NEW LITERARY GENRE Interactive Poetry

Electronical Literature This kind of poetry creates a platform for poets

to collaborate in creating a poem.
This type of emerging 21st Century Literature
added the use of computers or digital devices as Code Poetry
another method of producing literary works
Poems created from the programming
while adhering to the principles of preexisting
language. This kind of poetry does not only
genres.
require a poet to be well versed in playing with
Another feature of Electronic Literature is its words and rhymes but also in the knowledge of
quality of being interactive, in which when a programming.
reader is reading prose, he/she can form part in
Visual or Concrete Poetry
deciding the outcome of the story with the use
of links that when clicked will direct the plot of Poetry that does not only use lines and stanzas
the story to where it was decided by the reader. to make the reader perceive the magic of
appreciating poetry but also literary using the
The same way for poetry, where words can be
words in the lines and stanzas in creating
clicked to direct to another page or
images.
attachments. This kind of function is called
hyperlink making the text into hypertext. GRAPHIC LITERATURE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELECTRONIC LITERATURE This type of literature makes use of images and
words in order to create a literary work. It is
Digital Fiction Example Hypertext Fiction
also bound to create a sequential way of
Fiction that utilizes different links that provide a narrating a story through the use of different
new context for nonlinearity and interaction images.
between the text and the reader.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF GRAPHIC LITERATURE
Interactive Fiction
Japanese Manga
Videogame popularly known as a role-playing
Japanese Manga is a graphic novel or comics
game or RPG.
originating in Japan.
In this type of fiction, the player is transported
A lot of Filipinos today are fond of reading and
to a virtual world where he must play a game to
appreciating this genre of literature because of
understand the journey of the characters. The
the airing of anime on the different TV
plot may change based on the player's choices
Networks in the Philippines.
in the game.
Graphic Novel
DIGITAL POETRY
This is a book that combines images,
Hypertext Poetry
illustrations, and words in order to create a
a kind of poetry that utilizes different links in story. This is different from comic strips that
order for the readers to understand the words usually appear in periodicals.
in the poem. It also gives a deeper explanation
Unlike comic books, graphic novels are
in the words that it's easier for the readers to
generally standalone stories with more complex
appreciate and understand the poem.
plots.
Comic Strips Dean Francis Alfar

Shorter than a comic and usually being A well-known playwright and fictionist, is one of
published in periodicals. It has humor and wit those writers who are exploring the vast and
that aims to both entertain and inform. mysterious world of Speculative Fiction.

EMERGING LITERARY GENRE His works have received numerous awards, like
the Carlos Palanca Award, which he won at
Blog
least 10 times.
According to Britannica, a blog (a truncation of
Flash Fiction
"weblog") is a genre of electronic literature that
contains discussion on any topic that is Flash fiction is a hybrid or mixed genre that
commonly sponsored by a website host or consists of one part poetry and one part
informational website published on the World narrative. It is also called prose-poetry and
Wide Web consisting of discrete, often informal needs to be read slowly like a poem because
diary-style text entries (posts). missing a word can change the meaning of the
story entirely (Al-Sharqi and Abbasi, 2015).
Blogger.com is one of the famous blog sites
where you may post your blogs for free. The Flash fiction is also known as sudden fiction,
good thing about blogs is you may write short-short stories, microfiction, or micro
different topics that you want to share. stories, not readers.

Chick Lit Lgbt theme literature

This is another emerging genre of literature that Because Filipinos are largely conservative
is about women and how they live their lives thinkers, LGBT-themed literature has made only
and deal with their romantic problems. slow progress in the Philippines. However, with
the initiative of raising messages of awareness
It is also another platform for empowering
and acceptance, which has become a social
women and showcasing the nature of women in
movement for many LGBT members and
both their strength and delicacy.
supporters, this kind of literature slowly
An example of Chick Lit is the novella, Before I emerged and became known to many. Ear in
Do, written by Kath Eustaquio-Derla. This is the different styles to convey various moods or
story of Kit Castille, who is struggling to find ideas.
true love.
The misconception about this literature is that it
Speculative Fiction is all about showcasing inappropriate and
sensitive behavior of LGBT members.
According to Pantoja Hidalgo (2008),
"Speculative fiction is a wide range of genres However, as with former norms in literature,
which speculate about worlds different from this kind of literature is intended to dwell on
what we regard as real". the lives of LGBT people.

