Class 9th History Full Chapter Explanation

Class - IX
Notes
Complete
History
Crafted with love #Together we can, we will
By Digraj Singh Rajput
Use code - DIGRAJ
● To get maximum discount on all unacademy
subscriptions.
(CBSE 6 to 12 / IIT-JEE / NEET-UG / CA-CS / CUET / CLAT / NDA / UPSC)
● Fill the form given below before taking admission at

the unacademy offline centres and get additional
discount on all courses.
Click here for form link
Class 10th - History
The French Revolution
Full Chapter Explanation
Class 9th - History - The French Revolution - Full Chapter Explanation
Flashback of the chapter
Event of 14 July 1789
Outbreak of French revolution and storming of Bastille.

Storming of the Bastille.
Soon after the demolition of the
Bastille, artists made prints
Explain
commemorating the event.
French Society during the Late Eighteenth Century
Event of 14 July 1789
● In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended

the throne of France.
● Married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.
● Upon his accession the new king found an empty treasury.
Why?
A Society of Estates.
Note that within the Third Estate
some were rich and others poor.
Reasons for the empty treasury?
● Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France.

● The cost of maintaining an extravagant court at the immense palace of Versailles.
● France helped the thirteen American colonies to gain their independence from the common
enemy, Britain.
● The war added more than a billion livres to a debt that had already risen to more than 2
billion livres.
● Lenders who gave the state credit, now began to charge 10 per cent interest on loans.
● Regular expenses, such as the cost of maintaining an army, the court, running government
offices or universities.
∴ The state was forced to increase taxes.

French society in eighteenth century Feudal society Old regime (Before 1789)
French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three

estates, and only members of the third estate paid taxes.
1st State + 2nd State = Enjoyed certain privileges by birth.
● The most important of these was exemption from paying taxes to the state.
● The nobles further enjoyed feudal privileges.
● These included feudal dues, which they extracted from the peasants.
3rd State = Peasants were obliged to render services to the lord - to work in his house
and fields - to serve in the army or to participate in building roads.
Taxes
Tithe A tax levied by the church, comprising one-tenth of the

agricultural produce.
+
Taille Tax to be paid directly to the state.
+
A number of indirect taxes which were levied on articles of
everyday consumption like salt or tobacco.
Analyse
The Struggle to Survive: Subsistence Crisis
What is subsistence crisis?
An extreme situation where the basic Reasons

means of livelihood are endangered.
Rapid increase in the demand for foodgrains.

Increase in population X
[23 million in 1715 to 28 million in 1789] Production of grains could not keep pace with
the demand.
Impact
Decline in production + Drought or Hail
● The price of bread which was Further reduced the harvest.

the staple diet of the majority
rose rapidly.
● Wages did not keep pace with
the rise in prices.
● Gap between the poor and the
rich widened.
Subsistence crisis
A Growing Middle Class Envisages an End to Privileges
Peasants and Workers Participated in revolt against increasing taxes and food scarcity.
But only a section within the third estate became prosperous and educated.
Prosperous Educated
Who and How?
Middle class
Prosperous Educated
Who?
● Believed that no group in society should
be privileged by birth.
● A person’s social position must depend on
● Merchant, traders, lawyers, his merit.
manufacturers, etc. ● Society based on freedom and equal laws
and opportunities for all.
How?
Overseas trade and from the Inspired by philosopher

manufacturing of goods.
How?
Role of philosophers
Jean Jacques
John Locke Montesquieu
Rousseau
‘Two treatises of government’ ‘Social Contract’ ‘The spirit of the laws’
● Sought to refute the doctrine ● Form of government based on ● Division of power within
of the divine and absolute social contract between people the government between
right of the monarch. and their representatives. Equal the legislative, the
voting, democratic government. executive and the judiciary.
Impact of these enlightened ideas
● The ideas of these philosophers were discussed intensively in salons and coffee-houses
and spread among people through books and newspapers.
● These were frequently read aloud in groups for the benefit of those who could not
read and write.
Connect with other events Consequences
Louis XVI planned to impose further taxes to be able to meet the expenses of
the state generated anger and protest against the system of privileges.
The Outbreak of the Revolution
Connect with the story
Louis XVI’s plan to increase taxes.
In France of the Old Regime the monarch did not have the power
to impose taxes according to his will alone.
For increasing taxes he had to call a meeting of the Estates

General which would then pass his proposals for new taxes.
What was Estate General?
● The Estates General was a political body to which

the three estates sent their representatives.
● However, the monarch alone could decide when

to call a meeting of this body.
● The last time it was done was in 1614.

5 May 1789 Louis XVI called together an assembly of the Estates General to pass
proposals for new taxes.
Meeting at hall in versailles
● The first and second estates sent 300 representatives each, who were seated in rows facing
each other on two sides.
● The 600 members of the third estate had to stand at the back.
● The third estate was represented by its more prosperous and educated members.
● Peasants, artisans and women were denied entry to the assembly.
● However, their grievances and demands were listed in some 40,000 letters which the
representatives had brought with them.
Tussle in Meeting
Voting in Past According to the principle that each estate had one vote.
This time too Louis XVI was determined to continue the same practice.
x
But members of the third estate demanded that voting now be conducted by the assembly
as a whole, where each member would have one vote.
Outcome The king rejected this proposal.
Members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.

The representatives of third estate assembled in the half of an

20 June, 1789
indoor tennis court in the ground of Versailles.
Why?
● They declared themselves a National Assembly.

● Swore not to disperse till they had drafted a constitution for
France that would limit the powers of the monarch.
The third estate was led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes
Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes
● Was born in a noble family but was ● Originally a priest.

convinced of the need to do away with ● Wrote an influential pamphlet called
a society of feudal privilege. ‘What is the Third Estate’?
● He brought out a journal and delivered
powerful speeches to the crowds
assembled at Versailles.
The third estate was led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes
Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes

Connect the events
● While the National Assembly was busy at Versailles drafting a constitution, the rest of
France seethed with turmoil.
Subsistence Empty
Rising price
crisis treasury
Citizens VS King
● At the same time, the king ordered troops to move into Paris. On 14 July, the agitated crowd
stormed and destroyed the Bastille.
Chateaux
The spread of the Great Fear.

The map shows how bands of peasants spread
from one point to another.
Events in Countryside
● In the countryside rumours spread from village to village that the lords of the manor
had hired bands of brigands who were on their way to destroy the ripe crops.
● Caught in a frenzy of fear, peasants in several districts seized hoes and pitchforks and
attacked chateaux.
● They looted hoarded grain and burnt down documents containing records of manorial
dues.
● A large number of nobles fled from their homes, many of them migrating to
neighbouring countries.
Impact
Faced with the power of his revolting subjects.
● Louis XVI finally accorded recognition to the National Assembly and accepted the
constitution.
Outcome
● On the night of 4 August 1789, the Assembly passed a decree abolishing the
feudal system of obligations and taxes.
● Members of the clergy too were forced to give up their privileges.
● Tithes were abolished and lands owned by the Church were confiscated.
France becomes a Constitutional Monarchy
National Assembly Completed the draft of the constitution in 1791.
● Its main object was to limit the powers of the monarch.
● These powers instead of being concentrated in the hands of one person, were
now separated and assigned to different institutions – the legislature, executive
and judiciary.
● This made France a constitutional monarchy.

The Political system under

the Constitution of 1791.
Elections to national assembly
● National assembly was indirectly elected.

● Citizens voted for a group of electors, who in turn chose the Assembly.
● Not all citizens, however, had the right to vote.
Active Citizens Passive Citizens
● Only men above 25 years of age who paid taxes ● The remaining men and all
equal to at least 3 days of a labourer’s wage were women were classed as passive
given the status of active citizens. citizens.
● They were entitled to vote. ● They were not entitled to vote.
● To qualify as an elector and then as a member of the Assembly, a man had to belong to the
highest bracket of taxpayers.
Constitution of 1791
● The Constitution began with a “Declaration of the

Rights of Man and Citizen”.
● Rights such as the right to life, freedom of speech,
freedom of opinion, equality before law, were
established as ‘natural and inalienable’ rights.
They belonged to each human being by birth and

could not be taken away.
● It was the duty of the state to protect each The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen,
painted by the artist Le Barbier in 1790. The figure
citizen’s natural rights.
on the right represents France. The figure on the
left symbolises the law.
Reading Political Symbols
● The majority of men and women in the eighteenth

century could not read or write.
● So images and symbols were frequently used

instead of printed words to communicate
important ideas.
● The painting by Le Barbier uses many such symbols

to convey the content of the Declaration of Rights.
● The broken chain -

■ Chains were used to fetter slaves.
■ A broken chain stands for the act of becoming free.
● The bundle of rods or fasces -

■ One rod can be easily broken, but not an entire bundle.
■ Strength lies in unity.
● The eye within a triangle radiating light -

■ The all seeing eye stands for knowledge.
■ The rays of the sun will drive away the clouds of
ignorance.
● Sceptre -
■ Symbol of royal power.
● Snake biting its tail to form a ring -

■ Symbol of Eternity.
■ A ring has neither beginning nor end.
● Red Phrygian cap -

■ Cap worn by a slave upon becoming free.
● Blue-white-red -
■ The national colours of France.
● The winged woman -

■ Personification of the law.
● The Law Tablet -

■ The law is the same for all, and all are
equal before it.
France Abolishes Monarchy and Becomes a Republic
Connect the story
Louis XVI: A constitutional monarch
● Although Louis XVI had signed the Constitution, he entered into secret
negotiations with the King of Prussia.
● Rulers of other neighbouring countries too were worried by the Explain
developments in France and made plans to send troops to put down the
events that had been taking place there since the summer of 1789.
Before this could happen, the National Assembly voted in

Outcome
April 1792 to declare war against Prussia and Austria.
War against Austria and Prussia
● Thousands of volunteers thronged from the provinces to

join the army.
● They saw this as a war of the people against kings and

aristocracies all over Europe.
● Among the patriotic songs they sang was the Marseillaise,

composed by the poet Roget de L’Isle.
● It was sung for the first time by volunteers from Marseilles

as they marched into Paris and so got its name.
● The Marseillaise is now the national anthem of France.

The revolutionary wars
Brought losses and economic difficulties to the people.
How?
● While the men were away fighting at the front, women were left to cope with the tasks of
earning a living and looking after their families.
● Large sections of the population were convinced that the revolution had to be carried
further, as the Constitution of 1791 gave political rights only to the richer sections of society.
Impact Emergence of political clubs

Emergence of political club
● Political clubs became an important rallying point for

people who wished to discuss government policies
and plan their own forms of action.
● The most successful of these clubs was that of the

Jacobins, which got its name from the former convent
of St Jacob in Paris.
● Women too, who had been active throughout this

period, formed their own clubs.
Jacobin Club
● The members of the Jacobin club belonged mainly to the less prosperous sections of society.
● They included small shopkeepers, artisans such as shoemakers, pastry cooks, watch-makers,
printers, as well as servants and daily-wage workers.
● Their leader was Maximilien Robespierre.
● A large group among the Jacobins decided to start wearing long
striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers.
Why?
● These Jacobins came to be known as the sans-culottes, literally meaning ‘those without
knee breeches’.
● Sans Culottes men wore in addition the red cap that symbolizes liberty. Women however
were not allowed to do so.
The event of the summer of 1792
● The Jacobins planned an insurrection of a large number of Parisians who were angered by
the short supplies and high prices of food.
● On the morning of August 10 they stormed the Palace of the Tuileries, massacred the king’s
guards and held the king himself as hostage for several hours.
● Later the Assembly voted to imprison the royal family.
Outcome
● Elections were held.

● From now on all men of 21 years and above, regardless of wealth, got the right to vote.
➔ Election were held All men of 21 years above voted Convention
● On 21 September 1792 it abolished the monarchy and declared France a republic.

