CONJUNCTIONS

1. Liên từ kết hợp

Đây là những liên từ dùng để nối từ loại hay cụm từ/nhóm từ cùng một loại và cũng có thể là những mệnh đề
ngang hàng nhau với nhau.

Ví dụ liên từ dùng để nối danh từ - danh từ, động từ - động từ ....Trong trường hợp dùng cho các mệnh đề thì
trước liên từ có thêm dấu phẩy.

Danh sách các liên từ kết hợp phổ biến:

- for (vì, cho)

- and (và)

- nor (không)

- but (nhưng)

- or (hoặc)

- yet (nhưng)

E.g:

- You and I have the same bag: Bạn và tôi có chiếc túi giống nhau

- I like this phone but I don't have enough money to buy it : Tôi thích chiếc điện thoại này nhưng tôi không có
đủ tiền mua nó.
2. Tương liên từ

Tương liên từ mà bạn hay gặp là kiểu có hai từ trở lên như both...and. Đây là liên từ được tạo thành bởi sự kết
hợp của liên từ và từ khác.

Tương liên từ được dùng để liên kết các cụm từ hay mệnh đề với chức năng tương đương, ngang hàng nhau về
mặt ngữ pháp.

Các tương liên từ mà bạn hay gặp:

- either...or (hoặc cái này hoặc cái kia)

- neither...nor (không cái này cũng không cái kia)

- not only...but also (không những…mà còn)

- both...and (cả cái này và cái kia)

- no sooner … than (ngay khi…thì…)

- I like neither pork nor lamb: Tôi không thích thịt lợn và thịt bò.

- He not only handsome but also gentle: Anh ấy không chỉ đẹp trai mà còn hiền lành.

3. Liên từ phụ thuộc

Đây là loại liên từ dùng để nối giữa những nhóm từ hay mệnh đề có chức năng khác nhau, có liên kết chính phụ
với nhau.

Các liên từ phụ thuộc bạn hay gặp:

- as long as (miễn là)

- as soon as (ngay khi)

- in order that (để)

- so (bởi vậy)

- if (nếu)

- even if (kể cả nếu)

- unless (trừ khi)

- until (cho đến khi)

- when (khi)

- where (ở đâu)

- whether (có khi)

- while (trong khi)

- Because ( Bởi vì)

E.g:

- Nobody could hear her because she spoke too quietly: Không ai có thể nghe được bởi vì cô ấy nói quá nhanh

- I leave the party because my dad call me : Tôi rời khỏi bữa tiệc bởi bố tôi gọi cho tôi.
Lưu ý: Liên từ và giới từ

Bạn sẽ thấy một số liên từ phụ thuộc và giới từ giống nhau như:

Because - Because of
While - During
Although - Despite/ Despite of
Vậy làm thế nào để phân biệt và điền đúng loại từ? Các bạn hãy nhớ đến cách dùng của liên từ và giới từ. Bạn
sẽ thấy:

- Liên từ + cụm từ/mệnh đề

- Giới từ + một danh từ hoặc ngữ danh từ.

Một ví dụ như sau:

- They go home during the rain. (Họ về nhà suốt lúc mưa.) - the rain là mạo từ + danh từ

- They go home while it rain. (Họ về nhà trong khi trời mưa.)- it rain : mệnh đề

TỰ LUẬN
1. He didn’t want coffee. He didn’t want tea, either. (neither ... nor)

2. Mary has both toothache and headache. (not only ... but also)

3. Helen likes cats. Mary likes cats. (both ... and)

4. You can take these tablets. You can also seek a doctor’s advice. (either ... or)

5. The thief stole my money. He also tore up my identify card. (not only ... but also)

6. He spoke French. He spoke German. (both ... and)

7. She should get a scholarship or she should work her way through medical school. (either ... or)

8. I’m not happy and you aren’t either. (neither ... nor)

9. Jane owns a shop. She owns a restaurant, too. (both ... and)

10. She’s at the office. She’s at the airport. (either ... or)
11. It was a very boring film and it was very long too. (both ... and)

12. He doesn’t have pen. And he doesn’t have paper. (neither ... nor)

13. Tom is my older brother and Peter is, too. (both ... and)

14. Chris didn’t have time to take a holiday. Sheila didn’t have time to take a holiday. (neither ...
nor)
15. Nam’s handsome. Nam’s intelligent. (not only ... but also )

16. Peter was a football player and his brother was, too. (both ... and)

17. David doesn’t play tennis. David doesn’t play table tennis. (neither ... nor)

18. Mai plays the guitar well. Mai dances beautifully. (not only ... but also)

19. You can have fish for dinner. You can have chicken for dinner. (both ... and)

20. They came late. They left early. (not only ... but also)

21. Goats provide milk for cheese. Goats provide wool for clothing. (both ...
and)
22. Mr. Brown has read a novel by Charles Dickens and he has seen the film made from it. (not only ...
but also)

23. She’s French. She’s Swiss. (either ... or)

24. She can enjoy a good meal and she can go fishing on the lake. (not only ... but
also)
25. David can’t play tennis. David can’t play football. (neither ... nor)
26. Ali has studied not only in the United States but also in Europe. (both ... and)

