Speciation in Action

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Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20

minutes on Questions 1 - 14.
IS SOCIETY BIASED TOWARDS
EXTROVERTS?
In all societies throughout history, including today's, certain groups hav
faced discrimination. These groups' access to social and community

institutions is limited by various factors such as religion, gender, or ethn
Such discrimination was sometimes official and overt (through laws and
regulations), but was usually more subtle.
These days, most societies aim to eliminate all obvious forms of

discrimination, but is it possible that there is discrimination against cert
kinds of personality? New research suggests that this is indeed the case
personality trait in question is a person's degree of extraversion or
introversion. In particular, in the United States, introverts seem to be th

victims of bias when applying for jobs or admission to universities.
First of all, however, it is necessary to clear up some misconceptions
regarding what exactly it means to be extroverted or introverted. Many
https://www.coursesidekick.com/sociology/284747 1/35
29/04/2024, 16:51 Sept.6ReadingPassage1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1.docx (pdf) - Course Sidekick
assume that extroverts are confident and outgoing, while introverts are
and perhaps a little bit timid. In fact, many introverts can be very friend
talkative, as well as willing to take risks. Perhaps a better way of looking
the difference is to think about energy. Simply put, extroverts gain ener
interacting with other people, whereas introverts recover their energy b

having time alone or with a few close companions.
When it comes to behaviour, introverts generally prefer to work or stud
rather than in groups. In a group environment, they are probably among
last to speak up and voice their opinions. This is not because introverts
confidence, but because they tend to weigh their words more carefully
speaking. For introverts, personal satisfaction in a job well done is more
important than the recognition of others.
Unfortunately, it is just these kinds of attributes that may end up hurtin
introverts in their academic and professional careers. Elite schools and
companies are very direct about what kind of people they are looking fo
They are seeking people who stand out from a crowd and who like to le
being the public face of the team or organisation. They want people wh
outgoing and who enjoy being the centre of attention. In short, they are
looking for extroverts.
is
This
shared
When perception
by many
it comes that
to people.
extroverts
Butit is
interviews, make
is this
easyview,
better inleaders
to see fact, introverts
why justified?
or employees
As
mayemploye
is one
be
introverts do not require constant motivation from superiors and work w
overlooked. When asked a question in an interview, introverts tend to th
their own. Moreover, since introverts tend to derive energy from self-ref
more carefully before answering. They also tend to give answers that ar
and their own inner world, they excel at creating and articulating ideas
shorter and more precise because they focus on relevant information. A
strategies for the companies that they work for.
result, strongly-introverted candidates often come across as shy, low-en
or lacking in confidence. In addition, interview questions themselves are

Perhaps more telling is research that was conducted by the manageme
biased towards more extroverted personalities. For instance, a common
school at the University of Pennsylvania. According to the study, when
ended interview question such as "Tell me about yourself" is a gift for a
measured by performance, introverts tend to be more successful busine
extrovert but can be challenging for introverts because it lacks specifici
Consequently, despite being qualified candidates, introverts are often
overshadowed by their extroverted competitors.
leaders than their extrovert counterparts. The researchers speculate th
is in large part due to introverts' ability to listen.
Questions 1-7 | Complete each sentence with the correct

ending A-L.
1- Discrimination, both subtle and obvious,

(1 分)
A brings out the best in staff.
B tends to be misunderstood.
C could affect extroverts, as well.
D has existed in all societies.
E can work against the introverted.
F is something most people enjoy.

G wants those with a specific trait.
H may not be a perfect solution.
I is rejected in the modern world.
J is not supported by the data.

K does not truly affect everyone.
L has the power of all good ideas.

ending A-L.
2- Bias against introverts exists, yet discrimination
(1 分)



ending A-L.
3- How the introverted differ from the extroverted

(1 分)



ending A-L.
4- An educational institution or a business often

(1 分)

F is分
5-
(1 The
) job interview is enjoy.
a common situation that
something most people
G wants
L has thethose
power with a specific
of all trait.
good ideas.
5
ending A-L.
L has
K doesthe
notpower
truly affect
of all good
everyone.
ideas. 6
ending A-L.
6- The idea that extroverts make the best leaders

(1 分)



7

ending A-L.
7- Research suggests that an introverted leader

(1 分)



8
Questions 8-10 | Classify the following descriptions as

matching
A- introverts
B- extroverts
C- either introverts or extroverts
8- They can be positive and willing to converse.

