attack in either hearts or clubs. Since leading
a suit containing the ace without the king is rarely a good idea, you
should have no hesitation in reaching for the ♥3. On this occasion you
are lucky. Partner obliges with the queen and, when the diamond
finesse fails, you will have four tricks to take.
What if declarer had held the ♥Q instead of your partner? Your lead
would then have cost nothing. Declarer would have set up the diamonds
anyway.
There is only one word to describe those who say that they ‘don’t
like to lead away from a king’ in such circumstances. Losers! Finish
ahead of them, next time you play, by being willing to attack such suits.
Leading a short suit

A singleton in an unbid suit is nearly always a promising lead. Provided
you hold at least two trumps, you will score a ruff when partner holds
either the ace of the suit you have led or the trump ace. A singleton in
a suit that the opponents have bid is not so promising. Even if you score
a ruff, you may find that you have helped to set up declarer’s winners.
He may now be able to discard losers in some other suit where you
would otherwise have scored a trick or two.
What about doubleton leads? We are not great admirers of them.
You are that bit further away from your ruff and declarer will often be
able to draw trumps before partner has the chance to give you a ruff.
Particularly risky is the lead of a doubleton honor. You are too likely to
run into this sort of scenario:
♦Q83
N
♦J5 W E ♦K9762
S
♦ A 10 4
The first round goes jack, queen, king and ace. Partner will not
even be able to continue the suit safely, should he gain the lead. Left to
himself, with this holding, declarer might have played low to the queen
and king, followed by a finesse of the ten! So, fire away with your
singletons but lead a doubleton only as a last resort.
One final point is that the odds on any type of short-suit lead
improve when you hold a top trump. You will then have the opportunity
to cross to partner’s hand when you gain the lead in the trump suit.
Leading a trump
What is our general opinion on trump leads? They are overrated! You
should certainly not lead a trump as a result of the ancient ditty ‘When
in doubt, lead a trump.’ Prefer instead: ‘When in doubt, lead an unbid
side suit.’
Nevertheless, there are a few standard situations when a trump lead
is likely to prove effective:
When responder has given preference to the opener’s second suit.
After an auction such as 1♠-1NT-2♥-pass, you can expect responder to
hold something like one spade and three hearts. A trump lead may cut
down declarer’s spade ruffs.
When greatly outgunned opponents have taken a high-level sacrifice.
If you and your partner hold 27 points between you and the opponents
have sacrificed in 5♣ over your spade game, you can be sure they are
expecting to make quite a few trump tricks. A trump lead may reduce
these.
When partner passes out a low-level takeout double (in an auction
such as 1♦-dbl-all pass), he is likely to hold excellent trumps. He is
expecting you to lead a trump — if you have one — so that he can draw
declarer’s trumps.
Apart from these situations our advice is to lead trumps sparingly.
Leading against suit slams

The opening lead is rarely more critical than at the slam level. You will
gain the lead only once more, at most, so it is essential to make the most
of your opportunity at Trick 1. Our general advice against a small slam
in a suit is: attack! If you make a passive lead, such as a trump, the
opponents will generally have the power to amass twelve tricks.
Suppose the opponents have bid diamonds and clubs and you must
find a lead against 6♦ from this hand:
♠ K 10 8 3 ♥ J 8 3 2 ♦ 10 9 2 ♣ A 5

Lead the ♠3! You hope that partner can produce the queen and you
will be able to cash a spade trick when you come on lead with the ace
of clubs. A heart lead may be right, but it is much less likely — even if
you find partner with the king or queen, declarer may still have double
protection in the suit.
What if you hold this hand, again leading against the same 6♦
contract?
♠ K 10 8 3 ♥ A 8 3 2 ♦ 10 9 2 ♣ 9 5
Players debate for hours on the question ‘Should you lead an ace
against a slam?’ Leading the ♥A will certainly work well if partner
holds the ♥K and the declarer has two quick losers in the suit. This is
unlikely, however, particularly if the opponents are competent bidders.
As neither opponent has bid hearts, it is also unlikely that partner will
be able to ruff the second round.
We favor a spade lead. For every hundred times an ace lead is
successful against a slam, you will find two hundred cases where it
gives the slam away. However, the situation is much closer if you are
playing matchpoints, when simply cashing your ace to save the
overtrick may be worth a great deal.
Is a singleton a good lead against a slam? Suppose the opponents
bid spades and clubs on their way to 6♠. What would you lead from:
♠ 9 6 3 ♥ 4 ♦ J 10 8 7 3 ♣ A 9 5 2
Since you hold an ace in your own hand and the opponents are in a
slam, you cannot expect your partner to hold an ace. The singleton
heart would therefore be a poor lead — it is much too likely to give
away partner’s holding in the suit. You should lead the ♦J instead.
Suppose now that your ♣A was the ♣Q instead. Now you wouldn’t
think twice before leading the singleton. If partner were to hold either
of the major-suit aces, you would very likely score the setting trick with
a heart ruff.
What sort of lead should you seek against a grand slam in a suit?
There is absolutely no point in trying to set up a trick with your lead —
if you get in to cash it declarer will be one down anyway. So, you
should seek a safe lead. A trump will often be safest but remember that
a singleton trump is a dangerous choice. If partner has a holding such
as Q-x-x or J-x-x-x in the suit, you will owe him a drink!
Leading against notrump slams
It is truly amazing how many players choose exactly the same lead
against 6NT as they would have done against 3NT. When you lead a
club from K-10-x-x-x against 3NT you do so in the knowledge that the
lead may cost a trick in the suit. You are happy to take this risk because
there is a good chance that you can establish some long cards. When
you are on lead against 6NT you cannot afford to give away a trick!
Doing so is almost certain to allow the slam to make.
Against 6NT, you should look for a safe lead. In general, lead from
the longest suit in which you do not hold an honor. Suppose, after
bidding of 2NT-6NT, that you have to find a lead from:
♠ J942 ♥ 8752 ♦K73 ♣ 92
A heart lead is safest and therefore best. A club lead would be next
safest. To lead either a spade or a diamond would be a serious mistake
— all too likely to give away a critical trick.

Key points
1. When leading against notrump games and part scores, generally lead
the longest suit that has not been bid by the opponents. When you
are long in the opponents’ suits, look for an unbid suit that partner
may hold.
2. Unless you have some sort of honor sequence, lead fourth best from
a suit containing an honor. Lead the second best card from a suit
without an honor.
3. Lead the top of touching cards from an internal sequence (the jack
from K-J-10). Lead the top card from a doubleton or from holdings
such as Q-J-x or J-10-x. From honor third, lead the lowest card (the
three from K-6-3).
4. When you lead from an A-K against a suit contract lead ‘ace for
attitude, king for count’, according to which signal you would like
your partner to give.
5. A king lead against notrumps asks for ‘unblock or count’. You
would make such a lead from A-K-J-10-x, expecting partner to
unblock the queen if he held it (otherwise to give count).
6. The best idea, generally, against a suit contract is to attack in an
unbid suit. A side-suit singleton is also a promising lead. Doubleton
leads are less attractive. Trump leads are right in certain circum-
stances but should not be a general fall-back because you do not have
any brighter ideas!
QUIZ
A. ♠ A Q 7 4 ♥ J 8 3 ♦ 10 9 2 ♣ K 6 4 To Answers

1NT
pass 3NT all pass
Rank an opening lead in each of the four suits in order of

preference, from best to worst. (For example: spades first, hearts
second, etc.) Would you answer this question differently if the
bidding had gone 1NT-2NT-pass?
B. ♠ KJ82 ♥ J4 ♦ AK83 ♣ 10 6 4
1NT
pass 3NT all pass

preference.
C. ♠ A2 ♥ K8753 ♦ J53 ♣ 984
1♦
pass 1♥ pass 1NT
pass 3NT all pass

preference.
D. ♠ 10 9 3 ♥ 10 6 4 ♦ J2 ♣ Q 10 7 6 2
1NT
pass 3NT all pass

preference

QUIZ
To Answers
E. ♠ 8 7 4 ♥ Q 10 8 3 ♦ J 9 5 2 ♣ Q 4
preference.
1♠
pass 2♦ pass 2♠
pass 4♠ all pass
F. ♠ 5 ♥ A42 ♦ AKJ843 ♣ J642

preference.
1♥
2♦ 2♥ 3♦ 4♥
all pass
G. ♠ Q 10 6 4 ♥ K 4 ♦ 10 5 3 ♣ A 9 6 2
preference. To Answers
1♥
pass 1NT pass 2♦
all pass
H. ♠ K 9 7 3 ♥ 10 6 4 ♦ A 2 ♣ 10 9 8 2
1♣ pass 2♥
pass 3♥ pass 4NT
pass 5♥ pass 6♥
all pass

