1

Nomenclature

Name is the symbol of communication to which

most of the information is attached.

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Drug identification methods-

Traditional

Classical

Modern

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 Drug identification methods-

Traditional

4
 Basis of Nomenclature
Classical

• Nama-rupa-jynam according
to Ayurveda
• Synonyms-Paryayas

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 Basis of the Paryaya

• LMÇü iÉÑ lÉÉqÉ mÉëÍjÉiÉÇ oÉWÕûlÉÉqÉåMüxrÉ lÉÉqÉÉÌlÉ

Dhanvantari iÉjÉÉ oÉWÕûÌlÉ |
Nighantu • SìurÉxrÉ eÉÉirÉÉM×üÌiÉ
uÉhÉïuÉÏrÉïUxÉmÉëpÉÉuÉÉÌSaÉÑhÉæpÉïuÉÎliÉ ||9||

• lÉÉqÉÉÌlÉ YuÉÍcÉÌSWû ÂÌRûiÉ: xuÉpÉÉuÉÉiÉç

Raj SåzrÉÉåYirÉÉ YuÉcÉlÉ cÉ sÉÉeNûlÉÉåmÉqÉÉprÉÉqÉç |
Nighantu • uÉÏrÉåïhÉ YuÉÍcÉÌSiÉUÉÀûrÉÉÌSSåzÉÉiÉç SìurÉÉhÉÉÇ
kÉëÑuÉïÍqÉÌiÉ xÉmiÉkÉÉåÌSiÉÉÌlÉ ||13||

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 Dhanvantari Nighantu

• LMÇü iÉÑ lÉÉqÉ mÉëÍjÉiÉÇ oÉWÕûlÉÉqÉåMüxrÉ lÉÉqÉÉÌlÉ iÉjÉÉ oÉWÕûÌlÉ |

SìurÉxrÉ eÉÉirÉÉM×üÌiÉ uÉhÉïuÉÏrÉïUxÉmÉëpÉÉuÉÉÌSaÉÑhÉæpÉïuÉÎliÉ ||9||

1. Jati (Type/nature)
2. Aakruti (Shape/Morphology)
3. Varna (Colour)
4. Veerya (Potency)
5. Rasa (Taste)
6. Prabhava(Emperical action)
7. Guna (Properties)

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 Jati (Type Or Nature)
Valli- Creeper Vruksha-Tree
Amrutavalli Gopavalli Vrukshak Viravruksha

Guduchi Sariva Kutaj Arjuna

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 Jati (Type Or Nature)
Gulma-Shrub Truna-Grass Vruksharohi-Epiphytes
Gulmi Gudatruna Vruksh arohi

Amalaki Ikshu Bandaka

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 Jati (Type Or Nature)
Jangam-animal product
Krumijaa Krumija Madhuja

Mayaphala Aguru Siktha

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 Aakruti (Shape or Morphology)

Koshtuka Jaghane
Chanapatri Phalepushpa Chhatra
puchhika phala

Prishni Kakod Rudanti Drona • Dhanyaka

parni umbar pushpi • Shata
pushpa
• Mishreya

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 Varna (Colour)

Krushna Dhavala
Tamrapallava Raktangi
kashtha vitapa

Aguru Arjuna Ashoka Manjishtha

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 Veerya (Potency of drug)

Shitashivaa Shitaphala Anushna Ushana Ushna

Shleshmata
Karpoora Kumuda Maricha Palandu
k

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 Rasa (Taste)

Madhura Amla Lavana Katu Tikta Kashaya

Madhu Katu Kashaya

Amlika Tikta
rasa kanda (Shyonaka
(Chincha) (Katuka)
(Guduchi) (Rason) )
Alavana
(Jyotish
mati)
Atiamla Katu Kashayi
Madhura Varatikta
(Vruksha sneha (Shala,
(Mishreya) (Kirata)
mla) (Sarshapa) Lakucha)

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 Prabhava (Empirical action)

Kalaha Kuntala Garbhakara,

Grahanashan Unmatta
nashana vardhan Garbhada

Puti Bhringa Sapta

Dhattura Putrajivak
karanja raja parna

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 Guna (Properties)

Aguru Tikshnaa Pichchhila Ushanaa Kathinya phala

Pippali
Vacha

Agaru Shalmali Shunthi Kapittha

Kapikachhu
Chavya

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 Guna (Properties) contd..

