CONTENTS

• Introduction
• Building Java Applications
• Building Java applets
o Basic Methods in Applet
• Differences between applet and Application
• Practice Questions

• Assignment

• Q&A

Introduction
Java provides us to write Java programs in two flavors : applets and Applications. These two kind
of programs are differ by the way how a browser and Java interpreter will deal them. Simply
speaking, a Java applet is a program that appears embedded in a web document, whereas, a
Java Application (it is expressed with capital letters to differentiate from all programs as
applications) is the term applied to all other kind of Java programs. There is however number of
technical differences between applet and Application. Before gong to discuss about their
differences, let us see how these two kind of programs can be developed.

Building Java Applications

Consider the following few codes as the first Java Application for you :

Illustration 2.1 // Hello Java Application //

class helloworld{
public static void main(String args[]){
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
System.out.println("Hi...."+" Debasis");
}
}

These lines comprise the minimum components necessary to print Hello Java ! onto the screen .

NOTE:
1. How to edit this Program: Java program Can be written with any text
editor. In Windows or System 7.5 we can use Notepad or EDIT, in Unix vi
or emacs can be used. Save this file having name HelloJavaAppln.Java.
The name of the Java source file is not arbitrary; it must be the same as the
name of the public class (here it is HelloJavaAppln) and extension must be
java.
2. How to compile this Program : The Java compiler converts the Java
programs into Java byte codes.
For Window 95 and NT users, you will need to open a DOS Shell window
make sure that you are in the directory you are using to store your Java
classes, then enter the following command :

javac helloworld.java

After the successful compilation, Java byte codes will be produced which
will be automatically stored in the same directory but with file name
having extension .class ( e.g. here the class file name will be
HelloJavaAppln.class).
3.How to run the Java Application: To run the Application, you have to
type the command java ( from the commend prompt ).
For example, our helloworld Application can be run as:

java helloworld

With this the Java interpreter will be invoked and it executes the byte code
stored in helloworld.class file. The output then will appear onto the
screen.
4. Basic structure of any Application : An Application must contain at
least one class which include the main function. It may contain more than
one class also. In any case, the name of the Application (program file )
will be according to the name of the class which contains main
(�) function.

Illustration 2.2

// TestArray.java
class TestArray{
public static void main(String args[]){
int b[]= {10, 20, 30, 40, 50}; //Initialization
//Traversing array
for (int i=0; i < a.length; i++){ //length is the property of array
System.out.print(a[i]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
// Average calculation
 float sum = 0, avg;
for(int i=0; i < a.length;i++) //Calculating the sum of the numbers
sum += a[i];
avg = sum/a.length;
System.out.println("Average = " + avg);
}
}

Type following two commands :

javac TestArray.java // To compile the source code

java TestArray // To run the Application

OUTPUT:
10 20 30 40 50
Average = 30.0

Illustration 2.3

// a3DArray.java
class a3DArray {
public static void main(String args[]) {

int my3DArray [ ][ ][ ] = new int [3][4][5];

int i, j, k;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
for(j=0; j<4; j++)
for(k=0; k<5; k++)
my3DArray[i][j][k] = i * j * k;

for(i=0; i<3; i++) {

 for(j=0; j<4; j++) {
for(k=0; k<5; k++)
System.out.print(my3DArray[i][j][k] + " ");
System.out.println();
}
System.out.println();
}
}
}

OUTPUT:
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0
0 1 2 3 4
0 2 4 6 8
0 3 6 9 12

0 0 0 0 0
0 2 4 6 8
0 4 8 12 16
0 6 12 18 24

Note:
The source code stored in a program file whose extension is java; the
compiled version of the program file is stored in a file having same
name as the source program file but having extension class. These
class files are containing java byte code and can be interpreted by
Java run time environment i.e. Java interpreter.
Illustration 2.4

// A Java program to demonstrate working of print() and println() together

// Edit Demonstration_41.java

class Demonstration_41
{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x=555;
System.out.println("1. println ");
System.out.println("2. println ");