preference.
Answers To Questions
A. (1) ♠4 (2) ♦10 (3) ♣4 (4) ♥3. Leads of the ♠4 (attacking) and the
♦10 (passive) are roughly equal in merit. Remember that you will
give away half a trick — on average — by leading a spade.
Nevertheless you may find partner with something useful, such as
the jack, thereby setting up tricks in the suit. A club is slightly better
than a heart. Both leads risk conceding a trick but in clubs you have
more chance of setting up some tricks your way. Against a limited
auction such as 1NT-2NT, you would prefer a diamond lead to a
spade lead.
B. (1) ♦A (2) ♠2 (3) ♣4 (4) ♥J. A low spade is much better than a
low diamond. However, the best idea is to lead the ♦A, to look at
dummy and see which attitude signal partner gives you.
C. (1) ♣8 (2) ♦3 (3) ♥5 (4) ♠A. A heart lead is not a good idea when
dummy has bid the suit. A club is better than a diamond because it
is less likely to give away a trick.
D. (1) ♠10 (2) ♥4 (3) ♣6 (4) ♦J. There is little point in leading a club
because you have no entry to enjoy the long cards, even if you can
set up the suit. Indeed, the lack of a Stayman bid from North
suggests that partner will be very short in clubs. A spade, from your
sequence, is marginally better than a heart from the unsupported ten.
E. (1) ♥3 (2) ♣Q (3) ♠4 (4) ♦2. It is easily best to lead a heart,
hoping to set up some tricks there before declarer gets dummy’s
diamonds going. Remember that leading from a doubleton is much
less attractive than leading a singleton. A club lead is also more
likely to give a trick away. To Questions
F. (1) ♠5 (2) ♦K (3) ♣2 (4) ♥A. It is easily best to lead your
singleton spade. When you gain the lead with the ♥A you will have
the chance to underlead your ♦AK to put partner on lead with the
queen (you hope!) He will then be able to deliver a spade ruff. If
you cash a top diamond first, this will not be possible. Either dummy
or declarer is almost certain to hold a singleton diamond.

G. (1) ♥3 (2) ♠4 (3) ♣A (4) ♥K. This is an auction that cries out for a
trump lead. The most likely red-suit shape for North is one heart and
three diamonds. You should therefore lead a trump to cut down
declarer’s ruffs. A spade lead is much better than a club, because it
is rarely right to lead from an ace unsupported by the king.
H. (1) ♠3 (2) ♥A (3) ♥4 (4) ♣2. It is unlikely that South has bid
Blackwood with two top losers in diamonds (even if he has, his
partner may hold the diamond king). A spade lead is much better
than a diamond because if you find partner with the queen you may
set up a second trick for the defense. A club lead is worse than a
trump because you may assist declarer in his play of dummy’s main
suit. To Questions
C H A P T E R • 3
Basic Defense at
Notrump
In this chapter, we will look at the most important techniques available

when defending against a notrump contract. Single suit situations,
which occur in a suit contract as well as in notrump, are covered in the
next chapter.
Maintaining communications
To beat a 3NT contract, the defenders usually have to set up some long
cards in their best combined suit. To be able to score these long cards
they may need to preserve communications between the hands. This
can be done to maximum advantage only if the defenders can tell how
the suit lies. Look at this situation:
♦84
N
♦ K 10 7 6 3 W E ♦A92
S
♦QJ5
Chapter 3 — Basic Defense at Notrump • 21

Sitting West, you lead the ♦6 to partner’s ace. He returns another
diamond and South plays the queen. Suppose you have no outside entry
and expect partner to gain the lead next. Should you win the trick, do
you think, or hold up the king? You cannot answer this question unless
you are told which diamond your partner returned at Trick 2. By his
choice of card your partner will tell you how many diamonds he holds.
With two cards remaining, he will return the higher card. With three or
more cards, he will generally return his original fourth-best card.
Here East has two cards remaining and will return the nine. This
tells you that declarer started with Q-J-5. You should hold up the king
so that partner will have an easy entry to your hand if he gains the lead
later. (If South started with Q-J-5-2, and was clever enough to play the
five on the first round, it is unlikely you can beat the contract).
Let’s look at a full deal where it is essential for West to play
correctly at Trick 2.
East-West Vul. ♠965

Dealer South ♥92
♦A72
♣ A J 10 7 5
♠ A 10 8 2 ♠KJ73
♥ 10 8 6 N
♥QJ74
E
♦J93 W
S
♦865
♣963 ♣K8
♠Q4
♥AK53
♦ K Q 10 4
♣Q42

1NT (15-17)
pass 3NT all pass
You lead the ♠2 against 3NT and partner wins with the king. He
returns the ♠3 and South produces the queen. Since you have no
outside entry to your hand, it would be right to hold up the ace if
declarer had started with ♠Q-J-4. By doing so, you would retain an
entry to your hand, allowing partner to cross over when he gained the
lead. On this deal, however, South cannot possibly hold ♠Q-J-4. This
would leave East with an initial holding of ♠K-7-3. He would then
have returned the seven on the second round instead of the three.
Since a hold-up cannot be productive, you should win the second
round of spades and continue with the ♠10. Declarer holds only two
spades so you will score four spade tricks. When the club finesse loses,
the game will go one down. You may be thinking: ‘what if declarer held
four spades and partner’s ♠3 return was from ♠K-3?’ In that case your
play has cost nothing. By returning the ten on the third round, you have
at least stopped declarer from scoring two tricks in the suit.
When partner leads a suit that you have bid, you may need to play
carefully in the third seat. Again your aim is to preserve communi-
cations.
North-South Vul. ♠J74

Dealer North ♥ K 10 8
♦A985
♣A52
♠82 ♠ A K 10 6 3
♥J96532 N
E
♥74
W
♦J6 S
♦Q73
♣ 10 8 7 ♣QJ3
♠Q95
♥AQ
♦ K 10 4 2
♣K964

1♦ 1♠ 3NT
all pass
In response to your overcall, West leads the ♠8 against 3NT. How

will you defend when declarer plays the jack from dummy?
If you capture the first round of spades, declarer will make his
contract. It will do you no good to clear the spade suit because he will
duck a diamond into the safe (West) hand. Partner cannot put you on
lead to score the long spades and declarer will have nine tricks.
See the difference if you allow dummy’s jack to win. Declarer has
only eight tricks. Whichever defender gains the lead in diamonds, the
communications will be intact to enjoy four spade winners.
There is no point worrying that declarer may hold ♠Q-9-x-x. So
he may, but in that case he is sure to score two spade tricks anyway and
there is very little prospect of beating the contract.

Clearing the suit you have led
You lead your longest suit and partner brings a smile to your lips by
winning with a big card. The work may not be over. You will
sometimes have to overtake partner’s next card to ensure defeat of the
contract. Suppose you are defending 3NT and you lead the ♥6 in this
situation:
♥973
N
♥ Q 10 8 6 W E ♥AJ
S
♥K542
Partner wins with the ace and returns the ♥J, declarer playing low.
This is not the moment to sit back, congratulating yourself on your
choice of lead. Partner may have only two hearts! You must overtake
with the queen and return the ♥10, pinning dummy’s nine. If instead
you fail to overtake, partner will have to switch elsewhere and your side
may end with two heart tricks instead of three.
When you have a quick entry in another suit it is often right to
overtake, even though this will give declarer a trick in the suit. Look at
this deal:
East-West Vul. ♠ A 10 5
Dealer South ♥92
♦A62
♣ J 10 8 6 3
♠73 ♠J9842
♥ K 10 8 6 4 N
E
♥AJ
W
♦ Q 10 3 S
♦J874
♣A72 ♣95
♠KQ6
♥Q753
♦K95
♣KQ4

1NT (15-17)
pass 3NT all pass
The opponents reach 3NT and you lead the ♥6. Partner wins with
the ace and returns the ♥J, declarer playing low. What now?
If partner has another heart you will be able to take five heart tricks
and the ace of clubs, putting the game two down. However, partner may
hold only two hearts. To make sure of defeating the game, you should
overtake the jack of hearts with the king and then lead the ♥10 to clear
the suit. Declarer cannot come close to nine tricks without playing on
clubs. You will pounce with the ace and cash two hearts to break the
game.
Clearing the suit partner has led

When declarer has two stoppers to knock out before he can claim nine
tricks in 3NT, the defenders may have to take these stoppers at the right
moment. Hands such as the following are dealt by the bushel:
Neither Vul. ♠QJ65

Dealer South ♥A5
♦973
♣ J 10 6 4
♠A82 ♠973
N
♥ Q J 10 8 6 W E
♥742
♦52 S ♦ J 10 8 6
♣973 ♣A82
♠ K 10 4
♥K93
♦AKQ4
♣KQ5

2NT
pass 3♣ pass 3♦
pass 3NT all pass
Take the East cards. Your partner leads the queen of hearts and this
card is allowed to win. Although it does not matter much on this
particular deal, you should signal with the ♥2 to show an odd number
of cards in the suit. Declarer wins the second round of hearts with
dummy’s ace and plays the jack of clubs. What should you do?
You should fly in with the ace and return your last heart, clearing
partner’s suit. The contract will now go down. Diamonds do not break
3-3 and, when declarer plays on spades, partner will win and cash two
hearts to put the contract one down.