27. She’s tired. She’s hungry. (not only ... but also)

28. We can see the film tonight. We can see the film tomorrow night. (either ... or)

29. The pavements are both narrow and crowded. (not only ... but also)

30. She is not only beautiful but also graceful. (both ... and)

TRẮC NGHIỆM
Choose the letter among A, B, C or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the
following questions.
1. The President of the US appoints the cabinet members, ________ appointments are subject to Senate
approval. A. their B. with their C. because their D. but their
2. There was nothing they could do ________ leave the car at the roadside where it had broken down.
A. but B. instead of C. than D. unless
3. Nancy is dancing down the street ________ she is so happy.
A. because of B. because C. therefore D. due to
4. I usually enjoy attending amateur productions in small community theaters. The play we attended last
night, ________, was so bad that I wanted to leave after the first act.
A. therefore B. however C. whereas D. consequently
5. I love swimming, ________ my partner won’t go near the water.
A. nevertheless B. whereas C. even so D. on the other hand
6. I will send my application to Harvard ________ you recommended another university.
A. when B. because C. as D. unless
7. ________ I said very clearly that I preferred to pay by cheque, the shop assistant insisted that I should
pay the bill in cash.
A. Because B. If C. Although D. However
8. ________ hardship, the firemen managed to save many people who were caught in the fire.
A. Because of B. Despite C. However D. As a result
9. Aware of how expensive it is to raise a child, future parents will have to choose ________ having fewer
children and reducing the money they spend on each children.
A. between B. either C. from D. whether
10. They had no sooner moved in the house ________ they had the garage repaired.
A. when B. while C. then D. than
11. Crash diets are not a recommended means of weight loss, ________ they can lead to malnutrition.
A. once B. for C. how much D. in order that
12. Rapid population growth will continue to create new problems________ immediate measures are
taken worldwide.
A. as long as B. so that C. in case D. unless
13. Jo won’t be able to understand the speakers ________ there is an interpreter.
A. if B. if only C. provided D. unless
14. We’ll be late for the class ________ we run.
A. even though B. even if C. even without D. even
15. I was just about to ring up his office ________ he arrived home.
A. when B. although C. than D. as
16. The soldiers attacked the town ________ the danger of causing large numbers of civilian
casualties there.
A. despite B. in addition to C. besides D. for fear of
17. He had to act immediately; ________, it would have been too late.
A. nevertheless B. still C. consequently D. otherwise
18. We really want to book another holiday in Cotswold ________ the last trip was not a success.
A. which B. because C. although D. despite
19. I prefer to buy engine parts at Auto World ________ they always have every reliable part on hand.
A. so B. which C. because D. but
20. ________ Norway has tidy cities, historic buildings, and distinctive art, nature is clearly its prime
attraction.
A. What if B. Even though C. Otherwise D. If only
21. ________ not openly, I disagreed with him, as I didn’t want to quarrel.
A. Since B. Although C. In spite of D. Unless
22. I don’t think we can afford such a high rent ________ you find a better paying-job.
A. because B. otherwise C. if only D. unless
23. ________ you stop playing loud music, I’ll call the police.
A. Unless B. If not C. When D. If
24. ________ the apples we were growing in the orchard ________ the grapes on our vines were affected
by the extreme heat.
A. Such – that B. So – and C. Both – and D. Whether – or
25. Melanie is retiring from her job next summer ________ she can devote more time to photography.
A. in case B. until C. in order that D. whenever
26. Everyone wondered what Tom’s reaction to the accident would be; ________, it was his bicycle that
was in pieces.
A. therefore B. so that C. after all D. all at once
27. ________ out of the water, penguins are almost found in groups, and are quite sociable.
A. Before B. Just as C. By the time D. While
28. ________ an oil fire in your kitchen, make sure not to throw water on the fire, as this will only make it
worse.
A. As well as B. Even if C. On account of D. In case of
29. ________ the fact that we are suffering a shortage of trained staff, we have had to decline a number of
contracts.
A. Since B. As C. For D. Due to
30. ________ home schooling is apparently very successful, many people still believe in the benefits of
traditional schooling.
A. Despite that B. Because C. Even though D. In spite of
31. Put all the toys away ________ someone slips and falls on them.
A. provided that B. unless C. so long as D. in case
32. Fast food is very popular. ________, a diet of burgers, pizzas and fried chicken is not very
healthy.
A. Unfortunately B. Consequently C. Moreover D. In contrast
33. ________ its popularity, the book was quickly sold out.
A. In spite of B. Owing to
C. Because D. On account of
34. It is probably impossible for life to ever exist on Venus ________ its intense surface heat.
A. because B. in spite of C. although D. because of
35. The ozone layer is becoming depleted; ________, there are more eases of skin cancer every
year. A. because of B. however
C. therefore D. in contrast
36. Women are more verbal than men, ________ men are better than women at visual-spatial
activities. A. therefore B. however C. although D. while
37. Fred stayed in bed too long and, ________, arrived late for school.
A. as a result B. however