System.out.print("1. print ");

System.out.print("\n");
System.out.print("2. print "+ "3. Print "+ " " +x);
}
}

OUTPUT:
1. println
2. println
1. print
2. print 3. Print 555

Illustration 2.5

// A Java program to demonstrate working of printf() in Java

// Edit Demonstration_42.java

class Demonstration_42
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int x = 100;
System.out.printf("Printing simple integer: x = %d\n", x);

// this will print it upto 2 decimal places

System.out.printf("Formatted with precison: PI = %.2f\n", Math.PI);

float n = 5.2f;

// automatically appends zero to the rightmost part of decimal

System.out.printf("Formatted to specific width: n = %2.1f\n", n);

n = 2324435.3f;

// here number is formatted from right margin and occupies a

// width of 20 characters
System.out.printf("Formatted to right margin: n = %6.2f\n", n);
}
}

OUTPUT:
Printing simple integer: x = 100
Formatted with precison: PI = 3.
14
Formatted to specific width: n =
5.2
Formatted to right margin: n = 2
324435.25
Illustration 2.6
/* Command line input in Java */
// Edit Demonstration_43.java

public class Demonstration_43{

public static void main(String args[]){
int i=0;
i=Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
System.out.println("The value of i in Integer is "+ i);

//}
//System.out.print(args[i]+" ");
//System.exit(0);
}
}

Illustration 2.7

// Program to check for command line arguments

class Demonstration_44
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
// check if length of args array is
// greater than 0
if (args.length > 0)
{
System.out.println("The command line"+
" arguments are:");

// iterating the args array and printing

 // the command line arguments
for (String val:args)
System.out.println(val);
}
else
System.out.println("No command line "+
"arguments found.");
}
}

OUTPUT:
No command line arguments found.

Illustration 2.8

/*The program demonstrates how to take Input using scanner class*/

//Edit Demonstration_45.java
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Demonstration_45 {

public static void main(String args[]) {
Scanner scnr = new Scanner(System.in);
// Calculating the maximum two numbers in Java
System.out.println("Please enter two numbers to find maxi
mum of two");
int a = scnr.nextInt();
int b = scnr.nextInt();
if (a > b) {
System.out.printf("Between %d and %d, maximum is
%d \n", a, b, a);
}
else {
System.out.printf("Between %d and %d, maximum nu
mber is %d \n", a, b, b);
}
 }
}

Illustration 2.9

/*The following program snippet shows how to read and write to the console.*/
//Edit Demonstration_46.java

import java.util.*;

public class Demonstration_46

{
public static void main ( String args[] )
{
System.out.print ( "Enter the radius: " );

Scanner sc = new Scanner (System.in);

double radius = sc.nextDouble();

double area = 3.14159 * radius * radius;

System.out.println ( "Area is: " + area );

}
}

Illustration 2.10

/*Input with DataInputStream InterestCalculator Program */

//Edit Demonstration_47.java

import java.io.*;
class Demonstration_47{
 public static void main(String args[ ] ) throws Exception { // throws Exception
Float principalAmount = new Float(0);
Float rateOfInterest = new Float(0);
int numberOfYears = 0;
//try{
DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);

String tempString;
System.out.print("Enter Principal Amount: ");
System.out.flush();
tempString = in.readLine();

principalAmount = Float.valueOf(tempString);
System.out.print("Enter Rate of Interest: ");
System.out.flush();
tempString = in.readLine();
rateOfInterest = Float.valueOf(tempString);
System.out.print("Enter Number of Years: ");
System.out.flush();
tempString = in.readLine();
numberOfYears = Integer.parseInt(tempString);
// Input is over: calculate the interest
float interestTotal =
principalAmount*rateOfInterest*numberOfYears;
System.out.println("Total Interest = " + interestTotal);
// }
// catch (Exception ex)
// {}
}
}

Building Java applets

How to run an Applet?