Suppose instead that you see no hurry to rise with the club ace.
Declarer will pocket one club trick, then switch to spades. Three spade
tricks will bring his total to nine and the contract will be made. Rising
with the club ace would be right too if partner held the club king. Again
you would take your winner first and clear partner’s suit. Partner could
then score the long cards when his stopper was knocked out.
Reading the opening lead

When you play the method ‘fourth best from good suits, second best
from bad suits’, it is usually easy for the defender in third seat to read
the position. This is particularly so when the opponents have bid a suit
or two and you already have some idea of the distribution.
North-South Vul. ♠873

Dealer South ♥K6
♦ A Q 10 3
♣K964
♠ A 10 6 2 ♠QJ94
♥9752 N
E
♥A83
W
♦862 S
♦975
♣ 10 7 ♣J53
♠K5
♥ Q J 10 4
♦KJ4
♣AQ82

1NT (15-17)
pass 3NT all pass
After uninformative bidding by the opponents, your partner leads

the ♥7 against 3NT. The king is played from the dummy and you win
with the ace. What now?
Many players would have their ♥8 on the table without even
pausing to think. However, there was a message hidden in your
partner’s ♥7 lead. Either it was a second-best card from small cards, or
it was fourth-best from an honor holding. What honor holding could
West have? If he held Q-10-9-7-2 he would have led the ten. With
J-10-9-7-2 he would have led the jack and with Q-J-9-7-2 he would
have led the queen. So, you can be fairly sure, once you stop to think,
that declarer holds the missing honors in the heart suit. Having come to
this conclusion, it is not too difficult to find the spade switch. Four
further tricks roll in and the game is defeated.
Suppose, on this deal, that declarer tries to be clever— dropping the
jack on the first round of hearts to suggest that he is short in the suit.
You will not be deceived by this. If declarer did indeed start with
queen-jack doubleton, your partner would be left with ♥10-9-7-5-4-2.
He would not have led the seven, would he? He would have led a
fourth-best ♥5. Again you should switch to the spade queen.
On the next deal you can tell from partner’s fourth-best lead that
declarer has a strong holding in the suit led:
North-South Vul. ♠KJ9

Dealer South ♥J93
♦ Q J 10 7 3
♣J2
♠ 10 5 3 ♠A8762
♥Q74 N
E
♥ K 10 8 2
W
♦962 S
♦85
♣K863 ♣A7
♠Q4
♥A65
♦AK4
♣ Q 10 9 5 4

1NT (15-17)
pass 3NT all pass
Partner leads the ♣3 and you capture dummy’s jack with the ace.
What now?
How many clubs does partner hold? Four, yes, because his fourth-
best card was the three and you can see the two in dummy. That leaves
declarer with a five-card club holding. The fact that he saw fit to ‘waste’
dummy’s jack on the first trick confirms that South’s club holding is a
strong one. If you return a second club the contract will easily be made.
Declarer will score five diamonds, three clubs, and the ace of hearts —
at least. Instead you should switch to a low heart, hoping to find partner
with the queen. When this comes to pass, you will score three hearts,
two clubs and a spade, putting the game two down.

Suppose, on that deal, the club suit had been slightly different:
♣J4
N
♣K863 W E ♣A7
S
♣ Q 10 9 5 2
Again partner leads the ♣3 to your ace (whether or not declarer

chose to play dummy’s jack). A cunning South may follow with the
five, hoping to make it look as if West holds five clubs. It may still be
worthwhile considering a switch. You know that declarer holds at least
four clubs and that a continuation of the suit may be unproductive.
Reading partner’s return

Sometimes you are unlucky with your opening lead and strike a suit
where declarer is well protected. Provided you can read partner’s
holding, it may not be too late to switch elsewhere.
Both Vul. ♠QJ92

Dealer South ♥K63
♦J4
♣KJ72
♠ 10 5 3 ♠8764
N
♥QJ4 E
♥ A 10 8 2
W
♦K865 S
♦A72
♣963 ♣84
♠AK
♥975
♦ Q 10 9 3
♣ A Q 10 5

1NT (15-17)
pass 2♣ pass 2♦
pass 3NT all pass
You lead the ♦5 against 3NT. The jack is played from dummy and
your partner wins with the ace, declarer dropping the three. When the
♦7 is returned, declarer plays the queen and you must decide how to
proceed.
Partner has returned the seven and you have not yet seen the two.
So, one possibility is that partner started with A-7-2. Could the ♦7
possibly be a fourth-best card? If South started with ♦Q-3, East would
hold ♦A-10-9-7-2. Knowing from your lead that you held an honor, he
would surely have returned the ten to expose the position.
In any case it is long odds against South holding a doubleton
diamond when he has denied four cards in either major. You should
read South for four diamonds, including the two masters in the suit. In
this case a heart switch seems to be the best prospect. Partner produces
the required A-10-x-x and another contract bites the dust.
On many hands, including this one, it was not 100% clear whether
to continue your suit or switch elsewhere. Give the matter some
thought, considering all the spot cards you have seen, and you will make
the right decision more often than not.
Avoiding a blockage
One of the saddest ways to lose points is to block a suit and not be able
to cash the winners that were your due. Look at this deal:
East-West Vul. ♠ 10 5
Dealer South ♥ AQJ5
♦ 10 9 8 2
♣ K72
♠QJ83 ♠K9742
♥ 10 7 6 N ♥842
♦764 W E
♦A3
S
♣J65 ♣Q94
♠ A6
♥ K93
♦ KQJ5
♣ A 10 8 3

1NT (15-17)
pass 2♣ pass 2♦
pass 3NT all pass
West led the ♠3 to East’s king and declarer allowed this card to
win. When the ♠4 was returned, declarer won with the ace and West
followed with the eight, mentally recording that his queen and jack were

now good. Declarer had little option but to play on diamonds and East
gained the lead with the ace. Much good did it do him! When he
returned a spade West claimed two tricks in the suit and East’s
remaining spade winner withered on the vine.
West should have unblocked the queen of spades on the second
round, retaining ♠J-8. When East gained the lead in diamonds and
returned a third round of spades, West could win with the jack and
return the ♠8 for East to overtake with the nine. The defenders would
then have scored four spades and one diamond, beating the game.
On this particular deal there was no excuse for West’s carelessness.
South’s Stayman response had denied four spades so there could be no
possible need to retain both the queen and the jack.
When to break the ‘rules’

You cannot become a top class bridge player merely by following rules.
It’s normal to return the fourth-best card of partner’s suit, yes, but there
are exceptions. For example, East could have done better on this deal:
North-South Vul. ♠5
Dealer South ♥A852
♦ K 10 9 8 6
♣Q94
♠AJ94 ♠ K 10 7 3
N
♥ 10 7 6 E
♥QJ4
W
♦J42 S ♦73
♣ A 10 8 ♣7652
♠Q862
♥K93
♦AQ5
♣KJ3

