This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: G192 − 08 (Reapproved 2020)´1

Standard Test Method for

Determining the Crevice Repassivation Potential of
Corrosion-Resistant Alloys Using a Potentiodynamic-
Galvanostatic-Potentiostatic Technique1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation G192; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

ε1 NOTE—Ref (1) was completed editorially, and other editorial changes were made throughout in December 2020.

1. Scope B575 Specification for Low-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-

1.1 This test method covers a procedure for conducting Molybdenum, Low-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-
anodic polarization studies to determine the crevice repassiva- Molybdenum-Copper, Low-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-
tion potential for corrosion–resistant alloys. The concept of the Molybdenum-Tantalum, Low-Carbon Nickel-Chromium-
repassivation potential is similar to that of the protection Molybdenum-Tungsten, and Low-Carbon Nickel-
potential given in Reference Test Method G5. Molybdenum-Chromium Alloy Plate, Sheet, and Strip
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
1.2 The test method consists in applying successively E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
potentiodynamic, galvanostatic, and potentiostatic treatments Determine the Precision of a Test Method
corrosion. iTeh Standards
for the initial formation and afterward repassivation of crevice G1 Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corro-
sion Test Specimens

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1.3 This test method is a complement to Test Method G61. G5 Reference Test Method for Making Potentiodynamic
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the Anodic Polarization Measurements
G48 Test Methods for Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resis-
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standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. tance of Stainless Steels and Related Alloys by Use of
Ferric Chloride Solution
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the G61 Test Method for Conducting Cyclic Potentiodynamic
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Polarization Measurements for Localized Corrosion Sus-
ASTM G192-08(2020)e1
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- ceptibility of Iron-, Nickel-, or Cobalt-Based Alloys
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priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- G78 Guide for Crevice Corrosion Testing of Iron-Base and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Nickel-Base Stainless Alloys in Seawater and Other
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor- Chloride-Containing Aqueous Environments
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- G193 Terminology and Acronyms Relating to Corrosion
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- 3. Terminology
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of corrosion-related terms
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
used in this test method, see Terminology G193.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
4.1 This anodic polarization test method combines tech-
niques such as potentiodynamic, galvanostatic, and potentio-
1
static polarization methods. This test method is called the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G01 on
Corrosion of Metals and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee G01.11 on Tsujikawa-Hisamatsu Electrochemical (THE) test method to
Electrochemical Measurements in Corrosion Testing. honor the two precursors of this technique (see Refs 1 and 2).3
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally The new technique will be called the THE test method. This
approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as G192–08 (2014). DOI:
10.1520/G0192-08R20E01.
new THE test method is more time-consuming than the already
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
the ASTM website. this standard.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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 G192 − 08 (2020)´1
well-established cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) ating crevice corrosion. The THE test method provides a more
described in Test Method G61. controlled way of applying the electrical charge to the test
4.2 The THE test method can be used with any corrosion- electrode, which may induce crevice corrosion without moving
resistant alloy, but it was developed by studying Alloy 22 it into transpassive potentials.
(UNS N06022). The composition and other properties of Alloy 5.2 The more noble this crevice corrosion repassivation
22 are given in Specification B575. Alloy 22 is a nickel-based potential (ER,CREV) value, the more resistant the alloy is to
alloy containing approximately 22wt% Cr, 13wt% Mo, 3wt% crevice corrosion in the tested electrolyte. This is similar to
W and 3wt% Fe. The THE test method is a complement to the other test methods to measure localized corrosion resistance
cyclic potentiodynamic polarization (CPP) described in Test such as Test Method G61 and Test Methods G48. The results
Method G61. CPP may be used as a first fast screening method from this test method are not intended to correlate in a
and THE test method for fine-tuning the repassivation potential quantitative manner with the rate of propagation that one might
for crevice corrosion when the environment is not highly observe in service when localized corrosion occurs.
aggressive (3-6). The THE test method has also been applied to
5.3 This test method may be used to rank several alloys by
other highly corrosion-resistant alloys, such as Titanium grade
using the same testing electrolyte and temperature. It can also
7 (Ref 7).
be used to determine the response of a given alloy when the
4.3 The THE test method can be used with any electrolyte environmental conditions (such as electrolyte composition and
solution. A standard 1 M NaCl solution at 90 °C or lower temperature) change.
temperature may be used to compare alloys of interest. The
round robin described in Section 15 was carried out in 1 M 6. Apparatus
NaCl solution at 90 °C.
6.1 Cell—The polarization cell should be similar to the one
4.4 The test involves in polarizing the test electrode in three described in Reference Test Method G5 and Test Method G61.
steps: Other polarization cells may be equally suitable. The cell
4.4.1 Step 1—The test electrode is polarized potentiody- should have a capacity of about 1 L and should have suitable
namically at a rate of 0.168 mV/s (as in Test Method G61) necks or seals to permit the introduction of electrodes, gas inlet
iTeh Standards
starting at or slightly below the corrosion potential until a
preset current (or current density) is reached (for example,
and outlet tubes, and a thermometer or thermocouple. The
Luggin probe-salt bridge separates the bulk solution from the