It is called "speculative" because it deals with It focuses on the struggle of an individual to be

topics that could have the possibility of accepted by society and the power of love
becoming reality. towards same-sex partners, aiming to prove
that love knows no boundaries.
LITERAL LANGUAGE Also, context clues use signal words to further
help find the meaning. The following are
Literal Language uses words exactly according
examples of context clues:
to their conventionally accepted meaning or
denotations. In order to understand the literal DEFINITION CLUE
language, the reader must know the meaning of
Definition Clue – the definition of the unfamiliar
the words in the text.
word is found in the sentence. The signal for
There are various ways that can be used in this context clue is that is and also uses
order to understand the words in the text: commas, dashes, and parenthesis.

DENOTATION (through the use of a dictionary) Ex. The pandemic – a worldwide spread of
Denotation refers to the definition of a word infection – is affecting many lives, especially the
found in a dictionary. This is the easiest way of poor.
getting the meaning of an unfamiliar word.
EXAMPLE CLUE
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
Example Clue –When an unfamiliar word
Structural Analysis –In order to use structural appears in a sentence, it is sometimes followed
analysis, the reader should be able to with an example. The signal words for this kind
understand the structure of a word. Linguists of clue are: such as for example.
also use the term morphemes to refer to a
Ex. He has recalcitrant behavior, unruly and
word.
rude all the time.
There are two types of morphemes: bound
SYNONYM CLUE
morphemes and free morphemes.
Synonym Clue – a synonymous term of the
Free morphemes, also known as root words,
unfamiliar word found in the sentence. Signal
can stand alone, whereas the bound morpheme
words are “also known as, sometimes called,
cannot because it must be attached to a root
that is, or and in other words.”
word or free morphemes in order to change
meaning, number, or tense. Affixes is the term Ex. I need a cajole or persuade him to not leave
typically used for bound morphemes. Affixes the party early.
have two types: Prefixes and Suffixes.
ANTONYM CLUE
A prefix is a bound morpheme attached before
the word, while a suffix is attached at the end of Antonym Clue – the opposite word of the
the word. For example, REPAIR (Root word – unfamiliar word is found in the sentence. Signal
“Pair” and it is added by a prefix “Re” which words are “however, although, and but.”
means back or again) Ex. When the light brightens, the pupils
CONTEXT CLUES contract; however, when it is dark, they dilate.

This is a technique of finding the meaning of MOOD/TONE CLUE

unfamiliar words by looking at the premise of Mood/Tone Clue – the mood set by the author
the sentence or the words surrounding the harmonized with the unfamiliar word.
unfamiliar word.
Ex. The lugubrious wails of the gypsies matched For example, in the short story “The Mats” by
the dreary whistling of the wind in the allbut- Francisco Arcellana, the mats may symbolize
deserted cemetery. the strong family ties Filipino families have.

FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE LITERARY DEVICE

It refers to the use of words in a manner of A text without literary devices is like a canvas
turning from the traditional method of without color or a garden without flowers.
understanding written words in order to
Play an important role in captivating the
express complicated meaning, and colorful
readers’ interests because of the creative
interpretation through writing or speaking, and
manner in which writers do in playing with
gives clarity to adhere to the truth and artistry.
words in a text. One of the most common
Figurative Language can also be used in prose literary devices is the Figures of Speech.
and even in drama. In fact, even in normal
FIGURES OF SPEECH
conversation, we tend to use figurative
language in expressing our emotions without Figures of Speech is any intentional deviation
knowing that we are actually using it. from a literal statement or common usage that
emphasizes, clarifies, or embellishes both
This kind of Figurative Language in which it is
written and spoken language.
accepted even when the things that are being
said deviate from the literal meaning of the Forming an integral part of language, figures of
words is called Idioms. speech are found in oral literature as well as in
polished poetry and prose and in everyday
SYMBOLISM
speech.
Symbolism is the use of symbols to signify ideas
1. ALLITERATION
and qualities, by giving them symbolic meanings
that are different from their literal sense. The repetition of the initial consonant sound.
FOR EXAMPLE: She sells seashells by the
Symbolism can take different forms. Generally,
seashore.
it is an object representing another, to give an
entirely different meaning that is much deeper In the example above, the /s/ sound is repeated
and more significant. in the succeeding initial consonant sound of the
words sells, seashells, and seashore.
Sometimes, an action, an event, or a word
spoken by someone may have a symbolic value. You might wonder why the word "she" is not
Symbolism included. This is because it begins with a
different consonant sound-/[/ or /sh/.
For instance, “smile” is a symbol of friendship.
Similarly, the action of someone smiling at you It is important that when using this figure of
may stand as a symbol of the feeling of speech, you are familiar with the various
affection that person has for you. symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet
(IPA), which serves as an accurate guide in the
In every literary piece, the author has the
pronunciation of sounds.
leeway (freedom) to create symbols that have
significance in his or her life or in the text he or 2. ASSONANCE
she created.
The repetition of the internal vowel sounds.
FOR EXAMPLE: How now brown cow? Giving the attribute of a human to an inanimate
object.
The words in the example above have a
repeating diphthong /au/ sound. When using FOR EXAMPLE: The mountain will bow to the
assonance, remember that it is not how the touch of the strongest wind.
word is spelled but how it is pronounced that
The mountain cannot bow in reality, and the
matters.
wind has no hands to touch. However, in
For example, despite having the same "-own" personification, these inanimate objects are
letters, the words “blown" and "brown" are given human-like actions. It only differs from an
pronounced differently. apostrophe in terms of usage.

