1.notes - Intro To HTML-696

Introduction to HTML
What is HTML?
HTML is the most basic building foundation of any web page. Follow along with this guide
to get started.
● HTML is the HyperText Markup Language.
● HTML is used to create an overall website structure.
● HTML is used to provide content (words, images, audio, video, etc.) to web pages.
● HTML is a language based on tags. They are defined in the angle brackets.
● A text editor such as Visual Studio Code, Sublime, or ATOM can be used to create
an HTML file.
● You can download sublime text editor from here: https://www.sublimetext.com/3
Following is a sample HTML code
Create a file in any text editor like Visual Studio Code and ATOM, and type the above code
and save it as a .html file.
Comments in HTML
Generally, developers use comments to explain their code to other developers or to

mark something important which needs editing. Comments are ignored by the browser
hence won’t be seen on the webpage along with other content.
You can write a comment by placing the comment text between <! > tags.
For example:

Comments can’t be nested, which means a comment can’t be put inside another
comment.
TAGS
Tags are used to represent HTML elements. These can be seen as keywords that define how
a web browser will format and display the website content.
● Tags define all document elements, i.e. they give meaning to the plain HTML text.
● Two characters < and > surround HTML tags (They are called angle brackets).
● The name of the tag can either begin with an alphabet or an underscore(_).
● The element contents are displayed between the start and end tags
● Tags that have an opening and closing can have any number of tags within them.
● The <H1> and <h1> tags in HTML have the same meaning, i.e. tags are not case
sensitive.
● The HTML tags are usually available in pairs, i.e. opening and closing (it's the
same, with the tag name '/' at the beginning) tag.
Eg: <html> and </html> is a tag that comes in pairs and <hr> does not have a closing
tag.
NOTE: There are also "self-closing" tags, whereby a br tag, for eg., will look like "<br/>"
instead of simply "<br>".
Description of tags used till now:
Tag Description
1 <!DOCTYPE html> Specifies that HTML version 5 is used to create the web page
2 <html> </html> Root container for all other HTML elements of the web page
(including the head tag)s
3 <head> </head> Contains information related to the website and is not shown in
the browser
4 <title> </title> Provides the title of the document and is displayed in the tab in
the browser
5 <body></body> Contains all of the elements visible on the web page
EXTRA:
To get the list of all valid tags in HTML5, visit:
https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element
These can be explored whenever required while making a website.
DOCTYPE
The DOCTYPE declaration specifies the HTML version used to create the page.
It's the first thing you see on every web page when you open your HTML document.
It appears before the <html> tag at the top of every page.
The declaration of doctype is not an HTML tag. It's the one HTML5 recommends.
<!DOCTYPE html> is the syntax for doctype.

HTML ELEMENTS
HTML Elements are the things that actually make up the web page. Tags just define the
beginning and end of HTML elements. A web page can be seen as a collection of HTML
elements.
The basic elements used till now have been briefly described below
HTML Element Description
1 <p> CONTENT </p> Paragraph tag
2 <h1> CONTENT </h1> Heading tag
3 <br> Break tag - to enter into a new line
Paragraphs
Paragraphs are blocks of text separated from each other by some space.
They are defined using the <p> and </p> tags. When the p element ends, the next element
appears in the next line.
Eg: here's a sample of code for <p> tag:
It appears on a web browser like this:
NOTE: When formatting without a p-tag, new lines are appended on the current
line. This happens because the spacing of text doesn’t matter to the browser.
Headings
These are HTML tags that are used to indicate that some content should be treated as
headings. The headings are divided into six levels: h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6. among
them, h1 is the highest level heading and h6 is the lowest-level heading.
Eg: here's a sample of code for H tags
The content appears a

BR Tag
<br> tag can be used to make a single line split between the contents of the tab. This
means that when this tag is used between a single line, the contents after this tag will
pass to the next line. Do not use it to allow space between a block of elements ( eg.,
paragraph and heading).
Eg.,
<h3>We are studying in<br>Coding Ninjas</h3>
will show the heading as
LISTS
Lists are used to group different pieces of information together so that they are easily
linked and easy to read.
Lists help construct a well-structured, more open, and easy-to-maintain document from a
structural standpoint.
There are three types of lists to pick from: ordered, unordered, and description lists.
Unordered Lists
It's used to group a group of similar objects that aren't arranged in any specific order.
Where the counting of objects isn't necessary, unordered lists are used.
Bullets are used by default to separate the items.
They are defined using the <ul> tag. Eg:
The output is as follows:
HTML provides an interesting feature to change the style of the list item marker.
There are 4 types of styles in unordered lists:
● type="disc" - Sets the list item marker to a bullet (default).