There are two ways to run an applet

1. By html file.
2. By appletViewer tool (for testing purpose).
Applets are the most effective Java programs is shown in Illustration 2.11 :

Illustration 2.11 : // An applet version of HelloHavaAppln //

/* create an applet and compile it. After that create an html file and place the a
pplet code in html file. Now click the html file. */

import java.awt.Graphics;
import java.applet.Applet;
public class HelloJava extends Applet {
public void paint (Graphics g ) {

g.drawString ( � Hello Java !� 50, 25 );

}
}

// Html code

< html>
< body>
< applet code=" HelloJava.class" width="200" height="100">
< / applet>
< / body>
< / html>

These are the essential code to display the message Hello Java ! onto the screen. Novice
programmer may be puzzled with so many new lines, but this is just for an adventure, actual
understanding will take place in due time. This applet will be edited in the same fashion as
Application. The name of the applets will be same as the public class ( here HelloJava.java ).
The program then can be compiled using javac in the same manner as an Application is
compiled. The Java compiler produces a file named HelloJava.class .
How to run the Java applet : Before going to run the Java applet, we have to create an HTML
document to host it. In HTML, type this few line through any editor (don�t worry, everything will
be discussed in detail).

< applet code = HelloJava.class width =200 height =100> < / app
let >
This is the minimum HTML Page for running the Java Applet HelloJava. Save this file by giving a
name HelloJava.html (the name of the file should be same as the name of the class and
extension must be html ).
Afte the HTML page is prepared, the applet is ready for execution.If you have any browser ( like
HotJava or Netscape), invoke this browser, open the HTML file and click then RUN button on it.
Other way, the JDK includes a program appletviewer which also can be used to run the applet.
Type the following command on command line:
appletviewer HelloJava.html.

NOTE:
Figure 2.1 represents the basic components in any Java applet : Let us
explain the various parts in context of the applet HelloJava :
Part 1: HelloJava imports two classes, namely :
java.awt.Graphics;
java.applet.Applet;
The different classes that can be imported will be discussed in due
time.
Part 2:Name of the applet HelloJava is placed in place
of NewAppletName.
Part 3 : There are no variable declared and used in this applet . This
part is hence, optional.
Part 4:Only one method vide public void paint( Graphics g ) is
declared in this applet which is defined with a function drawString
(��) ; this function is defined in Graphics.class.
Here, Part 4 is the main component in any applet. This includes the
various method(s) which actually defines the applet. These methods are
responsible for interacting between the browser and applet. In fact, no
user defined routines are required to define an applet. There are number
of routines available in the class Applet. Programmer can use these or
can override these function. Following Section 2.2.1 gives an idea
about these methods
 Figure 2.1 Basic Structure of an applet

Illustration 2.12 :
/* A "Hello, World" Applet*/
// Demonstration_22.java

import java.applet.*;
import java.awt.*;

public class Demonstration_22 extends Applet {

public void paint (Graphics g) {
g.drawString ("Hello World", 25, 50);
}
}
}

// Html code
< html>
< title>The Hello, World Applet< / title>
< hr>
< applet code = "Demonstration_22.class" width = "320" height = "120">
If your browser was Java-enabled, a "Hello, World"
message would appear here.
< / applet>
< hr>
< / html>

Basic Methods in Applet

There is a number of applet member functions are define in java.applet.Applet class. These
applet methods are very much useful to define any applet. During the building of an applet, a
programmer can override them, of course, some methods can not be allowed for overriding.
Another point is there, these method be called in an applet in a given order. These methods are
briefly discussed in the order in which they should be placed in an applet.
Public void init ( )

The init ( ) method gets called first. This member function is called only once and is called at the
time the applet is created and first loaded into Java-enabled browser (such as the appletviewer ).

Illustration 2.13
/* Resize Applet Window Example*/
// Demonstration_23.java

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;

public class Demonstration_23 extends Applet{

public void paint(Graphics g){

/*
* To resize an applet window use,
* void resize(int x, int y) method of an applet class.
*/
resize(300,300);
g.drawString("Window has been resized to 300,300", 50, 50);
}

// Html code
< html>
< title>The Hello, World Applet< / title>
< hr>
 < applet code = "Demonstration_23.class" width = "200" height = "200">
< / applet>
< hr>
< / html>

One can pass number of information to an applet through HTML document by init( )
method. Illustration 2.14 is such an attempt.

