UACE BIOLOGY PAPER 2 2017 Marking Guide 1

UACE Biology 2017 paper 2
Section A (40marks)
1. Figure 1and 2 show growth pattern of organs in humans and mean growth rate in the
different sexes respectively. Figure 1 represents the size attained by the human body organs
from birth, expressed as a percentage of the total post natal growth. Figure 2 represents the
mean growth rate changes in centimetres per year, in boys and girls, from birth to maturity.
Study the figures and answer the questions that follow.
(a) Describe the graph pattern shown by the
(i) Thymus (04marks)
From 0 to 2years, growth increases rapidly; from 2 to 4 years gradually; from 4 to 12years
rapidly to a peak; from 12 to 20 years decreases sharply.
(ii) Brain (04 marks)
From 0 to 2 years growth increases rapidly, from 2 to 12 years, gradually, beyond 12 year it
remained constant
(iii) Reproductive organs (04marks)
0 to 2 years, increased gradually; 2 to 8 years remained constant, 8 to 12 years growth is
gradual and from 12 to 20years growth is rapid
(b) Explain the growth pattern shown by the
(i) Thymus (06marks)
Thymus which produces white blood cells to fight infections, grows rapidly in early
life when the risk of disease is greater as the immunity has not been acquired.
(ii) Brain (04 marks)
the brain mature rapidly to take over the overall control of the body system
(iii) Reproductive organs (02 marks)
The reproductive organs grow slowly such that they are mature when the organism
is body is ready to support the fetus and to take care of the offspring.
(c) Compare the mean growth rate in boys and girls (08marks)
Similarities
- In both growth rate decreases from 1-7 years
- Both have a spurt of growth rates
- Both growth rates reduce to zero
- From 4 to 7 years growth rate is constant
- In both mean growth rate is the same at 13.2 and 17.6years
Differences
Growth in boys Growth in girls
High peak/growth spurt Low peak or growth spurt
Rapid increase in mean growth rate to Gradual increase in mean growth rate to
peak peak
Steep decline from peak Gradual decline from peak
Boys spurt to peak later Girls spurt to peak earlier
(d) Explain the relationship between the size attained by reproductive organs and the mean
growth rate between 11-20 years. (08marks)
Early onset of puberty in girls than boys due to early secretion of oestrogen that promotes
development of reproductive organs and female sexual characteristics
In boys, the rapid increase is due to testosterone hormone that maintains and enlarges the
testes and promotes secondary sexual characteristics.
The mean growth rate finally decrease to zero because the reproductive organs attain full
maturity.
Section B (60 marks)
Answer any three questions from this section
2. (a) Distinguish between tropic and reflex responses (05marks)

Differences
Tropic response Reflect response
Plant response Animal response
Movement involves growth Movement involves muscle contraction
Slow Fast
Always involves movement of part of a May involve the whole organism
plant
Permanent temporary
(b) Explain how tropism in roots and shoot occur in relation to auxins concentration.
(10marks)
In roots high concentration of auxins inhibit growth of cells, in geotropism for example,
auxins concentrate on the lower side of the stem. Growth is accelerated on the lower
than upper side causing bending of the stem upwards
In stems high concentration of auxins promote growth of cells, in geotropism for

example, auxins concentrate on the lower side of the root. Growth is slowed on the
lower than upper side causing bending of the root downwards.
(c) Describe the role of hormones in plants. (05marks)

- Promotes plant growth e.g. auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins
- Induce dormancy, e.g. ASA
- Promote fruit ripening e.g. ethene
- Promote apical dominancy e.g. auxin
- Initiate germination e.g. gibberellins
3. (a) What is meant by
(i) Greenhouse effect? (02marks)
The greenhouse is a slow progressive increase in the average temperature of the earth over
a time due to accumulation of carbon dioxide in atmosphere
(ii) Eutrophication? (02marks)
Eutrophication is enrichment of water with nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.
(b) Explain how human activities have contributed to increased greenhouse effect.
(10marks)
The following human activities increase carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, methane/
CFCs in atmosphere that lead to global warming
- Burning of fossil fuel

- Deforestation
- Use of CFCs
(c) Suggest practical remedies to greenhouse problem. (06marks)
Means of reducing carbon dioxide concentration in air

- Using alternative source of energy other than fossil fuel such as solar
electricity or nuclear energy
- More energy-saving measures could be introduced.
- Massive tree planting programs to lock up carbon dioxide in the wood
- Nutrient enrichment of the oceans might allow huge algal blooms which would
trap carbon dioxide in organic matter.
- Law enforcement
- Sensitization/education programs
4. (a) How is sex determined in human? (04marks)