Karkasha Kharamanjari Sukshma Gurupatra

Kampillak

Patola Apamarga Kataka Chincha

Vrukshikali

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 Raj-Nighantu

lÉÉqÉÉÌlÉ YuÉÍcÉÌSWû ÂÌRûiÉ: xuÉpÉÉuÉÉiÉç SåzrÉÉåYirÉÉ YuÉcÉlÉ cÉ sÉÉeNûlÉÉåmÉqÉÉprÉÉqÉç|

uÉÏrÉåïhÉ YuÉÍcÉÌSiÉUÉÀûrÉÉÌSSåzÉÉiÉç SìurÉÉhÉÉÇ kÉëÑuÉïÍqÉÌiÉ xÉmiÉkÉÉåÌSiÉÉÌlÉ ||13||

1. Rudhi 5. Upama

2. Swabhava 6. Veerya

3. Deshyokti 7. Itarahvaya

4. Lanchhana

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 Rudhi - no specific meaning

Tuntuka • Shyonak

Pachmapacha • Daruharidra

Kinihi • Apamarga

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 Swabhava - on properties of plant

Madyavasini • Dhataki

Amara • Durva,Guduchi,Indravaruni,Vata

Uchchataru • Narikela

Ganarupa • Arka

Gramya • Tulasi

Atmaudbhava • Mashaparni

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Deshyokti - Regional name of local language

Dodi • Jivanti

Bhumi kushmanda • Vidarikanda

Nishotha • Trivruta

Arni • Agnimantha

Vayasuraswaha • Rasna

Manimani • Mandukaparni

Kauvaroti • Kakanasa

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Lanchhan - On the basis of special characters
Chitraparni Chitratandula

Prishniparni Vidanga

Chitra Chitradandaka

Indravaruni Surana

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 Upama - As per the resembling plant part
Kinshuka Paravatpadi Kundalini

Jyotishm
Palasha Guduchi
ati

Kankatika Simhasya

Atibala Vasa

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Itarahvaya - Names prevalent in other regions or due to other
factor.

Shakrahvaya • Indrayava

Kakahvaya • Kakamachi

Devahvaya • Devadaru

Kanchanahvaya • Nagakeshara, Dhattura

Gajahva • Gajapippali

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Classification of Synonyms

Morphological

Organoleptic

Pharmacological

Others

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SYNONYMS-BASED
ON PLANT PART

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 Morphological Division
1. Patra (Leaves) 8. Twak(Bark)

2. Moola (Root) 9. Ksheera (Latex)

3. Kanda(Tuber) 10.Kantaka (Spine/Thorn)

4. Pushpa (Flower) 11.Sara (Heartwood)

5. Phala (Fruit) 12.Granthi (Nodes)

6. Beeja (Seed)

7. Kaanda (Stem)

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 Patra - Surface of Leaves
Kharapatra Snigdhapatra

Parijat Karanja

Krakachapatra Kharapatri

Kako
Shaka
udumbar

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 Patra - Shape of Leaves
Sukshmapatra Baalapatra

Shatavari Khadira

Avidhdhakarni Panchangula

Patha Erand

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 Patra – No. of Leaves
Ekapatrika Yugmaparna Triparna

Vana Kancha
Palasha
shati nara

Tridala Saptaparna

Bilva

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 Moola

Shatamooli Dirghamoola Jata

Shatavari Shalaparni Jatamansi

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 Kanda

Varahikanda Kandali Vidarikanda

Kadali

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 Pushpa - Colour of flower
Vahnipushpa Vahnishikha

Dhataki Langali

Tamravarna Chandrapushpa

Sweta
Japa
kantakari

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 Pushpa - Shape of flower

Vakrapushpa Chhatrapushpa Ghantapushpa

Shata
Agastya Dhatura
pushpa

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 Phala - Odour of fruit

Gandhaphala Gandhamla Gandhaligarbha

Bija Sukshma
Bilva
purak ela

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 Phala - Shape of fruit
Dandaphala Avartani

Aargvadha

Kantaphalaa Guchchhaphala

Panasa Arishtaka

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 Beeja
Raktabeeja Krushnabeeja

Dadima Tarbooja

Chitrabeeja Raktabeejaa

Erand Sinduri

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 Kaanda
Deerghadandak Raktakaanda

