12-APRIL-2024

THE HINDU

VISHAL PARIHAR
Hepatitis in India: India's Roadmap
to Recovery
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Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Arbitrators (noun) = individuals appointed to

resolve disputes between people or
organizations (मध्यस्थ)
Synonym: Mediators, adjudicators
Antonym: Litigants, disputants
Sentence: The two companies decided to use
arbitrators to settle their contract
disagreement.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Exorbitant (adj) = exceeding the bounds of

custom, propriety, or reason, especially in
amount or extent (अत्यधिक)
Synonym: Excessive, steep
Antonym: Reasonable, modest
Sentence: The exorbitant price of the handbag
made her reconsider the purchase.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Concessionaire (noun) = a person or company

that operates the concessions at a venue
(ठे केदार)
Synonym: Vendor, licensee
Antonym: Owner, proprietor
Sentence: The new concessionaire at the
stadium offered a wider variety of food and
drinks.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Vindicate (verb) = to clear from blame or

suspicion (निदोष सिद्ि करिा)
Synonym: Acquit, exonerate
Antonym: Convict, incriminate
Sentence: The evidence presented in court
served to vindicate the accused.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Perversity (noun) = a deliberate desire to

behave in an unreasonable or unacceptable
way (विकृनि)
Synonym: Contrariness, obstinacy
Antonym: Compliance, obedience
Sentence: The perversity of his actions led to
widespread criticism.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Enumerate (verb) = to mention (a number of

things) one by one (धिििी करिा)
Synonym: List, itemize
Antonym: Estimate, guess
Sentence: She began to enumerate the
benefits of the proposed policy change.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Inexpedient (adj) = not practical, suitable, or

advisable (अिपु यक्
ु ि)
Synonym: Inadvisable, impractical
Antonym: Expedient, advisable
Sentence: It would be inexpedient to invest in
the stock market without doing thorough
research.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Statutory (adj) = required, permitted, or

enacted by statute (िैिानिक)
Synonym: Legal, regulatory
Antonym: Illegal, unauthorized
Sentence: The company was found in
violation of statutory regulations.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Err (verb) = to make a mistake or to do

something wrong (िलिी करिा)
Synonym: Mistake, misjudge
Antonym: Correct, rectify
Sentence: He erred in his calculation and
overpaid the bill.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)

Idioms & Phrases

✓ N/A
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)
Phrasal Verbs (Verb + Preposition)
✓ Set aside - To cancel, annul, or declare invalid.
✓ Handed over - To transfer possession or control of
something to someone else.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)
The Supreme Court of India has used its extraordinary powers to set
aside its own judgment of 2021 and relieve the Delhi Metro Rail
Corporation (DMRC) of an exorbitant burden of ₹7,687 crore in a
dispute with a former concessionare. The verdict vindicates the
existence of the Court’s curative jurisdiction on the one hand, and
flags, on the other, a possible conflict between finality in litigation
and the need for substantive justice. In this case, an arbitral tribunal
had ruled in 2017 in favour of Delhi Airport Metro Express Private
Ltd. (DAMEPL), which got the contract to construct, maintain and
operate the line from New Delhi railway station to Delhi airport.
DAMEPL had invoked the termination clause in its agreement in
October 2012, citing the DMRC’s alleged failure to cure some defects.
While the DMRC invoked the arbitration clause, DAMEPL halted
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)
operations in June 2013 and handed over the line to the DMRC.
Meanwhile, based on a joint application, the Commissioner of Metro
Rail Safety (CMRS) issued a certificate of safety that helped revive
the metro’s operations. On appeal, a single judge of the Delhi High
Court upheld the arbitration award against DMRC, but a Division
Bench set it aside, holding that the award suffered from perversity
and patent illegality. In 2021, a two-judge Bench of the Supreme
Court restored the award, reversing the High Court Bench’s findings
in favour of the DMRC. A review petition was also rejected.
A curative petition is an extraordinary remedy, as it is filed after the
apex Court refuses to review its judgment. There are only two main
grounds for entertaining such a petition: to prevent abuse of process
and to prevent gross miscarriage of justice, although it is not possible
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)
to enumerate all the circumstances that warrant it. It is founded on
the principle that the court’s concern for justice is no less important
than the principle of finality. Under India’s arbitration law, an award
can be set aside only on limited grounds. It is normally inexpedient
for arbitration issues to have many levels of litigation — in this case
there was a statutory appeal to the High Court, and appeals to a
Bench, the apex Court, a review petition and a curative petition. In
the ultimate analysis, the DMRC case appears to have been rightly
decided as the earlier two-judge Bench was ruled to have erred in
setting aside the Delhi High Court Bench’s view that the CMRS
certificate was a vital piece of evidence. The outcome only
underscores the importance of arbitrators and judges sitting on
appeal over awards getting both fact and law right, lest commercial
Finality and justice(Editorial-1)
litigants be discouraged from arbitration due to the constant
stretching of the idea of finality. Not all disputants can go up to the
level of a curative petition.
Finality and justice(Editorial-1) Question

Which tone does the writer primarily adopt in

discussing the Supreme Court of India's decision
regarding the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
case?
A) Skeptical
B) Informative
C) Critical
D) Appreciative
E) Neutral
Finality and justice(Editorial-1) Question