○ type="circle" - Sets the list item marker to a circle.
■ type="square" - Sets the list item marker to a square.
type="none" - The lists items will not be marked.
For example, to create a list with type=circle:

NOTE: The above styles can be produced by using the 'type' attribute. However, this
attribute is now not supported in HTML5 and you now need to change the style using
CSS(we will learn later about it).
Ordered Lists
It is used in a certain order to group a number of related items.
When the numbering of items is necessary, ordered lists are used. By default, numerical
numbers follow the items.
They are defined using the <ul> tag. Eg:
Similarly, like the unordered lists, there are also different types of ways to number the
ordered lists using the 'type' attribute:
1. type="1" - the numbering will contain numbers (default)

A. type="A" - the numbering will contain uppercase letters
a. type="a" - the numbering will contain lowercase letters
I. type="I" - the numbering will contain uppercase roman numbers
i. type="i" - the numbering will contain lowercase roman numbers
Now, what if you want to change the starting numbering of the lists?
HTML has got the solution for it: the 'start' attribute. So, if we change <ol> to <ol start="7"
>, you will now see the output as
Description Lists
A list of definitions is not the same as a list of items. This is a collection of items with an
explanation.
Tag Description
<dl> tag to start a definition list.
<dt> tag to begin each definition - list term.
<dd> tag to begin each definition - list definition.
In comparison to ordered and unordered lists, description lists are very specific in their
application and thus are rarely used. However, whenever a structure such as a list of terms
and their descriptions is required, description lists are ideal.
Eg:
NESTING ELEMENTS
HTML elements can be nested i.e. elements can contain elements. Actually, all HTML
documents consist of nested HTML elements
Eg:
This will give the output as

NOTE: There is no limitation to the depth of nested lists. Although it is true for all
paired/container tags, we should be careful in nesting elements inside each other and
should only do something meaningful.
IMAGES IN HTML
The <img> tag is used to specify images in HTML.
Attributes of Image Element
Attribute Description
src to specify the source of the image
alt to specify alternate text (it gets displayed if due to some issue image
doesn’t get displayed)
The src Attribute
You must use the src attribute to display an image on a page. Src is the 'source.' The
src's value is the URL of the picture that you wish to show on your page.
The URL may be relative or absolute.
We'll discuss them later.
The syntax of defining an image:
<img src="images/logo.png">
We wrote 'images/logo,' as you can see, in the src attribute. This is a relative url example.
The image will now be displayed on the page like
Some points you need to know:
● image tag is a self-closing tag which means that it doesn't contain the closing tag.
● The src tag can contain both relative and absolute paths, as well as internet image
links.
The ALT Attribute
The alt attribute or alternative text will inform the reader what it lacks on a page when
the browser cannot load pictures. Instead of the picture, the browser displays the
alternative text.
Now, we can use the alt attribute as
<img src="images/logo.png" alt="Coding Ninjas image">
The text would be seen now as
NOTE: It is a good practice to include the "alt" attribute for each image on a page
The Height and Width Attributes
You may explicitly specify the height and width of an image with the attributes
height="value" and width="value." The value is given in pixels by default.
Eg.,
This will fix the height and width of the image to 500px (pixel). There is an alternative for
height and width attributes in CSS. We can come to this later.
NOTE: The value provided should be in numerical form. Pixel is a unit of measurement, to
set
the dimensions of the image.
ATTRIBUTES
HTML elements can have certain characteristics associated with them which are called
attributes. These attributes provide more information about the element For example:
In the above example,

● The src attribute is used to define the URL/source link of the image file, which is
images/logo.png in this case.
● The alt attribute defines the alternate text which will be shown if the image doesn’t
load due to any reason; the Coding Ninjas image will be shown as alternate text.
● The height attribute can be used to set the image’s height in pixels.
● Similarly, the width attribute is used to set the width of the image in
pixels.
Some points to remember:
I. Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: attribute_name="value".

