CHEMISTRY WORKSHEET

3
1 The table shows the masses of some ions in a 1000 cm sample of toothpaste.

3
mass of ion in 1000 cm
name of ion formula of ion
of toothpaste / g
+
ammonium NH4 0.5
2+
calcium Ca 3.6
2−
carbonate CO3 2.5
−
chloride Cl 0.9
−
fluoride F 1.2
2+
Mg 0.2
3−
phosphate PO4 28.0
+
sodium Na 32.0
2−
SO4 10.4
2+
tin(II) Sn 0.3

Answer these questions using only the information in the table.

3
(a) State which positive ion has the lowest mass in 1000 cm of toothpaste.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
2+ 2−
(b) Name the compound that contains Mg and SO4 ions.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
3
(c) Calculate the mass of sodium ions in 200 cm of toothpaste.

mass = ......................... g [1]

[Total: 3]

1
 2

2 Choose the two correct statements about carbon dioxide.

Tick (✓) two boxes.

Carbon dioxide is a mixture of two elements.

Carbon dioxide is an acidic gas.

Carbon dioxide has ionic bonding.

Carbon dioxide has a giant covalent structure.

There are three atoms in a molecule of carbon dioxide.

[2]

[Total: 2]

3 Ester Y has the structure shown.

O H

H C O C H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the arrangement of electrons in a molecule of

ester Y.

O
H

H C O C H

[3]

[Total: 3]
 3

4 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the ions in
sodium oxide.

....... .......

Na O

.......

Na

[3]

[Total: 3]

5 Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of

phosphorus(III) chloride, PCl3. Show outer shell electrons only.

Cl P Cl

Cl

[2]

[Total: 2]

6 This question is about nitrogen.

Nitrogen molecules have the formula N2.

Some properties of nitrogen are shown:

• melting point of −210 °C

• boiling point of −196 °C
• non-conductor of electricity when solid
• insoluble in water.

(a) Name the type of bonding between the atoms in an N2 molecule.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 4

(b) Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why nitrogen has a low melting point.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c) Explain why nitrogen does not conduct electricity.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 3]

7 Lithium chloride, LiCl, is an ionic compound.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement and charges of the ions in
lithium chloride.

..... .....

Li Cl

[3]

[Total: 3]

8 Explain, in terms of attractive forces between particles, why LiCl is a solid at room temperature but
NCl3 is a liquid with a relatively low boiling point.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [3]

[Total: 3]
 5

9 Nitrogen trichloride, NCl3, is a covalent compound.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of NCl3.

Show outer electrons only.

Cl N Cl

Cl

[3]

[Total: 3]

10 A student adds excess large pieces of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, to dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCl, and measures the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2, given off.

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of carbon
dioxide.
Show outer shell electrons only.

O C O

[2]

[Total: 2]

11 The melting points and boiling points of fluorine, F2, and sodium fluoride, NaF, are shown.

melting point boiling point

/ °C / °C

fluorine −220 −188

sodium fluoride 993 1695

 6

(a) Deduce the physical state of fluorine at −195 °C. Use the data in the table to explain your
answer.

physical state ...................................................................................................................

explanation .......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why sodium fluoride has a much higher melting
point than fluorine.

Your answer should refer to the:

• types of particle held together by the forces of attraction

• types of forces of attraction between particles
• relative strength of the forces of attraction.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 5]

12 The table shows the melting points of ethanol and sodium chloride.

substance melting point / °C

ethanol −114

sodium chloride 801

The difference in melting points is due to differences in attractive forces between particles in these
substances.

Name the type of attractive force in each substance, which is responsible for the difference in
melting points.

ethanol .....................................................................................................................................

sodium chloride ....................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]
 7

13 Lithium fluoride has ionic bonding.

What is an ionic bond?

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

14 Many substances conduct electricity.

Identify all the particles responsible for the passage of electricity in:

graphite ....................................................................................................................................

magnesium ribbon ...................................................................................................................

molten copper(II) bromide........................................................................................................ [4]

[Total: 4]

15 Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangements in the two ions present in
lithium chloride, LiCl.

Show outer shell electrons only. Include the charges on the ions.

[3]

[Total: 3]

16 Ethanol can be oxidised to form ethanoic acid.

(a) Name a suitable oxidising agent for this reaction.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 8

(b) A molecule of ethanoic acid has the structure shown.

H O
H C C

H O H

Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in ethanoic acid.
Show outer shell electrons only.

H O

H C C

H O H

[3]

[Total: 4]

17 Sulfur dichloride, SCl2, is a covalent compound. It has the structure Cl–S–Cl.

Draw a dot-and-cross diagram to show the electron arrangement in a molecule of sulfur dichloride.

Show outer shell electrons only.

[3]

[Total: 3]
 9

18 The table shows the melting points, boiling points and electrical conductivities of six substances,
D,E, Fb, G, H and I.

melting point boiling point conducts electricity conducts electricity

substance
/ °C / °C when solid when liquid

D 1083 2567 yes yes

E −117 79 no no

F 3550 4827 no no

G 119 445 no no

H −210 −196 no no

I 801 1413 no yes

Identify the substance, D, E, F, G, H or I, which is an ionic solid. Give a reason for your choice.

substance .................................................................................................................................

reason ......................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 2]

19 Potassium is a Group I element.

Potassium combines with sulfur to form an ionic compound, potassium sulfide, K2S.

Give two physical properties of ionic compounds.

1 ...............................................................................................................................................

2 ............................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 2]
 10

20 Choose the two correct statements about nitrogen and hydrogen in a mixture.

Tick (✓) two boxes.

The nitrogen and hydrogen mixture can be separated by physical means.

The nitrogen and hydrogen mixture is liquid at room temperature.

The atoms of nitrogen and hydrogen in the mixture are chemically combined.

Air is mainly a mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen.

The bonding in both nitrogen and hydrogen molecules is covalent.

[2]

[Total: 2]