9 Mobile Networks

SENG42283 – Mobile
Networks
Evolution of Networks-5G and
beyond
Sadeepa Sepala
[email protected]
5G Networks
■ Key Performance indicators (KPI) of 5G

5G Networks
■ Technical use cases of 5G

o Enhanced Mobile Broad Band (eMBB)
- Applications: Streaming, Web, Browsing, Video Conference, VR etc;
- High Throughput
- Limited Mobility of the user
o Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)

- Applications: Sensors, Smart city, High number of devices
- Low cost, Enhanced coverage, Long Battery Life
- IOT based , Massive IOT (mIOT)
o Ultra Reliable and Low latency Communications (uRLLC)

- Applications: Mission Critical, Industrial automation, Self Driving Cars etc.
- Short Delays
- Extreme Reliability
5G Networks
■ Key Technologies of 5G
5G Networks
■ New Spectrums – cell densities

5G Networks
■ Massive – MIMO
o Standard MIMO networks tend to use two or four antennas, Massive MIMO is a
MIMO system with an especially high number of antennas. The term massive tends
to be applied to systems with tens or even hundreds of antennas. Industry
demonstrated Massive MIMO systems with as many as 96 to 128 antenna.
o The more antennas the transmitter/receiver is equipped with, the more the possible
signal paths and the better the performance in terms of data rate and link reliability.
Potential of 50-fold yield improvements.
o Massive MIMO networks will utilize beam forming technology, enabling the
targeted use of spectrum. Current mobile networks share a single pool of spectrum
with all users in the vicinity, which could result in a performance bottleneck in
densely populated area. With Massive MIMO and beam forming this is handled
more efficiently, so that data speeds are uniform (almost!) across the network
5G Networks
■ Beam Forming
o At massive MIMO base stations, signal-processing algorithms plot the best
transmission route through the air to each user
5G Networks
■ Network Slicing
o 5G network slicing is a network architecture that enables the multiplexing of
virtualized and independent logical networks on the same physical network
infrastructure
Beyond 5G
■ Use of new spectrum bands – low bands (460-694 MHz) for
extensive coverage and sub Tera Hertz (90GHz to 300GHz) for peak
data speeds beyond 100 Gbps
■ Enhancements on ultra low latency functions and machine to
Machine functions - latencies below 0.1ms supporting applications
like remote surgical procedures. Target of 10 mil linked devices per
sq. km.
■ A focus on energy efficiency – Higher bandwidth needs new
spectrum and current chip technologies are not so efficient at those
frequencies. Therefore, major focus area is optimizing the energy
efficiency
■ New architectures and use of AI and ML for optimal connectivity
– heterogeneous cloud settings, with private, public and hybrid
clouds. AI/ML in various network components enabling AI/ML to
determine optimal method of communication between two end
points.
Mobile IP
Mobile IP
■ Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by

extending Internet Protocol, IP) that allows the users to
move from one network to another with the same IP address.
It ensures that the communication will continue without
user’s sessions or connections being dropped.
■ Defined in RFC (Request for Comments) 2002, mobile IP is
an enhancement of the internet protocol (IP) that adds
mechanisms for forwarding internet traffic to mobile devices
(known as mobile nodes) when they are connecting through
other than their home network.
Mobile IP
■ Mobile IP
Mobile IP
■ Mobile Node (MN): It is the hand-held communication

device that the user caries e.g. Cell phone.
■ Home Network: It is a network to which the mobile node
originally belongs to as per its assigned IP address (home
address).
■ Home Agent (HA): It is a router in home network to which
the mobile node was originally connected
■ Home Address: It is the permanent IP address assigned to
the mobile node (within its home network).
■ Foreign Network: It is the current network to which the
mobile node is visiting (away from its home network).
Mobile IP
■ Foreign Agent (FA): It is a router in foreign network to

which mobile node is currently connected. The packets from
the home agent are sent to the foreign agent which delivers it
to the mobile node.
■ Correspondent Node (CN): It is a device on the internet
communicating to the mobile node.
■ Care of Address (COA): It is the temporary address used
by a mobile node while it is moving away from its home
network.
Mobile IP
Key Mechanisms in Mobile IP:

■ Agent Discovery: Agents advertise their presence by
periodically broadcasting their agent advertisement
messages. The mobile node receiving the agent
advertisement messages observes whether the message is
from its own home agent and determines whether it is in the
home network or foreign network.
■ Agent Registration: Mobile node after discovering the
foreign agent, sends registration request (RREQ) to the
foreign agent. Foreign agent in turn, sends the registration
request to the home agent with the care-of-address. Home
agent sends registration reply (RREP) to the foreign agent.
Then it forwards the registration reply to the mobile node
and completes the process of registration.
Mobile IP
Key Mechanisms in Mobile IP:

■ Tunneling: It establishes a virtual pipe for the packets
available between a tunnel entry and an endpoint. It is the
process of sending a packet via a tunnel and it is achieved by
a mechanism called encapsulation. It takes place to forward
an IP datagram from the home agent to the care-of address.
Whenever home agent receives a packet from correspondent
node, it encapsulates the packet with source address as home
address and destination as care-of-address.
Mobile IP
Mobile IP
■ Correspondent node sends the data to the mobile node. Data

packets contains correspondent node’s address (Source) and
home address (Destination). Packets reaches to the home
agent. But now mobile node is not in the home network, it
has moved into the foreign network.
■ Now, a tunnel will be established between the home agent
and the foreign agent by the process of tunneling. (Foreign
agent sends the care-of-address to the home agent to which
all the packets should be sent. )
■ Now, home agent encapsulates the data packets into new
packets in which the source address is the home address and
destination is the care-of-address and sends it through the
tunnel to the foreign agent.
Mobile IP
■ Foreign agent, on other side of the tunnel receives the data

packets, decapsulates them and sends them to the mobile
node.
■ Mobile node in response to the data packets received, sends
a reply in response to foreign agent.
■ Foreign agent directly sends the reply to the correspondent
node.
Exercise : List Advantages and disadvantages of Mobile IP.

Thank You !

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SENG42283 – Mobile

■ Key Performance indicators (KPI) of 5G

■ Technical use cases of 5G

o Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC)

o Ultra Reliable and Low latency Communications (uRLLC)

■ New Spectrums – cell densities

■ Mobile IP is a communication protocol (created by

■ Mobile Node (MN): It is the hand-held communication

■ Foreign Agent (FA): It is a router in foreign network to

Key Mechanisms in Mobile IP:

Key Mechanisms in Mobile IP:

■ Correspondent node sends the data to the mobile node. Data

■ Foreign agent, on other side of the tunnel receives the data

Exercise : List Advantages and disadvantages of Mobile IP.

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