1 Nitrogen and oxygen are present in the air.

(a) In industry, nitrogen and oxygen are obtained from air.

(i) Give the name of the process used.
(1)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(ii) State why the air is cooled before the start of the process.
(1)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
Oxygen has a low boiling point because there are
(1)
A weak covalent bonds between the oxygen atoms

B weak covalent bonds between the oxygen molecules

C weak forces of attraction between the oxygen atoms

D weak forces of attraction between the oxygen molecules

 (c) Another gas present in air is carbon dioxide, CO2.
There are covalent bonds between the atoms in a molecule of carbon dioxide.
(i) Describe what is meant by a covalent bond.
(2)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(ii) The electronic configuration of oxygen (atomic number 8) is 2.6.

Give the electronic configuration of carbon (atomic number
6). (1)

..........................................................

(iii) Draw a dot and cross diagram of a molecule of carbon

dioxide. Show outer electrons only. (2)

(Total for Question 1 = 8 marks)

2 Figure 13 shows a model of how particles are arranged in a solid.

Figure 13

(a) (i) State two ways in which this model fails to accurately represent a crystal of
sodium chloride.
(2)

1. .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ..................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

2. .............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................... ..................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(ii) Magnesium oxide has a melting point of 2852 °C.

Explain why magnesium oxide has such a high melting point.
(3)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

 (b) (i) Carbon dioxide can be formed by the reaction of calcium carbonate, CaCO3,
with dilute hydrochloric acid.
Write the balanced equation for this reaction.
(3)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(ii) The thermal decomposition of copper carbonate forms copper oxide

and carbon dioxide.

CuCO3(s)  CuO(s) + CO2(g)

15.0 g of pure copper carbonate is decomposed completely.

Calculate the mass of solid produced.
(relative atomic masses: C = 12.0; O = 16.0; Cu = 63.5)
Give your answer to two significant figures.
(2)

mass of solid =............................g

(c) Magnesium reacts with water in the form of steam as shown in the equation.
Mg + 2H2O  Mg(OH)2 + H2

2.4 g of magnesium reacts with sufficient steam for a complete reaction to form
5.8 g of magnesium hydroxide and 0.2 g of hydrogen.

Show, by calculation, that the law of conservation of mass applies to this reaction.

(relative atomic masses: H = 1.0, O = 16, Mg = 24)

(3)

(Total for Question 2 = 13 marks)

3 (a) Copper is a metal.

(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Copper conducts electricity because particles in it move through the structure.

These particles are

(1)
A positive and negative ions

B positive ions only

C atoms

D electrons
(ii) Copper forms coloured compounds.

Give the name of the type of metals that form coloured compounds.

(1)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

 (b) A test tube was filled with hydrogen chloride
gas. The test tube was inverted in water and
left.

The liquid level rose up to the top of the test tube.

Explain what was formed in the test tube after the water had entered.
(2)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(c) When chlorine is bubbled into potassium bromide solution, the solution
turns orange.
Explain why this happens.
(2)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

 (d) Barium sulfate can be prepared as a white precipitate.

Describe how you could prepare a pure, dry sample of barium sulfate from
barium chloride solution and sodium sulfate solution.
(3)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(Total for Question 3 = 9 marks)

4 (a) Chlorine has an atomic number of 17.
Chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 are two isotopes of chlorine.

(i) Complete the table to show the numbers of protons, neutrons and
electrons in each of the isotopes.
(2)

chlorine-35 chlorine-37

number of protons

number of neutrons

number of electrons

(ii) A normal sample of chlorine contains only chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 atoms.
Explain why the relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5

(2)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(b) Tetrachloromethane is a simple molecular, covalent compound.

The formula of its molecule is CCl4.

There are four electrons in the outer shell of a carbon atom.

There are seven electrons in the outer shell of a chlorine atom.

Draw a dot and cross diagram to show the bonding in a molecule of

tetrachloromethane, CCl4.
Show outer shell electrons only.
(2)
 *(c) The diagrams show the arrangements of carbon atoms in diamond and in
graphite.

= carbon atom
strong bonds

strong bonds

diamond

graphite

Compare a use of diamond with a use of graphite, explaining each use in terms of
the bonding and structure. In your answer you should use information from the
diagrams.
(6)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(Total for Question 4 = 12 marks)

5 Ionic compounds contain ions.

(a) The numbers of electrons, neutrons and protons in four particles, W, X, Y and Z,
are shown in Figure 5.

particle electrons neutrons protons

W 9 10 9

X 10 14 12

Y 16 16 16

Z 18 18 16

Figure 5
Explain which particle, W, X, Y or Z, is a negative ion.
(2)

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

............................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................... ......................

(b) Calcium nitrate contains calcium ions and nitrate ions.

Calculate the relative formula mass of calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2.
(relative atomic masses: Ca = 40, N = 14, O = 16)
(2)

relative formula mass = .................................................................

(c) Lithium fluoride, LiF, is an ionic compound.

It contains lithium cations and fluoride anions.

The electronic configurations of a lithium atom and of a fluorine atom are shown
in Figure 6.

Li F

Figure 6
Complete Figure 7 to show the electronic configurations and charges of the
ions in lithium fluoride.
(4)

Li F

charge on ion ............................. charge on ion .............................

Figure 7

(Total for Question 5 = 8 marks)