● There is no hereditary monarchy.
● Louis XVI was sentenced to death by a court

on the charge of treason.
● On 21 January 1793 he was executed publicly
at the Place de la Concorde.
● The queen Marie Antoinette met with the same
fate shortly after.
The Reign of Terror
➔ The period from 1793 to 1794 Reign of terror
How?
● Robespierre followed a policy of severe control and punishment.
● All those whom he saw as being ‘enemies’ of the republic – ex-nobles and clergy, members
of other political parties, even members of his own party who did not agree with his
methods, were arrested, imprisoned and then tried by a revolutionary tribunal.
● If the court found them ‘guilty’ they were guillotined.

Guillotine
➔ What is Guillotine?
● The guillotine is a device consisting of two poles and a

blade with which a person is beheaded.
● It was named after Dr Guillotin who invented it.
Situation during reign of terror
● Robespierre’s government issued laws placing a maximum ceiling on wages and prices. Meat
and bread were rationed.
● Peasants were forced to transport their grain to the cities and sell it at prices fixed by the
government.
● Equality was also sought to be practised through forms of speech and address.
● Instead of the traditional Monsieur (Sir) and Madame (Madam) all French men and women
were henceforth Citoyen and Citoyenne (Citizen).
● Churches were shut down and their buildings converted into barracks or offices.
Impact
Robespierre pursued his policies so relentlessly that

The Reign of Terror
even his supporters began to demand moderation.
Explain
● He was convicted by a court in July 1794.

● Arrested and on the next day sent to the guillotine.
Fall of the Jacobin Government = Rise of the wealthier middle classes
*When Directory
New constitution wasRuled the france
introduced
● Denied the vote to non-propertied sections of society.

● It provided for two elected legislative councils.
● These then appointed a Directory, an executive made up of
Explain
five members.
● This was meant as a safeguard against the concentration of
power in a one-man executive as under the Jacobins.
Paved the way for the rise of a military Political Instability

dictator, Napoleon Bonaparte.
Why?
The French Revolution
Events Ideas
The ideals of freedom, of equality before the law

and of fraternity remained inspiring ideals that
motivated political movements in France and the
rest of Europe during the following century.
Did Women have a Revolution?
Women The role in the revolution.
● They were active participants.

● They hoped that their involvement would pressurise the revolutionary government to introduce
measures to improve their lives.
Why?
● Most women of the third estate had to work for a living.

● Most women did not have access to education or job training.
● Working women had also to care for their families, that is, cook, Outcome
● fetch water, queue up for bread and look after the children.
● Their wages were lower than those of men.
Political situation of the women
● In order to discuss and voice their interests women

started their own political clubs and newspapers. Demanded same political
● The Society of Revolutionary and Republican Women rights as men
was the most famous of them.
● Women were disappointed that the Constitution of 1791 reduced them to passive citizens.
● They demanded the right to vote, to be elected to the Assembly and to hold political office.
Question
Steps taken by the revolutionary government to improve the lives of women.
● With the creation of state schools, schooling was made compulsory for all girls.
● Their fathers could no longer force them into marriage against their will.
● Marriage was made into a contract entered into freely and registered under civil law.
● Divorce was made legal, and could be applied for by both women and men.
● Women could now train for jobs, could become artists or run small businesses.
So, with this women’s struggle for political equality ended?

Women’s struggle for equal political rights, however, continued.
Why?
● During the Reign of Terror, the new government issued laws ordering closure of women’s
clubs and banning their political activities.
● Many prominent women were arrested and a number of them executed.
● They were denied voting rights and equal wages.
Women’s movements for voting rights and equal wages continued. The example of the
political activities of French women during the revolutionary years was kept alive as an
inspiring memory. It was finally in 1946 that women in France won the right to vote.
The Abolition of Slavery
Slavery and Revolution
Old regime 1789 National assembly Jacobin regime Napoleon Rule
Slavery was Slavery was Slavery was

prevelent abolished reintroduced
Debates about abolition, but it

was not abolished.
Why slavery was prevlent?
● The colonies in the Caribbean - Martinique, Guadeloupe and San Domingo - were
important suppliers of commodities such as tobacco, indigo, sugar and coffee.
● But the reluctance of Europeans to go and work in distant and unfamiliar lands meant
a shortage of labour on the plantations.
● So this was met by a triangular slave trade between Europe, Africa and the Americas.
Slave trade
Slave trade
● The slave trade began in the seventeenth century.

● French merchants sailed from the ports of Bordeaux
or Nantes to the African coast, where they bought
slaves from local chieftains.
● Branded and shackled, the slaves were packed tightly
into ships for the three-month long voyage across the
Atlantic to the Caribbean.
● There they were sold to plantation owners.
● The exploitation of slave labour made it possible to
meet the growing demand in European markets for
sugar, coffee, and indigo.
● Port cities like Bordeaux and Nantes owed their
economic prosperity to the flourishing slave trade.
Then how slavery was abolished?
Throughout the eighteenth century there was little criticism of slavery in

Old regime
France.
Debates to abolish slavery were held but national assembly did not pass any
National
Assembly laws, fearing opposition from businessmen whose incomes depended on the
slave trade.
Finally the Convention which in 1794 legislated to free all slaves in the French
Convection
overseas possessions.
In 1804, Napoleon reintroduced slavery Plantation owners understood their

Napoleon Rule
freedom as including the right to enslave African Negroes in pursuit of their
economic interests.
Slavery was finally abolished in French Colonies in 1848
The Revolution and Everyday Life
Can politics change the clothes people wear, the language

they speak or the books they read?
French Revolution did?
The revolutionary governments took it upon themselves to pass laws that would translate
the ideals of liberty and equality into everyday practice.
Explain
Abolition of censorship
● In the Old Regime all written material and cultural activities - books, newspapers,
plays - could be published or performed only after they had been approved by the
censors of the king.
● After the storming of Bastille, the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
proclaimed freedom of speech and expression to be a natural right.
● Newspapers, pamphlets, books and printed pictures flooded the towns of France
from where they travelled rapidly into the countryside.
● They all described and discussed the events and changes taking place in France.
Impact
Abolition of censorship = Freedom of the press
● Meant that opposing views of events could be expressed.
● Each side sought to convince the others of its position through the medium of print.
● Plays, songs and festive processions attracted large numbers of people.
This was one way they could grasp and identify with ideas such as liberty or
justice that political philosophers wrote about at length in texts which only a
handful of educated people could read.
Conclusion
In 1804, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of France.
● He set out to conquer neighbouring European countries, dispossessing

dynasties and creating kingdoms where he placed members of his family.
● Napoleon saw his role as a moderniser of Europe.
How?
He introduced many laws such as the protection of private property and a

uniform system of weights and measures provided by the decimal system.
Rise and Fall of Napoleon
● Initially, many saw Napoleon as a liberator who would bring freedom for the people.
● But soon the Napoleonic armies came to be viewed everywhere as an invading force.
Explain
● He was finally defeated at Waterloo in 1815.
Many of his measures that carried the revolutionary ideas of liberty and modern laws
to other parts of Europe had an impact on people long after Napoleon had left.
French Revolution
● The ideas of liberty and democratic rights were the most

important legacy of the French Revolution.
● These spread from France to the rest of Europe during the

nineteenth century, where feudal systems were abolished.
● Colonised peoples reworked the idea of freedom from bondage

into their movements to create a sovereign nation state.
● Tipu Sultan and Rammohan Roy are two examples of individuals

who responded to the ideas coming from revolutionary France.
Class 9th - History - Socialism in Europe and The Russian Revolution - One Shot Revision
Theme
Socialism in Europe + Russian revolution

French Revolution Ideas, events and its impact.
The age of social change People started discussing the possibility of change.
● However, not everyone in Europe wanted a complete transformation of society.

● Some wanted gradual change, whereas some wanted the change radically.
Conservatives, Liberals or Radicals

Liberals
● Liberals wanted a nation which tolerated all religions. Why?
● Opposed the uncontrolled power of dynastic rulers.
● Wanted to safeguard the rights of individuals against governments.
● Argued for a representative, elected parliamentary government, subject to laws

interpreted by a well-trained judiciary that was independent of rulers and officials.
● However, they were not ‘democrats’. Explain

Radicals
● Radicals wanted a nation in which government was based on the majority of a country’s
population.
● Many supported women’s suffragette movements.
● Unlike liberals, they opposed the privileges of great landowners and wealthy factory owners.
Were they against the private property?
No But disliked concentration of property in the hands of a few.
Why?
Conservatives
● Opposed to radicals and liberals. Why?
Belong to ruling and person in power, didn’t wanted the

change according to the ideas of radicals and liberals.
After French Revolution Conservatives realised the change is inevitable.
Believed that the past had to be respected and change had to be

brought about through a slow process.
Analyse the groups and their role in world politics.

Industrial Society and Social Change
Profound social and economic changes Why?
New cities, new industrialised regions Railways expanded Industrial revolution occurred
Positive Negative
∴ Liberals and Radicals searched for solutions to the negative side of these development.
Explain
➔ Liberals and Radicals themselves were often property owner and employers.
∴ They wanted that efforts should be made to benefit workforce.
Why?
Health Education Productivity Profit
∴ Many working men and women who wanted changes in the world rallied around
liberal and radical groups and parties in the early nineteenth century.
More in social change
● Nationalists, liberals and radicals wanted revolutions to put an end

to the kind of governments established in Europe in 1815.
● Nationalist Demanded nations where all citizens would
have equal rights.
● After 1815, Giuseppe Mazzini, an Italian nationalist, conspired with
others to achieve this in Italy.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Background The coming of socialism to Europe.
What is socialism?
Socialist Against private property Saw it as the roof of all social ills.
Explain
∴ Society as a whole should control the property, so that more attention would be paid to
collective social interest.
Different socialist had different versions of the future.
Some believed in the cooperatives.
Robert Owen (1771 - 1858)

● Sought to build a cooperative community.
● New Harmony in Indiana (U.S.A)
● Through collective individual initiative.
Louis Blanc (1813 - 1882)

● He support government encouraged cooperatives to
replace capitalist enterprise.
● Government should be there to facilitates cooperatives.
➔ Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels further added on the idea of socialism.
Explain
‘Capitalism’ Exploitation of workers
Marx believed that to free themselves from capitalist exploitation,

workers had to construct a radically socialist society where all
property was socially controlled.
Communist Society
Support for socialism
Second International Socialist formed an international body to coordinate their efforts.
In Germany Associations worked closely with the Social Democratic Party

(SPD) and helped it win parliamentary seats.
In Britain By 1905, socialists and trade unionists formed a Labour Party.
In France Socialist party was formed by socialists and trade unionists.
Socialism and Socialist
● Till 1914, socialists never succeeded in forming a government in Europe.

● Represented by strong figures in parliamentary politics, their ideas did shape legislation,
but governments continued to be run by conservatives, liberals and radicals.c
Social Democratic party Labour Party 1905 Socialist Party

The Russian Revolution
Russian (one of the least industrialisation European state). Events in 1917

+
Background
● How did this come about?

● Social and political conditions?
● Russia before revolution.
The Russian Empire in 1914 Tsar Nicholas II ruled Russia and its empire.
Geography
● The Russian empire included current-day Finland, Latvia,

Lithuania, Estonia, parts of Poland, Ukraine and Belarus.
● It stretched to the Pacific and comprised today’s Central
Asian states, as well as Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
Result
● The majority religion was Russian Orthodox Christianity.

● The empire also included Catholics, Protestants, Muslims and Buddhists.
Economy and Society
● Agriculture in initial phase.

● Industry was found in pockets. X Craftsmen undertook much of production.
(St. Petersburg and Moscow)
Russia’s railway network was extended, and foreign investment in industry increased.
Number of workers and craftsmen were almost equal.

