INTERNATIONAL ISO

STANDARD 4674-1

Second edition
2016-10-15

Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics —

Determination of tear resistance —
Part 1:
Constant rate of tear methods
Supports textiles revêtus de caoutchouc ou de plastique —
Détermination de la résistance au déchirement —
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Partie 1: Méthodes à vitesse constante de déchirement
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Reference number
ISO 4674-1:2016(E)

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Contents Page

Foreword......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... iv
Introduction...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v
1 Scope.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1
2 Normative references....................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
3 Terms and definitions...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
4 Apparatus and reagents................................................................................................................................................................................. 2
5 Atmospheres for conditioning and testing................................................................................................................................. 2
5.1 For conditioning...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
5.2 For testing.................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
6 Time-interval between manufacture and testing............................................................................................................... 2
7 Method A — Tongued (double-tear) test piece...................................................................................................................... 2
7.1 Selection and preparation of test pieces............................................................................................................................ 2
7.2 Procedure..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
7.3 Calculation and expression of results.................................................................................................................................. 5
7.3.1 Trace with a series of definite peaks............................................................................................................... 5
7.3.2 Trace without definite peaks.................................................................................................................................. 5
8 Method B — Trouser-shaped (single-tear) test piece..................................................................................................... 6
8.1 Selection and preparation of test pieces............................................................................................................................ 6
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8.2 Procedure..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
8.3 (standards.iteh.ai)
Calculation and expression of results.................................................................................................................................. 8
9 Precision........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
ISO 4674-1:2016
10 Test report.https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/1752c94c-5a22-4448-ba88-
................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Annex A (informative) Example of08846006579a/iso-4674-1-2016 calculation of tear force......................................................................................................... 9
Annex B (normative) Wide-width trouser-shaped test piece...................................................................................................11

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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity assessment,
as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the
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Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products, Subcommittee
SC 4, Products (other than hoses).
ISO 4674-1:2016
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 4674-1:2003), which has been technically
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revised. The changes are as follows. 08846006579a/iso-4674-1-2016
— The title of Clause 4 has been changed to “Apparatus and reagents”. The clamping device and some
reagents have been added.
— Clause 5 has been broken down to two subclauses for conditioning and for testing respectively. The
atmosphere of conditioning has been referred to the condition of “1” specified in ISO 2231:1989.
— New Clause 6 “Time-interval between manufacturing and testing” has been added.
— In 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, and 8.2, the wet testing has been moved from Clause 5 with partial modification.
— In 7.2 and 8.2, the procedure of handling abnormal test results has been incorporated. The NOTE in
each subclause has been moved to the body text respectively.
— In Clause 10, item f) has been added.
— Annex B has been changed to normative and the body text format has been subdivided by adding
clauses.
ISO 4674 consists of the following parts, under the general title Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics —
Determination of tear resistance:
— Part 1: Constant rate of tear methods
— Part 2: Ballistic pendulum method

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Introduction
Tearing is amongst the more usual ways of destruction for many thin materials such as paper, coated or
uncoated textiles, plastic films and leather. Knowledge of the resistance of these materials to this type
of behaviour is therefore very important.
In practice, tearing can result from very different circumstances; hence the large number of test
methods that have been developed in order to predict the behaviour of materials in various situations.
The ISO 4674 series deals with initiated tearing, i.e. the propagation of a tear from an initiating cut.
This part of ISO 4674 describes two methods using a tensile-testing machine at constant rate of
elongation. ISO 4674-2 describes a dynamic method using the kinetic energy of a falling pendulum.

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 4674-1:2016(E)

Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of tear

resistance —
Part 1:
Constant rate of tear methods
WARNING — Persons using this part of ISO 4674 should be familiar with normal laboratory
practice. This part of ISO 4674 does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.

1 Scope
This part of ISO 4674 specifies two methods for determining the forces necessary to initiate and
propagate tearing of a coated fabric using the constant rate of tear method. The methods described are
the following:
— method A: tongue tear;
— method B: trouser tear. iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW
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2 Normative references
ISO 4674-1:2016
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
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indispensable for its application. 08846006579a/iso-4674-1-2016
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1421, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of tensile strength and elongation at break
ISO 2231:1989, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Standard atmospheres for conditioning and testing
ISO 2286-1, Rubber- or plastics-coated fabrics — Determination of roll characteristics — Part 1: Methods
for determination of length, width and net mass
ISO 2602, Statistical interpretation of test results — Estimation of the mean — Confidence interval

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
peak
point on an autographic trace where the gradient, relative to the force values recorded, changes from
positive to negative
Note 1 to entry: For tear recordings, a peak to be used for calculation is defined by a drop in force of at least 10 %
of the last increasing force value.

3.2
length of tear
measured length of a tear produced by a tearing force from the initiation of the force until its termination

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4 Apparatus and reagents

4.1 Constant rate of extension tensile-testing machine, complying with ISO 1421. Tear forces shall
be recorded by an autographic recorder. If recording of force and extension is obtained by means of data-
acquisition boards and software, the frequency of data collection shall be not less than 8 s−1.

4.2 Clamping device, the width of each jaw shall be no less than the width of the portions of the test
piece to be clamped, i.e. ≥150 mm and ≥50 mm for a tongued test piece, ≥50 mm for a normal trouser
test piece and ≥100 mm for a large trouser test piece (half of 200 mm). For method B, the jaws shall be
twice as wide as the width of the portion to be clamped. This is necessary to ensure that the two legs
are positioned as shown in Figure 6 with the edges of each leg correctly aligned with the axis of force
application.

4.3 Equipment in which the test pieces can be immersed in water prior to wet testing.

4.4 Distilled or deionized water, for wetting out the test pieces.

4.5 Wetting agent or surfactant.

5 Atmospheres for conditioning and testing

5.1 For conditioning iTeh STANDARD PREVIEW

The atmosphere shall be the method of (standards.iteh.ai)
conditioning “1” specified in ISO 2231:1989.
For fabrics coated on one side only, a minimum of 16 h exposure is recommended.
ISO 4674-1:2016
For fabrics coated on both https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/sist/1752c94c-5a22-4448-ba88-
sides, a minimum of 24 h is recommended.
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5.2 For testing
The atmosphere shall be selected from A through E specified in ISO 2231:1989. If it is necessary to
control both temperature and humidity, select the atmosphere from A through C.
NOTE The temperature 23 °C is normally the testing atmosphere in temperate countries and 27 °C is
normally in tropical and subtropical countries.

6 Time-interval between manufacture and testing

For all test purposes, the minimum time between the manufacture and testing shall be 16 h. For
non-product tests, the maximum time between manufacture and testing shall be four weeks and for
evaluations intended to be comparable, the tests, as far as possible, shall be carried out after the same
time-interval.
For products, unless otherwise agreed between the interested parties, the time between the
manufacture and testing shall not exceed 3 months.

7 Method A — Tongued (double-tear) test piece

7.1 Selection and preparation of test pieces

Select 10 test pieces, each 200 mm long × 150 mm wide. Select five test pieces in the longitudinal
direction and five in the transverse direction, from the full usable width and length of the sample (in
accordance with ISO 2286-1).

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Select test pieces for tearing in the transverse direction (i.e. tearing across longitudinal or warp threads
in the case of woven substrates) so that their width is parallel to the longitudinal edge of the coated fabric.
Select test pieces for tearing in the longitudinal direction (i.e. tearing across transverse or weft threads
in the case of woven substrates) so that their width is perpendicular to the longitudinal edge of the
coated fabric.
In each test piece, cut a tongue measuring 100 mm × 50 mm as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Across each
face of the test piece, mark a line ABCD at a distance of 50 mm from the end of the tongue as illustrated
in Figure 2.

Figure 1 — Principle of tongued test piece

Dimensions in millimetres

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Key
1 mark indicating end of tear

Figure 2 — Dimensions of tongued test piece

Mark the end of the tear 20 mm from the uncut end in the middle of the strip to indicate the position of
the tear at the completion of the test.
When it is required to determine the properties of wet material, immerse the test pieces for 24 h in
water (4.4), or water containing no more than 0,1 % wetting agent or surfactant (4.5), of about 20 times
the total volume of the test pieces at the room temperature. Immediately after removal from the water,
rinse thoroughly in water and test within 1 min.

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7.2 Procedure
Adjust the test machine to give a rate of jaw traverse of (100 ± 10) mm/min, and select the appropriate
load capacity range. Engage and zero the autographic recorder. Adjust the jaw separation to 100 mm.
Clamp the tongue of the test piece centrally and symmetrically in the jaw so that the line BC is just
visible, as illustrated in Figure 3. Clamp the legs of the test piece symmetrically in the other jaw of the
machine so that the lines AB and CD are just visible and the legs of the test piece are parallel to the
tearing force.
Set the test machine in motion at the specified rate of traverse and stop the test after 60 mm of the test
piece has been torn, i.e. at the termination line.
Observe if the tear does not proceed along the direction of force and whether any threads slip out from
the fabric rather than being torn. The test is to be considered correct if no slippage occurs in the jaws,
no delamination takes place between coating and base fabric during the test and the tear proceeded
and was completed along the direction of application of the force. Other results shall be rejected unless
otherwise they are judged to be useful information at the users’ discretion and to be recorded as an
informative value in the test report.
When testing on wet test pieces is required, remove the test piece from the water (in accordance with
the last paragraph in 7.1), press it tightly between two sheets of blotting paper and immediately carry
out the test as described above.
If three or more test pieces have to be rejected, consider the method as unsuitable.
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In this case, and if the test has been performed with normal test pieces, the tear resistance may be
assessed either by using another method, e.g. ISO 4674-2, or by re-testing by the present method using
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large test pieces as described in Annex B.
ISO 4674-1:2016 Dimensions in millimetres
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Figure 3 — Method of clamping tongued test piece

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7.3 Calculation and expression of results

7.3.1 Trace with a series of definite peaks

7.3.1.1 Manual evaluation of tear forces from the chart recording

Annex A gives an example of a calculation.

Divide the tear trace, beginning with the first peak and ending with the last, into four equal subsections
(see Annex A). Do not use the first subsection for the calculation. From each of the remaining three
subsections, select and note the two highest and the two lowest peaks. A peak for calculation is 10 %
drop in force as defined in 3.1.
If the evaluation of peaks derived from dense fabrics with large numbers of threads per centimetre is to
be done from the chart recording manually, the speed of the chart paper should preferably be set to 2:1
in relation to the tearing speed.
For each test piece, calculate the arithmetic mean of the 12 peak values obtained, in Newtons. If
required, record the minimum and maximum peak force from the three subsections for each test piece.
For manual evaluations, a limited number of selected peaks is chosen to keep calculation time within
acceptable limits. For calculations including all peaks, the electronic evaluation method (see 7.3.1.2) is
recommended.
From the mean calculated for each test piece, calculate the overall arithmetic mean of the tear force, in
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Newtons, for each direction tested and round it to two significant figures.
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If required, calculate the coefficient of variation to the nearest 0,1 % and the 95 % confidence limits of
the mean values calculated for each direction (in accordance with ISO 2602).
ISO 4674-1:2016
7.3.1.2 Calculation using an electronic device
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Annex A gives an example of a calculation.
Divide the tear trace, beginning with the first peak and ending with the last, into four equal subsections
(see Annex A). Do not use the first subsection for the calculation. From each of the remaining three
subsections, record all peaks. A peak for calculation is characterized by at least a 10 % drop in force as
defined in 3.1.
For each test piece, calculate the arithmetic mean using all the peaks recorded.
From the mean calculated for each test piece, calculate the overall arithmetic mean of the tear force, in
Newtons, for each direction tested and round it to two significant figures.
If required, calculate the coefficient of variation to the nearest 0,1 % and the 95 % confidence limits of
the mean values calculated for each direction (in accordance with ISO 2602).

7.3.2 Trace without definite peaks

When the trace does not show definite peaks and consists of a relatively smooth curve as shown in
Figure 4, divide up the trace as in 7.3.1 and ignore the first subsection. Draw two lines parallel to the
baseline so that one forms a tangent with the highest part of the curve and the other with the lowest
part of the curve. Determine the forces corresponding to these lines and record the arithmetic mean as
the result.
Express the result in Newtons. Calculate the arithmetic mean of the results for each direction tested
and round it to two significant figures.

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