Equations solutions

Report
 ID name

19016314 ‫محمد السيد حسن خلف‬

19016088 ‫عمر محمد عبد الرحمن علي‬

18011288 ‫كيرلس ناصر فكري عوض‬

19016311 ‫محمد السباعي عبد الحكيم السباعي‬

Contents
 Introduction:........................................................................................................................................2
 Types of Systems:................................................................................................................................2
Consistent Systems:.................................................................................................................................2
Inconsistent systems:...............................................................................................................................4
 Common Methods for Solving System of equations:...........................................................................5
- Substitution Method:............................................................................................................................5
-Matrix Method (Gaussian Elimination):.............................................................................................6
-Cramer's Rule.....................................................................................................................................7
 Conclusion:........................................................................................................................................12

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  Introduction:
A linear equation is any pattern of numbers that is increasing or decreasing by the
same amount every step, so to define a linear equation we need to know where the
pattern begins and how much the pattern moves by. Linear equations, with their
wide-ranging applications in mathematics and practical problem-solving, serve as
essential foundations in various fields and play a vital role in addressing real-world
challenges.

Understanding and solving systems of linear equations is a fundamental skill with

broad applications across various fields. So many problems can be solved with
solving systems of linear equations, Systems of linear equations are used to model
and represent real-world situations. These situations may range from economic
models and population dynamics to engineering problems and physical systems. In
engineering and physics, linear equations are prevalent in areas such as electrical
circuits, fluid dynamics, and structural analysis. Solving these equations is
essential for designing systems.

This report aims to understand the different methods, techniques, and approaches
to deal with systems of equations, shedding light on their significance, and types,
and examine how these mathematical tools are employed in real-world scenarios.

 Types of Systems:
A system of linear equations can have one solution, an infinite number of solutions,
or no solution. Systems of equations can be classified by the number of solutions.

Consistent Systems:
If a system has at least one solution, it is said to be consistent. It has two types,
independent and dependent.

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Independent Consistent Systems:
If a consistent system has exactly one solution, it is independent.
Example:
2x + y = 5
3x -2y = 1

This system is independent and consistent because it has a unique solution: x= 2,

y=1

dependent Consistent Systems:

A dependent consistent system is a system of linear equations where there are more
equations than the number of unknown variables, and at least one equation is a
linear combination of the others. When you graph the equations, both equations
represent the same line.

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Example:
2x + y = 5
4x + 2y = 10

These two equations are dependent because Equation 2 is a scalar multiple of

Equation 1. If we divide Equation 2 by 2, we get Equation 1. Therefore, the system
is dependent and consistent and has infinitely many solutions along the line
represented by both equations.
Inconsistent systems:
A system has no solution, it is said to be inconsistent, this situation arises when the
equations are incompatible with each other. The graphs of the lines do not
intersect, so the graphs are parallel and there is no solution.

Example:
2x + y &= 5
4x + 2y &= 10
6x + 3y = 15
We can see that Equation 3 is a linear combination of Equation 1 and Equation 2
(three times Equation 1). This leads to a situation where the system is inconsistent
because the third equation does not provide any new information. The system is
over-determined and contradictory.
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  Common Methods for Solving System of equations:

- Substitution Method:
This method is done by substitution for one or more variables from the equation
creating other equations.
Example:

x+3y=11  1
4x-7y=6  2
x=11-3y  by substitution in 2
4(11-3y)-7y=6  y=2
x=11-3*2  x=5
or by eliminating one or more variables for example:
2x+3y=16 1
x-y=3 2
by multiplying equation (2) *3 and adding to equation (1)
3x-3y=9 3
and adding to equation (3) & (1)
2x+3y=16
3x-3y=9
5x=25  x=5  y=2

-Matrix Method (Gaussian Elimination):

The matrix method, often referred to as Gaussian Elimination, is a systematic and
efficient technique for solving systems of linear equations. This method involves
transforming the augmented matrix of the system into its reduced row-echelon
form (RREF) through a series of elementary row operations. This technique is also
called row reduction and it consists of two stages: Forward elimination and back

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substitution. you can algebraically operate on the rows of a matrix in the next three
ways (or combination of):
1. Interchanging two rows
2. Multiplying a row by a constant (any constant which is not zero)
3. Adding a row to another row

Example:
x+y+z=3

[ ][]
1 1 1 3
x + 2y + 3z = 0 →→ 1 2 3 0
1 3 2 3

x + 3y + 2z = 3

Step 1

[ ][] [ ][ ]
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
1 2 3 0 →→ (R2-R1) →→ 0 1 2 −3
1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3

Step 2

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
0 1 2 −3 →→ (R3-R1) →→ 0 1 2 −3
1 3 2 3 0 2 1 0

Step 3

[ ][ ] [ ][ ]
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
0 1 2 −3 →→ (2R2) →→ 0 2 4 −6
0 2 1 0 0 2 1 0