■ Let us see something about these growing industries.

➢ Most industry were the private property of industrialist. [Profit Maximisation]
Was there not any regulation

by government.
Government worked to ensure minimum

Often these rule were broken. wages and limited hours of work.
● Long working hours.

● Workers were accommodated in rooms, dormitories etc.
Workers
● Migrated from villages to cities.

● Divided on skills.
● Women made up 31 percent of the factory
labour force by 1914. (Paid less)
Despite divisions, worker did unite to the strike work.
Explain
Society in countryside
● Peasants cultivated most of the land.
Ownership was with the crown and orthodox church.
● Like workers, peasants too were divided.
● Peasant in Russia, unlike France had no respect for nobles. Wanted their lands.
● Russian peasants were different in one more way.
Worked pooling their land together and divided according to the needs.
● Before 1914 all political parties were illegal in Russia.

How?
Russian Social Democratic workers party founded in in 1898.
[Due to government policies it operated secretly as an illegal organisation.]
● Idea of Russian Socialist regarding Russian peasant Natural Socialist Why?
Because of their custom of dividing land periodically.

∴ It was believed that peasants would be the main
force of the revolution.
● Formation of Socialist Revolutionary party in 1900 by peasants.

Social democrats V/S Social revolutionary
Debate over the fact that Russian peasant are naturally socialists.
● Lenin felt that peasants were not one united group.
➔ Some were rich and some were poor.

➔ Some worked as a worker and employed worker.
∴ This ‘differentiation’ within them didn’t allowed peasants to a part of a socialist movement.
The Russian Social Democratic workers party.
Bolshevik Menshevik
● Majority faction headed by Vladimir Lenin. ● Another fraction of the party headed
● He believed that party should be disciplined by Julius Martov.
and should control the number and quality ● They believed that party should be
of its members. open to all (as in Germany).
➔ This split happened in 1903.

A turbulent time : The 1905 revolution
Connect the events and background
➔ Russia was an autocracy, the Tsar was not subject to parliament.
Were citizens happy with this?
Liberal, Social Democrats and Social revolutionaries wanted to end this

system and demanded a constitution.
They were supported by Nationalists and Jadidists.
Muslims reformers in Russian Empire who wanted to Modernise Islam.

Situation in 1904 Economic conditions
Events at Putilov Iron works Strike at St. Petersburg
● Demanding a reduction in the working day to eight hours.

● An increase in wages and improvement in working conditions.
Bloody sunday and 1905 revolution
The Story
Father Gapon
A procession of worker Attacked by police and cossacks.

reach winter palace. (100 killed and 300 wounded)
All this happened on 22 January, 1905 day was Sunday. Bloody Sunday
● Bloody Sunday started the series of events = The 1905 Revolution.
● Strikes all over the country.

● Universities were closed down. [Lack of civil liberties] What happened in it?
● Lawyers, Doctors, Engineers and other middle class
workers all started demanding constitution.
Impact
1905 revolution Pressure Tsar allowed certain of Duma.
c
● However, within 75 days Duma was dissolved and
second Duma was elected.
● Third duma Packed with conservative
politicians.
The First World War
Central Powers V/S Allied Powers
Germany, Austria and Turkey France, Britain and Russia
Impact on world and Russian empire.

First world war and Russian empire
Initially war was supported Tsar Nicholas II was supported
Over the period of time, support to Tsar went down.
Why?
● Tsar refused to consult the main parties in Duma.

● Rasputin made the autocracy unpopular.
● German origin of Tsarina Alexandra.
Tsarina Alexandra Rasputin
First world war It differed on the ‘eastern front’ from that on the ‘western front’.
Explain
● Russia’s army last badly in germany and Austria. (7 Million casualties)

● Increase in the refugees in Russia. (3 Million refugees)
● Soldiers did not wish to fight such a war.
The war also had a severe impact on industry.
➔ Germany control of the Baltic sea Industrial equipment disintegrated

➔ By 1916, Railway lines began to breakdown.
➔ Labour shortages and small workshops producing essentials were shut down.
➔ Large supplies of grain were sent to feed the army.
The February revolution in Petrograd
● Layout of the capital city Petrograd.
On the left bank were the The workers quarters and

fashionable areas, the winter palace factories were located on the
and official building, Duma. right bank of River Neva.
● Situation in city -
➢ Food shortage, bad weather, Tsar was having a desire to dissolve the Duma, and
parliamentarians were not happy with this.
● 22 february Lockout at a factory Strike by workers
● Demonstration reached to the center of

the Capital Nevskii Prospekt. Many women also headed
the strikes these days came
● As the workers reached there Government to be recognised as
imposed curfew. International Women’s Day.
● Demonstrators dispersed.
● Then they again came back on 24th and 25th. Why?
➔ Police and cavalry was appointed to keep an eye on them.
■ How did the revolution outbroke?

Outbreak of the february revolution
● On 25 february 1917, Government Politicians criticised this, Demonstrators

[Tsar] Suspended the Duma. returned on the streets on 26th.
● On 27th, Police Headquarters were ransacked, protest for bread,wages, better hours and
democracy.
Government called the cavalry But the cavalry refused to fire

Mutiny
to control the situation. on the demonstrators.
● Soldier and striking workers formed ‘Soviet’ or ‘Council’ = Petrograd Soviet
Abdication of Tsar on 2nd March Provisional government was formed to run the country.
February revolution Brought down the monarchy.

February revolution October revolution 1917
● Restriction on public meetings and associations were removed. Soviets

● In April 1917, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin returned from exile.
Gave April Theses Explain
● Lenin argued to rename Bolshevik party as Communist party.
Initial disagreement with Lenin and support for provincial government changed with
subsequent developments.
A Bolshevik image of Lenin

addressing workers in April 1917.
Events after February
Started questioning the way industrialist ran their

Spread of workers movement
factories.
● Formation of trade union, soldiers committees.

● In June, about 500 Soviets sent representatives to an All Russian Congress of Soviets.
Impact
➔ As the Provisional Government saw its power reduce and Bolshevik influence grow, it
decided to take stern measures against the spreading discontent.
How?
Situations in countryside
● Peasants and their Socialist Revolutionary leaders pressed for a redistribution of land.
Land committees were formed.
Peasants seized land between July and September 1917.

The Revolution of October 1917
Provincial government V/S Bolshevik
➔ Fearful of dictatorship, Lenin began discussions for an uprising against the government.
How?
16 October 1917
● Lenin persuaded the Petrograd Soviet and the Bolshevik Party to agree to a socialist seizure
of power.
● A Military Revolutionary Committee was appointed by the Soviet under Leon Trotskii to
organise the seizure.
● The date of the event was kept a secret.
What happened next?
The uprising began on 24 October.
What was the response of government.

Events of October revolution
Government Revolutionaries
● Sensing trouble, Prime Minister Kerenskii ● The Military Revolutionary Committee

had left the city to summon troops. ordered its supporters to seize government
● Military men loyal to the government seized offices and arrest ministers.
the buildings of two Bolshevik newspapers. ● The ship Aurora shelled the Winter Palace.
● Pro-government troops were sent to take Other vessels sailed down the Neva and
over telephone and telegraph offices and took over various military points.
protect the Winter Palace. ● By nightfall, the city was under the
committee’s control and the ministers had
surrendered.
➔ Bolshevik action was given approval by majority soviet at all Russian Congress in Petrograd.
➔ There were fight in Moscow But by december, the Bolshevik controlled the Moscow
petrograd area.
October Revolution Lenin (left) and Trotskii (right) Ship Aurora

with workers at Petrograd
Prime Minister Kerenskii

What changed after october?
● Implementation of April Theses

➢ Banks were nationalised by november 1917 [Ownership and management by
government]
➢ Peasants took over the land of nobility, as it was declared as social property.
➢ Large houses were partitioned according to the size of family.
➢ Use of old titles of aristocracy was banned. [Equality]
➢ To show the change new uniforms were designed for the army and officials. E.g.
[Budenovka hat]
➢ Bolshevik party was renamed as the Russian Communist party.
● Was everything so smooth after october revolution.

➢ No, there were problems also.
Soldiers wearing Budenovka hat Land Redistribution among Farmers
Budenovka hat
● In November 1917, election to Constituent Assembly by Bolsheviks.
But they failed to gain majority support.
● In January 1918, Assembly rejected Bolshevik measures, Lenin dismissed the Assembly.
He argued the Assembly was elected in

uncertain condition and all Russian
Congress of soviet was more democratic.
● Despite opposition, in march 1918 Bolshevik made peace with Germany at Brest Litovsk.
● Over the period of time, Russia became a one party state.
■ Trade Unions were kept under control, secret police [Cheka first, OGPU and NKVD]
punished those who criticised the Bolshevik.
Peace at Brest Litovsk Secret police of russia Cheka first, OGPU and NKVD'
● All this steps taken by Bolsheviks was creating tension among the Russian society.
● People [Writers and Artists] joined and supported Bolshevik because they stood for
socialism and change.
But many became disillusioned because of the censorship the party encouraged.
● So, this attitude of Bolshevik party along with other factors created a situation civil
war in Russia.
The Civil War
● Changing attitude of Bolshevik Party.

● Non - Bolshevik socialist, liberals and supporters of autocracy organised troops to fight the
Bolsheviks.
Reds V/S Greens Whites
[Bolsheviks] [Socialist Revolutionaries], [Pro - Tsarists]
● What was army doing? ● They controlled most of the Russian Empire.
● They were supported by French, American and British.
Army began to break up due
to the land redistribution. To control the growth of socialism.
● Due to all this reason there was a Civil war, looting, banditry and famine became common.
Civil war in Russia 1918 - 19

● Situation during Civil War.

➔ White’s Atrocities on peasants Made them unpopular.
➔ Bolsheviks Gained support from non Russian nationalist and Muslim jadistist.
➔ At the same time many were confused about the objectives of Bolsheviks.
■ Incident in Khiva, Central Asia.
Massacring local nationalist in To remedy all this, Non Russian nationalist were given
name of defending socialism. political autonomy in USSR.
Still there were some unpopular policies of Bolsheviks.

E.g. Harsh discouragement of Nomadism.
Making a Socialist Society

● Banks and industries were nationalised, collective work was performed by peasants on
confiscated land.
● Centralised planning was introduced.
● Five year plans: to set target for economy for upcoming five years.
● E.g. - First two five year plans. (1927 - 1932) and (1933 - 1938).
➔ This all led to huge industrial growth and new factories began to come up.
● However there was a dark side to it.

■ Rapid construction led to poor working condition.
■ Workers lived hard lives.
■ Frequent stoppage (E.g. 550 stoppages of work in the first year alone)
● were there any efforts made by government to improve this situation?

● Government took following steps to improve the condition.

■ An extended schooling system for worker and peasants.
■ Crèches were established in factories for children of women workers.
■ Cheap public health care was provided.
■ Model living quarters were set up for workers.
● However all this impact of all this efforts was limited because the resources of the
government were limited.
Children at school in Soviet Russia in A child in Magnitogorsk during the Factories came to be seen as a
the 1930s. They are studying the First Five Year Plan. He is working for symbol of socialism. This
Soviet economy. Soviet Russia poster states: ‘The smoke from
the chimneys is the breathing
of Soviet Russia.’
Stalinism and Collectivisation
Stalinism
The time period when the Russian Communist party was
headed by Stalin. His idea dominated the USSR and that
period came to know as Stalinism.
Combining land of various farmers and then performing

Collectivisation
the agricultural activities on collective basis.
➔ Reasons for Collectivisation?

● Reasons for Collectivisation.