Human sex is determined by sex chromosomes; XX genotype for female and XY genotype for
male
(b) A woman has four sons of whom one is haemophilic and the other three are normal
(i) What is the possible genotypes of the woman and husband? (12marks)
Haemophilia is sex linked recessive trait whose gene is carried on X-chromosome
A combination of haemophilic and normal sons are produced only from carrier woman and
normal man or haemophilic father and carrier mother
Let XH represent chromosome carrying normal allele
Xh represent chromosome carrying haemophilic allele
(ii) Is it possible for the couple to have haemophilic daughter? Explain your answer.
(04marks)
It is possible when the father is haemophilic and the mother is a carrier otherwise it is
impossible
5. (a)Differentiate between learned and instinctive behaviour. (05marks)
Difference
Instinct Learned
Inherited/inborn Develop as a result of experience
Permanent Temporary, may be unlearnt
stereotyped Pattern not fixed
Complex pattern of behaviour Simple pattern behaviour
Triggered by simple stimuli Stimuli may be simple or complex
(b) What is the importance of each of the following forms of behaviour in animals?
(i) Imprinting (05marks)
- It enables the young animal to recognize its own mother from among the other
adults of its species.
- In early childhood, human become imprinted on their brother and sister and
subconsciously learn not to mate with them subsequently to prevent inbreeding.
- Enable animals to visually identify with other members of their species so they may
choose appropriate mates later in life.
- Enable young one to get food from their parents.
(ii) Habituation (05marks)

- Enables a young animal to understand neutral elements in the environment such as
movements due to wind.
- It enables an animal to save energy by not responding to non-harmful stimuli over and
over again.
- Habituation helps to eliminate unnecessary responses.
- Helps an animal filter large amount of information received from the surrounding
environment.
(iii) Associative learning (05marks)

- obtaining food by associating smell, colour, sound to food
- avoiding danger
- avoiding predator through mimicry and camouflage
6. (a) classify enzymes basing on the types of reaction they catalyse (06marks)
- Oxidoreductase; are involved in biological oxidation and reduction reaction. They

include dehydrogenase which catalyze removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate
and oxidase which formation of water e.g., in respiration.
- Hydrolase; catalyze the addition of water to or the removal from a substrate.eg
protease.
- Transferase; These catalyze transfer of chemical groups or atoms from one substrate
to another. Those that transfer amino groups [NH2] are called transaminase.
- Lyase; break chemical bonds other than hydrolysis this creating double bond. They
include carboxylase which remove carboxyl group [ COOH] from intermediates in
respiratory pathways.
- Isomerase; These enzymes catalyze the transfer of an atom from one part of a
molecule to another.
- Ligase or synthetase; catalyze joining together of two molecules coupled with the
breakdown of ATP e.g., phosphokinase which catalyze the addition of phosphate
group to a compound.
(b) Explain how competitive and non-competitive inhibition of enzymes occur. (08marks)
- In competitive inhibition; a compound is structurally similar to that of the usual

substrate associates with the enzymes active site but it’s unable to react with it. While
it remains there, it prevents access of any molecules of the substrate. This type of
inhibition depends on the concentration of the substrate and that of an inhibitor. At
high concentration of the substrate, inhibition is overcome
- This is a type of inhibition in which the inhibitors attach themselves outside the active
site thereby preventing the enzyme normal catalytic reaction by changing the shape of
the enzyme or allosteric effect. It may be revisable when the inhibitor forms loose
attachment to the enzyme that may be detached when circumstances permit e.g.
cyanide or irreversible noncompetitive inhibition when the inhibitor permanently
disorganizes the structure of the enzyme that it may no longer react with the
substrate, e.g., mercury.
(c) What is the importance of enzymes inhibition in enzyme-catalysed reactions? (06marks)

- Controls enzyme activity
- Balance stimulation of process in organism
- Regulate metabolism

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UACE Biology 2017 paper 2

2. (a) Distinguish between tropic and reflex responses (05marks)

In stems high concentration of auxins promote growth of cells, in geotropism for

(c) Describe the role of hormones in plants. (05marks)

(ii) Eutrophication? (02marks)

Eutrophication is enrichment of water with nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus.

- Burning of fossil fuel

(c) Suggest practical remedies to greenhouse problem. (06marks)

Means of reducing carbon dioxide concentration in air

4. (a) How is sex determined in human? (04marks)

(ii) Habituation (05marks)

(iii) Associative learning (05marks)

- Oxidoreductase; are involved in biological oxidation and reduction reaction. They

- In competitive inhibition; a compound is structurally similar to that of the usual

(c) What is the importance of enzymes inhibition in enzyme-catalysed reactions? (06marks)

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