Eranda Manjishtha

Tribhandi Dhaval

Trivruta Arjuna

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 Twak
Gudatwak Chhadapatra

Dalachini Bhurjapatra

Madhuratwacha

Dhava

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 Ksheera
Ksheeradala Ksheeradruma

Arkapatra Ashwattha

Ksheerakantaka Hemadugdhaka

Snuhi Udumbar

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 Kantaka
Kantakadruma Kantaki Deerghakantaka

Shalamali Khadira Babula

Goshrunga Trikantaka Kantapatra

Kanthari Gokshura Vikankata

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 Sara

Bahusara Raktasara Tarusara

Rakta Karpur
Khadira
Chandan a

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 Granthi
Shatagranthi Shadagranthi

Durva Vacha

Granthila Granthik

Karira Pippalimoola

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 Organoleptic Division

Shabda Sparsha Rupa Rasa Gandha

Dusparsha Pandura-druma Rasamla Gandha

Krakara (Karira)
(Yavasa) (Kutaj) (Vrikshamla) patra (Bilva)

Kanika Dusha- Ashwa

Krushna-vrinta
pragharshini(Ka Rasala (Amra)
(Agnimanth) (Patala) gandhaa
ntakari)

Arunaa-
Chalapatra Duraruha (Ativisha, Ajagandhika
Rason
(Ashwattha) (Bilva) Manjishtha,Gun (Barbari)
ja)

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 Pharmacological Division

Krumighna Kasamardana Gandari Kasaghni

Vidang

Palandu Patola Kanchanara Kantakari

Paribhadra

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 Pharmacological Division

Akshibheshaj Dadrughna Jwarantaka Arshoghna

Bhunimba

Chakra
Lodhra Surana
marda
Aarag
vadha

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 Others

Sthana Pauranika Prani

Amruta sambhava
Nadisarja (Arjuna) Vaajidant (Vasa)
(Guduchi)

Narayani Shrugalavinna
Vapya (Kushtha)
(Shatavari) (Prishniparni)

Vishnukranta Gajavajipriya
Upakulya (Pippali)
(Aparajita) (Shallaki)

Marubhuruha Keshavalaya Markatpippali

(Karira) (Aswattha) (Apamarga)

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 Others

Rutu Bhara Matra

Pravrushayani Aksha Alpamarisha

(Kapikachhu,
(Rudraksha) (Tanduliyak)
Punarnava)

Pravrushyenya Karshaphala Bhuriphena

(Kadamba, Kutaj) (Bibhitak) (Saptala)

Tishyaphala Karshaphalaa Bahupada

(Amalaki) (Amalaki,Haritaki) (Vata)

Kolaa Mahati
Vasanti (Patala)
(Pippali,Chavya) (Bruhati)

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 Others-Deshotpati
Synonyms Land Drugs
Magadhi Magadh/Bihara Pippali, Yuthika, Sukshma ela
Gandhari Gandhar/Afaghanistan Duralabha
Naipal, Kirat Nepal Bhunimba
Kashmira Kashmir Kumkum, Pushkarmool
Malayaja Malay/South-east India Chandan
Kamboji Cambodia Mashaparni, Bakuchi, Gunja
Kamboj Cambodia Somavalka
Kalinga Kaling/Orissa Kutaj
Kairali Kerala Vidanga
Bahlika Bahlik/Afaghanistan Hingu
Vindhya Vindhya Ela, Lavali

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Dravidi Dravid/South India Ela
Synonyms of some
plants from
different aspects

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 Bilva
Related To Fruit

Mahakapittha
Karkata The fruit are similar to the fruits
Fruits having hard rind. of katittha but larger in size.
MüÌPûlÉiuÉaTüsÉ : |
oÉ×WûiÉç MüÌmɨjÉ xÉSØzÉ:|

Kapeetana Kuchuma
The fruits resemble the Resembles the shape of
wood apple. breast. MÑücÉålÉ xiÉlÉålÉ qÉÏrÉiÉå
EmÉqÉÏrÉiÉå CÌiÉ,iÉSÉMüÉUiuÉÉiÉç |

Sadaphala
Peetaphala Tree bearing fruits almost
Fruits become yellow after throughout the year.
ripening
xÉSÉ TüsÉÉlÉÉÇuÉϱqÉÉlÉiuÉÉiÉç |

Shreephala Shalatuh Unripe fruits are of

Beautiful fruits. therapeutic use.
´ÉÏqÉiÉç xÉÑlSUÇ TüsÉxrÉ |

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zÉsÉÉOÒû: AÉqÉÇ TüsÉÇ mÉërÉÑerÉqÉÉlÉxrÉ |
 Bilva
Duraruha It is difficult to climb this tree because it
possess sharp thorns.