● By 1927, Soviet Russia was facing shortage of food gains [especially in towns]
To overcome this government fixed prices at

which gain must be sold.
But peasants refused to sell their grains to

government at these prices.
● Stalin believed that rich peasants and traders in the countryside were holding stocks in the
hope of higher prices.
∴ Speculation had to be stopped and supplies confiscated.
● Grains producing area were toured by party, supervising enforced grain collections and
Raiding ‘kulaks’.
● Despite all this shortage continued.

● Argument was given that Small size of holdings was also a reason for grain shortage.
Small sized peasants farms could not be modernised.
To modernise farms
● Farms should be run on Industrial lines with machinery.

● It was necessary to ‘eliminate kulaks’.
● And large state controlled farm must be established.
● Were people willing for that.

■ No there were many problems in collectivisation programme.
Problems During Collectivisation
● From 1929, Peasants were forced to cultivate in (kolkhoz) collective

farms and then profit was shared.
Enraged peasant resisted the authorities and destroyed their

livestock.
Those who resist collectivisation were severely punished, many

were deported and exiled.
● Did the situation [Food shortage] improved after collectivisation?

➢ No?
Why?
● In spite at collectivisation, production did not increased immediately.

➢ You cannot win over the nature.
■ Bad harvest [1930 - 1933] Devastating famines [4 million deaths]
● Due all this there were criticism of planned economy and collectivisation.
➢ Such critics were charged with conspiracy against socialism.
➢ E.g. - Over 2 million were in prisons or labour camps.
➢ Many were forced to make false confessions.
Then executed [Included talented professionals also].

The Global Influence of the Russian Revolution and the USSR
● Not all socialist parties in Europe were on the same position.
The support for socialism was due the possibilities of a worker’s state.
➔ Many communist party were formed e.g. Communist party of Great Britain.
● Bolsheviks also encouraged colonial peoples to follow their experiment.

■ Conference of people of the East [1920].
■ Comintern (an international union of pro Bolshevik socialist parties).
● Education in the USSR’s communist university of the workers of the east.

● By second World War USSR had given socialism a global face and world stature.
Communist movement in Britain

● However by 1950’s it was observed that the style of government in USSR was not in keeping
with the ideals of the Russian Revolution.
● No doubt a backward country had become a great power. Its industries and agriculture had
developed and the poor were being fed.
But it had denied the essential freedoms to its citizens and carried out its developmental
projects through repressive policies.
∴ The international reputation of the USSR as a socialist country had declined.
However the socialist ideals still enjoyed respect amongst its people.
Class 9th - History - Nazism and the Rise of Hitler - One Shot Revision
Story of Helmuth
Question
Hitler (centre) and Goebbels

(left) leaving after an official
meeting, 1932.
Birth of the Weimar Republic
First World War
Allies Central Powers
● England
● Germany
● France
● Austria - Hungary
● Russia
● Ottoman Turkey
● USA (1917)
Winner The imperial Germany was defeated.

After defeating of Imperial Germany
Abdication of the emperor.
Parliamentary parties met at Weimar Formed National Assembly = Weimar Republic
Established a democratic constitution with a federal structure.
Deputies were elected on equal basis and universal votes in the German parliament or Reichstag.
➔ However Weimar Republic was not received well by its own people? Why?
Weimar republic was not welcomed by its own people.
● Weimar Republic accepted/signed the peace Treaty of Versailles.

● Many Germans held the new Weimar Republic was responsible for
not only the defeated in the war but the disgrace at Versailles.
Explain
Treaty of Versailles Harsh and humiliating peace.
Provisions in the treaty?
● Germany lost its overseas colonies.

● One tenth of the population.
● 13 percent of its territories.
● 75 percent of its iron and 26 percent of its coal to France, Poland, Denmark
and Lithuania.
● Allied power Demilitarised Germany.
● Under War Guilt Clause Germany was forced to pay 6 billion pounds.
● The Allied armies occupied the resource - rich Rhineland for a long time.
Territory that Germany

lost after treaty.
The effect of the war
● Devastating impact [Psychologically and financially].
● Europe Continent of creditors to continent of debtor.

● Weimar Republic and its supporters faced problems. November Criminals
❖ First World War Deep imprints on European Society.
➔ Trench life glorified. [However truth was different]

➔ Men = Aggressive, Strong and masculine.
➔ Aggressive war propaganda and national honor occupied centre stage in public.
➔ Democracy became a young and fragile idea which could not survive the Instabilities
of Interwar Europe.
➔ Support for conservatives dictatorship grew.
What is Trench?
Political Radicalism and Economic Crisis
Spartacist League V/S Weimar Republic
● Party for revolutionary uprising Weimar Republic opposed this.

on the pattern of Bolshevik [Crushed the uprising with help of free corps]
revolution in Russia.
● Demanding Soviet - Style Wanted democratic Republic.
Governance.
Clash between Socialists and Communist.
Later founded communist
party of Germany.
● Hitler took advantage of this irreconcilable conflicts prevailing in the Germany at that time.
Political Radicalisation + Economic Crisis = Made the situation worst.
Explain
● Germany fought war largely on loans.

This depleted gold reserves at a
● Had to pay war reparations in gold. time resources were scarce.
∴ In 1923, Germany refused to pay.

Germany refuse to pay war reparations The French occupied its leading industrial area,
Ruhr, to claim their coal.
Germany retaliated with passive resistance and

Impact
printed paper currency recklessly.
● The value of German mark fell.
● Price of goods increased. The U.S. Episode

● Situation of hyperinflation.
Economic crisis in Germany Evoking worldwide sympathy.
The Americans intervened and bailed Germany out

of the crisis by introducing the Dawes Plan.
➔ Stability during 1924 to 1928 was built in sand. Explain

■ Germany recovery Short term loan by U.S.A.
● But, Wall Street Exchange crashed in 1929.

● People sold their share fearing the failing the price.
● National Income of U.S.A. fell by half.
● Effect was felt worldwide.
The German economy was the worst hit by the economic crisis of 1929
● Industrial production was reduced to 40 percent. [1932]
● Workers lost their jobs or were paid reduce wages. [Unemployed 6 million]
● Criminal activity increased.
● Falling value Currency Income and saving of the people diminished.
● Business got ruined, Fall in the Agriculture price affected peasantry.
● Feeling of Proletarianisation?
To become Impoverished to the level of working class.

Problems of economic depression had changed the

How?
political atmosphere of the Germany.
● Weimar Republic seemed to offer no solution to these problems.
➔ Because the Weimar constitution had some inherent defects.

■ Proportional Representation No party can achieve majority.
∴ Always rule by coalitions.
■ Article 48 Gave president the power to impose Emergency, Suspend

civil rights and rule by decree.
∴ We can say Vulnerability to Dictatorship.

⋆ At the same time people lost confidence in democratic parliamentary system.
Hitler’s rise to power
● Born in 1889 in Austria.
● Enrolled himself in Army during First World War.
● Became Corporal and earned medals for bravery.
● He was very disappointed with German defeat and treaty of versailles.
● 1919, Joined German Workers Party Took over it and renamed it the
National Socialist German Workers Party = Nazi Party
Journey from politics to power

In 1923 He planned to seize control of Bavaria March to Berlin and Capture power.
Failed 1928 Election - Nazi party got 2.6

percent votes in Reichstag.
● Arrested for treason.
● After release struggled for power.
● During Great Depression Nazism became

a mass movement.
● Because of Nazi Propaganda and Promises

1932 Election - Nazi party got 37
which Hitler made. percent votes in Reichstag.
Nazi propaganda and promises Hitler’s rise to power.
● Hitler was a powerful speaker.

● He promised to build a strong nation, undo the injustice of the
Versailles Treaty and restore the dignity of the German people.
● He promised employment for those looking for work, and a Promises
secure future for the youth.
● He promised to weed out all foreign influences and resist all
foreign ‘conspiracies’ against Germany.
Nazi propaganda and promises

● New style of politics.
● Using ritual and spectacle for mass mobilisation.
● Massive rallies and public meeting.
● Red banner swastika, Nazi salute, the ritualised rounds of applause.
● This all was done skillfully to project Hitler as a messiah, a savior.
● This captured the imagination of people whose sense of dignity and pride had
been shattered.
∴ The crisis in the economy, polity and society formed the

background to Hitler’s rise to power.
Hitler being greeted at the Party Nuremberg Rally, 1936. Hitler addressing SA and SS
Congress in Nuremberg in 1938. Rallies like this were held every year. columns.
An important aspect of these was the Notice the sweeping and straight
demonstration of Nazi power as columns of people. Such
various organisations paraded past photographs were intended to show
Hitler, swore loyalty and listened to the grandeur and power of the Nazi
his speeches. movement.
The Destruction of Democracy
30 January 1933, President Hindenburg offered chancellorship to Hitler.
Hitler started Dismantling Democracy.
Mysterious fire in the German Fire Decree of 28, February 1933. Persecution of people at
Parliament building. concentration camps.
● Suspended civics rights
What was its result? such Freedom of Speech, E.g. The Repression of Communist.
Press and Assembly.
On 3 March 1933, the famous Enabling Act was passed. This Act
Enabling Act established dictatorship in Germany. It gave Hitler all powers to sideline
Parliament and rule by decree.
● Were people happy with this? No Then how they were controlled.
➔ Special Surveillance and Security Forces. To control and order Society in

the way Nazi wanted.
● Regular Police and SA [Storm Troopers]
● Gestapo [Secret State Police] , The SS [Protection Squad] , Criminal Police and the
Security Service (SD).
● Organised Forces with extra constitutional powers made the Nazi state dreaded
Criminal state.
Reconstruction
● Power comes with money. [But Germany had no money]
∴ Hitler assigned the responsibility of

economic recovery to the economist Hjalmar
schacht.
❖ What was done by him?

➢ He aimed at full production and full employment through a state funded
work - creation programme.
➢ Produced German Superhighways and people’s car, the Volkswagen.
● Hitler acquired quick successes in his foreign policy. How?
➔ Pulled Germany out of league of nations [1933].
➔ Reoccupied the Rhineland in [1936].
➔ Integrated Austria and Germany [1938] “One people, can Empire and one Leader”.
➔ He captured German speaking Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia.
❖ Why England and other powers were allowing all this?

➢ Indirect support by not speaking anything against Hitler because the considered
Versailles verdict too harsh.
● Hitler choose war as the way To overcome Economic crisis.
● What was Hjalmar schacht was doing?
For Resources Expansion of territory.

He advised Hitler not to invest
heavily rearmament.
∴ In September 1939, Germany invaded, Poland.
Because their Economy was

running on deficit Financing. ● This started the Second World War.
But Hitler ignored him.

How?
Germany Invaded Poland
France and England started Tripartite pact of September 1940.

War
War against Germany.
Germany + Italy + Japan
Why? By the end of 1940, Hitler was at the

Pinnacle of his power.
❖ To ensure food supplies and living space for Germans.
● Hitler attack the Soviet Union in june 1941.

➔ From here the downfall of Nazi period began.
● German attack on Soviet Union Historic blunder by Hitler. Why?
War on two fronts.
● On western front Aerial Bombing by British.

● On eastern front full fight with Soviet Red Army.
● Unwilling to enter, but U.S.A. also entered into war due to Japan.
➔ Japan bombed Pearl Harbour [U.S. Naval Base].
USA retaliate by dropping atom bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
● With this Second World War ended.