Illustration 2.14 // Use of init( ) to pass value

through HTML to applet //

import java .awt . *;

import java.applet. * ;

public class RectangleTest extends applet {

int x, y, w, h;
public void init ( ) {

x = Integer.parseInt(get Parameter (� xValue� ));

y = Integer.parseInt(get Parameter (� yValue� ));

w = Integer.parseInt(get Parameter (� wValue� ));

h = Integer.parseInt(get Parameter (� hValue� ));

}

public void paint ( Graphics g ) {

g.drawRect (x, y, w, h );
}
}

Corresponding HTML document containing this applet and providing parameter values is
mentioned as below :
< applet code = � RectangleTest� width = 150 height = 100 >
< param name = xValue value = 20 >
< param name = yValue value = 40 >
< param name = wValue value = 100>
< param name = hValue value = 50 >
Observe, how < param �.> tag and getParameter (String S ) ( defined in Applet Class ) can be
used. It is not necessary that getParameter(..) should be in the same order as parameter
values passed in HTML; also if some parameter is not available, getParameter(..) will
return a default value which is null.

Public void start()

The start() method called after the init() method; it starts the applet. Suppose this method is
overriden in an applet MusicApp. class :

public void start ( ) {

is Stopped = false ;
// Start the music //.
MusicClip.play ( ); // This is defined in some
where.
}

Suppose, this applet is loaded in an HTML file, and that HTML document is displayed on the
screen; there is a link point on the document for the applet. If we click this link point ( by mouse )
then this applet will start its working. With the help of this function, then an applet can be called
multiple times if the user keeps leaving and returning to the HTML document. It can be noted
that, init() is called once - the first time an applet is loaded, start() is called each time the
applet�s link is activated. Actual illustration of start() method will take place after
discussing Thread and Event.
Public void stop()
The stop() method stops the applet running. This method is called when the browser wishes to
stop executing the document or whenever the user leaves the applet. This method can be
overriden in an applet, an example includes as below :

public void stop ( ) {

is Stopped = true;
if ( / * music is playing ? */) {
// Stop the music
MusicClip.stop ( ) // This should be define i
n some where }
}

Public void paint(Graphics g)

This method can be overriden in applet. Whenever browser needs to redraw the applet. A
number of graphics methods are defined in java.awt.Graphics which can be included in this
method to define it. What are the different graphics drawing method is available will be discussed
during the discussion of Graphics in Java (Chapter 7, Part II and Chapter 4, Part III).
Public void destroy( )

This method is called when the browser determines that the applets need to be remove
completely from memory. The java.applet.Applet class does nothing in this member function, In
the applet class (derived class ), therefore, user should override this method to do final cleanup
and freeing any resources holding the ceased applet. Detail use of this method will be illustrated
during the discussion of Multi-threading in Java (Chapter 6, Part II).

Illustration 2.15

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Color;
import java.awt.Graphics;

public class Demonstration_24 extends Applet {

public void init() {
// Here we change the default grey color background of an
// applet to yellow background.
setBackground(Color.YELLOW);
}

public void paint(Graphics g) {

g.setColor(Color.BLACK);
g.drawString("Applet background example", 0, 50);
}
}

// Html code
< html>
< title>The Hello, World Applet< / title>
< hr>
< applet code = "Demonstration_24.class" width = "200" height = "200">
< / applet>
< hr>
< / html>
Illustration 2.16

/* Specifying Applet Parameters*/

public void init () {

String squareSizeParam = getParameter ("squareSize");
parseSquareSize (squareSizeParam);
String colorParam = getParameter ("color");
Color fg = parseColor (colorParam);
setBackground (Color.black);
setForeground (fg);
}

private void Demonstration_25 (String param) {

if (param == null) return;
try {
squareSize = Integer.parseInt (param);
} catch (Exception e) {
// Let default value remain
}
}

