International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology.

ISSN 0974-3154 Volume 11, Number 6 (2018), pp. 909-923

© International Research Publication House
http://www.irphouse.com

Temperature Effect on the Performance Metrics of

Gridtied SPV Plant

Rajesh Kumar Prakhya1, Shashidhar Reddy Kotha2

1 ,2
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department,
CVR College of Engineering, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.

Abstract
This article methodologically investigates the temperature effect on the
performance metrics of Grid-tied Solar Photo-voltaic plants and importance of
these metrics. Performance Ratio (PR), System Efficiency (SE) are two critical
performance metrics that are very sensitive to temperature changes. The effect
of variation of the temperature on these metrics are evaluated and analyzed for
120kWp SPV plant on rooftop of EEE Block in CVR College of Engineering
for the year 2017. Above performance metrics are calculated manually from the
data extracted from web-interface. The investigation reveals that PR of SPV
plant reduces significantly during the months March to June, as the average
ambient temperature is more than 290C in this period. During these four months,
PR and SE of the 120kWp plant is dropped around 2.5% from the average values
though plant output energy is more. From the real time data, surprisingly one
more interesting observation identified is that the Inverter efficiency also
varying with ambient temperature. After analyzing performance metrics, the
overall performance of the plant is as good as a MW scale commercial Solar PV
Plant.
Keywords: Grid-tied SPV Plant, Inverter Efficiency Performance Metrics,
Performance Ratio (PR), System Efficiency (SE), Temperature Corrected
Performance Ratio (TCPR).

I. INTRODUCTION
India has abundant amount of solar energy almost in every part, with an average of 300
sunny days in an year. This clean, non polluting, green and renewable solar energy is
the greatest alternative to the energy needs in the country.
The most excellent way to generate electrical energy from the solar power is by Photo-
Voltaic effect. In this process photon energy of the solar radiation is directly
910 Rajesh Kumar Prakhya Shashidhar Reddy Kotha

transformed in to DC electrical energy using the Solar Cell. One solar cell can generate
only small quantity of electrical power. Hence, to generate reasonable power more
number of solar cells are connected either in series or parallel to form a Solar array to
get the required power.
Grid-tied PV systems are widely being used because of many advantages. Power
production from such grid-tied SPV plants have to be monitored properly for better
utilization of plant and available resources [1-4]. Performance of SPV plants can't be
judged easily by considering the magnitude of energy generated from the plant every
day. The output of solar plant depends upon the quantum of solar irradiation that falls
on effective surface area of PV array. This solar radiation will not be same right through
the year and in all locations. It is best in summer, more in winter and moderate in
monsoon season. Hence, justifying the performance of the plant depending on the
quantum of electrical energy produced by the plant is not hypothetical. Therefore, to
analyze the performance of SPV plants, few metrics are essential. The best metrics that
are adopted by the SPV industry experts to analyze the performance of SPV plant are,
Performance Ratio (PR), System Efficiency (SE) [816].
Climatic conditions like high temperature and high humidity have negative influence
on performance and consistency of PV modules. Besides the module performance,
efficiency of the inverter is also a significant factor which seriously impacts the overall
system performance and behavior. Effect of the temperature on the performance of
inverter is also worth investigating as the effectiveness and performance of this power
electronic device also influenced by operating temperatures.
Besides temperature, various factors that influence the plant performance are Solar
insolation , shading effect, Effect of climate, Wind speed, Electrical load matching ,
Dust on panels, Accuracy of MPPT operation. Different losses that are occurring in the
system are Array capture losses, Soil losses, Inverter losses, etc. The industry experts
need to understand the each and every influencing parameter and its effect on
performance of this plant. This research mainly concentrates on the temperature effect
on plant's performance [5-6].
The organization of this paper is: Chapter II describes the climatic conditions and solar
insolation values at the site and configuration of the grid-tied plant under analysis.
Chapter III clearly discusses the various plant’s Performance Metrics viz. Performance
Ratio, Temperature Corrected PR & System Efficiency in detail. Chapter IV analyzes
the results in a organized manner and discussion of Plant performance using these
metrics followed by conclusions and references.

II. SPECIFICATIONS OF GRID TIED PV PLANT

Design of every grid –tied SPV plant depends upon so many factors like weather , solar
insolation data and it's geographical coordinates. The geographical location determine
the tilt of the PV modules.
Temperature Effect on the Performance Metrics of Gridtied SPV Plant 911

II.I LOCATION OF THE SPV PLANT

The grid –tied SPV plant for the investigation of different performance metrics is
located on the roof top of the CVR College of Engineering, Ibrahimpatnam mandal,
Hyderabad, Telangana state. The global coordinates of the site are Latitude: 17.200 N,
Longitude: 78.600 E. This project location is at an altitude of 545.m above the sea level.
Table.1 shows the measured monthly Solar Irradiation per day in kWh/m2/day, ambient
temperature (0C) and Module temperature (0C) for the year 2017.

Table 1. Month-Wise Average Solar Radiation, Average Ambient Temperature and

Average Module of SPV Plant
Month & Avg. Solar Avg. Module Avg. Ambient
Year Radiation Temperature in Temperature in
Centigrade Centigrade
January'17 5.66 27.2 23.2
February'17 5.94 29.3 25.7
March'17 6.26 36.6 29.1
April'17 6.45 44.5 31.4
May'17 6.72 46.4 32.6
June'17 5.91 37.3 29.2
July'17 5.38 34.1 26.8
August'17 5.15 31.3 25.7
September'17 4.09 25.8 20.1
October'17 5.18 30.7 25.5
November'17 5.32 29.2 23.9
December'17 5.52 26.4 22.1
Yearly 5.66 33.2 26.3
Average

II.II CAPACITIES OF PHOTO VOLTAIC PLANT

The maximum capacities of various grid –tied SPV sub plants on the rooftops of
different independent buildings in CVRCE are given in Table 2. including the
commercial dates of operation of each sub plant to their full name plate ratings. The
essential electrical equipment that are required for grid interactive SPV plants are: SPV
Modules (Array) , DC Solar Cables, Grid tied String Inverters, AC Cables, Junction
Boxes, Switchgear Equipment, Net- Metering facility (Bi-directional energy meter),
Lighting Arrestors and electrical earthings at appropriate locations. The entire
apparatus, components and devices used in this SPV sub-plants are according to the
IEC 61724 standards as per the guidelines given by MNRE[7].
912 Rajesh Kumar Prakhya Shashidhar Reddy Kotha

Table 2. Details of sub plants , their capacities and date of commencement of plant
Name of the Sub Plant Location of the Installed Date of
Plant Power Commencement
of Plant
CVR PG Block EEE Block 120 kWp 03-03-2014
Single Axis Tracking Main Block 40 kWp 18-01-2015
Library Library Block 20 kWp 23-02-2015
Single Axis Polar Main Block 40 kWp 11-03-2015
Tracking
CVR CS Block CSE Block 60 kWp 22-10-2015
CVR New First Year Block 80 kWp 03-03-2016
Overall Plant Capacity 360 kWp ----

Table 3. Details Of Grid Integrated Refusol 020k Solar String Inverter

REFUsol 020K
DC DATA
Recommended Max. PV Power, kWp 21.6
MPPT Range 480 V-850 V
DC Start Voltage 350 V
Max. DC Voltage 1000 V
Max. DC Current 41 A
MPP Trackers 1
AC DATA
Rated AC Power 19.2 kVA
Max. AC Active Power 19.2 kW
Rated Power factor 1
Max. AC current 3 X 29
Distortion factor THD <1.8 %
Max. efficiency 98.20%
European efficiency 97.80%

The solar PV array is the interconnection of different solar modules either in series/
parallel depending upon system design, rating and configuration. The modules
commissioned for this rooftop SPV plant are supplied by Kohima Energy Pvt. Ltd. The
module manufacturing number is KE-60-M250, with peak DC electrical power rating
of 250Wp at STC conditions (250C ambient temperature, 1000 W/m2 Insolation, Air
mass ratio is 1.5). The other Specifications of Solar Module -KE-60M250 are given in
Temperature Effect on the Performance Metrics of Gridtied SPV Plant 913

Table III [8]. As per the design, there are 80 no’s of above KE-60M250 solar modules.
These 80 modules are further connected in 4 parallel strings each string consists of 20
modules in series. Fig.1 shows the 20kW grid tied REFUsol 008K-020K string inverter.
Its maximum efficiency is 98.2% at STC conditions. For every 20kW array one
independent string inverter is commissioned. Consequently whole 120kW SPV plant
has Six (6) individual string inverters. However, for superior understanding, all these
6- inverters are assumed as single central inverter.
Table 4. Specifications of solar module kohima energy pvt. Ltd.
STC–Irradiance of 1000 W/Sq. m at 25°C KE-60-M250
Maximum Power (Pmax) 250 W
Maximum Power Voltage(Vmp) 31.44 V
Maximum Power Current(Imp) 7.95 A
Open circuit Voltage(Voc) 37.86 V
Short Circuit Current(Isc) 8.69 A
Fill Factor 75.98%
Module Efficiency(ᶯ) 15.40%
Nominal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT ) 45+2
Temperature Coefficient of Isc ( α ) 0.04 /0C
Temperature Coefficient of Voc ( β ) -0.32 /0C
Temperature Coefficient of Pmax (ϒ) -0.45 /0C
Cells per module 60
Cell type Multi crystalline Silicon
Cell Dimensions 156 m.m X 156 m.m

Fig.2 shows the on-site photograph of the 120 kWp Solar PV plant on the rooftop of
EEE Block. Fig.3 shows the electrical layout of the 120kWp -PV Plant. All these
modules are tilted about 170 with reference to horizontal, facing true south.

Fig.1 String Inverter used in SPV plant on rooftop of EEE Block

914 Rajesh Kumar Prakhya Shashidhar Reddy Kotha

Fig. 2 120kWp Solar PV Plant on EEE Block of CVR College of Engineering

Fig.3 Electrical Layout of Solar PV Plant on Library Block of CVR College of

Engineering
Temperature Effect on the Performance Metrics of Gridtied SPV Plant 915

III. PERFORMANCE METRICS (PR, SE)

III.I PERFORMANCE RATIO (PR)
PR is the most significant metric that is evaluated for grid –tied SPV plants. The
empirical formula to evaluate the PR is as follows.
PR= Actual AC Energy Produced by plant / Nominal Energy
Where Nominal Energy =
GHI (in kWh/m2) X Rated Module efficiency X Total Active PV area (in m2 ) - (1)

PR is usually evaluated for a year to get complete idea about the plant. PR also can be
evaluated on daily, weekly, or monthly basis. In above empirical formula, the
denominator expression consists of GHI, Module efficiency and Active PV area.
Module efficiency value is picked from nameplate ratings given by the panel
manufacturer. Active area is basically area covered by PV cells alone in entire solar
array. Whereas GHI of site or plant location depends upon several factors like ambient
temperature, Cell temperature, soil and dust losses, partial shading, weather conditions,
etc. Hence calculation of PR includes all the factors into account. Consequently, the
effect of above factors will be reflected in Performance Ratio evaluation. If the
evaluated PR value is near to the 100 %, it reflects that PV plant is in excellent operating
condition.
The manual procedure to compute PR of the plant is as follows:
 Determine the time period of analysis (Optimum period is one calendar year).
 Active PV area of solar array is computed by number of modules connected in
PV array.
 Collect the Solar module efficiency from the datasheets.
 AC energy production of the Plant from the data logger.
 Collect the real time values of measured solar insolation using Pyranometer.

PR is the appropriate performance metric to compare various SPV plants located at

different geographical locations and climate conditions. Deviations from the expected
PR indicate either a fault or some difficulty/problem with in the PV plant to generate
expected energy.
The most accepted global standard to measure the performance of a SPV plant is PR.
Most of the stakeholders & Independent Power Producers (IPP) are very keen to
evaluate and compare the PR's of the dissimilar rated solar plants across the globe,
which located at different geographical locations [9-13].
916 Rajesh Kumar Prakhya Shashidhar Reddy Kotha

III.II TEMPERATURE CORRECTED PERFORMANCE RATIO (TCPR)

According to the IEC 61724 standards, the key parameter to be calculated for the
investigation of the performance of the SPV plant is Performance Ratio.
Conventionally, PR of the plant is evaluated using equation (1). However this equation
doesn't include all weather dependent factors other than irradiance. Yet it is extremely
important to include the effect of temperature on PV module efficiency. PV module
output power changes with variation in temperature. Temperature coefficient of the
power (ϒ) is the parameter which include the effect of temperature on module output
power . The module rated output power is simply the value of DC electrical power
output, when 1000 W/m2 solar insolation incident on entire solar PV module active area
at 25oC, with Air mass ratio of 1.5. The modules used in existing plant have Maximum
power of 250Wp, with temperature coefficient of the power (ϒ) is - 0.45 % /oC
(negative). Complete module parameters along with other details are mentioned in
Table 4.
It is known fact that modules in solar array are always exposed to ambient weather
conditions, it is impossible for PV module to generate it's maximum DC electrical
output power. Because, throughout the operation of the plant the solar insolation values
& ambient temperature change invariably for every second. Hence the calculation of
PR by considering the rated maximum power at 25oC may not give feasible, exact and
reliable results. To include the influence/effect of temperature in PR, another metric
called temperature corrected PR (TCPR) is introduced by industry experts. This TCPR
is also approved and included in updated latest IEC 61724 standards.
The mathematical expression to evaluate the TCPR is given by the equation 2

Temperature Corrected PR = Calculated Nominal PR at STC / [ 1- ϒ*(Tamb- 25) ] -- (2)

where ϒ- is temperature coefficient of the power and Tamb is ambient
temperature averaged (in centigrade).

III.III SYSTEM EFFICIENCY (SE)

System Efficiency is another performance metric which illustrates the on-site Plant
performance. System Efficiency gives idea about how much percentage of incident
solar irradiation on modules is converted into AC electrical energy. Consequently it
reflects the overall plant efficiency. Thus it takes the performance of entire SPV system
into consideration.
The empirical formula to calculate the System Efficiency is given by the equation 3.
System efficiency =
Temperature corrected SPV array Efficiency X Efficiency of inverter - (3)
If the purpose is to calculate monthly system efficiency, then substitute the annual
parameters with monthly parameters.
Temperature Effect on the Performance Metrics of Gridtied SPV Plant 917

IV. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

A Radiation sensor (Pyranometer) is positioned on the mounting frames of the 120kWp
SPV modules with a tilt of 170 and facing true south. This allows to sense and measure
the exact value of solar insolation in W/m2.Two temperature sensors are also placed at
in the plant location. One is to sense and measure the ambient temperature and the other
is to measure the reference module temperature. The table 5 demonstrates the month
wise average solar insolation, average ambient temperature & average module
temperature.
During the summer i.e from March to May, the solar radiation is high and also the
ambient temperatures. The highest average temperature is observed in the month of
May'17 and lowest is in the month of September '17 due to high monsoons.

IV.I CALCULATION OF NOMINAL PERFORMANCE RATIOS (AT STC)

Table 5. shows the calculated monthly nominal Performance Ratio's of the 120kWp
SPV plant at STC conditions. As per the discussions earlier in the chapter III , the
temperatures of the modules will vary continuously due to change in solar insolation
and weather conditions. The output power labeled on the nameplate of solar module are
obtained at laboratory conditions( STC conditions are 25o C of ambient temperature ,
solar radiation of 1000 W/m2 & Air-mass ratio of 1.5). Hence the values calculated for
PR at STC conditions won't give exact picture about plant performance, as plant always
operates at different weather conditions and temperatures all over the year.
Table 5. Month-wise average actual ac energy generated, average theoretical DC
energy could generated at 25oC and nominal PR of 120kw SPV plant
Month & Year Actual AC Energy Theoretical DC Energy Nominal PR
Produced at 25 o C
January'17 14639.70 18938.10 77.30
February'17 15168.90 17951.58 84.50
March'17 15951.40 20945.67 76.16
April'17 15780.40 20885.23 75.56
May'17 16287.10 22484.81 72.44
June'17 15395.60 19136.69 80.45
July'17 14362.10 18001.23 79.78
August'17 13876.50 17231.66 80.53
September'17 10122.20 13243.50 76.43
October'17 14486.50 17332.04 83.58
November'17 14378.70 17226.26 83.47
December'17 14456.90 18469.66 78.27
Yearly Average 14592.20 18487.20 79.04
918 Rajesh Kumar Prakhya Shashidhar Reddy Kotha

From the previous discussions, we can understand that effect of temperature on the
performance of PV generator is very high about 15% . If the effect of this temperature
is incorporated in the calculation of the PR, then one can understand the exact plant
performance as close to the real time performance. The procedure to evaluate the TC
PR is explained in the chapter 3. Table. 6 shows the comparison of month-wise nominal
PR of the plant with TC PR's.

IV.II CALCULATION OF TEMPERATURE CORRECTED PERFORMANCE

RATIO (TCPR)
The mathematical expression to calculate temperature corrected PR is given by the
equation no (2). The rated module output power is 250Wp at STC conditions for the
Kohima modules used in this plant . The temperature coefficient of the power (ϒ) is -
0.45 % /oC ( negative) as mentioned by the manufacturer for these multi-crystalline
silicon modules.

Table 6. Month wise nominal Performance Ratios vs Temperature Corrected PR of

120kw SPV plant
Month & Year Ambient Nominal PR Temperature
Temperature at STC Corrected PR
January'17 23.2 77.30 78.08
February'17 25.7 84.50 86.17
March'17 29.1 76.16 80.35
April'17 31.4 75.56 82.83
May'17 32.6 72.44 80.15
June'17 29.2 80.45 85.16
July'17 26.8 79.78 83.19
August'17 25.7 80.53 82.88
September'17 20.1 76.43 76.71
October'17 25.5 83.58 85.78
November'17 23.9 83.47 85.08
December'17 22.1 78.27 78.77
Monthly Avg. 79.04 82.10

Using the equation no 2, the temperature corrected PR of the SPV plant is evaluated for
every month for the year 2017 and tabulated in Table No 6. Fig.4 shows the comparison
of Nominal PR with TCPR in graphical form. During the summer, i.e March'17 to
June'17, average ambient temperatures are relatively higher than the other months.
Hence the variation of TCPR with respect to PR is little higher in these months. Fig.5
Temperature Effect on the Performance Metrics of Gridtied SPV Plant 919

shows the graphical representation of temperature Vs temperature corrected PV system

efficiency.

Fig.4 Monthly Nominal Performance Ratios Vs Temperature corrected PR of

120kWp SPV plant on rooftop of EEE Block

Fig.5 Temperature Vs temperature corrected PV system efficiency of SPV plant on

rooftop of EEE Block

IV.III CALCULATION OF SYSTEM EFFICIENCY

System Efficiency gives idea about how much percentage of incident solar irradiation
is converted into AC electrical energy. Thus, it reflects the overall plant efficiency[14-
17]. Table .7 gives the on-site measured values of DC & AC electrical powers at the
inverter input and output terminals respectively. From these values, average monthly
inverter efficiencies are evaluated. The average yearly efficiency of Refulog 020K
920 Rajesh Kumar Prakhya Shashidhar Reddy Kotha

String inverter is about 93.81%, which is fairly good for non-commercial SPV plants.
The inverter efficiency is maximum in December '17 about 95.68% and minimum in
May'17 about 90.18%. Fig.6 shows the graphical form of temperature Vs inverter
efficiency.
One of the interesting observation made from the above statistics is that, when the
ambient temperature is more than 25oC, the efficiency of the inverter too dropped
around 1.2% from March'17 to June'17, it is observed that inverter efficiency had
reduced considerably and this reduction is quite high in the month of May'17. Month-
wise system efficiencies for the plant are calculated using equation no 3 and are
tabulated in Table 8. Figure.7 shows the graph between ambient temperature Vs
monthly overall system efficiencies for the year 2017.
From graphs, it also found that overall system efficiency is reduced from the average
value, when ambient temperature is more than 25oC . The overall system efficiency is
maximum in December '17 , when the monthly average ambient temperature of 22.1oC
and is low in the month of May'17, when average ambient temperature of 32.6oC .
Table.7 Monthly average ambient temperature vs inverter efficinecy in %of 120kw
spv plant for the year 2017

Ambient Inverter
Avg AC Avg DC
Month & Year Efficiency
Power (kW) Power (kW) Temperature (%)
January'17 1219.98 1287.17 23.2 94.78
February'17 1264.08 1327.67 25.7 95.21
March'17 1329.28 1439.24 29.1 92.36
April'17 1315.03 1443.03 31.4 91.13
May'17 1357.26 1505.05 32.6 90.18
June'17 1282.97 1390.60 29.2 92.26
July'17 1196.84 1274.86 26.8 93.88
August'17 1156.38 1214.17 25.7 95.24
September'17 843.52 0896.21 20.1 94.12
October'17 1207.21 1267.01 25.5 95.28
November'17 1198.23 1254.03 23.9 95.55
December'17 1204.74 1259.14 22.1 95.68
Yearly Average 1214.63 1296.52 93.81
Temperature Effect on the Performance Metrics of Gridtied SPV Plant 921

Fig.6 Inverter efficiency Vs Temperature of 120kWp SPV plant on rooftop

of EEE Block

Table 8. Monthly average ambient temperature vs overall system efficiency in % of

120kw spv plant for the year 2017
Month & Year Ambient TC PV Inverter Overall System
Temperature Efficiency Efficiency Efficiency
January'17 23.2 15.25 94.78 14.45
February'17 25.7 15.10 95.21 14.38
March'17 29.1 14.60 92.36 13.48
April'17 31.4 14.05 91.13 12.80
May'17 32.6 13.92 90.18 12.55
June'17 29.2 14.55 92.26 13.42
July'17 26.8 14.77 93.88 13.87
August'17 25.7 14.96 95.24 14.25
September'17 20.1 15.34 94.12 14.44
October'17 25.5 15.00 95.28 14.30
November'17 23.9 15.11 95.55 14.44
December'17 22.1 15.30 95.68 14.64
922 Rajesh Kumar Prakhya Shashidhar Reddy Kotha

Fig.7 Temperature Vs Overall efficiency of 120kWp SPV plant on rooftop

of EEE Block

V. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, the effect of temperature on Performance Ratio & System Efficiencies are
computed manually for 120kWp grid connected SPV plant on rooftop of EEE block.
Performance Ratio and System Efficiency are observed to be more sensitive for the
variations in the ambient temperature. During the summer i.e March'17 to to June'17
, the variations in above two metrics are significantly more with variation in temperature
as the average ambient temperatures are more than 29oC. The calculated performance
metrics, of this 120kWp SPV plant are as good as commercial PV plants. It is also
observed that inverter efficiency also highly influenced by temperature, when ambient
temperature is greater than 290C.

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924 Rajesh Kumar Prakhya Shashidhar Reddy Kotha