Soviet soldier in Berlin Aerial Bombing by Britain Destruction of Pearl Harbor
War at Stalingrad Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The Nazi worldview
Nazi Germany Based on Nazi ideology.
Belief of racial hierarchy A system of belief and a set of practices.
● According to this there was no equality between people, but only a racial hierarchy.
● In this view blond, blue-eyed, Nordic German Aryans were at the top, while Jews were
located at the lowest rung.
● All other coloured people were placed in between depending upon their external features.
This idea of racism was borrowed from thinkers like:
Charles Darwin Herbert Spencer
Concept of evolution Idea of survival of the

and Natural selection. fittest.
● This idea were used by Racist thinker and Politicians to justify

imperial rule over conquered people.
E.g. Used by Nazis.
● However we must remember that Darwin never advocated
human intervention.
● Hitler’s Ideology related to the geopolitical concept of Lebensraum

Lebensraum
➔ Lebensraum or Living Space
● New territory should be acquired for settlement. Why?

Related it with attack on Poland]
● German boundaries were extend ● This would enhance area of mother country.
towards eastwards. [More area for settlement]
∴ We can say that Poland become a ● This would enhance the material resources
laboratory for this experimentation. and power of the German Nation.
➔ Nazi’s wanted a society of “Pure and Healthy Nordic Aryan”. Explain
∴ They started physically eliminating all these who were seen as undesirables.
Jews remained the worst sufferers

● Jews
● Gypsics
● Traditional christian hostility towards jews.
● Poles
● Stereotyped as killers of Christ and Usurers. ● Russians
● Ghettoisation and periodic organised violence.
● Hitler’s Pseudoscientific theories of race.
Suffering in Germany
Solution to ‘the Jewish problem’. It could be solved

only through their total elimination.
How?
1933 to 1938 : The Nazis terrorised, pauperised and segregated the Jews, compelling
them to leave the country.
1939-1945 : Aimed at concentrating them in certain areas and eventually killing

them in gas chambers in Poland.
The Racial Utopia

War || Genocide Killing of people under the shadow of war.
● Poles were forced to leave their home and properties.
● They were moved in other parts called the General Government.
● Polish intelligentsia were murdered To keep people intellectually and spiritually servile.
● Polish children who looked like Aryan were snatched from their families.
● Aryan childrens were given to German Families.

Youth in Nazi Germany
● Hitler was fanatically interested in youth of the country. Why?

➔ Strong Nazi Society
Teaching Nazi ideology to child.
● What happened in schools under Nazism?

➔ All schools were Cleansed and Purified.
Children were segregated ‘Undesirable children’ were thrown out of schools.
Finally taken to the Gas Chambers.

● Teacher who were Jews or seen as ‘Politically unreliable’ were dismissed.
● Good German Subject to a process of Nazi schooling Ideology Training
Where they were mentally made to accept that whatever in happening under Nazism is right.
● Textbooks were rewritten.
● Racial science were introduced to justify Nazi idea of race.
● Stereotype about Jews were created in schools.
● Children were taught to be loyal and submissive.
● Hate Jews and worship Hitler.
● Violent sports were promoted to make children iron hearted,strong and

masculine.
Classroom During Nazism

Jewish teacher and Jewish pupils
expelled from school under the jeers
of classmates
Nazi Kids Playing Boxing

Youth
Youth Organisation
Organisation To educate German youth ‘The spirit of National Socialism’.
Age Organisation
10 - 14 Years Jungvolk
14 - 18 Years Hitler Youth
18 and above Army
Nazi youth Organisation
● This was founded in 1922, Four year later renamed as Hitler Youth.
● Where they learned to worship War, Glory aggression and Violence, Condemn
Democracy and hate all Undesirable.
● All other Youth Organisation were systematically dissolved and finally banned.
Jungvolk Nazi Youth in Army Young Nazi Boys

The Nazi cult of Motherhood
Difference between Men and Women exist. This idea was taught repeatedly. Why?
Boys Girls
Aggressive, Masculine and Good mothers and rear pure blooded

Brave hearted. Aryan children.
Maintain purity of race, distance themselves from Jews and Cherish Nazi Values.
➔ In Nazi Germany not all mothers were treated equally.
Women who bore racially undesirable children were punished and those who produced
racially desirable children were awarded.
➢ Favoured treatment in hospitals, concession in shops and theater ticket and railway
ticket.
➢ Honoured Crosses were awarded.
➢ Bronze, Silver and Gold for four, six and eight children respectively.
❖ How and why were they punished?
➔ All Aryans women who deviated from the prescribed code of conduct were publicly
condemned and severely punished.
● Women who maintained Relations with Jews, Poles and Russian had to suffer.
● Their heads were shaved, faces were painted black and paraded through the town.
● Many received jail sentences and lost civic honour.
● This was considered as Criminal Offence.
● This was related with National Honour.
Women being punished under Nazi period

The Art of Propaganda
● Playing with the words. [Their practise were deceptive but words describing them Chilling].
➔ Mass killing was termed as special treatment, final solution [for the jews] euthanasia (for
the disabled).
➔ Case with Gas Chambers.

■ Termed as ‘Disinfection Area’, taking people to Gas Chambers was known as Evacuation.
■ Gas chambers looked like bathroom equipped with fake shower head.
❖ Use of media in spreading Nazi propaganda.
➔ Nazi ideas were spread through visual image, films, radio, posters, catchy slogans and
leaflets.
● Enemies of Germans were stereotyped.
● Socialist and Liberals [Represented as weak and degenerated, Malicious Foreign Agents].
● Use of movies to stereotype Jews e.g The Eternal Jew.
➔ They were treated as Vermin, rats and pests and compared to rodents.
❖ Nazism worked on the minds of the people and their emotions.

Ordinary people and the Crime against Humanity
How did the common people react to Nazism?
Supporter of Nazi Non - Nazis
● Nazi ideology was overruling their mind. ● Organised active resistance against
Nazism, braving police repression and
● Hatred and anger against those who death.
looked like Jews. ● However many were passive onlookers
● Houses of Jews were marked, suspicious and a pathetic witness. Who were too
neighbours reported. scared to act, to differ, to protest.
● They believed that Nazism will bring ● Pastor Niemoller wrote against all this.
prosperity and improve general
well-being.
‘First they came for the Communists,

Well, I was not a Communist
So I said nothing.
Then they came for the Social Democrats,
Well, I was not a Social Democrat
So I did nothing,
Then they came for the trade unionists,
But I was not a trade unionist.
And then they came for the Jews,
But I was not a Jew ñ so I did little.
Then when they came for me, Pastor Niemoller
There was no one left who could stand up for me.’
● What Jews felt in Nazi Germany?
➔ Charlotte Beradt wrote in “Third Reich of Dreams”.
❏ In this book she wrote the problems Jews face.

❏ Jews themselves Began believing in the Nazi stereotype about them.
❏ All the stereotype images published in Nazi press haunted the Jews. [Hooked nose, Black
hair and eyes, Jews looked and body movement].
❏ Jews died many deaths even before they reached the Gas chambers.
Charlotte Beradt
Knowing about the Holocaust

What is Holocaust?
➔ Record of the genocide of the jews during second World War.
● Most of the information about Nazi practices came out after the World War ended.
● Jews wanted the World to remember the atrocities and suffering they had endured during
the Nazi killing operations.
∴ An indomitable spirit to bear witness and to preserve the documents can be seen among
many Jews and when the war seem to lost Nazi leaders tried to destroyed all evidences.
● Records such as diaries, notebooks and archives were carrying the cries of Jews.
Memory of the Holocaust “Are tribute to those who resisted, an embarrassing reminder
to those who collaborated, and a warning to those who watched in silence”.
Denmark secretly rescued their Jews

from Germany. This is one of the boats
used for the purpose.
Inhabitants of the Warsaw ghetto collected documents and placed them in

three milk cans along with other containers. As destruction seemed imminent,
these containers were buried in the cellars of buildings in 1943. This can was
discovered in 1950.
Class 9th - History
Forest Society and Colonialism

Class 9th - History - Forest Society and Colonialism - Full Chapter Explanation
Introduction
Forest Society Colonialism
What? Impact and relation?

What are we going to study in this chapter?
➢ Why Deforestation?
➢ The Rise of Commercial Forstry
➢ Rebellion in the Forest
➢ Forest Transformations in Java
Why Deforestation?
❖ What is deforestation?
➢ The disappearance of forest is referred to as Deforestation.
➢ It is not a new phenomenon, and during colonial rule it
became more systematic and extensive.
Reason?
1. Land to be improved [Industrial raw material, Food grains for

growing population and considering forests as unproductive]
2. Sleepers on the tracks [Railway, Royal British Navy]
3. Plantation [Plantation farming by European planters]
Land to be improved.
➢ In 1600 one sixth of india’s landmass was under cultivation. Now
Increase in the population. Now that figure has gone upto about half. Why?
Increase in the demand of food.
∴ Peasants extended the boundaries of cultivation.
1. During british period, production

of commercial crops like jute, Why? Industrial Raw material.
sugar, wheat and cotton expanded.
2. Growing urban population demanded more food crop.

3. Colonial government considered forest as unproductive and full of wilderness.
∴ Land is to be brought under cultivation. Why?

e.g. between 1880 - 1920 cultivated area increased by 6.7 million hectares.
So that they [British] could get extra revenue.
Expansion of cultivation is seen as a sign of progress

but in this case we missed it because forest was
cleared which in turn gave many other problems.
Cutting of Forest During Colonial Rule Deforestation During British Period

Sleepers on the Tracks
❖ What are Sleepers?

❖ Wooden planks laid across railway tracks, they hold the
track in position.
Why we are studying

this?
After 1850’s Spread of Railways [essential for colonial trade

and for the movement of Imperial troops]
Wood was required for the development of Railways.
Used as fuel and to lay Railway line [Sleepers]

e.g. Each mile of railway track required between 1760 to 2000 sleepers.
In 1890 - 25,500 km to
❖ Over the period of time Railways network expanded
7,65,000 km by 1946.
➔ Due to this, there was huge deforestation.

e.g. In Madras Presidency alone 35,000 tree were being cut annually.
❖ Role of contractors in accelerating the problem.

Converting sal logs into sleepers in the Singhbhum Elephants piling squares of timber at a
forests, Chhotanagpur, May 1897. Adivasis were hired timber yard in Rangoon. In the colonial
by the forest department to cut trees, and make period elephants were frequently used to
smooth planks which would serve as sleepers for the lift heavy timber both in the forests and
at the timber yards.
railways. At the same time, they were not allowed to
cut these trees to build their own houses.
❖ Britain’s Royal navy also created a problem of deforestation in India. How?

➢ By early nineteenth century oak forest in England were disappearing.
Problem of timer supply for Royal Navy of Britain.
❖ Navy = Power ∴ timber was essential requirement.

➢ So search parties were sent in India.
■ To Explore resources in India.

■ Then vast quantity of timber were being exported from India.
➔ This led to the huge deforestation.

Oak tree Forest Oak Tree Royal navy of Britain

Plantations
Another important reason for deforestation was plantation farming?
Explain
It is a form of Commercial farming in which crop is cultivated on a large tract of land for profit motive.
∴ Large area of natural forest were cleared to cultivate crops such as

Why?
tea, coffee and rubber. To meet the Europe’s growing need.
Growing industries and trade demanded these crops.

∴ Vast area of land was cleared [Deforestation] by European planters.
Plantation Fields Clearing of forest by British for plantation agriculture

The Rise of Commercial Forestry
Commercial Forestry
What?, Why? and How ?

❖ Background -
● Timber, Ship and Railway relationship.
❖ But British were worried about the use of forest by local people.
● They might destroy the forest. [Shortage for Ship and railways ]
∴ German expert, Dietrich Brandis was invited.
He was made the First Inspector General of forest in India.

Dietrich Brandis
■ What did Dietrich Brandis do?
● He believed in the science of conservation which should be backed by legal sanction.
Timber production through Rules about the use of forest

conversation. [Felling of trees resources and punishment to
and grassing to be restricted] those who violates them.
➔ Brandis set up Indian Forest Service in 1864 and helped formulate the Indian forest Act of
1865.
Amended twice In 1878 and in 1927.
➔ Changes after the amendment?
Changes after the amendment?
➢ Under the amendment of 1878 act.
Forest were divided into three categories.
Reserved, Protected and Village Forests
Best forests, villagers could not But in case of protected forests permission is granted on
take anything from these forest, particular issues.
even for their own use. e.g Wood can be collected for fuel or house building.
➢ Similar changes were strengthen under the amendment of 1927 act.