// Html code
< html>
< title> The Hello, World Applet < / title>
< hr>
< applet code = " Demonstration_25.class" width = "480" height = "320">
< param name = "color" value = "blue">
< param name = "squaresize" value = "30">
< / applet>
< hr>
< / html>

Illustration 2.17

/* Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool:*/

import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class Demonstration_26 extends Applet{

public void paint(Graphics g){

g.drawString("welcome to applet",150,150);
}

/*
< applet code="Demonstration_26.class" width="300" height="300">
< / applet>
*/

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt:

c:\>javac Demonstration_21.java
c:\>appletviewer Demonstration_21.java

Differences between applet and Application

In ths Section, we will find the technical differences between applet and Application. As we
illustrated earlier, a Java interpreter is a class that the Java Application is a class that the Java
interpreter knows is going to have a specific method in it called main( ), which it looks for when it
tries to run the Application. On the other hand, a Java applet is a specific kind of application that
is run from the browser (like HotJava, Netscape, appletviewer (known also as a mini browser )),
rather than having a single main( ) method, a Java applet instead implements a set of methods
that deal with of how to interact with the browser and applet.
Another technical difference between applet and Application stem from the context in which they
run. A Java Application runs in the simplest possible environment - its only input from the outside
world is a list of command line parameters. On the other hand, a Java applet needs a lot of
information from environment; it needs to know when it is initialized, when and where to draw
itself in the browser window, and when it is activated or deactivated. As a consequence of these
two very different execution environments, applet and Application have different minimum
requirement.
The major technical differences are summarized in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1
Technical Point Java Application Java applet

Method expected by the JVM main ( ) - start up routine No main ( ) but some
methods

Environment Inputs Only command line Parameters are embedded

parameters in the host HTML
document

Distribution Loaded from the file system Java application and

or by a custom class transported via HTTP
loading process

Memory requirement Minimal Java application Java application plus

requirement browser
memory requirement

User Graphics It is optional It is inherently graphical

Now, here the question that arises is to decide whether we write an applet or an Application to
develop an application in Java. Java applets are preferred when graphical user interface is
desirable, Java Applications are preferred over applets when graphical displays are undesirable.
Java Applications are found in building applications for network servers, consumer electronic etc.
(when no graphical displays is involved ). On the other hand to prepare Web document, where
huge graphical display may involved, and which are to be transported through the Internet,
applets are the good solutions.
So for size and complexity are concerned, there is no limit to the size or complexity of the both
kind of applications, however, with the Internet where communication speed is limited and down
load times are long, most Java applets are small by necessity.

Practice questions
Practice 2.1
/*
One more simple Java Application. This application computes square root */
//Edit SquareRoot.java

import java.lang.Math;
class SquareRoot{
public static void main (String args[ ]) {
 double x = 45; // Variable declaration and initialization
double y; // Declaration of another variable
y = Math.sqrt(x);
System.out.println("Square root of "+ x +"=" + y);
}
}
Is the compilation successful? What is the output?
Practice 2.2
/*
Example java program without any class
*/
// Edit HelloNoClass.java

public static void main (String args[ ] ) {

System.out.println( "Hello Classless Java!]);
}

Type following two commands to run the HelloNoClass.java Application:

javac HelloNoClass.java // To compile

java HelloNoClass // To run the program

Is the compilation successful? What is about the execution?

Practice 2.3
/*
Application with more than one classes within same java file
*/
//Edit PeopleApp.java
class FirstClass {
int idNo;
idNo = 555;
public static void print( ) {
System.out.println ( " First Class citizen" + idNo );
 }
}

class SecondClass {
int idNo;
idNo = 111;
public static void print( ) {
System.out.println ( " Second Class citizen " + idNo) ;
}
}
public class PeopleApp {
FirstClass female;
SecondClass male;
public static void main( String args[ ] ) {
System.out.print("People from Java World");
female.print( );
male.print( );
}
}
(This problem has a minor mistake. Identify the mistake and then write the correct
code.)

