Sensitizer, Dose,

Year Author Study Cells US source Results Analysis

Uptake time
Cell viability: (immediate after treatment) -Cell viability assays
Nanoparticle titanium dioxide Unfocused US, SONIDEL SP100 (d=15 mm) - TiO2: not found after 24 h. -Apoptosis detection (ApopNexinTM FITC Apoptosis
C32 melanoma (TiO2) 1MHz, 0.3, 0.5, 1 W/cm2, -US: 97±2.3 % (0.3 W/cm2), 96.6±0.9% (0.5 W/cm2) and 92.4±2.1% (1 Detection Kit)
IN VITRO
9x104 cells/well 20 µL (0.025% w/w) 5Hz, 50%, 10 s W/cm2). -Scanning electron microscopy
1h H=1 mm (US coupling gel) -SDT: 95.3±0.4% (0.3 W/cm2), 80.9±9.5% (0.5 W/cm2) and 53.6±1.8% (1 -Transmission electron microscopic examination
2011 Harada et al. 1 W/cm2). - energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.
Unfocused US, Sonitron 1000 (d=6 mm) -Transmission electron microscopic examination and
TiO2
C32 1MHz, 1 W/cm2, Tumor growth: (Day 21) energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis.
10 µL (0.5% w/w) -Histopathology of tumors
IN VIVO 6
2x10 cell/animal 50%, 2 min -US or TiO2 alone: Unchanged as compared to untreated mice.
Intratumoral
Balb/c athymic nude H=1 mm (US coupling gel) -SDT: Significant inhibition compared with untreated mice.
SDT: 5 times c/48h
Unfocused US (d=40 mm) Tumor inhibition: (Day 11) -Evaluation of anti-tumor efficacy
B16F10 5-ALA 1.1MHz, 2 W/cm2, -5-ALA: Unchanged as compared to untreated mice. -Histology
2014 Wang et al. 2 IN VIVO 1x106 cell/animal 250 mg/kg 100Hz, 10%, 5 min -US: 31.36% -Computer-aided morphological analysis
Balb/c athymic nude -SDT: 59.89%
Intraperitoneal, 4h H=20 cm (degassed water)
SDT: 2 a week for 2 weeks
5-ALA Unfocused US Cell viability: (after 24h) -MicroRNA inhibition, transfection, and SDT treatment
B16F10
IN VITRO 1 mM 1.1MHz, 1 W/cm2, in vitro
50% confluence in 35 mm
-Western blotting
dishes. 4h 100Hz, 10%, 10 min -Intracellular ROS measurement
2015 Zheng et al. 3
5-ALA Unfocused US Tumor inhibition: -TUNEL assay for apoptotic cells
B16F10
IN VIVO 200 mg/kg 1.1MHz, 1 W/cm2, (Day 11) -Immunohistochemical staining
1x105 cell/animal
-MicroRNA microarray analysis
Balb/c athymic nude Intraperitoneal, 4h 100Hz, 10%, 10 min -Real-time PCR
Unfocused US, SONIDEL SP100 Cell viability: (after 24h) -Cell viability (MTT assay)
B16-F10-Luc2 Rose Bengal -DPBF measurements
1MHz, 3 W/cm2 SDT:60%
IN VITRO 5x103 cell/well (24h) 100 µL (0.5 µM)
100Hz, 50%, 1 min
3h
H=1 mm (US coupling gel)
2016 McEwan et al. 4 Unfocused US, SONIDEL SP100 PDT:400% TI -Animal wight
Rose Bengal
B16-F10-Luc2 1MHz, 3.5 W/cm2, SDT: reached 120% TI -Tumor volume (Day 6 after treatment)
100 µL (100 µM)
IN VIVO 3x105 cell/animal 100Hz, 30%, 10 min
Intratumoral, 4h
Balb/c athymic nude H=20 cm (degassed water)
SDT: 3 a week for 1 week
5-ALA Unfocused US (d=35 mm) -Simulation using CONSOL
HUVEC´s -Evaluation of antitumor effect.
1 mM 0.87 MHz, 0.6 W/cm2,
IN VITRO 2nd to - histology
4h 100Hz, 60%, 1 min
5th passage - western blotting
H=10 mm (Cylindrical aluminum part)
- survival analysis.
2018 Peng et al. 5 -immunofluorescence staining,
Unfocused US (d=5 mm)
5-ALA -immunohistochemical staining
B16F10 1 MHz, 0.8 W/cm2, -Transmission electron microscopy,
250 mg/kg
IN VIVO 1x106 cell/animal 100Hz, 10%, 5 min -Reverse transcription‐semi‐quantitative polymerase
Balb/c athymic nude 4h
H=1 mm (coupling gel) chain
Intraperitoneal
SDT: 2 a week for 2 weeks reaction (RT‐sqPCR).
-Computer‐aided morphological analysis.
Unfocused US -C540 (B16/F10) cell viability, MTT assay after 24h do
C540 (B16/F10) Nanocomposite (NiFe2O4/C) tratamento.
1 MHz, 1 W/cm2,
IN VITRO 1x104 cell/well 10, 25, 50, 100 µg/mL -Detection of intracellular ROS production
10, 50, 100%, 1 min
4h
2019 Gorgizadeh et al. 6 H=1 mm (coupling gel)
C540 (B16/F10) NiFe2O4/C Unfocused US Histological analyses of tumor tissues. (4 tipos de grado
IN VIVO 1.3x106 cell/animal 1mg/mL, 10 mg/Kg 1 MHz, 1 W/cm2, de necrosis). After 24 h
Balb/c inbred mice Intratumoral 100%, 1 min
Polypyrrole-coated multiwalled Unfocused US (d=4 cm) - Cell viability measurements
C540 (B16/F10) carbon nanotubes composite 1 MHz, 1 W/cm2, -Detection of intracellular ROS generation
IN VITRO 1.5x104 cell/well (PPy@MWCNTs) 100%, 1 min
5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 250 mg/mL H=1 mm (coupling gel)
4h SDT: 4 sessions, interval 1h
2020 Behzadpour et al. 7
Unfocused US (d=4 cm) - Detection of ROS generation in the tumor tissues of
C540 (B16/F10) PPy@MWCNTs 1 MHz, 1 W/cm2, mice.
IN VIVO 1.3x106 cell/animal 1mg/mL, 10 mg/Kg 100%, 1 min - Histologic analysis of the tumor tissues
Balb/c inbred mice Intratumoral H=1 mm (coupling gel)
SDT: 4 sessions, interval 1h
Two unfocused US
Methylene Blue (MB)
1 MHz (5 cm2, 0.5 W/cm2, 0.5-20 min)
nanoliposomes.
2021 Adelnia et al. 8 IN VITRO B16-F10 40 kHz (6 cm2, 0.24 W/cm2, 0.5-20 min)
30 μmol/L
H=1 cm (degassed water tank)
10 min

