Tabular & Graphical Presentation of data

Objectives:
• To know how to make frequency distributions and its importance
• To know different terminology in frequency distribution table
• To learn different graphs/diagrams for graphical presentation of data.

Team Members:Thikrayat Omar & Wejdan Alzaid

Team Leaders: Mohammed ALYousef & Rawan Alwadee
Revised By: Basel almeflh

Dr. shaffi Ahmed

Resources:
• 436 Lecture Slides + Notes

Important – Notes
 Investigation

Data Collection

Descriptive Statistics:
Inferential Statistics:
Data
Presentation: Measures of Location Univariate analysis
Estimation
Measures of
Hypothesis Testing
Tabulation Dispersion Multivariate analysis
Point estimate
Diagrams Measures of Skewness
Interval estimate
Graphs &
Kurtosis

Frequency Distributions “putting the data in table form”

“A Picture is Worth a Thousand Words”

Frequency Distributions
• Data distribution – pattern of variability.

- The center of a distribution

- The ranges
- The shapes

• Simple frequency distributions

• Grouped frequency distributions

Simple Frequency Distribution

• The number of times that score occurs “there is no class intervals, we are just counting
the number of each class”

• Make a table with highest score at top and decreasing for every possible
whole number or from lowest score it doesn't matter but it has to be in order.

• N (total number of scores) always equals the sum of the frequency

- Σf = N
Categorical or Qualitative Frequency Distributions

➢ What is a categorical frequency distribution?

A categorical frequency distribution represents data that can be placed in specific categories, such as gender,
blood group, & hair color, etc.

Example: The blood types of 25 blood donors are given below. Summarize the data using a frequency
distribution.

AB B A O B
Note: The classes
O B O A O
for the
B O B B B distribution are
the blood types.
A O AB AB O
A B AB O A

Quantitative Frequency Distributions -- Ungrouped

“because the sample size is small we are using ungrouped data”

➢ What is an ungrouped frequency distribution?

An ungrouped frequency distribution simply lists the data values with the corresponding frequency counts
with which each value occurs.

Example: The at-rest pulse rate for 16 athletes at a meet were 57, 57, 56, 57, 58, 56, 54, 64, 53, 54, 54,
55, 57, 55, 60, and 58. Summarize the information with an ungrouped frequency distribution.

Note: The (ungrouped)

classes are the
observed values
themselves.
 Example of a simple frequency distribution (ungrouped)
• 5 7 8 1 5 9 3 4 2 2 3 4 9 7 1 4 5 6 8 9 4 3 5 2 1 (No. of children in 25 families)

f
e.g. there are three families that
• 9 3 have nine children.
two families that have eight children
and so on.
• 8 2

• 7 2

• 6 1

• 5 4

• 4 4

• 3 3

• 2 3

• 1 3

∑f = 25 (No. of families)

Relative Frequency Distribution related to total frequency this is the continuation of the above equation

• Proportion of the total N Example of a simple frequency distribution

• 5781593422349714568943521
• Divide the frequency of each score by N
f rel f
• Rel. f = f/N
3
• 9 3 .12 = 100 x
• Sum of relative frequencies should equal 1.0 or 25
= 100% by percentage • 8 2 .08
‫اذا طﻠب اﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ اﺿرب‬
• Gives us a frame of reference • 7 2 .08 ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﯾﺔ‬

• 6 1 .04

• 5 4 .16

• 4 4 .16

• 3 3 .12

• 2 3 .12

• 1 3 .12
Note: The relative frequency for a class is obtained by ∑f = 25 ∑ rel f = 1.0

computing f/n.
1/16=0.0625
3/18=0.1875
2/16=0.1250
Cumulative Frequency Distributions

• cf = cumulative frequency: number of scores at or below a particular score

• A score’s standing relative to other scores

• Count from lower scores and add the simple frequencies for all scores below that score

Example of a simple frequency distribution Example of a simple frequency distribution (ungrouped)