Imperial Forest Research Institute Indian Forest Service Logo
❖ The Imperial Forest Research Institute was set up at Dehradun in 1906.
Scientific Forestry was taught there.

Scientific Forestry
❖ Based on the ideas of Dietrich Brandis ‘Scientific Forestry’ was introduced in India.
➢ Natural Forest Were cut down.

[Lots of different types of trees]
Now, in their place one type of tree was planted in straight
rows. This is called Plantation.
❖ Forest officials surveyed the forest and made working plans for forest management.
➢ They planned how much of the plantation area to cut every year.
➢ The area cut was then to be replanted.
➢ So, that it was ready to be cut again after a period.
Scientific Forestry A deodar plantation in Kangra,

1933. From Indian Forest Record
One aisle of a managed poplar

forest in Tuscany, Italy
How Were the Lives of People Affected?
❖ Different perspective regarding what a good forest should look like?
Villagers Forest Department
❖ Wanted a forest with a mixture of ❖ Wanted a forest suitable for building or

species. railways.
❖ To satisfy different needs fuel, ❖ Needed trees with hardwood, tall and
fodder, leaves. straight e.g. teak and sal.
● Dependence of people on forest area.

○ Forest products as food [fruits and tuber], herbs as [medicines], wood for agriculture
implements like yokes, plough etc, bamboo is used for fences, basket etc.
○ They obtain water bottle, disposable plates and cups, ropes, oil etc from forests.
But the forest act meant severe hardship for villagers across the country.
Cutting wood, grazing their cattle, collecting fruits and roots, hunting and fishing became illegal.
❖ Due to this people were forced to steal wood and other items from forest and if they were
caught They face many problems.
Bribe, harassment [women], free food etc.

Medicinal Herbs Wooden agriculture Dried scooped out Wooden agriculture

equipment gourd equipment Yokes
Disposable plates Rope made of creepers Mahua Tree and Fruit

made of leaves
Drying tendu leaves. The sale of tendu leaves is Collecting mahua ( Madhuca indica) from the
a major source of income for many people forests. Villagers wake up before dawn and go to
living in forests. Each bundle contains the forest to collect the mahua flowers which
approximately 50 leaves, and if a person works have fallen on the forest floor. Mahua trees are
very hard they can perhaps collect as many as precious. Mahua flowers can be eaten or used to
100 bundles in a day. Women, children and old make alcohol. The seeds can be used to make oil.
men are the main collectors
How Did Forest Rule Affect Cultivation?

● The major impact of European colonialism was on the practice of Shifting cultivation.
○ What is shifting cultivation?
○ How it was affected during colonial period?
Shifting Cultivation
➔ Also known as swidden agriculture.

➔ Types of traditional farming, practiced in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America.
[Mainly by tribes]
➔ Know as lading is southeast Asia, Milpa in central America, Chitemene or tavy in Africa and
China in Sri Lanka. In India, it is known by many local names such as dhya, penda, podu,
nevad, jhum, bewar, khandan and kumri.
❖ How it is performed?
➢ Part of forest is cut Then burnt Seeds are sown in the ashes after the
first monsoon rains.
Repeat Such activity is performed for a Crops are harvested by

couple of year on a same October - November.
plot,then the plot is left for 12 to
18 years and new plot is
cleared for farming.
❖ Mixture of crops in grown on these plots [millets, maniac, maize and beans]
Shifting cultivation
Maize and Beans Millets Manioc

❖ How it was affected during colonial period?

● European foresters regarded this practice as harmful. Why?
➢ Land cultivated every few years could not grow trees for railway timber.
➢ Burning of forest added danger of the flames spreading and burning valuable
timber.
➢ It was difficult to calculate and collect tax from them.
∴ Government decided to ban shifting cultivation.
➔ Many communities were forcibly displaced from their homes in forests.

➔ Changed occupation
➔ While some resist through large and small rebellion.
Who Could Hunt?

❖ New forest laws Affected the lives of forest dwellers.
People living in or near forest.
Survived by hunting deer, partridge and variety of small animals.
But under new forest laws their customary practice was prohibited.
If they caught hunting, they were punished for poaching.
There was also an another side of hunting ?
partridge
Hunting by Tribes
The little fisherman. Children accompany

their parents to the forest and learn early
how to fish, collect forest produce and
cultivate. The bamboo trap which the boy is
holding in his right hand is kept at the
mouth of a stream the fish flow into it.
❖ While tribals were deprived of the customary rights, at the same time hunting of big game
became a sport.
➢ Hunting of tiger and other big animals and culture related to it.
➢ But during colonial period Hunting reached to such extended that various species
became almost extinct.
➢ British saw large animals as signs of a wild, primitive and savage society.
∴ They believed that by killing wild animals they would civilise India.
■ People were rewarded for killing tigers, wolves and other large animals.
❖ Some facts and figures might surprise you.

● During 1875 - 1925, over 80,000 tigers, 150,000 leopards were killed for reward.
● Killing tiger = sporting trophy

○ Maharaja of Surguja alone shot 1157 tigers and 2000 leopards upto 1957.
○ British administrator, George Yule killed 400 tigers.
Maharaja of surguja George Yule

● Later environmentalists and conservator argued for protection of all these species.
Lord Reading hunting in Nepal. Count the dead tigers in the photo. When British colonial
officials and Rajas went hunting they were accompanied by a whole retinue of servants.
Usually, the tracking was done by skilled village hunters, and the Sahib simply fired the shot.
New Trades, New Employment and New Services
❖ Colonial control over forest had a positive impact also.
Some opportunity opened up in trade. How?
➔ Many communities left their traditional occupations and started trading in forest products.
➔ This opportunity was enjoyed across the world.
e.g. Mundurucu peoples of Brazilian Amazon
Growing demand for rubber Munduruku people shifted from the cultivation of manioc to
the cultivation of latex from wild rubber.
Gradually, they became completely

Started supplying it to traders
dependent on traders.
● In India, trade in forest product was not new
○ From medieval period, adivasi uses to trade Hides, horn, silk, cocoons, ivory,
bamboo, spices, fibers, grasses, gums, and resins etc.
○ Nomadic communities like Banjaras [traders].
● British came in India Regulations over trade.
Trading rights were given to European trading firms.
● Grazing and hunting by local people were restricted.
➔ Many pastoralist and nomadic communities like the korava, karacha and yerukula of
madras presidency lost their livelihoods.
❖ They were called as ‘criminal tribes’

➔ Forced to work instead in factories, mines and plantations, under government supervision.
They got work. अब क्या

Problem हैं
They should be happy.
➔ Work did not always mean improved well being for the people.
➔ Their wages were low and conditions for work were very bad.
➔ They could not return back to their home easily.
● E.g. people from Assam, Santhals and Oraons from Jharkhand, Gonds from Chhattisgarh
were recruited to work on tea plantations.
Rebellion in the Forest
❖ What do you understand by the heading ?

❖ What can be the reason for rebellion ?
❖ In many parts of India, and across the world.
➢ Forests communities rebelled against the changes that were being imposed on them.
Example
1. Siddhu and Kanu in Santhal Parganas.
2. Birsa munda of Chhattisgarh.
3. Alluri sitarama Raju of Andhra Pradesh.
❖ They all rebelled because of the suppression, injustice and atrocities over them and most
important reason for their rebellion was interference in their forest, culture and life.
Siddhu and Kanu of Santhal Parganas Birsa munda of chotanagpur Alluri Sitarama Raju
❖ One such rebellion which took place in the Kingdom of Bastar in 1910.
The People of Bastar
● Located in southernmost part of Chhattisgarh. [Borders Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and

Maharashtra]
● Geographical Location
➔ Central part is Plateau, Chhattisgarh plain lies in its north and in its south lies the Godavari
plain.
➔ Rivers Indrawati flows across east to west of Bastar.
❖ Communities such as Maria and Muria Gonds, Dhurawas, Bhatras and Halbas live in bastar.
[Share common customs and beliefs]
● Worship Earth [Because village was given its land by earth]
Looks after earth and by making offerings at each agricultural festival.

● Show respect to the spirits of the rivers, forest and mountain.
❖ Each village uses natural resources in their boundary. In case they use the resources from
others boundary, they pay a small fee called devsari, dand or man in exchange.
❖ Engaging watchman to protect the forest.

❖ Annual hunt, where the headmen of villages in a Pargana (cluster of villages) meet and
discuss issues of concern, including forests.
The Fear of the People

What were the reason for Rebellion in Bastar?
❖ Colonial Government proposed to reserve two - third of forest in 1905.
Stop shifting cultivation, hunting and collection of forest produce.
∴ People of Bastar were worried.

❖ Only some villages were allowed to stay on in the reserved forest. Why?
➢ So that the forest department get people for work such as cutting and exporting
trees, protecting forest from fire.
➢ These villages came to be known as “Forest Villages”.
❖ People of other villages were displaced without any notice or compensation.

❖ People were already not happy due increased land rent, Demand for free labour and goods
by colonial officer and famines [1899 -1900] & [1907 - 1908].
How did Rebellion started?
❖ Discussion over the issue [Headmen and priests of several villages] at public places.
The initiative was taken by Dhurwas of kanger forest, where reservation first took place.
Leadership People speak of Gunda Dhur, from village Nethanar.
● In 1910, Mango boughs, a lump of earth, chillies and arrows began circulating between
villages. To Rebel against the British.
● Every village contributed something to the rebellion expenses.

❖ Finally there was an outbreak.
● Bazars were looted, the house of officials and traders, schools and police stations were
burnt and robbed, and grain redistributed.
● William word’s observation -

➢ ‘From all directions came streaming into Jagdalpur, police, merchants, forest peons,
schoolmasters and immigrants.’
● What was the response of the British Government?

Suppression of the Bastar Rebellion

❖ British sent troops to suppress the rebellion.
➢ British surrounded their camps and fired upon them.

➢ Punishing all those who participated in rebellion.
➢ Most villages were deserted as people fled into the jungle.
➢ Within three months [February - May] the British regain control.
❖ Was the rebellion a failure? No.

➢ Rebellion was a victory for the rebels because
■ British did not manage to capture Gunda Dhur.
■ The reservation was temporarily suspended and the area to be reserved was
reduce to roughly half of that planned before 1910.
Bastar rebellion of 1910

❖ Struggle of the people of Bastar does not end there.

➢ The practice of keeping people out of the forests and reserving them for industrial use
continued after Independence also. How?
In 1970’s proposal of World Bank.
4,600 hectares of natural sal forest should be replaced by tropical pine. Why?
To obtain pulp for the paper industry.
❖ Against this local environmentalists protested and the project was stopped.
❖ Similar story of struggle can be seen in Indonesia also.

Sal Forest Tropical Pine
Pulp for making paper

Forest Transformation in Java
❖ Colonial rule in Java was by Dutch [Netherland]

❖ Today Java is famous as a rice - producing island in Indonesia.
But once upon a time it was covered mostly with forest.
Dutch started forest management in Java. Why?
Timber to build ship.

The Woodcutters of Java

❖ Kalangs: A community of skilled forest cutters and shifting cultivators of Java.
Very important community.
➔ In 1755, during the split of Mataram kingdom, the 6000 Kalang families were equally divided
between the two kingdoms.
❖ Under colonial period. ● Expertise in harvesting teak.