Practice 2.4
/*
Application with more than one class in separate java file
*/
//Edit AnotherFirstClass.java
class AnotherFirstClass {
static int idNo = 777;
public static void print( ) {
System.out.println ( " First Class citizen" + idNo );
}
}
//Edit AnotherSecondClass.java
class AnotherSecondClass {
 static int idNo = 888;
public static void print( ) {
System.out.println ( " Second Class citizen " + idNo) ;
}
}

//Edit AnotherPeopleApp.java

public class AnotherPeopleApp {

public static void main( String args[ ] ) {
AnotherFirstClass female = new AnotherFirstClass();
AnotherSecondClass male = new AnotherSecondClass();
System.out.print("People from Java World");
female.print( );
male.print( );
}
}
What is the output?
Practice 2.5
/*
This program passes inputs to the Application through command line arguments
*/
// CommnadLineInputTest.java

class CommnadLineInputTest{
public static void main(String args[ ] ) {
int count;
String aString;
count = args.length;

System.out.println( "Number of arguments ="+ count);

for(int i = 0; i < count; i++) {

aString = args[0];
System.out.println( "args["+i+"]"+"="+ aString);
}
 }
}
Type following two commands to run the CommandLineInputTest.java Application :
javac CommandLineInputTest.java
java CommandLineInputTest Kolkata Chennai Mumbai Delhi Goa

What is the output?

Practice 2.6
/*
This is a Java Application to read a number from the standard input * and display
the number.
*/
// ReadNumber.java

import java.io.*;

class ReadNumber{
public static void main(String args[ ] ) {
Float number1 = new Float(0);
Float number2 = new Float(0);

DataInputStream in = new DataInputStream(System.in);

String tempString;

System.out.print("Enter a number: ");

System.out.flush();
tempString = in.readLine();
number1 = Float.valueOf(tempString);

System.out.print("Enter another number: ");

System.out.flush();
tempString = in.readLine();
number2 = Float.valueOf(tempString);

System.out.println("Number 1: "+number1);
System.out.println("Number 2: "+number2);
 }
What is the output?
Practice 2.7
/* while loop example */
class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
int count = 1;
while (count < 11) {
System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
count++;
}
}
}

What is the output?

Practice 2.8
/* DoWhile loop example */
class DoWhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
int count = 1;
do {
System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
count++;
} while (count <= 11);
}
}

What is the output?

Practice 2.9
/* while loop example */
class WhileDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
int count = 1;
while (count < 11) {
System.out.println("Count is: " + count);
 count++;
}
}
}

What is the output?

Practice 2.10
/* For loop example */
class ForDemo {
public static void main(String[] args){
for(int i=1; i<11; i++){
System.out.println("Count is: " + i);
}
}
}

What is the output?

Practice 2.9
/* Loop example with continue */
class Continue {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
System.out.print(i + " ");
if (i%2 == 0) continue;
System.out.println("");
}
}
}

What is the output?

Practice 2.11
/* Loop example with break*/
class BreakLoop {
public static void main(String args[]) {
for(int i=0; i<100; i++) {
 if(i == 10) break; // terminate loop if i is 10
System.out.println("i: " + i);
}
System.out.println("Loop complete.");
}
}

what is the output?

Practice 2.12
/* Test for primes */
class FindPrime {
public static void main(String args[]) {
int num;
boolean isPrime = true;
num = 14;
for(int i=2; i <= num/2; i++) {
if((num % i) == 0) {
isPrime = false;
break;
}
}
if(isPrime) System.out.println("Prime");
else System.out.println("Not Prime");
}
}
what is the output?
Practice 2.13
/* Menu selection using do-while and switch-case */
class Menu {
public static void main(String args[]) throws java.io.IOException {
char choice;
do {
System.out.println("Help on:");
System.out.println(" 1. if");
System.out.println(" 2. switch");
System.out.println(" 3. while");
System.out.println(" 4. do-while");
System.out.println(" 5. for\n");
System.out.println("Choose one:");
choice = (char) System.in.read();
} while( choice < '1' || choice > '5');