• 5781593422349714568943521
•5 7 8 1 5 9 3 4 2 2 3 4 9 7 1 4 5 6 8 9 4 3 5 2 1
• f rel f cf f cf rel f rel. cf
•9 3 .12 3
•8 2 .08 5=2+3 • 9 3 3 .12 .12
•7 2 .08 7 = 3+2+2
•6 1 .04 8=3+2+2+1 • 8 2 5 .08 .20
•5 4 .16 12
•4 4 .16 16 • 7 2 7 .08 .28
•3 3 .12 19
•2 3 .12 22 • 6 1 8 .04 .32
•1 3 .12 25
∑f = 25 ∑ rel f = 1.0 • 5 4 12 .16 .48

• 4 4 16 .16 .64

how many families have 7 or more children? • 3 3 19 .12 .76

from cf =7 • 2 3 22 .12 .88

so we can know any number above or below any
data without counting. (the advantage)
• 1 3 25 .12 1.0

∑f = 25 ∑ rel f = 1.0
if they ask you how many family have 5 and
above children? 12

how many family have 4 and above children

?16
Quantitative Frequency Distributions -- Grouped
➢ What is a grouped frequency distribution? A grouped frequency distribution is obtained by constructing
classes (or intervals) for the data, and then listing the corresponding number of values (frequency
counts) in each interval.

Tabulate the hemoglobin values of 30 adult male patients listed below

Patient Hb Patient Hb Patient Hb

No (g/dl) No (g/dl) No (g/dl)
1 12.0 11 11.2 21 14.9
2 11.9 12 13.6 22 12.2
3 11.5 13 10.8 23 12.2
4 14.2 14 12.3 24 11.4
5 12.3 15 12.3 25 10.7
6 13.0 16 15.7 26 12.5
7 10.5 17 12.6 27 11.8
8 12.8 18 9.1 28 15.1
9 13.2 19 12.9 29 13.4
10 11.2 20 14.6 30 13.1

Steps for making a table

• Step1 Find Minimum (9.1) & Maximum (15.7)

• Step 2 Calculate difference 15.7 – 9.1 = 6.6

‫ ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﺳوي ﺟدول ﻣﻘﺳم اﻟﻰ ﺳﺑﻊ اﻗﺳﺎم‬٧ ‫طﻠﻊ ﻣﻌﻧﺎ‬
• Step 3 Decide the number and width of the classes (7 c.l) 9.0 -9.9, 10.0-10.9,---

• Step 4 Prepare dummy table – Hb (g/dl), Tally mark, No. patients

we have to know the difference in magnitude and the sample size to decide the number and the width of
class intervals.

the intervals should not be less than 5 or more than 10.

the intervals should not overlap each other.

Dummy table Tall marks TABLE
Hb (g/dl) Tall marks No. patients Hb (g/dl) Tall marks No. patients

9.0 – 9.9 9.0 – 9.9 l 1

10.0 – 10.9 10.0 – 10.9 lll 3
11.0 – 11.9 11.0 – 11.9 llll 1 6
12.0 – 12.9 12.0 – 12.9 llll llll 10
13.0 – 13.9 13.0 – 13.9 llll 5
14.0 – 14.9 14.0 – 14.9 lll 3
15.0 – 15.9 15.0 – 15.9 ll 2
Total Total 30
-

Table Frequency distribution of 30 adult male Table Frequency distribution of adult patients by
patients by Hb Hb and gender (two variable)

Hb (g/dl) No. of patients Hb Gender Total

(g/dl)
9.0 – 9.9 1 Male Female
10.0 – 10.9 3
11.0 – 11.9 6 <9.0 0 2 2
12.0 – 12.9 10 9.0 – 9.9 1 3 4
13.0 – 13.9 5 10.0 – 10.9 3 5 8
14.0 – 14.9 3 11.0 – 11.9 6 8 14
15.0 – 15.9 2 12.0 – 12.9 10 6 16
13.0 – 13.9 5 4 9
Total 30 14.0 – 14.9 3 2 5
15.0 – 15.9 2 0 2