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2 µA ⁄cm2). After this initial potentiodynamic polarization, the
polarization control is changed to galvanostatic mode (Step 2).
4.4.2 Step 2—The preset current of 2 µA/cm2 is kept
saturated calomel or saturated silver chloride reference elec-
trode.

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constant for a 2 h period to develop and grow a crevice
corroded area (if any develops). During the galvanostatic Step
6.2 Test Electrode (Specimen) Holder—The test electrode
holder and the mounting rod should be similar to the one
described in Figure 5 in Reference Test Method G5 (repro-
2, the potential output is monitored.
duced in Fig. 1). A leakproof PTFE compression gasket, as
4.4.3 Step 3—The polarization control isASTM shifted G192-08(2020)e1
to the
described in subsection 4.6.1 in Reference Test Method G5, is
potentiostatic mode. The potential at the end of the galvanos-
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tatic hold (Step 2) is read, and then 10 mV are subtracted. The
also necessary.
resulting value of potential is applied for a 2 h period while the 6.3 Potentiostat and Output Potential and Current Measur-
current output is monitored. Then successive potentiostatic ing Instruments—The potentiostat and other instruments
treatments are applied, each time at 10 mV lower than the should be similar to the ones specified in Test Method G61.
previous treatment. A total of 10 to 15 potentiostatic treatments Most commercial potentiostat and related instruments meet the
are usually required to finish Step 3. specific requirements for these types of measurements.
4.5 The crevice repassivation potential (ER,CREV) is the 6.4 Electrodes—The standard recommended working or
highest potential in Step 3 for which current density does not testing electrode is shown in Fig. 1, which is a prismatic
increase as a function of time. It is understood that at a measuring 0.75 in. by 0.75 in. by 0.375 in. thick (approxi-
potential below ER,CREV the alloy will not develop crevice mately 20 mm by 20 mm by 10 mm). It has a drilled and
corrosion under the tested conditions. tapped hole on top for the connecting rod (as in Reference Test
Method G5). The electrodes also have a 7 mm diameter hole in
5. Significance and Use the center for mounting two crevice formers, one at each side
5.1 The THE test method is designed to provide highly using a bolt. The test electrode could be cut from any plate or
reproducible crevice repassivation potentials for corrosion–re- extruded bar. It is recommended that the creviced faces of the
sistant alloys (for example, Alloy 22) in a wide range of test electrode correspond to the rolling or extruded direction. In
environments from non-aggressive to highly aggressive. In certain tested conditions the test electrode may show end grain
conditions of low environmental aggressiveness (such as low attack in the short transverse direction, but generally the
temperature or low chloride concentration), corrosion–resistant crevice former provides a more active path for corrosion than
alloys such as Alloy 22 will resist crevice corrosion initiation the freely exposed surfaces.
and the cyclic potentiodynamic polarization test (Test Method 6.5 Crevice Former or Crevice Washer—The crevice former
G61) may fail to promote crevice corrosion mainly because it is a multiple crevice assembly (MCA), and it is described in
drives the alloy into transpassive dissolution instead of nucle- subsection 5.4 of Test Methods G48, in subsection 9.2.2 in

