LESSON 1

State - is an organized political community acting under a government and united by common
set of laws. It uses absolute power in directing the path of a society. It also uses complete
political coerciveness, which may come in the form of armed forces personnel, stricter laws, and
rigid government policies in order to attain its societal goals and objectives.

ELEMENTS OF THE STATES

a. People - It is the people who make the state. Population is essential for the state. Without
population there can be no State.

b. Territory - There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need territory to live and
organize themselves socially and politically. It may be remembered that the territory of the states
includes land, water and air-space.

c. Government - It is the organization or machinery or agency of the State which makes,

implements, enforces and adjudicates the laws of the state.

d. Sovereignty - It is the most exclusive elements of State. Without sovereignty no state can
exist. State has the exclusive title and prerogative to exercise supreme power over all its people
and territory. It is the basis which the State regulates all aspects of the life of the people living in
its territory.

PROPERTIES OF THE STATE

Maintaining order and security: This includes protecting citizens from crime and violence,
enforcing laws, and resolving disputes. The state typically accomplishes this through its police
force, courts, and military.

Providing public services: This includes education, healthcare, infrastructure, and social
welfare programs. The state may provide these services directly or through contracts with private
companies.

Regulating the economy: This includes setting monetary policy, managing taxes and spending,
and ensuring fair competition. The state aims to promote economic stability and growth, while
also protecting consumers and workers.

LESSON 2

FORMS OF STATE

Unitary States - Centralized governance with a single government.

Regionalized States - Former unitary states that grant autonomy to regions.

Federal States - Union of states with shared and delegated powers to a central government.

Dependent States - Lack full autonomy, subject to a more powerful state.

Republics - Power distributed among executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Monarchies - Power rests with a monarch or life councilor.

Democracies - Sovereignty in the hands of the people, respecting human rights and the rule of
law.

Dictatorships - Small group holds political power through force, disregarding human rights.

Autocracies - Are governments where one person has substantial unchecked power.

Oligarchic Government - A small group of individuals or families holds power and decision-
making authority. Example, Russia sunce the fall of the Soviet Union.

Theocracy - A government where religious leaders or religious institutions hold political power,
and laws are often based on religious principles. Example, Iran.

LESSON 3

ROLES OF STATES

1. State provides security against external aggressions and war. For this purpose, the state
maintains an army.

2. State ensures security against internal disturbances disorders and crimes. For this purpose, the
state maintains police.

3. State legally grants and guarantees the rights of the people.

4. The state issues and regulates currency and coinage.

5. State undertakes steps for the creation of necessary conditions for the socio-economic-
politico-cultural development of the people.

6. State grants citizenship and protects their interests and rights.

7. State conducts foreign relations, foreign trade and economic relations.

8. State secures the goals of national interest in international relations.

Does the Philippines and China have any mutual agreements economically?

Yes, the Philippines and China do have an agreement in terms of economic development. Just
like the " BBB Program or Build build build Program" in which Philippines construct new
bridges, roads etc. in Samal Islands, Davao and other provinces in the Philippines in which the
money use for funding came from China.

LESSON 4
Non-state institutions and Banks

Non-state institutions - This are groups and organizations which operate outside the support of
any state or government. They are referred to be ‘stateless’ since they are considered to be
independent of any state, although, they usually collaborate with the government in
implementing projects. Non-state institutions assume different functions and focus on a specific
objective. In general, they develop certain services needed by members of the society for their
progress.

Bank - is a financial institution licensed to provide several financial services to different types of
customers. Banks are in operation mainly for their deposit and lending function. Customers are
allowed to deposit their money to banks which grow through an interest rate. Banks also provide
loans, at a higher interest rate, to customers who need money either for personal consumption or
for investment and businesses.

TYPES OF BANKS

1. Retail bank - is a type of bank that focuses on consumers or the general public as its
customers. One’s personal bank account, like checking and savings account, are usually
in a retail bank. Retail banks can be considered to be the most common and widespread
of all the types of banks.

2. Commercial bank - also provides the same services as a retail bank; however, it focuses
on businesses and businessmen as its main customers. Commercial banks provide short
term loans for businessmen to be used for investment purposes.

3. Industrial bank - An investment or an industrial bank provide medium and long-term

loans and deposits to business industries.

4. Agricultural banks - as the name suggests, caters to the financial needs of farmers and
the farming industry. They provide short-term and long-term loans to facilitate
agricultural activities. Loans from this type of bank is used for buying seeds, fertilizers,
land, or any materials needed for farming. An agricultural country such as the Philippines
is unsurprisingly abundant of agricultural banks. Examples of which are the central bank,
it is the main financial institution in a country since it supervises the monetary system in
the country. It functions as a regulating institution to all other banks in a country and it
issues all the bank notes (or money bills) and coins of the country in which it operates.
The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas is the central bank of the Philippines. A central bank
is the only banking institution established through a special law of the government, which
makes the government of great influence to its central bank.
LESSON 5

Corporation - is an organization, ctreated by a group of people known as shareholders, which is

legally recognized to act as a single person in carrying out certain goals and objectives.