(1 分)
A introverts
B extroverts
C either introverts or extroverts


matching
A- introverts
B- extroverts
9- They feel spending time alone is restorative.

(1 分)
A introverts
B extroverts
10

matching
A- introverts
B- extroverts
10- They are among the first to voice opinions.

10 They are among the first to voice opinions.
FALSE
NOT GIVEN
if the if
statement
there is no
contradicts
information
theoninformation
this
11-
(1 分Schools
) and companies look for people who are good
speaking
A introverts in public.
(1 分)
B extroverts
True
False 11
Questions
Not Given 11-14 | Do the following statements agree with
information given in Reading Passage
12 1? Choose one of th
options below
Questions for| questions
11-14 11-14: statements agree with
Do the following
information given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of th
TRUE if the statement agrees with the information
TRUE below
options if the statement
for questions
agrees
11-14:
with the information
FALSE if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN if there is no information on this
12- Introverts who give long, imprecise spoken answers are

more likely to be hired.
(1 分)
True
False
Not Given
13
Questions 11-14 | Do the following statements agree with the

information given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the
options below for questions 11-14:

13- Being reflective can help introverts develop effective

approaches to business.
(1 分)
True
False
Not Given
14

information given in Reading Passage 1? Choose one of the
options below for questions 11-14:

14- Extroverts are more likely to act on suggestions from their

staff than introverts.
(1 分)
True
False
Not Given
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第 1 页，共 4 页
绝对不要泄露你的密码。报告滥用行为

minutes on Questions 15-27.
MILLION-DOLLAR B
A It is not uncommon to read a news article about the latest instance of
someone paying an unbelievable sum of money for a work of art by a famous

someone paying an unbelievable sum of money for a work of art by a famous
artist. But what about paying millions of dollars for a rare fossil? In 1997, the
skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus Rex dinosaur sold for 8.4 million dollars at
auction, the highest price ever paid for a fossil. The sale brought to light a
business of which many people had been previously unaware: the business of
buying and selling fossils.
B The market for fossils, the remnants of ancient animals and plants, is not a
new one. Since the start of the scientific revolution a few centuries ago, there
has been great interest in finding and collecting fossil specimens. Demand
only grew after Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859, as
scientists sought to find evidence tracing life's development through the ages.
Until recently, fossil collecting and the fossil market were mostly limited to
museums, universities, and a small but enthusiastic community of priva
collectors. In recent decades, however, the number of wealthy private

collectors has swelled, often putting them in direct competition with aca
institutions.
C The rise of the private fossil market has been something of a mixed
blessing. On the one hand, the increased interest in fossils means that
and more people are actively searching for fossils. In the past, if a farme
rancher discovered a curious fossil on their land, it probably would not
t d
https://www.coursesidekick.com/sociology/284747 i th fl di f il t d t 14/35
ll
reported, or in the case
research institutions
sellers. of large
often dinosaur
purchase fossilsfossils, never or
at auctions excavated at all
from individua
days, however,
E At the people
same time, are aware
however, of the value
museums of the fossils
and universities thatlimited
have they fin
b
as
for aacquiring
result, a fossils.
huge number of fossils
At the very least,that
thiswould
meansnot otherwise
that haveaffo
they cannot bee
reported
purchase become
as manyavailable
fossils asfor
in scientists and collectors
the past. More often thanalike.
not, however,
means that research institutions are regularly outbid by private collecto

D On the other
especially whenhand, because
it comes the fossils
to premium are on the
specimens open
such market,
as large the fo
dinosaur
in question
fossils. will
Many of usually go to are
these fossils whoever is willing
scientifically to pay thebut
important, highest price
they disap
has had a number of consequences. First of all, the price of all fossils,
into private collections before scientists ever have a chance to examine
regardless of size or importance, has increased simply because there is
demand.
F AnotherMany scientistsofare
consequence thesympathetic towards
increased value landowners
of fossils is that who
fossilare
hu
trying to get a fair price for the fossils they find, and museums and othe
hastobecome
is
such find,
as Black
excavate,
a huge
Hills business.
Institute
and sell fossils
of
There
Geological
on
nowtheexist
open
Research,
companies
market.
Inc.,
Some
whose
are careful
businesses,
sole purpose
about
obeying local laws and making fair deals with the landowners on whose land
they search for fossils. Many other fossil hunters, however, are not so
respectful of the law. Alongside the legal market, there is now also a huge
black market for illegally-obtained fossils. Those who dig for fossils illegally
not only break the law but also cause great damage to fossil beds as they
recklessly seek only the most desirable fossils such as dinosaur skulls.
15
Questions 15-20 | Reading Passage 2 has seven paragraphs,
A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-G from the
list of headings below.
Indicate your answer by choose the correct number, i-x.
EXAMPLE: The correct heading for paragraph A is iii ( Th

record sale that raised an issue) and it is given as an
example.
Paragraph B: Choose the correct heading for paragraph B

below
B The market for fossils, the remnants of ancient animals and

plants, is not a new one. Since the start of the scientific
revolution a few centuries ago, there has been great interest in

finding and collecting fossil specimens. Demand only grew
after Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution in 1859,
as scientists sought to find evidence tracing life's development
through the ages. Until recently, fossil collecting and the fossil
market were mostly limited to museums, universities, and a
small but enthusiastic community of private collectors. In
recent decades, however, the number of wealthy private
collectors has swelled, often putting them in direct competition
with academic institutions.
(1 分)
i One potential benefit of the problem
ii How governments raise money for museums
iii The record sale that raised an issue
iv Why training for fossil hunters exists
v Companies working inside or outside the law
vi Potential solutions that may not be effective
vii Limited budgets lead to lost opportunities
viii The origins of the market for fossils
ix A fossil discovery that changed the law

x As demand continues to rise, so do prices
16
Paragraph C: Choose the correct heading for paragraph C
below
C The rise of the private fossil market has been something of a

mixed blessing. On the one hand, the increased interest in
fossils means that more and more people are actively
searching for fossils. In the past, if a farmer or rancher
discovered a curious fossil on their land, it probably would not
be reported, or in the case of large dinosaur fossils, never
excavated at all. These days, however, people are aware of the
value of the fossils that they find, and as a result, a huge

number of fossils that would not otherwise have been reported
become available for scientists and collectors alike.
(1 分)
vi Potential
consequences.
market,
willing to solutions
thepay
fossils
the inthat
First
highest maythenot
ofquestion
all, price. be
price
will effective
This
usually
ofhas
all had
fossils,
goatonumber
whoever
regardless
of is of
size or importance, has increased simply because there is
more demand. Many scientists are sympathetic towards
landowners who are just trying to get a fair price for the fossils
they find, and museums and other research institutions often
purchase fossils at auctions or from individual sellers.
17
(1 分)
Paragraph D: Choose the correct heading for paragraph D
below
D On the other hand, because the fossils are on the open
vviCompanies
Potential solutions
workingthat
inside
mayornot
outside
be effective
the law
18
Paragraph E: Choose the correct heading for paragraph E
below
E At the same time, however, museums and universities have

limited budgets for acquiring fossils. At the very least, this
means that they cannot afford to purchase as many fossils as
in the past. More often than not, however, it means that
research institutions are regularly outbid by private collectors,
especially when it comes to premium specimens such as large
dinosaur fossils. Many of these fossils are scientifically
important, but they disappear into private collections before
scientists ever have a chance to examine them.
(1 分)
19
Paragraph F: Choose the correct heading for paragraph F

below
F Another consequence of the increased value of fossils is that

fossil hunting has become a huge business. There now exist
companies whose sole purpose is to find, excavate, and sell
fossils on the open market. Some businesses, such as Black
Hills Institute of Geological Research, Inc., are careful about
obeying local laws and making fair deals with the landowners
on whose land they search for fossils. Many other fossil
hunters, however, are not so respectful of the law. Alongside
the legal market, there is now also a huge black market for
illegally-obtained fossils. Those who dig for fossils illegally not
only break the law but also cause great damage to fossil beds
as they recklessly seek only the most desirable fossils such as
dinosaur skulls.
(1 分)

20
Paragraph G: Choose the correct heading for paragraph G
below
G Governments are slowly waking up to the reality of the fossil
business. More and more countries around the world have

passed laws restricting the buying and selling of fossils. Fo
example, it is now illegal to transport fossils out of the pro
of Alberta, Canada. Similarly, some fossil-rich areas such
Burgess Shale in British Columbia are completely off-limit
private fossil hunters. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of t
laws is limited as governments do not have the funds to p
these large natural areas, leaving them vulnerable to
poachers.
29/04/2024, 16:51 p Sept.6ReadingPassage1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1.docx (pdf) - Course Sidekick
xQuestions 21-27 |toWrite

As demand continues rise, soyour
do pricesanswer
21 for the question
(1 分)
below. Choose
i One potential benefitNO MORE
of the problem THAN THREE WORDS from th
passage for each
ii How governments answer.
raise money for museums
21- Attraining
iv Why an auction inhunters
for fossil the late
exists1990s, a Tyrannosaurus Rex
........................
v Companies workingsold insidefor millions.
or outside the law
(1 分)
22
Questions
viii The origins21-27 | Write
of the market for your
fossils answer for the question
below.
ix A fossilChoose
discoveryNO MOREthe
that changed THAN
law THREE WORDS from th
passage for each answer.
22- Until relatively recently, there were few ........................

who regularly purchased fossils.
(1 分)
23
Questions 21-27 | Write your answer for the question
below. Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the
23- Fossil finds are more often reported these days because of
increased awareness of their value among those, such as a
........................ , who discover one.
(1 分)
24
24- Museums and other ........................ often purchase fossils

during auctions or from individuals.
(1 分)
25
25- Unfortunately, the ........................ these institutions have

makes it hard for them to compete for fossils because they
cannot pay the price required.
(1 分)
26

26- The black market for fossils has led to people hunting for
them illegally and, in the process, causing damage to the
........................ where they are found.
(1 分)
27
27- Legislation is sometimes of limited effectiveness because

governments lack the ........................ to enforce laws aimed at
protecting fossils.
(1 分)
上一步
下一个
下个

minutes on Questions 28-40
Speciation in Action
A The peppered moth is a very ordinary-looking insect that is commonly found

in England. Until a few hundred years ago, most moths had whitish-grey wings
with speckles of black. When they landed on similarly-coloured trees and
rocks, this was perfect camouflage for hiding from hungry birds. When air
pollution from newly-built factories caused the moths' hiding places to turn
black, however, the moths were easy to see and quickly eaten by the birds.
Then something extraordinary happened. In the new environment, rare black
moths survived better, and soon the once-white moths were mostly black. The
peppered moth remains one of the best-known examples of how the unique
environments of cities can cause animals to evolve, not least because in

recent decades, air quality has improved dramatically in England, and trees
and rocks are no longer covered in black soot. As a result, and unsurprisingly
perhaps, most peppered moths now have their original colouring.
B In recent years, researchers have been looking more closely at other

animals, birds, and plants that live in urban environments. It turns out that the
peppered moth is not an exception to the rule but rather the norm In fact the
peppered moth is not an exception to the rule but rather the norm. In fact, the
cities. But these
interesting question:
various
can examples
cities cause
of organisms
urban evolution
to evolve
haveinto
led completely
to a very
new
morespecies? Cities
researchers do the
look, provide
moresome of theofclassic
examples urban conditions that find.
evolution they help cause
In
new species
Puerto Rico,to
theevolve.
sticky For
padsexample, species
on the feet oftenlizards
of some emerge when
have one so that
changed
population becomes
they are better physically
at climbing metalseparated
and glassfrom another.
buildings. In nature,
Some this
birds have
evolved
happens shorter
becausewings and tailsranges,
of mountain so thatdeserts,
they canortake off more
oceans. quickly
In cities, to avoid
physical
obstacles
dangeroussuch
cars.asMosquitoes
roads or buildings createtomany
have adapted live opportunities for isolated
in the dark environments
populations
provided by to emerge.
subway On theFish
tunnels. other hand,
have one problem
evolved is there
resistance is some often
to chemicals
debate about
found in city when a population
waterways. ofthe
In short, organisms
abundantactually
asphalt,becomes a distinct
concrete, steel, and
pollutionAdrive
species. evolution
generally and force
accepted organisms
definition is that to adapt.
if two groups become
sufficiently different that they can no longer breed with each other, then they
are different
C There species,
is, then, littleeven if they
doubt are broadly
that plants similar evolve
and animals in appearance.
and adapt to
D A few such examples have been found. The best candidate for a
completely-new urban species is a new kind of blackbird. The common
blackbird, Turdus merula, is a frequent sight in North Africa and Europe. Urban
blackbirds differ physically from their rural cousins in subtle ways. For one
thing, they have shorter, thicker beaks, which is believed to be related to the
relative ease of finding food in urban areas. This difference is interesting but
does not really qualify urban blackbirds as a new species.
28
Questions 28-33 | Reading Passage 3 has five paragraphs, A-E. Which
paragraph contains the following information? Choose the correct
letter, A-E. You may use any letter more than once.
28 - how urban features can mimic the effects of natural barriers

(1 分 )
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
29
Page information?
paragraph contains the following of 26 21
Choose the correct
29 - an answer to the question about what constitutes a species

(1 分 )
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
30
30 - an adaptation to city life that led to major behavioural changes

(1 分 )
Paragraph A
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
31
31 - how and why a previously rare variant became more common

(1 分 )
Paragraph A
Paragraph B
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph E
32
https://www.coursesidekick.com/sociology/284747 l f l lf f 30/35
32 - some
letter, examples of
usephysical changes that make life in cities safer
33 - anA-E. You may
example anythe
illustrating letter moreofthan
effects once.
human industry on nature
(1 分 )
(1 分 )
Paragraph
Paragraph A A
Paragraph
Paragraph B
B
Paragraph C
Paragraph C
Paragraph D
Paragraph D
Paragraph
Paragraph E
E
33
34
Questions
Questions 28-33
34-39 || Reading Passage 3statements
Do the following has five paragraphs,
agree with A-E.
the Which
information given in Reading Passage 3? Choose one of the options
below for questions 34-39:

34 - Most peppered moths are now mostly black with white speckles.
(1 分 )
True
False
Not Given
35

35 - Lizards in Puerto Rico prefer to live in glass or metal buildings.

(1 分 )
True
False
Not Given
36

FALSE if th
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29/04/2024, 16:51 Sept.6ReadingPassage1Youshouldspendabout20minutesonQuestions1.

docx (pdf) - Course Sidekick

Reading Passage 1 You should spend about 20

In all societies throughout history, including today's, certain groups hav

faced discrimination. These groups' access to social and community

regulations), but was usually more subtle.

These days, most societies aim to eliminate all obvious forms of

personality trait in question is a person's degree of extraversion or

introversion. In particular, in the United States, introverts seem to be th

First of all, however, it is necessary to clear up some misconceptions

regarding what exactly it means to be extroverted or introverted. Many

talkative, as well as willing to take risks. Perhaps a better way of looking

interacting with other people, whereas introverts recover their energy b

When it comes to behaviour, introverts generally prefer to work or stud

rather than in groups. In a group environment, they are probably among

speaking. For introverts, personal satisfaction in a job well done is more

important than the recognition of others.

Unfortunately, it is just these kinds of attributes that may end up hurtin

introverts in their academic and professional careers. Elite schools and

looking for extroverts.

or lacking in confidence. In addition, interview questions themselves are

Consequently, despite being qualified candidates, introverts are often

overshadowed by their extroverted competitors.

leaders than their extrovert counterparts. The researchers speculate th

is in large part due to introverts' ability to listen.

Questions 1-7 | Complete each sentence with the correct

1- Discrimination, both subtle and obvious,

C could affect extroverts, as well.

D has existed in all societies.

E can work against the introverted.

F is something most people enjoy.

H may not be a perfect solution.

I is rejected in the modern world.

J is not supported by the data.

L has the power of all good ideas.

Questions 1-7 | Complete each sentence with the correct

2- Bias against introverts exists, yet discrimination

C could affect extroverts, as well.

D has existed in all societies.

E can work against the introverted.

F is something most people enjoy.

H may not be a perfect solution.

I is rejected in the modern world.

J is not supported by the data.

K does not truly affect everyone.

Questions 1-7 | Complete each sentence with the correct

3- How the introverted differ from the extroverted

D has existed in all societies.

E can work against the introverted.

F is something most people enjoy.

H may not be a perfect solution.

I is rejected in the modern world.

J is not supported by the data.

K does not truly affect everyone.

Questions 1-7 | Complete each sentence with the correct

4- An educational institution or a business often

D has existed in all societies.

E can work against the introverted.

6- The idea that extroverts make the best leaders

C could affect extroverts, as well.