Unfocused US, Ultra- -Ce6 molecules do not aggregate in cancer cells with low pH or when exposed - Cell viability assessment (Presto Blue test assay)
Melanoma A375 cell Ce6 sonic Q-SONICA system to US. -Spectroscopic measurements
Dadadzhanova et
2022 IN VITRO 4x105 cell/well 2x10-5 M 20 kHz, 0.083 W/cm2, 10 s -US at this intensity and frequency itself does not lead to the destruction of
al. 9
24 h H=1 mm (coupling gel) cancer cells, for which also Ce6 molecules are needed.
SDT: 4 sessions, interval 1h
 Carbon dots/polypyrrole Unfocused US -Cell viability (MTT assay)
C540 (B16/F10) nanocomposite (C/PPy) 1 MHz, 1 W/cm2, 50, 100% 1 min - Intracellular ROS production (DCFH)
2022 Gorgizadeh et al. 10 IN VITRO 1.5x104 cell/well - Apoptosis analysis
10, 25, 50, 100 μg/mL H=1 mm (coupling gel)
4h
AuSiO2 nanoparticles and -Cell viability (MTT assay)
215X Ultrasound (7 cm2)
dacarbazine (DTI- -Apoptosis assay by flow cytometry
B16-F10 1 MHz, 0.5-2 W/cm2, 50, 100%, 1 min
2022 Esmailzadeh et al. 11 IN VITRO C@AuSiO2)
1.5x104 cell/well H=17 cm (degassed water tank)
1, 5, 10, 15, 20 mg/mL
24 h
Unfocused US (d=4 cm)
Au-PTX NPs
C540 (B16/F10) 1 MHz, 1 W/cm2, 100%, 1 min
2022 Zahraie et al. IN VITRO 6, 15, 30, 60 μg/mL
1x104 cell/well D=1 mm (coupling gel)
1h

1. Harada, Y. et al. Ultrasound activation of TiO2 in melanoma tumors. Journal of Controlled Release 149, 190–195 (2011).

2. Wang, S. et al. 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-mediated Sonodynamic Therapy Reverses Macrophage and Dendritic Cell Passivity in Murine Melanoma Xenografts. Ultrasound Med Biol 40, 2125–2133 (2014).

3. Hu, Z. et al. 5-Aminolevulinic acid-mediated sonodynamic therapy induces anti-tumor effects in malignant melanoma via p53-miR-34a-Sirt1 axis. J Dermatol Sci 79, 155–162 (2015).

4. McEwan, C. et al. Comparing the efficacy of photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy in non-melanoma and melanoma skin cancer. Bioorg Med Chem 24, 3023–3028 (2016).

5. Peng, Y., Jia, L., Wang, S., Cao, W. & Zheng, J. Sonodynamic therapy improves anti.tumor immune effect by increasing the infiltration of CD8+ T cells and altering tumor blood vessels in murine B16F10 melanoma xenograft. Oncol Rep 40, 2163–2170 (2018).

6. Gorgizadeh, M. et al. Sonodynamic cancer therapy by a nickel ferrite/carbon nanocomposite on melanoma tumor: In vitro and in vivo studies. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 27, 27–33 (2019).

7. Behzadpour, N., Ranjbar, A., Azarpira, N. & Sattarahmady, N. Development of a Composite of Polypyrrole-Coated Carbon Nanotubes as a Sonosensitizer for Treatment of Melanoma Cancer Under Multi-Step Ultrasound Irradiation. Ultrasound Med Biol 46, 2322–2334 (2020).

8. Adelnia, A., Mokhtari-Dizaji, M., Hoseinkhani, S. & Bakhshandeh, M. The effect of dual-frequency ultrasound waves on B16F10 melanoma cells: Sonodynamic therapy using nanoliposomes containing methylene blue. Skin Research and Technology 27, 376–384 (2021).

9. Dadadzhanova, A. et al. Sonodynamic effect in A375 melanoma cells with chlorin e6 induced by 20 kHz ultrasound. J Phys D Appl Phys 55, (2022).

10. Gorgizadeh, M., Zahraie, N., Behzadpour, N., Vais, R. D. & Sattarahmady, N. Carbon dots/polypyrrole nanocomposite as a sonosensitizer for treatment of melanoma tumor. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 128, 1–11 (2022).

11. Esmailzadeh, A., Shanei, A., Attaran, N., Hejazi, S. H. & Hemati, S. Sonodynamic Therapy Using Dacarbazine-Loaded AuSiO2 Nanoparticles for Melanoma Treatment: An In-Vitro Study on the B16F10 Murine Melanoma Cell Line. Ultrasound Med Biol 48, 1131–1142 (2022).