1NT
pass 2♣ pass 2♠
pass 3NT all pass
West had a difficult lead to make. He knew from the Stayman bid
that there would be four hearts in the dummy. Since he was
unimpressed by his holdings in the minor suits, he led the ♠4. Take the
East cards now. Your king wins the first trick. Which card will you
return?
Let’s suppose you mutter the rule about returning the fourth-best
card and place the ♠3 on the table. Declarer will cover with the six and
there will be no way to defeat the contract thereafter. When partner
wins with the nine, he will not be able to continue the suit. Nor will he
be any better placed when he gains the lead with the ace of clubs. The
contract will be made.
To defeat the notrump game you need to score four spade tricks and
one club trick. At Trick 2 you should lead the ten of spades, aiming to
retain the lead if declarer chooses not to play a top card. As you see,
returning the ten will guarantee the downfall of the contract. Such a
play is often necessary when declarer holds four cards in the suit that
has been led.
Another so-called rule is to play ‘third hand high’. It is well known
that you don’t do this when you might promote a trick for the dummy:
♣Q84
N
♣ J 10 7 6 3 W E ♣K92
S
♣A5
West leads the ♣6 against a notrump contract. If you play ‘third

hand high’, contributing the king, declarer will score an undeserved
second club trick. Instead you should put in the nine. In this particular
position, the play works like a charm. The nine forces the ace and your
king is still poised to prevent dummy’s queen from scoring. Suppose
instead that declarer held ♣J-5 or ♣10-5. Nothing would be lost! He
would score one trick, yes, but that was guaranteed even if you played
your king.
How many times do defenders go wrong in this situation?
♣ J 10 9 4
N
♣K653 W E ♣Q72
S
♣A8
Partner leads the ♣3 and declarer plays the four from dummy. If
you surrender the queen, you know what is likely to happen. Declarer
will win with the ace or king and score three tricks in the suit. Play low

instead and declarer will be held to just two club tricks. Indeed, if South
started with ♣K-8 and has few entries to dummy, you may restrict him
to just one club trick by playing low. Partner’s ace can win the second
round and your queen will win the third. (In a suit contract you might
defend differently, to establish one quick trick in the suit.)
Another time to break the ‘third hand high’ notion is when the play
of the lower of two honors will force out declarer’s stopper in the suit,
leaving communications fluid for the defense.
♠84
♥KJ3
♦ K 10 8 3
♣ A 10 8 4
♠J9752 ♠AQ6
♥876 N
E
♥ Q 10 4 2
W
♦Q42 S
♦J75
♣65 ♣K72
♠ K 10 3
♥A95
♦A96
♣QJ93
South plays in 3NT and West leads the ♠5. How should you plan
the defense on the East cards? If you play the ace at Trick 1, the
contract will be made. Declarer will hold up the spade king when you
return the queen of the suit. After winning the third round of spades, he
will take the club finesse. It loses but you have no spade to play.
A better idea is to play the queen of spades at Trick 1. Declarer can
hardly risk a hold-up — if West has led from a holding such as
♠A-J-7-5-2, the defenders will claim five immediate spade tricks. He
wins with the spade king and once again takes the club finesse. What a
difference! When you win the club king you can run four spade tricks.
One down.
When you judge that partner is likely to have led from a five-card
suit, you might make the same play with A-J-x in the spade suit. It
wouldn’t matter too much if declarer scored an undeserved trick when
holding queen third in spades. You would still get the contract one
down when you came on lead in clubs. The real benefit would come
when declarer held king third and, once again, you forced out his
stopper on the first round.
Key points
1. When you return the suit that partner has led, play the top card from
two remaining cards, otherwise the original fourth-best card. This
will allow partner to judge whether he should win the second round
or hold up a high card to maintain communications.
2. When you have bid a suit such as A-K-x-x-x, and partner
subsequently leads the suit against a notrump contract, consider
playing a low card to maintain contact with your partner.
3. When partner returns your lead with a middle card and declarer plays
low, consider whether you can afford to overtake. This may be
necessary when partner has no further card to play in the suit. In
such a circumstance it may pay you to overtake even when this
concedes a trick in the short term.
4. When playing high in the third seat may set up one of dummy’s
cards, think carefully before doing so. It is particularly wasteful to
play a high card when declarer holds one or two honors bare, and
will have to play high anyway.

QUIZ
To Answers
A. ♠94
♥KQ6
♦AJ73
♣ 10 8 5 3
N
♠5 led W E ♠AQ6
S ♥ 10 8 4
♦ 10 9 6 3
♣972
South opens 1NT (15-17) and is raised to 3NT. Partner leads the
♠5 and you must consider how to play to the first trick. Do not
answer too quickly. What is the purpose behind the card that you
play?
B. ♠ K 10 5
♥AJ2
♦86
♣Q9854
N
♦3 led W E ♠A86
S ♥ 10 8 4
♦ A 10 9 2
♣972
South opens 1NT (15-17) and is raised to 3NT. You win partner’s
♦3 lead with the ace. What card will you return?
C. ♠752
♥AJ2
♦A6
♣KJ952
N
♠8 led W E ♠AQJ964
S ♥ 10 8 4
♦J83
♣7
North opens 1♣, you overcall 1♠, and South bids 2♦. North
rebids 3♣ and South closes the auction with 3NT. Plan the
defense.
A. Did you play the queen? The purpose of such a play is to force out
declarer’s stopper so that when you subsequently gain the lead there
will be a route to partner’s hand. Here you have no possible card of
re-entry and it is partner who is likely to gain the lead. You should
therefore win the first trick with the ace and return the queen, making
the lie of the suit clear to partner. If instead you play the queen, there
is a risk that he may place South with the ace and switch elsewhere
when he gains the lead.
B. You should return a normal fourth-best ♦2. None of the reasons for
breaking the standard rule are present. You may assume that partner
has four diamonds. Declarer therefore has only three and there is no
need to hold the lead in order to play a third round from your side.
Neither can the suit become blocked, which is possible only when
partner holds five cards in the suit led.
C. You must hope that partner has a doubleton spade rather than a
singleton. Play the jack on the first trick. Declarer will have to win
with the king if the suit is distributed 2-3-6-2 round the table. Partner
will then be able to reach your hand, should he gain the lead.

C H A P T E R • 4
Defense against Suit

Contracts
Defending against a suit contract can be more difficult than defending
against notrump, if only because you have a greater variety of tactics to
consider. Should you play for a ruff? Should you try to set up winners
before declarer can establish discards? Should you play trumps to
reduce declarer’s ruffs? Should you attack declarer’s trump holding by
playing on your own strongest suit? We addressed some of these
questions in the chapter on opening leads and will deal with the
technique of forcing declarer’s trumps later in this chapter.
First, we will look at some important elements of technique which
arise within a single suit. In particular, we will look at some mistakes
that most players make hundreds of times throughout their bridge-
playing careers. Avoid these errors in your own play and you will leap-
frog over your rivals.
Playing the right card in the third seat

You will be familiar with the general guideline: play high in the third
seat. Its purpose is to avoid a horror story in this type of position:
♦9762
N
♦Q853 W E ♦ K 10 4
S
♦AJ
Your partner leads the ♦3 against, say, a spade game. Of course
you must put up the king. Partner’s queen will then score on the second
round. It is totally obvious to a sound player but you will still see
defenders who are reluctant to expend such a valuable card. Amazing!
Many players go wrong here too, sad to say:
♦975
N
♦ Q J 10 8 4 3 W E ♦A62
S
♦K
West leads the ♦Q and East plays low (‘to force out the king,
partner’). No longer needing to lose a diamond trick, declarer will
laugh all the way to the bank.
The situation is less clear-cut when dummy has an honor:
♦K72
N
♦J983 W E ♦ A 10 4
S
♦Q65
Partner leads the ♦3 and declarer plays low from dummy. If you
play the ace you promote dummy’s king and declarer will score two
tricks from the suit. By playing the ten, and keeping your ace to deal
with dummy’s king, you restrict declarer to one diamond trick. Partner
would not have underled the queen and jack against a suit contract, so
you know that declarer will win the first trick with the queen or jack.
Your primary concern is to avoid giving him a further trick with
dummy’s king.
What about this situation?
♦Q72
N
♦K983 W E ♦ A 10 5 4
S
♦J6
Your partner leads the ♦3. Defending in notrump, it would be

automatic to insert the ten. You would do this to avoid conceding a
second trick, should declarer hold K-x. You would also score four tricks
in the suit when the lead was from such as K-J-8-3.
Defending a suit contract, there is no easy answer. Playing the ten
will work well when partner has led from the jack, or from the king-
Chapter 4 — Defense against Suit Contracts • 37

jack. It may not work so well when he has led from the king. True, if
you rise with the ace, declarer can establish a diamond trick eventually.
By then, though, you might have been able to beat the contract by
scoring (or establishing) tricks in the other suits. You must take your
time in such a situation, looking at the other suits and calculating the
prospects for beating the contract, one way or another.
Suppose, for example, that this is the full deal:
Both Vul. ♠ K 10 7 3
Dealer South ♥92
♦Q72
♣AQJ4
♠854 ♠2
N
♥AJ84 E
♥Q763
W
♦K983 S ♦ A 10 5 4
♣72 ♣ 10 8 5 3
♠AQJ96
♥ K 10 5
♦J6
♣K96