Total 30 30 60

we can put age group also (3 ways classification) more than 3 variables
would be confusing.
Elements of a Table

• Ideal table should have : Number, Title, Column headings and Foot-notes

• Number : Table number for identification in a report

• Title, place : Describe the body of the table, variables

• Time period: (What, how classified, where and when)

• Column Heading : Variable name, No. , Percentages (%), etc.,

• Foot-note(s) : to describe some column/row headings, special cells, source, etc.,

Tabular and Graphical Procedures

Data

Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

Tabular Graphical Tabular Graphical

Methods Methods Methods Methods

- Frequency - Bar Graph -Frequency - Histogram

- Distribution - Pie Chart - Distribution - Freq. curve
- Rel. Freq. Dist. - Rel. Freq. Dist. - Box plot
- % Freq. Dist. - Cum. Freq. Dist. - Scatter
- Cross-tabulation - Cum. Rel. Freq. - Diagram
- Distribution - Stem-and-Leaf
- Cross tabulation - Display

DIAGRAMS/GRAPHS

Qualitative data (Nominal & Ordinal)

- Bar charts (one or two groups)
- Pie charts
Quantitative data (discrete & continuous)
- Histogram
- Frequency polygon (curve)
- Stem-and –leaf plot
- Box-and-whisker plot
- Scatter diagram
Example data
68 63 42 27 30 36 28 32
79 27 22 28 24 25 44 65
43 25 74 51 36 42 28 31
28 25 45 12 57 51 12 32
49 38 42 27 31 50 38 21
16 24 64 47 23 22 43 27
49 28 23 19 11 52 46 31
30 43 49 12

Histogram Polygon

Histogram of ages of 60 subjects

the height of the bar is proportional to that class’s absolute
frequency (number of individuals in the class)

Stem and leaf plot

in all these graphs we can see the
Stem-and-leaf of Age N = 60 shape of distribution and maximum and
minimum scores. in addition of that we
Leaf Unit = 1.0 can show all the data in stem and leaf
plot.
f stem leaf

6 1 122269 = 11 , 12,
19 2 1223344555777788888
11 3 00111226688
13 4 2223334567999
5 5 01127
4 6 3458
2 7 49
Descriptive statistics report: Boxplot “for very large data”
● minimum score
● maximum score
● lower quartile
● upper quartile
● median
● mean

- The skew of the distribution

positive skew: mean > median & high-score whisker is longer
negative skew: mean < median & low-score whisker is longer

Application of a box and Whisker diagram

all sundays in a
particular year

Pie Chart for categorical data

•Circular diagram – total -100%

•Divided into segments each representing a category

•Decide adjacent category

•The amount for each category is proportional to slice of the pie

The prevalence of different degree of Hypertension

in the population
Bar Graphs for categorical data

• Heights of the bar indicates frequency

• Frequency in the Y axis and categories of variable in the X axis

• The bars should be of equal width and no touching the other bars

‫ ﯾﻛوﻧون اﻻﻋﻣدة ﻗرﯾﺑﯾن‬histogram ‫ھﻧﺎ ﻧﻼﺣظ ان اﻻﻋﻣدة ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋده ﺷوي ﻋن ﺑﻌض ﻋﻛس اﻟـ‬
quantitative data ‫ ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم‬histogram ‫ﻣن ﺑﻌض ﻻن اﻟـ‬

The distribution of risk factor among cases with

Cardiovascular Diseases

HIV cases enrolment in USA by gender

multiple Bar chart

HIV cases Enrollment in USA by gender

Stocked bar chart

each dot represents 2 quantitative variables,
so we use the scattered data when we want to study the relation between 2 quantitative variables.
General rules for designing graphs
• A graph should have a self-explanatory legend by the title of the table or graph
• A graph should help reader to understand data
• Axis labeled, units of measurement indicated
• Scales important. Start with zero (otherwise // break)
• Avoid graphs with three-dimensional impression, it may be misleading (reader visualize less easily

THE END