Which tone does the writer primarily adopt in

discussing the Supreme Court of India's decision
regarding the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC)
case?
A) Skeptical
B) Informative
C) Critical
D) Appreciative
E) Neutral
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Grim (adj) = भयािक (frightening or worrying in

appearance or nature)
Synonyms: Bleak, dire
Antonyms: Pleasant, inviting
Sentence: India's battle against Hepatitis B and C
presents a grim tableau of a health crisis at large.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Ailments (noun) = रोि (illnesses or health

problems)
Synonyms: Diseases, disorders
Antonyms: Healthiness, wellness
Sentence: India shoulders the world's second-
largest burden of these liver ailments.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Abysmally (adv) = बहुि खराब िरीके िे

(extremely badly)
Synonyms: Awfully, terribly
Antonyms: Excellently, wonderfully
Sentence: Alarmingly, the detection rates for
these infections are abysmally low.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Obliterate (verb) = समटा दे िा (completely destroy

or remove)
Synonyms: Eradicate, annihilate
Antonyms: Preserve, create
Sentence: The National Viral Hepatitis Control
Programme, with its ambitious goal to obliterate
Hepatitis C by 2030.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Morbidity (noun) = रोिाणि ु ा (the condition of

being diseased or the incidence of disease within
a population)
Synonyms: Illness, sickness rate
Antonyms: Healthiness, wellness rate
Sentence: The programme's goal is to
significantly curtail the morbidity and mortality
associated with Hepatitis B.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Galvanize (verb) = प्रेररि करिा (shock or excite

someone into taking action)
Synonyms: Stimulate, energize
Antonyms: Deter, discourage
Sentence: The WHO's recent findings serve as a
clarion call for India to galvanize its efforts
towards these targets.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Juncture (noun) = मोड़ (a particular point in

events or time)
Synonyms: Point, moment
Antonyms: Continuity, duration
Sentence: The programme is at a critical
juncture.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Insidious (adj) = कपटी (proceeding in a gradual,

subtle way, but with harmful effects)
Synonyms: Sneaky, treacherous
Antonyms: Beneficial, harmless
Sentence: The insidious nature of these viruses,
with carriers often asymptomatic for years,
complicates detection and containment efforts.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

Idioms & Phrases

✓ A clarion call - A strong and clear request or order
to take action.
✓ A glimmer of hope - A small sign or possibility that
things may improve.
✓ Course correction - A change in direction or action
to return to the right path or plan.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)
Phrasal Verbs (Verb + Preposition)
✓ Grappling with - Struggling or trying to deal with a
problem.
✓ Succumbing to - Dying or failing because of a
particular problem or issue.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)
India's battle against Hepatitis B and C, as starkly highlighted in
a recent WHO report, presents a grim tableau of a health crisis
at large. With nearly 3 crore individuals grappling with Hepatitis
B and over 50 lakh suffering from Hepatitis C, India shoulders
the world's second-largest burden of these liver ailments. The
toll is heavy, with more than a lakh succumbing to these
diseases in 2022 alone. Alarmingly, the detection rates for these
infections are abysmally low—less than 30% for Hepatitis C and
a mere fraction above that for Hepatitis B. The National Viral
Hepatitis Control Programme (NVHCP), with its ambitious goal
to obliterate Hepatitis C by 2030 and significantly curtail the
morbidity and mortality associated with Hepatitis B, is at a
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)
critical juncture. The WHO's recent findings serve as a clarion
call for India to galvanize its efforts towards these targets. Yet,
amidst the concerning data, the WHO also offers a glimmer of
hope, suggesting that a strategic "course correction" between
2024 and 2026 could steer the NVHCP back on course.
The transmission pathways of Hepatitis B and C—through
exposure to contaminated blood—pose significant public health
challenges. The insidious nature of these viruses, with carriers
often asymptomatic for years, complicates detection and
containment efforts. Despite the availability of free testing and
medication under the NVHCP since its inception in 2018, a vast
majority of those afflicted remain outside the purview of
treatment and the prevention strategies, particularly for
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)
Hepatitis B through early vaccination, are not reaching their full
potential. The fact that less than 50% of infants receive the
crucial birth dose of the vaccine is a telling indicator of the
healthcare system's limitations, particularly in rural areas where
institutional births are less common. The situation with
Hepatitis C, though somewhat more optimistic given the
availability and affordability of effective anti-viral treatments in
India, is no less dire. The substantial proportion of patients
escaping diagnosis points to a broader issue—a healthcare
infrastructure in urgent need of enhancement. To ignore this
imperative is to risk the health and well-being of millions. The
WHO's report should act as a catalyst for India to intensify its
efforts, ensuring that the fight against Hepatitis and other
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)
infectious diseases is marked by resolve, resource allocation,
and a commitment to public health that leaves no one behind.
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

What tone is primarily used by the writer in

discussing India's challenges and efforts against
Hepatitis B and C as highlighted in the WHO report?
A) Neutral
B) Inspirational
C) Alarmed
D) Critical
E) Informative
Hepatitis in India(Editorial-2)

What tone is primarily used by the writer in

discussing India's challenges and efforts against
Hepatitis B and C as highlighted in the WHO report?
A) Neutral
B) Inspirational
C) Alarmed
D) Critical
E) Informative
HOME WORK

➢Morbidity
➢Vindicate
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