1♠
pass 4♠ all pass
Partner leads the ♦3 and declarer plays low from dummy. Unless
the lead is from precisely ♦K-J-3, you cannot take three diamond tricks.
How can the contract be beaten if West does not have this somewhat
unlikely holding?
There are two plausible routes to four tricks for the defense. The
first is that you can score two diamond tricks and two heart tricks. To
play for this chance, you must rise with the ace of diamonds and switch
to a low heart (declarer may misguess if his hearts are headed by the
king-jack). The other chance is that you can score three tricks in the red
suits and one trump trick. In this case, too, you need to win with the ace
of diamonds and switch to a low heart.
You see the thought processes involved? You must calculate which
cards partner needs to beat the contract, then follow the defense most
likely to succeed. On a different layout of the cards, you might be able
to tell that only one trick could be scored outside the diamond suit. In
that case you would play the ♦10 at Trick 1, hoping to score three tricks
in diamonds.
Many players go wrong in this position:
♦ Q 10 9
N
♦J862 W E ♦K73
S
♦A54
Partner chooses the wrong moment to lead a diamond from jack

fourth, against a trump contract, and the nine is played from dummy.
How many times do you see defenders putting on the king? It is a bad
mistake to make. Since West would not have underled an ace against a
suit contract, South is known to hold that card. If East plays the king,
declarer will be able to score three diamond tricks, finessing the ten on
the second round. If East plays low, dummy’s nine will win, yes, but
declarer will be held to two tricks in the suit.
There are several other exceptions to the ‘third hand high’ rule.
When partner has led a trump, and you are unlikely to score a trick in
the suit, withholding your top card may kill an important entry to
dummy. Take the East cards here:
♠94
♥Q2
♦A73
♣ A K 10 7 6 3
♠63 N ♠J2
♥K9864 W E ♥ J 10 7 3
♦Q985 S ♦ K 10 2
♣J4 ♣Q982
♠ A K Q 10 8 7 5
♥A5
♦J64
♣5
South reaches a small slam in spades and your partner leads the
three of trumps, declarer playing the four from dummy. No alarm bell
will sound, but the fate of the contract hangs on your choice of card at
Trick 1. Suppose you expend the jack. Declarer will win, cross to the
♣A, and ruff a club high. He will then cross to the nine of trumps (yes)
and take another club ruff with a high trump. A diamond to the ace will

provide access to the two established clubs and thirteen tricks will
result.
It is pointless to play the jack on the first trick. Play low and
declarer will not have enough entries to establish and reach the clubs.
Twist and turn as he may, the slam will go one down.
Another time when it may be wrong to play high in the third seat is
when doing so may set up several tricks for declarer. Suppose your
partner leads the ♥9 against a diamond slam and this is the position you
can see:
♥75
N
♥9 led W E ♥K8642
S
♥ unknown
Declarer is marked with A-Q-J-10 in the heart suit and will score
four heart tricks if you play the king. Playing low restricts him to three.
It can also be expensive to release an ace in the third seat :
Neither Vul. ♠KQ9543

Dealer South ♥9
♦A74
♣ A J 10
♠72 N ♠8
♥84 W E ♥ A J 10 7 5 3 2
♦K963 S ♦QJ2
♣87642 ♣93
♠ A J 10 6
♥KQ6
♦ 10 8 5
♣KQ5

1NT (15-17)
pass 2♥ (transfer) 3♥ 3♠
pass 4NT pass 5♦
pass 6♠ all pass
Partner leads the ♥8 in response to your overcall. Declarer covers

with dummy’s nine. How should you react?
There is room for partner to hold only one card of value. If this is
the ♣K, declarer can finesse against it successfully. Your only real
chance is that partner holds the ♦K. Let’s see what happens if you
release the ace of hearts at Trick 1. Declarer will win the return, draw
trumps, and throw two of dummy’s diamonds on the ♥KQ. That’s no
good. Suppose instead that you cover dummy’s ♥9 with the ten.
Declarer will not lose a heart trick now, but he will have two inescapable
losers in diamonds! The heart ace will have been sacrificed in a worthy
cause.
Playing the right card in second seat

What’s the rationale behind the general guideline: Play low in the
second seat? It’s simply that you should not play high cards on thin air.
Declarer will have to commit a high card himself anyway, in third seat,
so it is usually a waste of time putting up a high card yourself. This is
a basic situation (declarer is playing on a side suit in a trump contract):
♥AQ6
N
♥ K52 W E ♥ 10 9 7
S
♥J843
More than once we have seen defenders putting up the king in the
second seat. ‘It was dead, anyway,’ they inform their horrified partners.
Of course the defenders would have scored a trick in the suit, if only
West had played low on the first round.
Slightly more defenders go wrong in this situation:
♦K3
N
♦ A 10 8 5 2 W E ♦J74
S
♦Q96
Declarer leads the six or nine of diamonds towards the dummy. If

West climbs up with the ace he will concede two tricks in the suit.

This situation is similar. Take the West cards here:
♣J63
N
♣ Q854 W E ♣K92
S
♣ A 10 7
Declarer leads the ♣7 towards the dummy. If you are tempted to

rise with the queen, declarer will finesse against partner’s king on the
next round and score two tricks in the suit. You should play low.
Sometimes you will have to steel yourself to play low from Q-x or
K-x too! Suppose you are East and one of declarer’s suits (perhaps the
trump suit) lies like this:
♥AQ653
N
♥ J 10 8 W E ♥K7
S
♥942
Declarer leads the ♥3 from dummy. If you rise with the king,
declarer will lose only one trick in the suit. Play low, without giving the
matter any apparent thought, and partner will win the first round.
Declarer will doubtless finesse on the next round and your side will
score two heart tricks.
Why do most players go in with the king? It must be because they
fear that South has jack third. With that holding, however, he would
surely have led low to the queen, hoping that West held a doubleton
king.
What is your general reaction when declarer leads a side-suit
singleton from the dummy and you are sitting in second position with
the ace? Do you play it at the speed of light, muttering ‘it’s now or
never’?
If you do, you are in good company. However, such a play is
usually wrong. Suppose the side suit lies like this:
♦5
N
♦ Q 10 7 4 W E ♦A983
S
♦KJ62
When you rise with the ace you save declarer a guess in the suit. If
you duck smoothly, he may underestimate you and conclude that you
cannot hold the ace. He will finesse the jack, playing you for the queen,
and not make a trick in the suit.
Perhaps the hidden hands lie differently:
♦5
N
♦ K 10 7 4 W E ♦A983
S
♦QJ62
In this scenario, rising with the ace sets up a ruffing finesse against
partner’s king.
If you would like to see a whole-deal example of holding up an ace
when a singleton is led through you, turn back three pages to the 6♠
contract in the previous section. Suppose that your partner leads a
trump and this is won in the dummy. When declarer leads the ♥9 from
dummy you must merely cover the card with the ten (or jack). As we
saw when partner led a heart, it will cost the contract if you put up the
ace.
Just about the only time that it is right to go in with the ace is when
you can see (or have good expectations of) the setting tricks elsewhere.
Thinking clearly in defense

Much of the time, you can arrive at the best defense by sitting back in
your chair and thinking clearly about the various possibilities. Does
that sound easy? Sometimes it is, sometimes it isn’t! Cover the East
and South hands here and consider the defense from the West seat.

Neither Vul. ♠AK
Dealer North ♥962
♦AQJ6
♣J874
♠9852 N ♠6
♥AK73 W E ♥ Q J 10 4
♦8 S ♦9732
♣AQ93 ♣ 10 6 5 2
♠ Q J 10 7 4 3
♥85
♦ K 10 5 4
♣K
1NT (15-17) pass 4♠
all pass
You lead the king of hearts against South’s spade game and partner
plays the queen, telling you that he holds the jack also. How should you
continue at Trick 2?
A low club would work well if declarer started with only one heart
and partner held K-x of clubs. This is a very unlikely situation,
however. Perhaps you should play a low heart to partner’s jack. A club
return will then beat the contract, provided declarer has at least two
clubs.
If you opt for either of those choices, you have not been thinking as
clearly as you might have. Try playing your singleton diamond! The
trump suit is blocked so declarer will have to lead a plain suit from
dummy after cashing the trump ace-king. If he plays a diamond, you
will score your ruff immediately. If instead he plays a heart, partner
will win and give you your diamond ruff. Declarer’s only other play is
a club. You will win with the ace and cross to partner’s ♥J for a
diamond ruff.
You may be wondering how partner knows that he should play a
diamond back, rather than a club. Do you see the inference that he
should draw? If you wanted a club back, you would have played a heart
to the jack at Trick 2, rather than exiting with a diamond. Much good
defense is like this. Not at all easy and you have to think to arrive at the
right answer.
On the next deal, East had an apparent problem with his discarding.
Thinking clearly would have provided the solution. Take the East cards
and — if you’re willing to risk it! — test your own mental processes.
North-South Vul. ♠ 9753