● Kings cannot build their
Dutch tried to make Kalangs work palaces without them.
under them.[Forest management]
➔ In 1770, Kalangs resisted by attacking a Dutch fort at Joana, but the uprising were suppressed.
Dutch Scientific Forestry

❖ Dutch enacted Forest laws in Java.
● Restricting villagers’ access to forest.
● Cutting of wood was specified [Making river boats and constructing Houses].
● It was allowed from specific forest and under supervision.
● Villagers were punished for grazing cattle in young stands, transporting wood
without a permit or travelling on forest road with horse cart or cattle.
❖ Forest Services was introduced to manage forest for shipbuilding and railway.
However, obtaining timber required labour.

[Cut the trees, transport the logs prepared the sleepers]
∴ Dutch first imposed rent Then exempted some On the condition that these
on land begin cultivated villages from these rents. villages worked collectively to
provide free labours and
buffaloes for cutting and
transporting timbers.
This system of providing free labour was known as “Blandongdiensten”

❖ Later on they were given small wages but right to cultivate was restricted.
Samin’s Challenge
● He lived in the Randublatung village having teak forest.

● Began questioning state ownership of the forest.
His argument was that wind, water, earth and wood was not
created by state.
Surontiko Samin
∴ State should not own it.
❖ Soon his idea turned into a widespread movement [His sons - in - law]
➢ Saminists protested by lying down on their land when the Dutch came to
survey it, while other refuse to pay taxes or fines or perform labour.
➢ By 1907, 3000 families were following his idea.

War and Deforestation
❖ The first world war and the second world war had a major impact on forests. How?
➔ Case in India - [Cutting of trees, abandoning the working plan]
To meet the war need.
➔ Case in Java -
◆ As the Japanese were going to occupy the region, Dutch followed the ‘Scorched earth’
policy.
Explain
Japanese invasion in Indonesia

❖ Scorched earth policy
Dutch colonial officers destroyed saw mills So that the Japanese

Why?
and burnt huge piles of giant teak logs. didn’t get that.
❖ At the same time Japanese also exploited the forest

recklessly for war industries. How?
❖ Vacuum of power Villagers used this opportunity to What was forest

expand cultivable land. department doing?
This all lead to huge deforestation.

New Development in Forestry

❖ What do you understand by the whole chapter? How should one conserve the forest.
❖ Since 1980’s, government across Asia and Africa.
Realised the conflicts in scientific Forestry.
∴ Conservation of forest rather than collecting timber has become a more important goal.
➔ People who live near the forests must be included in conservation. Why?
● People protecting forest in the name of sacred groves. Because in many cases local
● Villages patrolling their own forests. communities contributed a
lot in conservation.
❖ This opens up an opportunity of thinking of different term of forest management.
Class 9th - History
Pastoralists in the Modern World

Class
Class9th
9th--History
History--Pastoralists
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Introduction
Nomadic Pastoralists
Nomads are people who do not live in one place but

Nomadic
move from one area to another to earn their living.
Pastoralists A farmer who breeds and takes care of animals.
In many parts of India, we can see nomadic pastoralists on the

move with their herds of goats and sheep, or camels and cattle.
Question
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Theme of the chapter
● Pastoralists → Their role in the modern society.
● Pastoralism has been important in societies like India and Africa.
● The way colonialism impacted their lives, and how they have
coped with the Pressures of modern society.
What we are going to study in this chapter?
➢ Pastoral nomads and their movements
➢ Colonial rule and pastoral life
➢ Pastoralism in Africa
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Pastoral Nomads And Their Movements - In The Mountains
Understand the heading
1. Gujjar Bakarwals of Jammu and Kashmir
● Herders of goat and sheep.
● Many of them migrated to this region in the nineteenth

century in search of pastures for their animals.
● Moved annually between their summer and winter

grazing grounds.
Explain
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Winter Summer
● When the high mountains were ● They crossed the Pir Panjal passes and
covered with snow, they lived entered the valley of Kashmir.
with their herds in the low hills
● With the onset of summer, the snow
of the Siwalik range.
melted and the mountainsides were
● The dry scrub forests here lush green this provided forage for the
provided pasture for their herds. animals.
By end September the Bakarwals were on the move again.

This time on their downward journey, back to their winter base.
When the high mountains were covered with snow, the herds were grazed in the low hills.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
1. Gaddi Shepherds of Himachal Pradesh (had similar cyclic movement)
● They too spent their winter in the low hills of Siwalik range, grazing their flocks in scrub forests.
● By April they moved north and spent the summer in Lahul and Spiti.
● When the snow melted and the high passes were clear, many of them moved on to higher
mountain meadows.
● By September they began their return movement.
● On the way they stopped once again in the villages of Lahul and Spiti, reaping Their summer
harvest and sowing their winter crop.
● Then they descended with their flock to their winter grazing ground on the Siwalik hills.
● Next April, once again, they began their march with their goats and sheep, to the summer
meadows.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Pastoral Nomads in the mountains of India on map.

Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
3. Gujjar’s of Garhwal and Kumaon
● The Guijar cattle herders came down to the dry

forests of the bhabar in the winter, and went up to
the high meadows - the bugyals - in summer.
● Many of them were originally from Jammu and
came to the UP hills in the nineteenth century in
search of good pastures.
➔ Pastoral communities of the Himalayas,

including the Bhoriyas, Sherpas and Kinnauris
also follows this pattern of cyclical movement
of nomadism.
Analyse
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Bhabar Bugyals
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Cycle of seasonal movement in Mountains.
● All of them had to adjust to seasonal changes and make

effective use of available pastures in different places.
● When the Pasture was exhausted or unusable in one place
they moved their herds and flock to new areas.
● This Continuous movement also allowed the pastures to
recover; it prevented their overuse.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Pastoral Nomads and Their Movements - On The Plateaus, Plains And Deserts.
1. Dhangars
● Dhangars were an important pastoral community of Maharashtra.

● Most of them were shepherds, some were blanket weavers, and still others were buffalo herders.
● The Dhangar shepherds stayed in the central plateau of Maharashtra during the monsoon.
● This was a semi-arid region with low rainfall and poor soil. It was covered with thorny scrub.
Nothing but dry crops like bajra could be sown here.
● In the monsoon this tract became a vast grazing ground for the Dhangar flocks.
● By October the Dhangars harvested their beja and started on their move west.
Monsoon March towards west Winters

Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Dhangars in Winter
● They reach konkan. This was a flourishing agricultural tract with high rainfall and rich soil.
● Here the shepherds were welcomed by Konkani peasants?
Why
● After the kharif harvest was cut at this time, the fields had
to be fertilised and made ready for the rabi harvest.
● Dhangar flocks manured the fields and fed on the stubble.
● The Konkani peasants also gave supplies of rice which the
shepherds took back to the plateau where grain was scarce.
Monsoon Dhangers left the konkan and returned to their settlements.

Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
2. Pastoralist of dry Central Plateau
● In Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, again, the dry

central plateau was covered with stone and grass,
inhabited by cattle, goat and sheep herders.
● The Gollas herded cattle. The Kurumas and Kurubas
reared weep and goats and sold woven blankets.
● They lived near the woods, cultivated small patches
of land, engaged in a variety of petty trades and
took care of their herds.
Mountain pastoralists V/S Plateau Pastoralists
Explain
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Mountain pastoralists V/S Plateau Pastoralists
● Unlike the mountain pastoralists, it was not the cold and the
snow that defined the seasonal rhythms of their movement.
● Rather it was the alternation of the monsoon and dry season.
● In the dry season they moved to the coastal tracts, and left
when the rains came.
● Only buffaloes liked the swampy, wet conditions of the
coastal areas during the monsoon months.
● Other herds had to be shifted to the dry plateau at this time.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
3. Banjaras
● A group of graziers found in the villages of

Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan,
Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.
● In search of good pastureland for their
cattle, they moved over long distances,
selling plough cattle and other goods to
villagers in exchange for grain and fodder.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
4. Raikas
● In the deserts of Rajasthan lived the Raikas.

● The rainfall in the region was meagre and uncertain.
● On cultivated land, harvests fluctuated every year. Over
vast stretches, no crop would be grown.
● So the Raikas combined cultivation with pastoralism.
Monsoon Period V/S Non Monsoon Period

Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Monsoon Period Non Monsoon Period
By October, when these grazing grounds

The Raikas of Barmer, Jasalmer, Jodhpur
were dry and exhausted, they moved out
and Bikaner stayed in their home
in search of other pasture and water, and
villages, Where pasture was available.
returned again during the next monsoon.
One group of Raikas - known as the Maru (desert) Raikas - herded

camels and another group reared Sheep and goat.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Life of these Pastoral Groups
Sustained by a Careful consideration of a host of factors.
● They had to judge how long the herds could stay in one area, and
know where they could find water and pasture.
● They needed to calculate the timing of their movements, and
ensure that they could move through different territories.
● They had to set up a relationship with farmers on the way, so that
the herds could graze in harvested fields and manure the soil.
● They combined a range of different activities - cultivation, trade,
and herding - to make their living.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Colonial Rule and Pastoral Life
Under colonial rule Life of pastoralists changed dramatically.
How?
● Their grazing grounds shrank.

● Their movements were regulated.
● The revenue they had to pay increased.
● Their agricultural stock declined and their trades and crafts
were adversely affected.
Why?
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Changes introduced by the colonial government?
1. The colonial state wanted to transform all grazing lands into cultivated farms.
Land revenue was one of the main source of income.

ஃ Expanding cultivation = Increase in revenue
It could at the same time produce more jute, cotton, wheat

and other agricultural produce that were required in England.
➔ From the mid-nineteenth century, Waste Land Rules were enacted in various parts of the
country. Uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals.
➔ In most areas, the lands taken over were actually grazing tracts used regularly by
pastoralists. So expansion of cultivation inevitably meant the decline of pastures and a
problem for pastoralists.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
2. By the mid-nineteenth century, various Forest Acts

were also being enacted in the different provinces.
● Forests which produced commercially valuable timber like deodar or sal were
declared 'Reserved'. No pastoralist was allowed access to these forests.
● Other forests were classified as 'Protected' In these, some customary grazing
rights of pastoralists were granted but their movements were severely
restricted.
These Forest Acts changed the lives of pastoralists.
How?
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
How did the forest acts changed the lives of pastoralists?
● Pastoralists were prevented from entering many forests and

their movements were regulated.
● They needed a permit for entry. The timing of their entry and
departure was specified, and the number of days they could
spend in the forest was limited.
● The permit specified the periods in which they could be legally
within a forest. If they overstayed they were liable to fines.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
3. British officials were suspicious of nomadic people.

Therefore, they introduces Criminal Tribes act
Explain
Pastoralists Changed their places of residence every season.
● The colonial government wanted the rural people to live in villages, in fixed places with
fixed rights on particular fields.
● Such a population was easy to identify and control.
● Those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding; those who were
nomadic were considered to be criminal.
ஃ In 1871, the colonial government in India passed the Criminal Tribes Act.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Criminal Tribes Act, 1871
● By this Act many communities of craftsmen, traders and

pastoralists were classified as Criminal Tribes.
● They were stated to be criminal by nature and birth.
● Once this Act came into force, these communities were
expected to live only in notified village settlements.
● They were not allowed to move out without a permit.
● The village police kept a continuous watch on them.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
4. To expand its revenue income, the colonial government

looked for every possible source of taxation.
● Tax was imposed On land, on canal water, on salt, on trade goods, and even on forest animals.
● In most pastoral tracts of India, grazing tax was introduced in the mid-nineteenth century.
● In the decades between the 1850s and 1880s, the right to collect the tax was auctioned out to
contractors.
● These contractors tried to extract as high a tax as they could to recover the money they had
paid to the state and earn as much profit as they could within the year.
● By the 1880s the government began collecting taxes directly from the pastoralists.
Everything was regulated

Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
How did these Changes Affect the Lives of Pastoralists?
Changes introduced by Britishers Led to a serious shortage of pastures.
Explain
● When grazing lands were taken over and turned into cultivated fields,
the available area of pastureland declined.
● Similarly, the reservation of forests meant that shepherds and cattle
herders could no longer freely pasture their cattle in the forests.
Impact?
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Pastureland The existing animal stock had to feed on whatever grazing land remained.
● This led to continuous intensive grazing of these pastures.