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FIG. 1 Prismatic Test Electrode (0.75 in. by 0.75 in. by 0.375 in. or approximately 20 mm by 20 mm by 10 mm)

Guide G78, and in Ref (8). This MCA crevice former should be be avoided. Effective insulation may be provided by the use of
fabricated using a hard non-conductive ceramic material such nonmetallic sleeves or by wrapping the assembly bolt with
as alumina or mullite (Fig. 2). Before mounting on the test PTFE tape.
electrode (specimen), the crevice washers should be covered
6.6 Counter Electrode—The counter electrodes may be
with a PTFE tape. This tape is 1.5 in. wide and 0.003 in. thick
prepared as in Reference Test Method G5 or may be prepared
(standard military grade MIL-T-27730A). A corrosion–resis-
from high-purity platinum flat stock and wire. Counter elec-
tant fastener is used to secure the two MCA washers, one on
trodes could be easily fabricated by spot welding platinum wire
each side of the test electrode. Crevice formers made of solid
to a platinum foil, which could be curved to adapt to the cell
PTFE such as in Test Methods G48 or Guide G78 are not as
geometry. It is recommended that the area of the platinum
effective, since they do not form a crevice gap tight enough for
counter electrode be twice as large as the one of the working
certain high end corrosion–resistant materials. This may result
electrode (test electrode or specimen).
in higher and poorly reproducible repassivation potential
values. Two standard metal washers are used as well (Figs. 1 6.7 Reference Electrode—Reference electrodes could be
and 2). The standard pressure on the MCA crevice formers may commercially available saturated calomel or silver-silver chlo-
vary (depending of the study underway) but a minimum of ride. These electrodes are durable and reliable; however, they
30 in.·lb (3.4 N·m) torque may be needed to form a tight should be maintained in the proper conditions. The potential of
crevice. Use a calibrated torque wrench to apply the torque. the reference electrodes should be checked at periodic intervals
Electrical contact between the bolt and the test electrode should to ensure their accuracy.

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 G192 − 08 (2020)´1

iTeh Standards
FIG. 1 Prismatic Test Electrode (0.75 in. by 0.75 in. by 0.375 in. or approximately 20 mm by 20 mm by 10 mm) (continued)

7. Reagents and Materials

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7.1 Purity of Reagents—Reagent grade chemicals should be
used in all tests. Preview
materials are easier to prepare (polish). A fresh (or 1 h prior to
testing) finish wet grinding of 600 grit silicon carbine paper is
recommended. If surface effects are being studied, other
7.2 Purity of Water—The water should be distilled or surface finishing may be considered.
deionized conforming to the requirements of ASTM G192-08(2020)e1
Specification
D1193, Type IV reagent water. 9.2 If other than mill finishes are investigated, the test
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electrodes may be reused after remachining or grinding to
7.3 Sodium Chloride (NaCl)—To prepare 1 L of 1 M NaCl
remove all traces of previously incurred attack. The importance
solution, dissolve 58.45 g of NaCl in purified water to obtain a
of maintaining parallel/prismatic surfaces cannot be overstated
total volume of solution of 1 L.
with regard to reproducing crevice conditions and the preven-
7.4 Purging Gas—If deaeration is necessary, nitrogen gas of tion of possible fracture of the ceramic devices.
a minimum 99.99 purity should be used. Tests could also be
run under normal aeration conditions or under any other 9.3 The test electrodes could be prepared using wrought or
atmosphere. cast material, or machined weld metal.
7.5 Prismatic-Shaped Test Electrodes of the Corrosion–Re- 9.4 The bolt, nut, and flat washer must be made of a
sistant Alloy—Other type of creviced test electrodes may also corrosion–resistant material. It is recommended to use Ti Gr 2
be used, depending on the specific study being performed. (UNS R52400). Fastening devices can also be fabricated using
other readily available materials such as Alloys C-276 and 625
8. Hazards (UNS N10276 and N06625, respectively). The crevice former
8.1 Normal precautions for handling hot liquids should be is manufactured using a ceramic material according to the
observed. 12-tooth design in Test Methods G48, Guide G78, and Ref (8)
(Fig. 2). The ceramic washer is covered by a wide PTFE tape
8.2 Personal protective equipment for handling hot liquids
1.5 in. wide and 0.003 in. thick (standard military grade
should be used.
MIL-T-27730A).
9. Sampling, Test Electrodes, and Test Units
10. Preparation of Apparatus
9.1 Recommended test electrodes (specimens) are
prismatic-shaped as shown in Fig. 1. The thickness of the 10.1 The testing cell and test electrode holder are described
material for the test electrodes is not essential, but it should be in Reference Test Method G5.