System.out.println("\n");
switch(choice) {
case '1':
System.out.println("The if:\n");
System.out.println("if(condition) statement;");
System.out.println("else statement;");
break;
case '2':
System.out.println("The switch:\n");
System.out.println("switch(expression) {");
System.out.println(" case constant:");
System.out.println(" statement sequence");
System.out.println(" break;");
System.out.println(" // ...");
System.out.println("}");
break;
case '3':
System.out.println("The while:\n");
System.out.println("while(condition) statement;");
break;
case '4':
System.out.println("The do-while:\n");
System.out.println("do {");
System.out.println(" statement;");
System.out.println("} while (condition);");
break;
case '5':
System.out.println("The for:\n");
System.out.print("for(init; condition; iteration)");
System.out.println(" statement;");
 break;
}
}
}

what is the output?

Practice 2.14
/* Example of recursion */
class Recursion {
public static void main(String args[]) {
myMethod(10); // pass positive integer
}

void myMethod( int counter)

{
if(counter == 0)
return;
else
{
System.out.println("hello" + counter);
myMethod(--counter);
System.out.println(""+counter);
return;
}
}
}

what is the output?

Assignment
Q: Write java program to calculate the Square of a number.
Q: Write java program to add two numbers, take input as command line
argument.
Q: Write java program to multiply two numbers, numbers should be taken
from standard input.
Q: Write Java program to read the three integers a, b and c from the
keyboard and then print the largest value read.
Q: Write a Java Application to read the name of a student (studentName),
roll Number (rollNo) and marks (totalMarks) obtained. rollNo may be an
alphanumeric string. Display the data as read..
Q: Write Java program to calculate the perimeter and the area of the circle.
The radius of the circle is taken as user input. Use to different functions
to calculate the perimeter and area. Define the value of PI as class
constant.
Q: Write a program to check the number is even or odd. Input is taken from
keyboard.
Q: Write a program to find out the number of days in a month using switch-
case. Month number and year is taken as input through keyboard.
Q: Write java program to calculate the Sum of the square of first 10 integers.
Q: Write java program to calculate the Factorial of a 10 (iteratively and
recursively).
Q: Write a program to calculate the grade of a student. There are five
subjects. Marks in each subject are entered from keyboard. Assign grade
based on the following rule:
Total Marks >= 90 Grade: Ex
90 > Total Marks >= 80 Grade: A
80 > Total Marks >= 70 Grade: B
70 > Total Marks >= 60 Grade: C
60 > Total Marks Grade: F

Q&A
Q: Why are there no global variables in java?
A: Global variables are considered bad form for a variety of reasons: adding state
variables breaks referential transparency, state variables lessen the cohesion
of a program.
Q: What is Dynamic Method Dispatch?
A: Dynamic method dispatch is the mechanism by which a call to an overridden
function is resolved at run time, rather than at compile time.
Q: What is the use of bin and lib in JDK?
A: Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer, awt tool etc. whereas lib
contains API and all packages.
Q: What are the different types of casting?
A: There are two types of casting

• Casting between primitive numeric types

• Casting between object references
Casting between numeric types is used to convert larger values into smaller
values. For e.g. double values to byte values.
Casting between object references helps you refer to an object by a compatible
class, interface, or array type reference.
Q: What is heap in Java?
A: Java is fully Object oriented language. It has two phases first one is
Compilation phase and second one is interpretation phase.
 The Compilation phase convert the java file to class file (byte code is only
readable format of JVM) than interpretation phase interoperate the class file
line by line and give the proper result.
Q: What type of parameter passing does Java support?
A: In Java the arguments are always passed by value.
Q: What is garbage collection?
A: If no reference to an object, that object is assumed to be no longer needed,
and the memory occupied by the object can be reclaimed.This is known as
garbage collection
Q: Describe the Garbage Collection process in Java?
A: The JVM spec mandates automatic garbage collection outside of the
programmer�s control.
The System.gc() or Runtime.gc() is merely a suggestion to the JVM to run the
GC process but is NOT guaranteed.
Q: How do you traverse through a collection using its Iterator?
A: To use an iterator to traverse through the contents of a collection, follow these
steps:

• Obtain an iterator to the start of the collection by calling the collection’s

iterator() method.
• Set up a loop that makes a call to hasNext(). Have the loop iterate as long as
hasNext() returns true.
• Within the loop, obtain each element by calling next().
Q: What are the main implementations of the List interface ?
A: The main implementations of the List interface are as follows :

• ArrayList : Resizable-array implementation of the List interface. The best

all-around implementation of the List interface.
• Vector : Synchronized resizable-array implementation of the List
interface with additional "legacy methods."
• LinkedList : Doubly-linked list implementation of the List interface. May
provide better performance than the ArrayList implementation if
elements are frequently inserted or deleted within the list. Useful for
queues and double-ended queues (deques).

Q: What are the advantages of ArrayList over arrays ?

A: Some of the advantages ArrayList has over arrays are:

• It can grow dynamically

• It provides more powerful insertion and search mechanisms than arrays.
Q: Why insertion and deletion in ArrayList is slow compared to LinkedList ?
A: • ArrayList internally uses and array to store the elements, when that array
gets filled by inserting elements a new array of roughly 1.5 times the size of the
original array is created and all the data of old array is copied to new array.
• During deletion, all elements present in the array after the deleted elements
have to be moved one step back to fill the space created by deletion. In linked
list data is stored in nodes that have reference to the previous node and the
next node so adding element is simple as creating the node an updating the
next pointer on the last node and the previous pointer on the new node.
Deletion in linked list is fast because it involves only updating the next pointer
 in the node before the deleted node and updating the previous pointer in the
node after the deleted node.
Q: How do you decide when to use ArrayList and When to use LinkedList?
A: If you need to support random access, without inserting or removing elements
from any place other than the end, then ArrayList offers the optimal collection.
If, however, you need to frequently add and remove elements from the middle
of the list and only access the list elements sequentially, then LinkedList offers
the better implementation.
Q: What are the main Implementations of the Set interface ?
A: The main implementations of the List interface are as follows:
HashSet
TreeSet
LinkedHashSet
EnumSet

Q: What Are the different Collection Views That Maps Provide?

A: Maps Provide Three Collection Views.
Key Set - allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of keys.
Values Collection - allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of values.
Entry Set - allow a map's contents to be viewed as a set of key-value mappin
gs.

Q: What is String subsequence method?

A: Java 1.4 introduced Char Sequence interface and String implements this
interface, this is the only reason for the implementation of sub Sequence
method in String class.
Internally it invokes the String substring method.
Q: What are different ways to create String Object?
A: We can create String Object using new operators like any normal java class or
we can use double quotes to create a String object.
There are several constructors available in String class to get String from char
array, byte array, StringBuffer and StringBuilder.
Q: Can we use String in switch case?
A: Java 7 extended the capability of switch case to use Strings also, earlier
versions doesn't support this.
Q: How to convert String to byte array and vice versa?
A: We can use String getBytes() method to convert String to byte array and we
can use String constructor new String(byte[] arr) to convert byte array to String.
Q: How do you check if two Strings are equal in Java?
A: There are two ways to check if two Strings are equal or not � using "=="
operator or using equals method.
When we use "==" operator, it checks for value of Strings as well as reference
but in our programming, most of the time we are checking equality of String for
value only.
So we should use equal method to check if two Strings are equal or not.
Q: Difference between String, StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
A: When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a string equal
to this string object as determined by the equal (Object) method, then the string
from the pool is returned.
Otherwise, this String object is added to the pool and a reference to this String
object is returned.
These method always return a String that has the same contents as this string,
but is guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings.