Pertemuan 1 Bagian 2

PENGERTIAN LOGIKA
Ilmu yang mempelajari kaidah atau prinsip umum dalam proses

berpikir untuk memahami pelbagai masalah dan mencari solusinya
(ilmu pelayan (al-‘ilm al-khadim) atau ilmu alat (instrumental
science).
Tiga objek kajian logika, yaitu definisi (penjelasan makna),
inferensi (pembuktian pernyataan dan penyimpulan), metode
penelitian.
Pada kebenaran atau
kesalahan kita berguru?
Logika mengajarkan bagaimana berpikir benar, tetapi juga
mengajarkan bagaimana terhindar dari berpikir keliru;
pola-pola berpikir keliru disebut dengan falasi (fallacy/al-
mughalathah).
KESALAHAN BERPIKIR…
Dicto Simpliciter
an argument based on an unqualified
generalization. For example: Exercise is
good. Therefore everybody should exercise
KESALAHAN BERPIKIR…
Hasty Generalization
You can’t speak French. Petey Bellows can’t
speak French. I must therefore conclude that
nobody at the University of Minnesota can speak
French
KESALAHAN BERPIKIR...
Post Hoc
Let's not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we

take him out with us, it rains.
Post hoc (a shortened form of post hoc, ergo propter

hoc) is a logical fallacy in which one event is said to be
the cause of a later event simply because it occurred
earlier. "Although two events might be consecutive,"
says Madsen Pirie in "How to Win Every Argument," "we
cannot simply assume that the one would not have
occurred without the other."
Contraditory Premises
If God can do
anything, can He
make a stone so
heavy that He won't
be able to lift it?
KESALAHAN
BERPIKIR...
Ad Misericordiam
'A man applies for a job. When the boss

asks him what his qualifications are, he
replies that he has a wife and six children
at home, the wife is a helpless cripple, the
children have nothing to eat, no clothes to
wear, no shoes on their feet, there are no
beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and
winter is coming.'
KESALAHAN
BERPIKIR...
Hypothesis Contrary to Fact and
If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a

photographic plate in a drawer with a chunk of
pitchblende, the world today would not know about
radium
KESALAHAN BERPIKIR … Ad hominem (Poisoned the well)
Two men are having a debate. The first one gets up and says, 'My opponent is a
notorious liar. You can't believe a word that he is going to say
Ad Hominem
(Attacking the person): This fallacy occurs when, instead of

addressing someone's argument or position, you irrelevantly
attack the person or some aspect of the person who is
making the argument. The fallacious attack can also be
direct to membership in a group or institution.
Examples:
Student: Hey, Professor Moore, we shouldn't have to read
this book by Freud. Everyone knows he used cocaine.
Socrates' arguments about human excellence are rubbish.
What could a man as ugly as he know about human
excellence.
Ad Ignorantiam (Appeal to Ignorance)
Description:
The argument offers lack of evidence as if it were evidence to the contrary. The argument says, "No one
knows it is true; therefore it is false," or "No one knows it is false, therefore it is true."
Comments:
The phrase "ad ignorantiam" is a Latin phrase that means (just as one would expect), "(appeal) to ignorance."
Sometimes, in order to make the claim that "no one knows," the argument insists upon an inappropriately
strong standard of proof. I have found the fallacy particularly difficult to classify. I currently classify it with the
Errors of Observation. It is like Inductive Hyperbole in that both fallacies draw an inappropriately strong
conclusion from relatively weak and indecisive observations.
Examples:
"There is no proof that capital punishment deters violent crime. We can only conclude that it doesn't. Our
state is better off without the death penalty."
"Why do elephants paint their toenails red? To hide in strawberry patches! Have you ever seen an elephant in
a strawberry patch? No? Well, that proves it works."
KEBENARAN LOGIKA (matematika) vs
KEBENARAN INDRA
Samakah 1 gelas yang terisi dengan 1 gelas yang

kosong?
Apakah ada jarak ketika dua tangan bersalaman?
Manakah yang lebih baik untuk kemaslahatan orang

banyak; pikiran yang terisi dengan kebenaran atau
pikiran yang terbuka terhadap kebenaran?
TERIMA
KASIH

Pertemuan 1 Bagian 2

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PENGERTIAN LOGIKA

Ilmu yang mempelajari kaidah atau prinsip umum dalam proses

Let's not take Bill on our picnic. Every time we

Post hoc (a shortened form of post hoc, ergo propter

'A man applies for a job. When the boss

If Madame Curie had not happened to leave a

(Attacking the person): This fallacy occurs when, instead of

Samakah 1 gelas yang terisi dengan 1 gelas yang

Apakah ada jarak ketika dua tangan bersalaman?

Manakah yang lebih baik untuk kemaslahatan orang

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