● These pastoral movements allowed time for the natural restoration of
vegetation growth.
● When restrictions were imposed on pastoral movements, grazing lands
came to be continuously used and the quality of pastures declined.
● This in turn created a further shortage of forage for animals and the
deterioration of animal stock.
● Underfed cattle died in large numbers during scarcities and famines.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
How Did the Pastoralists Cope with these Changes?
Changes introduced by Colonial government Reaction?
● Some reduced the number of cattle in their herds, since there was not enough pasture to
feed large numbers.
● Others discovered new pastures when movement to old grazing grounds became difficult.
Example:
● After 1947, the camel and sheep herding Raikas, for instance, could no longer move into
Sindh and graze their camels on the banks of the Indus, as they had done earlier.
● The new political boundaries between India and Pakistan stopped their movement.
● In recent years they have been migrating to Haryana where sheep can graze on agricultural
fields after the harvests are cut.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
How Did the Pastoralists Cope with these Changes?
● Some richer pastoralists began buying land and

settling down, giving up their nomadic life.
● Some became settled peasants cultivating land,
others took to more extensive trading.
● Many poor pastoralists, on the other hand, borrowed
money from moneylenders to survive.
● At times they lost their cattle and sheep and became
labourers, working on fields or in small towns.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Pastoralism, Colonialism and Conclusion
● Pastoralists not only continue to survive, in many regions their

numbers have expanded over recent decades.
● When Pasturelands in one place was closed to them, they changed
the direction of their movement, reduced the size of the herd,
combined pastoral activity with other forms of income and adapted
to the changes in the modern world.
● Many ecologists believe that in dry regions and in the mountains,
pastoralism is still ecologically the most viable form of life.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Pastoralism in Africa
Africa
● Over half the world's pastoral population lives.

● Even today, over 22 million Africans depend on some
form of pastoral activity for their livelihood.
● They include communities like Bedouins, Berbers,
Maasai, Somali, Boran and Turkana.
● Most of them now live in the semi-arid grasslands or
arid deserts where rainfed agriculture is difficult.
● They raise cattle, camels, goats, sheep and donkeys; and
they sell milk, meat, animal skin and wool.
● Performs trade and transport, pastoral activity along
with agriculture and some do variety of odd jobs.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Pastoralism and Colonialism Compare and contrast the story with India.
● Changes during and after the colonial rule?

● How their lives have been changed?
● We will discuss some of these changes by looking

at one pastoral community the Maasai in some
detail.
● The Maasai cattle herders live primarily in east
Africa: 300, 000 in southern Kenya and another
150,000 in Tanzania,
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Where have the grazing lands gone?
One of the problems the Maasais have faced is the continuous loss of their grazing lands.
Before Colonial times After Colonial times

● Maasailand stretched over vast ● European imperial powers scrambled for
area from north Kenya to the territorial possessions in Africa, slicing up the
steppes of northern Tanzania. region into different colonies.
● in 1885, Maasailand was cut into half with an
● Lived happily over there. international Boundary between British Kenya
and German Tanganyika.
Impact
● The best grazing lands were gradually taken over for white settlement and the Maasai were
pushed into a small area in south Kenya and north Tanzania.
● The Maasai lost about 60 per cent of their pre-colonial lands.
● They were confined to an arid zone with uncertain rainfall and poor pastures.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Further Problems Expansion of cultivation and reservation of forest
● The British colonial government in East Africa also encouraged local peasant
communities to expand cultivation.
● As cultivation expanded, pasturelands were turned into cultivated fields.
● Large areas of grazing land were also turned into game reserves like the Maasai
Mara and Samburu National Park in Kenya and Serengeti Park in Tanzania.
● Pastoralists were not allowed to enter these reserves; they could neither hunt
animals nor graze their herds in these areas.
Impact
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Impact of the disappearing grazing land
● The loss of the finest grazing lands and water resources created pressure
on the small area of land that the Maasai were confined within.
● Continuous grazing within a small area inevitably meant a deterioration of
the quality of pastures.
● Fodder was always in short supply.
● Feeding the cattle became a persistent problem.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
The Borders are Closed
Understand the heading
Open Borders V/S Close Borders
● From the late nineteenth century, the colonial government began imposing various
restrictions on their mobility.
● Like the Maasai, other pastoral groups were also forced to live within the confines of
special reserves.
● The boundaries of these reserves became the limits within which they could now move.
● They were not allowed to move out with their stock without special permits.
● Those found guilty of disobeying the rules were severely punished.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Other sides of Colonial Rule
● Pastoralists were also not allowed to enter the markets in white areas.
● They were prohibited from participating in any form of trade.
● White settlers and European colonists saw pastoralists as dangerous and savage
people with whom all contact had to be minimised.
● Cutting off all links was, however, never really possible, because white colonists
had to depend on black labour to bore mines and, build roads and towns.
The restrictions under colonial rule did not entirely stop their
Impact
trading Activities but they were now subject to various restrictions.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
When Pastures Dry
Rain Drought Pastures are dry
● Cattle are likely to starve unless they can be moved to areas where forage is available.
● That is why, traditionally, pastoralists are nomadic; they move from place to place.
● This nomadism allows them to survive bad times and avoid crises.
But things changed during the colonial period.

Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
The Maasai were bound down to a fixed area, confined within a

Colonial period
reserve, and prohibited from moving in search of pastures.
● They were cut off from the best grazing lands and forced to
live within a semi-arid tract prone to frequent droughts.
● Since they could not shift their cattle to places where
pastures were available, large numbers of Maasai cattle died
of starvation and disease in these years of drought.
● An enquiry in 1930 showed that the Maasai Kenya possessed
720,000 cattle, 820,000 sheep and 171,000 donkeys.
● In just two years of severe drought, 1933 and 1934, over half
the cattle in the Maasai Reserve died.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Not All were Equally Affected
Explain
In pre-colonial times Maasai society was divided into two social categories
Elders Warriors
● The elders formed the ruling group ● The warriors consisted of younger
and met in periodic councils to people, mainly responsible for the
decide on the affairs of the protection of the tribe.
community and settle disputes.
● They defended the community and
organised cattle raids.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
The concept of cattle raids under Massai land
● Raiding was important in a society where cattle was wealth.

● It is through raids that the power of different pastoral groups
was asserted.
● Young men came to be recognised as members of the warrior
class when they proved their manliness by raiding the cattle
of other pastoral groups and participating in wars.
● They, however, were subject to the authority of the elders.
Colonial rule and its influence

Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
To administer the affairs of the Maasai, the British introduced a

series of measures that had important implications.
● They appointed chiefs of different subgroups of Maasai.

● The British imposed various restrictions on raiding and warfare.
Impact
The traditional authority of both elders

and warriors was adversely affected.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Topic Not all were equally affected
● The chiefs appointed by the colonial government often accumulated wealth over time.
● They had a regular income with which they could buy animals, goods and land.
● They lent money to poor neighbours who needed cash to pay taxes.
● Many of them began living in towns, and became involved in trade.
● Their wives and children stayed back in the villages to look after the animals.
● These chiefs managed to survive the devastations of war and drought.
● They had both pastoral and non-pastoral income, and could buy animals when their
stock was depleted.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Life of the poor pastoralists
● They did not have the resources to tide over bad times.
● In times of war and famine, they lost nearly everything.
● They had to go looking for work in the towns.
● Some eked out a living as charcoal burners, others did odd jobs.
● The lucky could get more regular work in road or building construction.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
The social changes in Maasai society occurred at two levels.
The traditional difference based on age, between the elders and

First
warriors, was disturbed, though it did not break down entirely.
A new distinction between the wealthy and

Second
poor pastoralists developed.
Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Conclusion
Are affected in a variety of different ways

Pastoral communities
by changes in the modern world.
● New laws and new borders affect the patterns of their movement.
● With increasing restrictions on their mobility, pastoralists find it difficult to
move in search of pastures.
● As pasture lands disappear grazing becomes a problem, while pastures that
remain deteriorate through continuous over grazing.
● Times of drought become times of crises, when cattle die in large numbers.
समस्या पर नही समाधान पर फोकस करो !!

Class
Class9th
9th--History
Forest Society
in the
andModern
Colonialism
World--Full
FullChapter
ChapterExplanation
Explanation
Pastoralists adapted to new times through various ways.
They change the paths of their annual movement, reduce their cattle
numbers, press for rights to enter new areas, exert political pressure on
the government for relief, subsidy and other forms of support and
demand a right in the management of forests and water resources.
● Pastoralists are not relics of the past.

● Environmentalists and economists have
increasingly come to recognise that pastoral
nomadism is a form of life that is perfectly suited
to many hilly and dry regions of the world.
Use code - DIGRAJ
● To get maximum discount on all unacademy
subscriptions.
(CBSE 6 to 12 / IIT-JEE / NEET-UG / CA-CS / CUET / CLAT / NDA / UPSC)
● Fill the form given below before taking admission at

the unacademy offline centres and get additional
discount on all courses.
Click here for form link

Class 9th History Full Chapter Explanation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 9th History Full Chapter Explanation

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 9th History Full Chapter Explanation

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class - IX

● Fill the form given below before taking admission at

Flashback of the chapter

Event of 14 July 1789

Outbreak of French revolution and storming of Bastille.

French Society during the Late Eighteenth Century

Event of 14 July 1789

● In 1774, Louis XVI of the Bourbon family of kings ascended

● Married to the Austrian princess Marie Antoinette.

● Upon his accession the new king found an empty treasury.

Reasons for the empty treasury?

● Long years of war had drained the financial resources of France.

∴ The state was forced to increase taxes.

French society in the eighteenth century was divided into three

1st State + 2nd State = Enjoyed certain privileges by birth.

Tithe A tax levied by the church, comprising one-tenth of the

The Struggle to Survive: Subsistence Crisis

What is subsistence crisis?

An extreme situation where the basic Reasons

Rapid increase in the demand for foodgrains.

Decline in production + Drought or Hail

● The price of bread which was Further reduced the harvest.

A Growing Middle Class Envisages an End to Privileges

Who and How?

Overseas trade and from the Inspired by philosopher

‘Two treatises of government’ ‘Social Contract’ ‘The spirit of the laws’

Impact of these enlightened ideas

Connect with other events Consequences

The Outbreak of the Revolution

Connect with the story

Louis XVI’s plan to increase taxes.

For increasing taxes he had to call a meeting of the Estates

What was Estate General?

● The Estates General was a political body to which

● However, the monarch alone could decide when

● The last time it was done was in 1614.

Meeting at hall in versailles

Outcome The king rejected this proposal.

Members of the third estate walked out of the assembly in protest.

The representatives of third estate assembled in the half of an

● They declared themselves a National Assembly.

The third estate was led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes

Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes

● Was born in a noble family but was ● Originally a priest.

The third estate was led by Mirabeau and Abbe Sieyes

Mirabeau Abbe Sieyes

Connect the events

The spread of the Great Fear.

Faced with the power of his revolting subjects.

France becomes a Constitutional Monarchy

National Assembly Completed the draft of the constitution in 1791.

● Its main object was to limit the powers of the monarch.

● This made France a constitutional monarchy.

The Political system under

Elections to national assembly

● National assembly was indirectly elected.

Active Citizens Passive Citizens

● The Constitution began with a “Declaration of the

They belonged to each human being by birth and

Reading Political Symbols