Related
Kantaki having enormous thorns.
To Thorn
MühOûMüÉ: xÉlirÉÎxqÉlÉç |

Shalya The tree having enormous thorns.

Granthila Having nodular stem

Related
To Stem aÉëÎljÉqÉÉlÉç MühQåû |

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Shailoosha Tree grows in hills.
Related To zÉæsÉåÅÌmÉ uÉxÉiÉÏÌiÉ |
Habitat
Related To
Smell
Bilva
Gandhagarbha Gandhapatra
Fruit pulp having The tree having the
pleasant odour. leaves pleasant odour.
aÉlkÉ: aÉpÉï TüsÉÉprÉÉliÉUåÅxrÉ | aÉlkÉuÉÎliÉ mɧÉÉhrÉxrÉ|

Shreegandha phala Hrudyagandha

Pulp with resinous The fruits those
odour. are pleasant in
´ÉÏlÉÉqÉMüxrÉ ´ÉÏuÉÉxÉxrÉ aÉlkÉ:
TüsÉÉåÅxrÉ; Í´ÉrÉÉrÉÑiÉ: zÉÉåpÉlÉÉå
fragrance.
¾û±Éå qÉlÉÉåWûUÉå aÉlkÉÉåÅxrÉ |
Related
aÉlkÉ: TüsÉåÅxrÉåÌiÉ uÉÉ |
To Leaves

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Tripatra,Trishikha Trishikha
patra ,Tridala Leaves arranged
with three leaflets. §ÉÏÍhÉ
mɧÉÉhrÉxrÉ |
 Shiveshta The one, Which is liked by Lord Shiva.
Acc. pÉaÉuÉiÉ: ÍzÉuÉxrÉå¹: ÌmÉërÉ: |
To
Mystical Atimangalya That which brings blessings.

Bilva The drug that brings about normalcy in disorders of the

bowel by its samgrahi action or it eradicates disease.ÌoÉsÉÇ
mÉÑUÏwÉpÉåSÇ uÉÉÌiÉ aÉqÉrÉiÉÏÌiÉ xÉÇaÉëÉÌWûiuÉÉiÉç; ‘ÌoÉsÉpÉåSlÉå’ ‘uÉÉ aÉÌiÉaÉlkÉrÉÉå :, UÉåaÉÉlÉç
ÍpÉlɨÉÏÌiÉ uÉÉ |
Pootimaruta Foul smelling flatus expelled on consumption
of ripe fruit. mÉÔiiÉ: qÉÉÂiÉÉåÅmÉÉlÉuÉÉrÉÑ:ÌlÉ:xÉUirÉlÉålÉç |

Action on
Purishvaha Sangrahi The unripe fruits are having grahi
action
Srotas
Maloora Useful in bowel ailments.

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qÉsÉqÉåuÉ qÉÉsÉÇ, iÉS SÕËUMüUÉåiÉÏÌiÉ ,SÉåwÉWûUhÉ CirÉjÉï: |

Vatasara Acts as vata shamana uÉÉiÉqÉmÉÉlÉÇ xÉÉUrÉiÉÏÌiÉ |

Shandilya
Acc.
Cures diseases. To
zÉÉhQÇû UÉåaÉÇ sÉÑlÉÉiÉÏÌiÉ,
‘zÉQûÏû ÂeÉÉrÉÉqÉç | Rogaghnata

Goharitaki
Arimeda
It is useful in
It acts as enemy
veterinary practice
towards disease.
for cattle as in
haritaki benefits the
man.
aÉuÉÉÇ mÉzÉÔlÉÉÇ WûUÏiÉMüÐ

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MüÉå¹SÉåwÉWûUÉhÉÏ |
 Basis of Nomenclature

Modern

• Binomial nomenclature
• It identifies each species by a scientific name of two
words, Latin in form and usually derived from Greek or
Latin roots.
• The first name (capitalized) is the genus of the
organism, the second (not capitalized) is its species

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Genus name

57
Species name

58
59