Note that diphthongs are blended vowel 6. CHIASMUS

sounds.
A verbal pattern in which the second half is
3. ANAPHORA balanced with the first but written in reverse.
FOR EXAMPLE: Reading to learn is different
Repetition of the same word or phrase in
from learning to read.
successive clauses or sentences. FOR EXAMPLE:
I live to overcome the mistakes of the past, the In the example, you will see how the sense of
mistakes untold, a the mistakes unnoticed. the two phrases changed by just changing or
reversing the position of the words in the
The phrase the mistakes is repeated in the
sentence.
sentence above.
Changing the inflection of the word is also
Change me for what I have done. Change him
necessary to make the sentence grammatically
for what he did. Chans them, so we can live.
correct.
The word change is repeated in the succeeding
7. EUPHEMISM
sentences above.
The use of an inoffensive word or phrase in
4. APOSTROPHE
substitution for an offensive word. FOR
Addressing an inanimate object as if it is alive or EXAMPLE: Her mother went to the other side
someone who is not present. FOR EXAMPLE: after battling for a 10-year leukemia.
Evry said, "What would I do without your genius
As you may have noticed, the phrase "went to
brain, my computer!"
the other side" is an alternative and even kinder
The computer is an inanimate object and was term for the word "died."
addressed as if it was alive.
8. HYPERBOLE
Oh! Dr. Jose Rizal, will you please guide these
An exaggeration of the thought unit that should
perverted minds?"
not be read in the literal sense. FOR EXAMPLE: I
Dr. Jose Rizal is no longer living, yet his ideology spent a billion pesos on shopping today.
and impact on Filipinos live on that his name is
Although it is possible to spend billions of pesos
still sometimes referenced in people's remarks
if you are extremely rich, this could still be
to add impact.
interpreted as hyperbole in the sense that
5. PERSONIFICATION spending much money on regular shopping
would be considered excessive.
 9. METAPHOR appreciation and understanding of the message
of a literary piece.
A figure of speech that makes an implicit
comparison of a word or phrase to another to TEXT
show similarity. FOR EXAMPLE: Her smile is a
 Text is a words written in order to
sunshine during summertime.
create a literature.
In the example above, "smile" is compared to
 This is the form and structure.
"sunshine”. Notice that the linking verb "is" is
used here to compare the two.  It usually differs when it comes to its
form and structure depending on the
10. SIMILE
genre of the literature.
Just like metaphor, this figure of speech
However, no matter what form or structure the
compares two different objects or persons with
text will be written it will always be bound with
similar characteristics and uses "like" and "as".
symbols and words.
FOR EXAMPLE: You were as brave as a lion.
Text Structure according to genre
Notice the signal word "as" in the sentence
 Text Structure of Prose
comparing the bravery of the person to a lion.
 Text Structure of Poetry
11. ONOMATOPOEIA
 Text Structure of Drama
The use of words that imitate the sounds
associated with the objects or actions they refer Text Structure of Prose
to.
In prose, text is written by word, phrases,
FOR EXAMPLE: The boxes fell from the shelves sentences, and paragraphs.
with a very loud thump.
Example of Text Structure of Prose
The example above stimulates your senses that The Seamstress with Sampaguita Flowers
you can imagine how loud the books fell
because of the use of the word thump. In 1959, Sangley Point in Cavite, Philippines, is a
naval station of the United States of America
12. SYNECDOCHE that was built for communication purposes, at
the same time, a hospital facility.
The use of a part to represent the whole.
Dr. Kenneth Lewis, an American doctor, is
FOR EXAMPLE: Two heads are better than one
stationed there with his wife, while Teresa
in accomplishing a task.
Reyes is a young Filipina widow who makes a
The word "heads" represents people helping living as a seamstress to save money for her
each other in making a task easier. daughter’s education and future. Somehow, the
lives of these four people get intertwined
TEXT AND CONTEXT
because of a tragedy and connected by an
Text and Context are essential parts of unlikely reason—the sampaguita, which is the
literature. In this lesson, you will able to learn national flower of the Philippines.
the notable differences between these two
Text Structure of Poetry
terms and how they could affect your
In Poetry, the text is written by lines and date and all the other details that create a clear
stanzas. and vivid visualization of the text.

Example of Text Structure for Poetry Writer’s and Reader’s Context

Lamentation
In these contexts, it is believed that each
I will not let you go, bebe ko individual is different even when you idolize a
certain writer and enjoy all the literary works
Not now,
that he/she wrote.
Not yet,
These differences exist because of the different
Not even culture, sex, religion, economic status, beliefs,
assumptions and race that an individual has.
If I can still hear the wings of death’s angels
Thus, in this kind of differences in context, the
Text Structure of Drama creation, interpretation, and understanding of
In drama, it is written through a dialogue. literature will be different. Also, reader’s
context is influenced a lot by his/her previous
Example of a Text Structure for Drama readings.
New Yorker of Tondo
Society’s Context
Scene: The parlor of the Mendoza house in
Tondo. Front door is at right. Curtained window Most of the time is where the text was
is at left. Left side of stage is occupied by a produced or the character resides. The
rattan set-sofa and two chairs. On the right side viewpoint of society is affecting also because of
of the stage, a cabinet radio stands against back the existence of norms and taboo.
wall. Open door-way in center, background, Norms are the ways which are socially
leads into the rest of the house. acceptable while the taboo are those which are
Mrs M: (as she walks toward the door) – unaccepted.
Visitors , always visitors. Nothing but visitors all
day long. Naku I’m beginning to feel like a
society matron.

Context

Context is the idea that the text, writer, reader,

and even the society are connected with each
other in understanding literature.

Text’s Context

Is a literary device that gives vivid

interpretations of text through the surrounding
details of the text that affects to the perception
and understanding of the readers to the text.

To identify the text’s context better, try to

identify the descriptive words , the time and the