Dealer South ♥ 85
♦ 8642
♣ K96
♠AKQJ4 ♠86
N
♥ 10 7 4 2 E
♥QJ963
W
♦J S ♦ 10 9 7 3
♣873 ♣52
♠ 10 2
♥ AK
♦ AKQ5
♣ A Q J 10 4

2♣
2♠ pass pass 3♣
pass 4♣ pass 5♣
all pass
West, your partner, opens the defense with three top spades. You
throw a heart on the third round and declarer ruffs. Four rounds of
trumps are played and you must find two more discards. Another heart
can easily be spared but what next from ♥QJ9 ♦10973?
At the table East threw a diamond, retaining the more senior
holding in hearts. Declarer scored four tricks in the diamond suit and
the game was made. Can you see why East should have thrown a heart
and kept the diamond guard instead?
The point that East missed was that South would have taken at least
one heart ruff in dummy if he held more than two cards in the suit.
Once East draws this inference, it is easy to see that there can be no
point in keeping the heart guard.
General guidance on discarding

Choosing the right discards can be difficult at times. Ideally, you should
attempt to match the length of your holdings with those of dummy and
the declarer. Dummy’s lengths are on display; those of declarer can
often be deduced from the bidding or from partner’s count signals.

Suppose you are sitting East and this is your view of one of declarer’s
side suits:
♣AKJ4
N
♣ unknown W E ♣ 10 9 7 2
S
♣ unknown
You should be reluctant to throw a club. If your partner has the

queen, you are guarding the fourth round of the suit. If declarer happens
to hold the queen, it will do you little good to throw a club and retain
some guard elsewhere. When declarer plays his four club winners you
will have to release the other guard anyway.
Be careful, too, with a side suit like this:
♠AK42
N
♠ unknown W E ♠QJ73
S
♠ unknown
Throw a spade and declarer may score a trick with the fourth round
of the suit. If he started with a doubleton spade, he can ruff the fourth
card good. If instead he started with three cards in the suit, he can
concede the third round and still set up a winner.
Sometimes you will have to throw away your potential guard in one
suit or another. A valuable guide in this situation is ‘retain the guard in
the suit where you can actually see the threat.’
West had to bear this advice in mind when defending here:
♠KQ92
♥85
♦A854
♣K76
♠ 10 8 7 3 N ♠J54
♥962 W E ♥ 10 3
♦ K 10 3 S ♦Q92
♣ J 10 3 ♣AQ98
♠A6
♥AKQJ4
♦J76
♣542
South arrived in 4♥ and West led the ♣J. Declarer played low from
dummy (in case East held A-Q bare) and the defenders claimed three
club tricks. East then continued with a fourth round of clubs, hoping to
promote a trump trick for his partner. Declarer ruffed high, so West
threw a diamond, as did dummy. After cashing dummy’s ace of
diamonds, declarer played off four rounds of trumps. On the last of
these West had to find a discard from ♠10873 ♦K. What should he
have done?
Thinking that declarer held the ♦Q, West threw a spade. Disaster!
Declarer now claimed four spade tricks for his game. Why was West’s
defense wrong? It was quite possible that South held the ♦Q but in that
case there would be no way to beat the contract. It was West’s duty to
defend the threat that he could actually see — the spades in dummy.
South had to hold the spade ace or East would have cashed it at Trick 4.
Playing a forcing defense

When you hold four trumps in defense, or suspect that your partner
does, it will frequently be right to direct your attack at declarer’s trump
holding. By leading your strongest suit, eventually forcing declarer to
ruff, you may be able to gain trump supremacy. Let’s see a full-deal
example of this straight away.
Both Vul. ♠ K 10 7
Dealer North ♥J42
♦A93
♣A764
♠A853 ♠2
N
♥A9 E
♥ 10 8 7 6 3
W
♦KJ874 S ♦ Q 10 5
♣ 10 5 ♣J982
♠QJ964
♥KQ5
♦62
♣KQ3

1♣ pass 1♠
pass 1NT pass 2♣ (checkback)
pass 2♠ pass 4♠
all pass

Declarer may seem destined to lose only one diamond and the two
major-suit aces. However, if you defend skillfully you can beat the
game. To attack declarer’s trump holding, you must lead your most
powerful suit — diamonds. Declarer plays low from dummy and
partner contributes to the cause by producing the diamond queen. His
♦10 return is won in the dummy and declarer plays the king of trumps.
How will you defend?
Suppose you win with the ace and play another diamond. You will
not beat the contract. Declarer will ruff, reducing himself to the same
trump length as you. Instead of drawing trumps next, however, he will
knock out the ace of hearts. A further attack in diamonds will be
unproductive — there is still a trump in dummy and declarer will ruff
the fourth round of diamonds there. He can then enter his hand with a
club to draw your trumps and claim the contract.
Instead you should duck the first round of trumps and continue the
good work by ducking the second round, too. This leaves declarer with
two losing options. Suppose he switches his attention to hearts now.
You will take the ace and force the South hand with a third round of
diamonds, reducing declarer to the same number of trumps that you
hold. When he eventually plays a third round of trumps, you will take
your ace and force his last trump with a fourth diamond, ensuring a trick
for your long trump.
If, instead, declarer plays a third round of trumps immediately, you
will win and force his penultimate trump with a third round of
diamonds. These cards will remain:
♠—
♥J42
♦—
♣A764
♠8 N ♠—
♥A9 W E ♥ 10 8 7
♦J8 S ♦—
♣ 10 5 ♣J982
♠J
♥KQ5
♦—
♣KQ3
Declarer’s best chance is to draw your last trump and to play on
hearts, hoping that your partner holds the heart ace and has no more
diamonds. He will go two down.
What were the two most important things to remember about this
deal? First, you needed to attack in your strongest suit to put declarer’s
trumps under attack. Second, you had to hold up the ace of trumps until
there were no more trumps in dummy. This ensured that any further
diamonds would have to be ruffed in the South hand.
Key points
1. The general rule in the third seat is to play your highest card. Be
wary of doing this when it will promote a high card in dummy. Be
reluctant also to part with your highest trump, after a trump lead.
This may provide declarer with an extra entry to dummy.
2. The general rule in the second seat is to play low. Even when you
hold a doubleton king or queen and can see that this card will win the
trick, you should be reluctant to play an honor on thin air. Doing so
will often set up a second-round finesse against your partner.
3. When declarer leads a side-suit singleton from dummy, it is rarely
right to go in with the ace in the second seat. There are several ways
in which this may cost a trick.
4. When you hold four trumps, or suspect that partner may hold four
trumps, it is often best defense to lead your strongest side suit. You
hope to force declarer to ruff, thereby promoting your side’s long
trumps.
5. With a trump holding such as ace fourth, it is often important that
you do not release the ace until one of the opposing hands plays its
last trump. You can then win and attack the remaining trump length
in the other hand.

QUIZ
To Answers
A. ♠ K J 10 3
♥63
♦AQ96
♣A75
N ♠A764
♥10 led W E ♥AKQ2
S ♦ 10 4
♣ 10 8 3
North opens 1♦ and South arrives in 4♠ after the uncontested
auction (1♦ - 1♠ - 2♠ - 3♣ - 4♠). Partner leads the ♥10. Plan
the defense.
B. ♠974
♥KQ94
♦ A 10 8
♣J82
N
♦3 led W E ♠ J 10 6
S ♥83
♦J762
♣AQ64
After an auction of 1♥ - 3♥ - 4♥, partner leads the ♦3,
covered by the ♦8. Do you play the jack? What is the purpose
of your play?
QUIZ
C. ♠AQ92 To Answers
♥Q94
♦3
♣ A 10 8 5 2
N
♥3 led W E ♠ 10 8 6
S ♥ K 10 7 2
♦A762
♣63
South opens 1♠ and North responds 4♦ (a splinter bid, showing

a diamond shortage). South bids Blackwood and arrives in six
spades, partner leading the ♥3. How will you defend if declarer
plays (a) the queen (b) the nine from dummy. What will your
general plan be when declarer eventually leads the ♦3 from
dummy?