Step 4

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 [ ][ ] [ ][ ]
1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
0 2 4 −6 →→ (R3-R2) →→ 0 2 4 −6
0 2 1 0 0 0 −3 6

The resulting equations are:

x+y+z=3
-2y + 4z = -6
-3z = 6
From this set, we can automatically observe that the value of the variable z is: z=-
2. We use this knowledge to substitute it on the second equation to solve for y, and
then substitute both y and z values on the first equations to solve for x:

-Cramer's Rule
Cramer’s Rule is a method for solving a system of linear equations in which the
answer for each variable is expressed as a ratio of two determinants. It applies to
square and non-singular coefficient matrices and supplies unique solutions for the
system’s variables.
Let me explain how Cramer's Rule works. Suppose we have a system of linear
equations in the form:
a₁x + b₁y + c₁z = d₁
a₂x + b₂y + c₂z = d₂
a₃x + b₃y + c₃z = d₃
To apply Cramer's Rule, we start by finding the determinant of the coefficients of
the variables, denoted as Δ (delta). This determinant can be calculated as:
Δ = |a₁ b₁ c₁|
|a₂ b₂ c₂|
|a₃ b₃ c₃|

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Next, we replace the column corresponding to the variable we want to solve (let us
say x) with the values on the right-hand side of the equations (d₁, d₂, d₃). This
yields a new determinant Δₓ (delta x):
Δₓ = |d₁ b₁ c₁|
|d₂ b₂ c₂|
|d₃ b₃ c₃|

Similarly, we calculate Δᵧ (delta y) and Δz (delta z) by replacing the columns of y

and z, respectively. So, we have:
Δᵧ = |a₁ d₁ c₁|
|a₂ d₂ c₂|
|a₃ d₃ c₃|

Δz = |a₁ b₁ d₁|
|a₂ b₂ d₂|
|a₃ b₃ d₃|

Finally, we can solve for the variables using the following formulas:
x = Δₓ / Δ
y = Δᵧ / Δ
z = Δz / Δ
By applying Cramer's Rule, we can solve systems of linear equations using
determinants, provided that Δ (the determinant of coefficients) is non-zero. If Δ is
equal to zero, it shows that the system has either no or infinitely many solutions.
Cramer's Rule supplies an alternative method to solve systems of linear equations,
particularly when the number of variables is small. However, more efficient

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algorithms like Gaussian elimination or matrix factorization techniques are often
preferred for larger systems.
I hope this explanation has satisfied your curiosity about Cramer's Rule. If you
have any further questions or need clarification, please do not hesitate to ask, and I
will be delighted to assist you further.
Take the following system of equations:
3x + 2y - z = 8
x - y + 2z = -4
2x + 3y + 4z = 18
To solve this system using Cramer's Rule, we begin by calculating the determinant
of the coefficient matrix, Δ:
Δ = |3 2 -1|
| 1 -1 2| = 3(3*4 - 2*2) - 2(2*4 - 2*-1) - (-)(2* - 3*-) = 14
|2 3 4|

Next, we replace the column corresponding to the variable x with the values on the
right-hand side of the equations:

Δₓ = |8 2 -1|
|-4 -1 2| = 8(3*4 - 2*2) - 2(2*4 - 2*-1) - (-1)(2*3 - 3*-1) = 56
|18 3 4|

We then calculate Δᵧ and Δz by replacing the columns corresponding to y and z,

respectively:

Δᵧ = |3 8 -1|
|1 -4 2| = 3(8*4 - -1*3) - 8(18*4 - -1*2) - (-1)(18*8 - 3*-1) = -112

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 |2 18 4|
Δz = |3 2 8|
|1 -1 -4| = 3(2*4 - 8*3) - 2(2*18 - 3*8) - 8(18*2 - 3*1) = 14
|2 3 18|

Finally, we can find the solutions for x, y, and z using the formulas x = Δₓ / Δ, y =
Δᵧ / Δ, and z = Δz / Δ:
x = 56 / 14 = 4
y = -112 / 14 = -8
z = 14 / 14 = 1
Therefore, the solution to the given system of linear equations is x = 4, y = -8, and
z = 1.

-Graphical method
By graphing each equation on the axes and then finding intersection points those
points are the answer.

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The first graph has no intersection so there is no solution.
The second graph has one intersection point so there is one solution.
The third graph has two intersection points so there are two solutions.
The fourth graph has three intersection points so there are three solutions.
The fifth graph has four intersection points so there are four solutions.
Another example of liner equations

 Conclusion:
We have reviewed a number of methods for solving problems , algebraic equations
solved by any of the known matrix methods. We have seen regularization methods
as involving the transformation of a first kind integral equation to second kind
equation. These methods are observed to suffer from the fact that approximate
solutions obtained by them are dependent on the chosen regularization parameter.

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