TYPES OF CORPORATIONS

➢ Business corporation - is created to operate and to generate profit.

➢ Non-profit corporation - is established with a purpose of serving the public rather than
pursuing profits.
➢ Stock corporation - a company that is authorized to issue shares of stock to investors.
➢ Non- stock corporation - do not issue stock and therefore have no shareholder.

LESSON 6

Multinational corporations (MNCS) - are business or organization that extends ownership,

management, production, and sales activities into several or more countries.

EXAMPLES

➢ Google - specializes in Internet-related services and products.

➢ Viber - is a calling and messaging app that connects people.
➢ Palo Alto Networks - an American multinational cybersecurity company.
➢ Procter and Gamble - is an American multinational consumer goods company.
➢ Thomson Reuters - is the worlds’ leading provider of news and information-based tools
to professionals.
➢ Accenture - provides general management consulting services.
➢ HSBC - one of the largest banking and financial services institutions in the world.
➢ Citibank - is an American multinational investment bank and financial services
corporation.
➢ Maersk - one of the world’s largest container shipping companies.
➢ Hewlett Packard - sells hardware, software and related business services.
➢ Coca Cola Far East - Coca cola company is a beverage company.
➢ Deutsche Bank - provides banking products and services like Private Banking, Business
Banking, Insurance, Investments and Loans.

LESSON 7

Cooperative - is an autonomous, it is governed by its member, and duly registered association

of persons, with a common bond of interest, who have voluntarily joined together to achieve
their social, economic and cultural needs and aspirations by making equitable contributions to
the capital required, patronizing their products and services and accepting a fair share of risks
and benefits of the undertaking in accordance with the universally accepted cooperative
principles.

Cooperatives can be created for a number of different reasons or to fulfill a number of different
needs: jointly process goods, split costs, split control over work, purchasing power (bulk buys),
shared employees, shared wages, etc. Cooperatives can also help you take control of your
economic future.

The primary objective and goal of every cooperative is to help improve the quality of life of its
members.

LESSON 8

Trade union - is a group formed by employees of the same trade, firm, company, or industry to
safeguard their rights, salaries, and working conditions from the exploitation of their employer.
Nearly every profession, industry, and organization have its unions. Examples include nurses’
unions, teachers’ unions, drivers’, labor unions, and lawyers’ unions. They don’t work under
management, but unions have the power to accept or reject any terms and conditions on behalf of
workers.

Examples (in Philippine context)

• Alliance of Progressive Labor (APL)

• Center for Labor and Multisectoral Organizations (CLAMOR)

• Federation of Free Worker (FFW)

• Katipunan ng Manggagawa (KATIPUNAN)

• Kilusang Mayo Uno (KMU)

• Lakas Manggagawa Labor Center (LMLC)

• National Confederation of Labor in the Philippines (NCLP)

• The Trade Union Congress of the Philippines

• All Workers Alliance Trade Unions

ROLES

• Advocate for inclusion of fair recruitment

• Ensure collective bargaining agreements

• Monitor and oversight role in collaboration with labor administration system

• Provide direct protection services

 • Provide training to raise awareness

FUNCTIONS

The trade union roles are related to main types related to their members, organization of union,
union activities, and contribution to society.

1. MEMBERS

➢ Safeguard the workers’ rights and privileges from management encroachment.

➢ Ensure a healthy and sound working environment.

➢ Fight for the performance-linked bonus for workers.

➢ Negotiate for insurance, housing, healthcare, education, and cooperative societies for the
workers from the management.

➢ To help workers financially in times of emergency through union funds and management
corpus.

2. ORGANIZATION

➢ To improve the production and worker efficiency as per the requirement of the firm through
discussions with the management.

➢ To act as a bridge between the worker and the management for all types of communication.

➢ To convince management to act as a motivator and not as punitive toward workers.

➢ To guide management in formulating and implementing employees’ welfare schemes and

activities.

➢ Impress the management with pressure tactics to avoid illegal termination and punishment,
and treat every worker justly.

➢ To conduct elections for various posts of the union.

3. UNION ACTIVITIES

➢ To maintain records of all the worker members of the union

➢ To organize various events to promote unity amongst members

➢ Act as a mediator between the aggrieved worker and the member superior.

➢ To collect funds for strengthening the union.

➢ To bring a culture of leadership amongst the members

➢ To help new members of the organization and the union to settle down easily.

4. SOCIETY
➢ To undertake social upliftment works for the poor like free books, rations, and scholarships to
needy students.

➢ To raise voices against anti-social policies of the government and management of the related
sector by the trade unionist.

➢ To be a role model for society in terms of social work.

PURPOSE AND IMPORTANCE

Improve conditions of work and life of workers and their families, including non-members.
Protect workers’ wages and job security and preserve vigilance over the deterioration of working
conditions. Strengthen bargaining position of unions, work towards industrial peace and
development.

Trade Unions are the primary advocates of workers’ rights and interests and play a crucial role
in protecting and organizing workers.

LESSON 9

Transnational - it involves two or more nations.

Advocacy - refers to the support or defense of certain issues or causes by a group of people
called advocates. These advocates work to promote or protect something they believe in, like
supporting better education or defending the rights of a specific group.

Transnational Advocacy Groups - are involved in social advocacy to promote principled

causes, ideas, and values

These are organizations that work across multiple countries to support important causes, ideas,
and values that they believe in. They focus on promoting principles they find meaningful and
beneficial for society.

Those principles are:

• Human rights

• Environmental conservation

• Social justice

• Education access

• Health care

• Peace and conflict resolution

Role - Bring positive change by advocating for specific issues and influencing public opinion.

Goal - give the powerless a voice in the domestic and international lawmaking body.
EXAMPLES OF TRANSNATIONAL ADVOCACY GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Amnesty International: Through its office located in Manila, Amnesty International

employs research, advocacy, lobbying, and campaigns to fight for human rights in the
country. They work towards the adoption of anti-torture laws, ratification of international
protocols, reproductive health policies, abolition of the death penalty, juvenile justice,
and laws to stop violence against women

2. Asian Federation Against Involuntary Disappearances: This organization focuses on

advocating for the rights of victims of enforced disappearances in the Philippines. Their
programs include network-building, information dissemination, research, capacity-
building, and policy advocacy. They work to ensure indigenous peoples’ rights to their
ancestral lands and resources, promoting food security

3. Campaign for Human Rights Philippines: This group engages in various activities to
raise awareness about human rights issues in the Philippines. They hold seminars, host
speaker tours, and organize protest actions to draw attention to violations and advocate
for justice.

4. Greenpeace Southeast Asia: Greenpeace is a globally recognized environmental

organization that operates in various countries, including the Philippines. It focuses on
issues such as climate change, deforestation, ocean pollution, and renewable energy
promotion. Greenpeace Southeast Asia has been active in campaigns addressing the
protection of marine biodiversity, advocating for renewable energy sources, and
highlighting the impacts of climate change on vulnerable communities.

5. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Philippines: WWF is an international NGO with
a presence in the Philippines, working towards biodiversity conservation, sustainable
development, and addressing environmental issues. WWF Philippines focuses on
protecting endangered species, promoting sustainable fisheries, and collaborating with
local communities for ecosystem conservation.

6. 350.org Philippines: 350.org is a global grassroots movement advocating for solutions to

the climate crisis. In the Philippines, it has engaged in campaigns aimed at reducing
carbon emissions, promoting renewable energy sources, and raising awareness about
climate change impacts.

7. Oceana Philippines: Oceana is an international organization dedicated to protecting and

restoring the world's oceans. In the Philippines, Oceana works to combat illegal fishing,
promote sustainable fisheries management, and protect marine biodiversity.

8. Rainforest Action Network (RAN): RAN is a transnational environmental organization

that works to protect forests and the rights of indigenous communities. While not
exclusively focused on the Philippines, RAN has campaigns related to deforestation and
advocating for sustainable practices in the country's logging industry.
 9. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Philippines: The IUCN is a
global authority on conservation and sustainable development. Its Philippines chapter
collaborates with local stakeholders, government agencies, and NGOs to address
biodiversity conservation, protected area management, and sustainable resource use.

10. UNICEF Philippines: The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
(UNICEF) works globally to promote the rights and well-being of children, including
their right to education. In the Philippines, UNICEF supports programs aimed at
improving access to quality education, especially for marginalized and disadvantaged
children. They work on various educational aspects, including early childhood
development, inclusive education, and child protection in schools.

LESSON 10

Development Agencies - have been established to develop the cooperation between the public
sector, private sector, and civil society.

These are organizations with specific aims and goals. The common denominator among these
organizations is the term development.

These agencies concentrate on the growth, progression, and advancement of specific concerns,
which can be infrastructure or social institutions.

In the Philippines:

- Home Development Mutual Fund (Pag-IBIG Fund)

- Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)

- National Housing Authority (NHA)

- National Home Mortgage Finance Corporation (NHMFC)

- Social Housing Finance Corporation (SHFC)

International Organization - is one that includes members from more than one nation.

Public Organization

Private Organization

Non-Government Organization - is a non-profit group that functions independently of any

government. It serves the social or political goals such as humanitarian and environmental
causes.
Many NGOs have targeted their efforts toward population groups that tend to be underserved by
governmental programs, including women, the aged, physically and mentally disabled persons,
the poor, and various social groups that have been marginalized by virtue of race, religion,
ethnicity, caste, and social class.

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF GOVERNMENT AND NON-STATE INSTITUTIONS

Government rules society. This reflect how powerful government institution can be. If non-state
institutions interfere with the governing body, two possible things can happen:

1. Integration among these two institutions may take place to achieve precise solution towards
development.

2. Conflict and tension may also arise because one could exceed the other in terms of societal
control and influences (Pennix, 2013).