C. even though D. in addition
38. She took a pullover ________ it turned chilly in the evening
A. unless B. as long as C. in spite of D. in case
39. You should unplug the washing machine before removing its contents; ________ it may hurt
your fingers.
A. otherwise B. but C. although D. so
40. ________ I were well off; I would pay off the house.
A. Only when B. If only C. Only if D. If
41. I didn’t understand the problem ________ she explained it to me.
A. until B. as soon as C. before D. at once
42. Don’t be late for the interview, ________ people will think you are a disorganized person.
A. unless B. if not C. otherwise D. or else not
43. ________ he took off his dark glasses, I recognized him.
A. Whenever B. As soon as C. Then D. While
44. I am not against the plan at all; ________, I think it is marvelous.
A. nevertheless B. on the other hand C. in contrast D. on the contrary
45. ________ the weather forecast, it will rain heavily later this morning.
A. On account of B. Due to C. According to D. Because of
46. “You’d better stop spending money, ________ you’ll end up in debt.”
A. if B. in case C. unless D. otherwise
47. “Give her a telephone number to ring ________ she gets lost.”.
A. in case B. whether C. perhaps D. unless
48. Sue hadn’t seen her brother for thirty years and ________ they recognized each other
instantly. A. so B. despite C. also D. yet
49. The child was told to eat his vegetables, or ________ he would get no ice cream.
A. in fact B. instead C. in case D. else
50. People will be able to work from home; ________, they may still choose to go to work.
A. therefore B. however C. so D. although
51. I have told her that I am not going to go ahead with my plans ________ she may think.
A. whether B. despite C. however D. whatever
52. I’ll get my dad a book for his birthday ________ I find something better.
A. although B. until C. if D. unless
53. Remind Tony about the party ________ he forgets.
A. in case B. unless C. provided that D. except
54. We’ll play tennis and ________ we’ll have lunch.
A. after B. so C. then D. immediately
55. ________ air is essential to man, so is water to fish.
A. As B. Just C. Since D. Like
56. Ancient Egyptians mummified their dead through the use of chemicals, ________ ancient Peruvians
did through natural processes.
A. because B. whereas C. whether or not D. even though
57. I studied English for four years in high school, ________ had trouble talking with people when I was
travelling in the US.
A. Therefore, I B. Otherwise, I
C. Although I D. However, I
58. He always did it well at school ________ having his early education disrupted by
illness.
A. in spite of B. on account of
C. in addition to D. even though
59. You will not succeed ________ working harder.
A. unless B. if C. without D. although
60. The instructions must be followed exactly; ________.
A. however, the outcome can be very bad
B. furthermore, the outcome may be very good
C. otherwise, the outcome will be very bad
D. in contrast, the outcome will be very bad
61. It sounds incredible; it’s true ________.
A. yet B. though C. although D. because
62. ________ he got top marks at high school, he never went to university.
A. Nevertheless B. However C. Meanwhile D. Although
63. My sister told me to pack some trousers and shirts for the trip, ________, not to forget my
toothbrush.
A. after all B. but more or else C. before long D. but above all
64. Joe seemed to be in a good mood, ________he snapped at me angrily when I asked him
to join us. A. for B. yet C. and D. so
65. She has to pass all her exams or ________ she would have no holiday.
A. therefore B. else C. instead D. though
66. I had to get up early, ________ I’d have missed the train.
A. if not B. but C. otherwise D. so that
67. The sun was warm, ________ a cool breeze blew in from the sea.
A. if B. so that C. but D. however
68. An earlier typewriter produced letters quickly and neatly, the typist, ________, couldn’t see his work
on this machine.
A. therefore B. however C. although D. yet
69. I always keep candles in the room ________ there is a power cut.
A. if B. unless C. in case D. even though
70. It’s strange. His sisters are blonde, ________ he is very dark.
A. therefore B. in order to C. whereas D. however
71. She failed the test ________ she studied hard.
A. although
B. despite of the fact that
C. as D. A & B are correct
72. ________ I get your call, I will leave.
A. By the time B. As soon as C. Now that D. Although
73. Everyone though she would accept the offer. ________, she turned it down.
A. However B. Moreover C. So D. Too
74. She is not only beautiful _______ intelligent.
A. but also B. but C. however D. yet
75. I was very tired, _______ I determined to walk on the next village.
A. therefore B. however C. and D. or
76. You can come here either on Monday__________ on Friday.
A. or B. nor C. both D. and
77. They said both he_________ I were to come.
A. but B. or C. and D. so
78. The weather in Dalat is neither too hot in summer________ too cold in winter.
A. or B. nor C. or else D. otherwise
79. Jane is beautiful and intelligent________.
A. too B. so C. both D. moreover
80. You must leave at once, ________ you miss the train.
A. however B. yet C. still D. otherwise
81. The lecture was _______ interesting and instructive.
A. as B. either C. neither D. both
82. I'm worried about it, and he is_______.
A. too B. also C. but also D. A or B
83. Bill is in class 12, _______ John, who is a year older, is only in class 4.
A. and B. whereas C. either D. nevertheless
84. John's family is very happy_______his being a warded a scholarship.
A. because of B. if C. either D. nor
85. He likes travel, and_______ does she.
A. too B. so C. either D. neither