II. Attributes are always added to the start tag of an HTML element.
III. The attribute value should always be mentioned in double quotes (“ ”) or single
quotes(' ').
IV. If the attribute value contains quotes itself, then it is necessary to use single quotes,
like name='John "Ghostemane" Doe'
ANCHOR TAG
The <a> tag sets the connection to link between pages. This tag defines a link. By clicking
on a link, a new page appears that can be on the same page or another. These web pages'
links are linked together. Links can either be external or internal.
External Links Internal Links
Enables navigation between different web Enables navigation within a web page. Eg:
pages without having to type its URL each link to the page-top or link to a particular
time. Helps to connect to other websites. page material.
In all browsers, by default, links appear as follows:

● An unvisited link is underlined and blue
● A visited link is highlighted in purple and underlined.
● A link that is active is highlighted in red.
href Attribute
The <a> element's most significant attribute, href, indicates the destination of the link. T
his means that the href attribute is used to refer to the document that is linked to the
relation.
Eg;
You will see this:
An anchor tag may indicate any web-based resource: an HTML page, a picture, a sound
file, a video, etc. Both of these are referred to as external connections.
NOTE: You need to remember that here also, we can provide the relative URL of a file as a
value to href attribute. Eg: href="/home/myPC/Documents/test.html".
Relative and Absolute Linking
For specifying local links, relative links are used, i.e. links to root files. Absolute links
are used in external links, i.e. the web page's URL. The browser searches for file locations
concerning the current page when a user clicks the relative connection.
Four situation arises in this case:-
● The file is present in the same folder - In this case, the name of the file is provided.
Eg: <a href="relativeFile.html">Click Me</a>, will look for the file
inside the same folder.
● The file is present in the subfolder - In this case, the name of the file provided is
preceded by the folder names according to hierarchy.
Eg: <a href="subfolder/down/relativeFile.html">Click Me</a>, will
move to the 'subfolder' folder, then to 'down' folder and look for the file inside it.
● The file is present somewhere in the parent folder - In this case, to move one
folder above use '../'. For instance: <a href="../relativeFile.html"> Click Me</a>, step
into the parent folder and search for the inside address.
● The file is present in another subfolder of the parent folder - This case covers
the above two cases.
For instance: <a href="../subfolder/relativeDateien.html"> Click Me</a> to switch to
the parent folder, then to the 'subfolder' folder, and search for the inside of the folder.
The full web address of the web page you want to go to is indicated by absolute links.
eg:: <a href="https://1603.de/"> Click Me</a> to guide the browser to the URL you like.
The Target Attribute
The target attribute defines where the linked document will be opened. It has the
following values:
● _self: Load the URL to the current tab on its own. This is the default setting.
● _blank: Load the URL to the new tab or browser window.
● _parent: Load the URL in the context of the parent browsing. It's the same thing as
itself if there are no parents.
● _top: Load URLs in the high-level context of browsing. It is the same thing if there is no
parent.
In a new browser window the following line opens the document:
<a href= <a href= "http://www.codingninjas.in/pupils/attributions

"objective=" blank" "> > > >
Ninjas</a> coding
NOTE: By default, the linked page will be displayed in the current browser window. It can
be cumbersome to remember all this HTML code. This HTML cheatsheet can be
downloaded from the link below to refer to all HTML tags and attributes without the following:
https://html.com/wp-content/uploads/html-cheat-sheet

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Introduction to HTML

Following is a sample HTML code

Generally, developers use comments to explain their code to other developers or to

Description of tags used till now:

5 <body></body> Contains all of the elements visible on the web page

It appears before the <html> tag at the top of every page.

<!DOCTYPE html> is the syntax for doctype.

HTML Element Description

1 <p> CONTENT </p> Paragraph tag

2 <h1> CONTENT </h1> Heading tag

3 <br> Break tag - to enter into a new line

Eg: here's a sample of code for H tags

The content appears a

<h3>We are studying in<br>Coding Ninjas</h3>

will show the heading as

They are deﬁned using the <ul> tag. Eg:

The output is as follows:

● type="disc" - Sets the list item marker to a bullet (default).

For example, to create a list with type=circle:

It is used in a certain order to group a number of related items.

They are deﬁned using the <ul> tag. Eg:

The output is as follows:

1. type="1" - the numbering will contain numbers (default)

>, you will now see the output as

<dl> tag to start a deﬁnition list.

<dt> tag to begin each deﬁnition - list term.

<dd> tag to begin each deﬁnition - list deﬁnition.

This will give the output as

Attributes of Image Element

src to specify the source of the image

The src Attribute

The syntax of deﬁning an image:

Some points you need to know:

Now, we can use the alt attribute as

<img src="images/logo.png" alt="Coding Ninjas image">

The text would be seen now as

The Height and Width Attributes

height="value" and width="value." The value is given in pixels by default.

In the above example,

Some points to remember:

I. Attributes always come in name/value pairs like this: attribute_name="value".

External Links Internal Links

In all browsers, by default, links appear as follows:

Relative and Absolute Linking

Four situation arises in this case:-

The Target Attribute

In a new browser window the following line opens the document:

<a href= <a href= "http://www.codingninjas.in/pupils/attributions

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