A. The opponents’ auction gives you hope that declarer may hold only
four trumps. Play three rounds of hearts, even if the third round will
concede a ruff-and-discard. This will force declarer to ruff, either in
dummy or his own hand. Thereafter plan to win the third round of
trumps (when either dummy’s or declarer’s trumps will be
exhausted), and then lead another heart to force the last trump.
B. Partner will not have underled the king-queen against a suit contract,
so declarer must hold one of those cards. If South holds the king, he
will score three diamond tricks whatever you do. If he holds the
queen, he will score three tricks if you put on the jack (by winning
and finessing on the next round). Playing low restricts him to two
tricks in the suit.
C. Partner will not have underled the heart ace but he may hold the jack
of the suit. If declarer plays the heart queen from dummy, you will
cover with the king. If instead he tries the nine, you will play the ten.
Let’s assume that either of these plays will force declarer’s ace of
hearts. When declarer eventually leads his singleton diamond from
dummy, you should rise with the ace. You or your partner holds the
setting trick in hearts, so it would not be a good moment to duck!
To Questions
C H A P T E R • 5
Counting
Do you think your defense would improve enormously if you could see
all fifty-two cards? Of course it would! That’s why skilled defenders
devote so much time to reconstructing the hidden hands. Once they
know how many cards each player has in each suit, and where the high
cards lie, defending becomes much easier.
How can you get this information? Unfortunately it is not just a
question of paying $29.95 to some company on the Internet and
receiving the appropriate gadget. Instead you will have to work hard on
every deal that you defend, counting distribution and counting points. It
is no exaggeration to say that counting is the very essence of good
defense. Because it seems like hard work, and they play bridge for
enjoyment, most of the world’s bridge players are not willing to make
the effort of counting. If you are willing to go the extra mile, you can
improve your results significantly. What’s more, it is not as arduous as
all that. Once you get into the habit it becomes automatic.
Counting distribution
How do you count declarer’s hand? (In this context ‘count’ means to
establish the shape of a hand, for example to determine that the suits are
divided 5-1-2-5.) You begin with a rough idea from the bidding. Then,
whenever any player shows out of a suit during the play, you update
your picture. You adjust it also when you see distributional signals from
partner. Usually you will have a good idea of the count of the hands by
Trick 5 or 6.
Chapter 5 — Counting • 53
Let’s look at the next deal from West’s viewpoint. We will see how
he counts the hand and how it is then easy for him to determine the
correct defense.
Neither Vul. ♠ 10 7 2
Dealer South ♥ J 10 9 2
♦Q7
♣KQJ9
♠AJ84 ♠Q65
♥AQ3 N
♥75
W E
♦ J 10 5 S
♦98642
♣ 10 8 3 ♣765
♠K93
♥K864
♦AK3
♣A42

1NT (15-17)
pass 2♣ pass 2♥
pass 4♥ all pass
You lead the ♦J against South’s heart game and dummy’s queen
wins the trick. The jack of trumps is run to your queen and you must
now plan the remainder of the defense.
You can see two trump tricks and must therefore hope for two
further tricks in the black suits to beat the game. You have a decision to
make (either now, or — if you exit passively — later when you win the
ace of trumps). Should you switch to spades, hoping that partner holds
the spade king? Or should you exit in one of the other suits, waiting for
two spade tricks to come to you later?
To come up with the right answer, you will need to count declarer’s
hand. A well-tutored partner will have given you a count on the
diamond suit at Trick 1. On this layout he will have signaled an odd
number of diamonds by following with his lowest card — the two.
Declarer is unlikely to have opened 1NT when 4-5 in the red suits. He
must hold three diamonds and therefore seven cards in the red suits. It
follows that he has six black-suit cards. However these are divided
between spades and clubs, declarer will have two spades left after
cashing the clubs! So, you do not need to risk a spade switch.
Suppose instead that the cards lie like this:
♠ 10 7 2
♥ J 10 9 2
♦Q7
♣KQJ9
♠AJ84 N ♠K653
♥AQ3 W E ♥75
♦ J 10 5 S ♦9862
♣ 10 8 3 ♣765
♠Q9
♥KJ96
♦AK43
♣A42
Now passive defense will allow declarer to throw a spade on the
clubs. How can you tell this? Partner will signal with the ♦8 at Trick 1,
showing four diamonds. Since this leaves declarer with only five black
cards, you can tell that a passive defense will surrender the game.
Whether South holds three spades and two clubs, or two spades and
three clubs, he would lose only one spade.
You can see, from this one illustration, how important it can be to
count the hand. Test yourself with the West cards here:
Both Vul. ♠ K Q 10 7
Dealer South ♥A5
♦ K 10 8
♣A865
♠62 ♠843
♥KQJ8732 N
E
♥96
W
♦4 S
♦976532
♣ Q 10 3 ♣97
♠AJ95
♥ 10 4
♦AQJ
♣KJ42

1NT (15-17)
2♥ 3♥ pass 3♠
pass 6♠ all pass
You lead the ♥K against the spade slam and dummy’s ace wins.
After drawing trumps in three rounds, declarer cashes the king and ace
of diamonds and throws you in with the ♥10. What should you do?
Most defenders would count only the heart suit. It started as 7-2-
2-2 around the table, so a heart return will give a ruff-and-discard.
Ending their calculations at this point, they would play back a club in
the hope that East held the jack. Declarer would then claim the
remaining tricks.
Instead you should calculate declarer’s shape. He started with four
spades and two hearts. Your partner will have signaled high-low in
diamonds, to show an even number. Since South would not open 1NT
with 4-2-5-2 shape, he must hold three diamonds and therefore four
clubs. It follows that it is safe to concede a ruff-and-discard when you
gain the lead in hearts. Declarer will throw the fourth club from one
hand or another but you will still score your ♣Q.
Counting points
As well as counting distribution, it can be important to count declarer’s
high-card points. Why should that be useful? Because it will let you
know how many points partner holds. To see how this might be of
benefit, suppose that the bidding and the appearance of the dummy tell
you that partner cannot hold more than two points. You can steer clear
of any defense that requires him to hold the ♥K!
Here is a deal where East’s best defense can be determined by
counting points. Take the East cards yourself.
Both Vul. ♠ A 10 9 4
Dealer South ♥654
♦AQ6
♣972
♠652 ♠K73
♥ Q J 10 9 8 N
E
♥K2
W
♦753 S
♦K84
♣J6 ♣ Q 10 8 4 3
♠QJ8
♥A73
♦ J 10 9 2
♣AK5

1NT (15-17)
pass 3NT all pass
Seeing no benefit to using Stayman when his shape is 4-3-3-3,
North raises directly to 3NT. Your partner leads the ♥Q and you
overtake with the king to untangle the suit. Declarer allows your king
to win and you must decide what to return at Trick 2. Any ideas?
Most defenders would return their remaining heart without further
calculation. Declarer would win with the ace and set up his tricks in
spades and diamonds, the finesses running into the safe East hand. Nine
tricks would result.
Let’s try again with those East cards, this time making an effort to
reconstruct the hidden hands. How many points are on view between
the East hand and dummy? Twenty-one. South has 15-17 points, so
that leaves 2-4 points for West. He has already indicated three points in
hearts, so he will have at most one jack outside hearts.
It is pointless to set up the hearts; partner will have no entry to
enjoy them. Instead you should switch to a low club, hoping that
partner holds the ♣J. Declarer will win with the ace and finesse in
spades or diamonds. You win with the king and fire back the queen of
clubs (to prevent declarer ducking the trick to partner’s bare jack, if he
has not already unblocked that card). The contract will now go two
down — when declarer’s second finesse fails, you will cash your
established clubs.
Counting declarer’s tricks

You may think that counting is not very glamorous stuff and you would
rather see if there is something good on TV. The chapter is nearly
through, so stay with us. The final type of counting we will discuss is
that of declarer’s tricks. On the next deal, this will guide you towards a
dashing defensive move.
♠AK
♥965
♦A4
♣KQ9432
♠J942 N ♠5
♥KQ7 W E ♥ J 10 8 4 2
♦K953 S ♦J62
♣ 10 6 ♣J875
♠ Q 10 8 7 6 3
♥A3
♦ Q 10 8 7
♣A
Sitting West, you lead the ♥K against South’s contract of six
spades. Declarer wins with the ace, cashes the ace of clubs, and draws
two rounds of trumps with the ace and king.
After the usual ‘What have I done to deserve a trump break like
that?’ shake of the head, he throws a heart on the king of clubs and
returns to his hand by ruffing a low club. How should you react in the
West seat? Will you overruff or not?
Suppose you keep your trump length intact and throw a heart.
What will happen? Count the tricks that declarer will make. He will
play queen and another trump, giving you the lead. Whatever you
return, declarer will now score five trump tricks, two red aces, and five
club tricks. A total of twelve! That’s no good.
Suppose instead that you overruff on the third round of clubs. If
you exit passively with a second round of hearts, declarer will ruff, draw
your last trump and score the same twelve tricks. How do you know
that declarer will ruff the next heart? Firstly, your partner will have
given you a length signal at Trick 1, telling you that South started with
an even number of hearts. Secondly, if South began with three hearts he
would surely have played a third high club, throwing his last heart loser.
So, what else can you try after overruffing the club? You must
return the king of diamonds, forcing out dummy’s ace! Declarer will
then have no entry to dummy’s club winners. The best he can do is to
win with the diamond ace and finesse the ♦10. That move will be
successful but you will still score the ♦9 on the fourth round of the suit.
The ♦K switch — known as a Merrimac Coup — was risky and could
be justified only because you could count declarer for twelve tricks on
any other defense.
Are you ready for the last deal in the book? The West cards are
yours, once again.
East-West Vul. ♠Q984

Dealer North ♥4
♦A6
♣KQJ92
♠ K 10 6 3 ♠J5
N
♥AQ976 W E
♥ K 10 2
♦QJ8 S ♦ 10 9 7 5 3
♣7 ♣ 10 6 5 4
♠A72
♥J853
♦K42
♣A83

1♣ pass 1♥
pass 1♠ pass 2NT
pass 3NT all pass
With both majors bid by the opponents, you try your luck with the
queen of diamonds. Declarer wins with the king and leads the ♠2. How
will you defend?
Who holds the ace of clubs, do you think? Whenever declarer fails
to attack a suit such as dummy’s clubs here, it is a safe assumption that
he holds the missing high card in the suit and that the tricks are ready to
run. So, let’s count declarer’s tricks. He has five club tricks, you
assume, and the two top cards in diamonds. If he has the ace of spades
too, and you duck the spade king, the queen will score in dummy and
he will claim nine tricks! If South has the spade ace, then, it is essential
to rise with the spade king and switch to hearts, hoping to score the
setting tricks in that suit. What is more, a count of declarer’s points
(♠A, ♦K, ♣A) will mark your partner with the ♥K.
What if East has the ♠A and declarer has the ♥K and ♠J? The
same defense will still work! You will knock out South’s ♥K, bringing
his total to only eight tricks, and then have the best possible chance of
running the rest of the heart suit when East gains the lead in spades.
Key points
1. The basis of most good defense is counting. A good defender will
count distribution, points and tricks.
2. As a defender, you have three main sources of information about the
distribution. The opponents’ bidding may reveal their length in one
or more suits. Every time one of the closed hands shows out of a
suit, you will have a complete count on it. Your partner will also give
you count signals, showing whether he holds an odd or even number
of cards in the suit.
3. Sometimes you need partner to hold a particular card, or distribution,
to beat the contract. If such a holding is possible on the information
gathered so far, defend on the assumption that partner does indeed
have that holding.
4. By counting declarer’s tricks, you can sometimes tell that the
original defense will not be quick enough. In that case you may be
able to switch elsewhere, hoping that partner has a key card in the
new suit.
QUIZ
A. ♠J972 To Answers
♥A84
♦K7
♣K954
♠Q83
♥ J 10 9 2 N
W E
♦J83 S
♣ Q 10 2

1♠
pass 4♠ pass 6♠
all pass
Declarer wins your ♥J lead with the king and draws two rounds
of trumps, partner showing out on the second round. He then
crosses to the ♥A and ruffs a heart. Next come the king and ace
of diamonds, partner signaling high-low. Declarer then throws
you in with the trump queen. What will you do now?
B.
Suppose you hold the same West cards as in the first problem and
the bidding goes the same way. This time, declarer wins the heart
lead with the king, plays two rounds of trumps, and continues
with the ace and queen of hearts. He cashes the king and ace of
diamonds, then throws you in with the trump queen. How will
you exit?
C. ♠92
♥874
♦AJ83
♣AQJ5
N
♠J83
♠5 led W E ♥QJ6
S ♦K95
♣ 10 8 3 2
South opens a 15-17 1NT and North raises to game. Partner leads
the ♠5 to the jack and ace. The ♦Q is run to your king. What now?
A. You must count declarer’s shape. He started with five spades and
two hearts. Partner high-low in diamond marks declarer with either
four diamonds or two. If he held 5-2-4-2 shape he would simply
have ruffed his two diamonds, so his shape must be 5-2-2-4. In this
case, a ruff-and-discard will not assist him. You should exit with a
fourth round of hearts. A club would surrender the contract if South
held ♣A-J-x-x.
B. Declarer has shown up with three hearts this time, so his shape must
be 5-3-2-3. A ruff-and-discard now would allow him to ruff in the
dummy and discard the third club from the South hand. Since you
can tell that this defense would give declarer the contract, you must
switch to clubs, hoping that your partner holds the jack.
C. Is it possible that declarer started with A-x-x in spades and the ace-
king of hearts? Surely not — with those cards he would have held
up the spade ace until the third round. It looks as if South must hold
the ace and king of spades. (Yes, he could have made life more
difficult for you by winning with the king. Not all declarers know
that!) If you play another spade and declarer wins, how many tricks
will he have? Five in the majors and surely another four from the
club suit. Is it possible for a heart switch to beat the contract? Yes,
declarer’s hand could be something like:
♠ A K 7 4 ♥ K 5 3 ♦ Q 10 4 ♣ K 6 5
You should switch to the ♥Q.
The Bridge Technique Series is designed to take the reader through
the most important aspects of card-play technique at bridge. Each
book of the series focuses on a different topic, and wherever
possible, the tactics and strategy are considered from the point of
view of both declarer and defenders.
PLANNING IN DEFENSE
This book covers the fundamental strategies available to defenders.
Starting with the opening lead and going on through each stage of
the entire play of a hand including counting, signaling and
discarding. Planning in Defense helps defenders answer the basic
questions, ‘What should I be doing now, and why?’ — the questions
that most defenders find so difficult to answer.
DAVID BIRD has written more than forty previous books, including the
popular ‘St Titus Abbey’ collections. (Saints and Sinners, 2000, with Tim
Bourke is the seventh in the series). He writes two newspaper columns
in the UK, and his work appears regularly in numerous bridge maga-
zines in the UK and the US.
MARC SMITH’s previous instructional books include Countdown to

Winning Bridge (1999, with Tim Bourke) and 25 Bridge Conventions
You Should Know (1999 American Bridge Teachers Association
Book of the Year, with Barbara Seagram) and 25 Ways to Compete
in the Bidding (2000, with Barbara Seagram).
MASTER POINT PRESS

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Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data

(Bridge technique; 11)

1. Contract bridge — Defensive play. I. Smith, Marc, 1960-.II. Title.

GV1282.42.B573 2001 795.41’53 C00-933104-2

Cover design and Interior: Olena S. Sullivan

Eliminations and Throw-Ins

Planning the Play in Notrump

Signals and Discards

Chapter 1 — Signals and Discards • 5

THE OPENING LEAD AGAINST NOTRUMP

Which suit should I lead?

Chapter 2 — Opening Leads • 7

Which card should I lead?

Chapter 2 — Opening Leads • 9

THE OPENING LEAD AGAINST A SUIT CONTRACT

Leading an unbid side suit

Both Vul. ♠A65

WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

Chapter 2 — Opening Leads • 11

Leading a short suit

Leading against suit slams

Chapter 2 — Opening Leads • 13

Chapter 2 — Opening Leads • 15

WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

Rank an opening lead in each of the four suits in order of

Rank an opening lead in each of the four suits in order of

Rank an opening lead in each of the four suits in order of

Rank an opening lead in each of the four suits in order of

Chapter 2 — Opening Leads • 17

F. ♠ 5 ♥ A42 ♦ AKJ843 ♣ J642

Rank an opening lead in each of the four suits in order of

Chapter 2 — Opening Leads • 19

In this chapter, we will look at the most important techniques available

Chapter 3 — Basic Defense at Notrump • 21

East-West Vul. ♠965

WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

North-South Vul. ♠J74

WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

In response to your overcall, West leads the ♠8 against 3NT. How

Chapter 3 — Basic Defense at Notrump • 23

WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

Clearing the suit partner has led

Neither Vul. ♠QJ65

WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

Chapter 3 — Basic Defense at Notrump • 25

Reading the opening lead

North-South Vul. ♠873

WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

After uninformative bidding by the opponents, your partner leads

North-South Vul. ♠KJ9

WEST NORTH EAST SOUTH

Chapter 3 — Basic Defense at Notrump • 27