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NOTE 1—Includes Fig. 5 from Reference Test Method G5 to describe how the test electrode is attached to the specimen holder.
FIG. 2 Crevice Formers for the Test Electrode

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 G192 − 08 (2020)´1
10.2 The potentiostat and other instruments should be simi- potential was 400 mV, in step 12.10 apply 390 mV and monitor
lar to the ones specified in Test Method G61. Most commercial the evolution of the current for 2 h.
potentiostat and related instruments meet the specific require- 12.11 If the current increases with time during the step
ments for these types of measurements. 12.10, apply another potentiostatic period of 2 h subtracting
another 10 mV to the previously applied potential. Following
11. Calibration and Standardization the example in 12.10, in this second step apply 380 mV. This
11.1 The potentiostat and its software should be calibrated treatment could be preset using commercial software for
in accordance with user calibration procedures. The good electrochemical testing.
operating conditions of the potentiostat can also be assessed 12.12 Repeat decreasing steps of 10 mV until the output
using the Reference Test Method G5 procedure. current decreases with time in the 2 h period (Fig. 3).
12. Procedure 12.13 The highest potential step for which the current does
not increase as a function of time is the Crevice Repassivation
12.1 Test electrode preparation, cleaning and mounting. Potential, ER,CREV.
Practice G1 is to be followed where applicable, unless other-
wise stated in this procedure. 12.14 Fig. 3 shows an example of the representation of the
current and potential values as a function of the testing time,
12.2 Wet grind the test electrode to a surface finish of 600 outlining the potentiodynamic, galvanostatic, and potentio-
grit silicon carbide paper. (Other variations may be used if the static sections of the test.
studied variable, for example, is surface finish.)
12.15 After the test is complete, carefully remove the test
12.3 Surface finishing should be carried out not longer than electrode from the cell, remove the crevice former, and rinse in
1 h prior to testing. The test electrode should be then degreased running water. Let it dry in air.
in alcohol or other solvents and rinsed in deionized water and
air-dried. After degreasing, handle the test electrode with clean 12.16 Inspect the test electrode for crevice corrosion or
gloves, soft clean tongs, or equivalent preventive measures to other type of localized attack under at least a 20× magnification
stereomicroscope.
iTeh Standards
avoid surface contamination.
12.4 Mount the crevice formers on the test electrode using a
13. Calculation or Interpretation of Results
calibrated wrench with torque indicator. The ceramic crevice
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13.1 The inspection of the test electrode should show if it
formers should be pre-coated with the PTFE tape. Apply the
suffered crevice corrosion or other type of localized attack.
specified torque (for example, 30 in.·lb or 3.4 N·m) to the
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13.2 The value of the Crevice Repassivation Potential
securing bolts avoiding the crevice former to slide (rotate)
across the surface of the test electrode. (ER,CREV) should be interpreted according to the evidence
that the test electrode suffered or did not suffer crevice
12.5 Add 900 mL of the 1 M NaCl solution (or other testing
corrosion according to 13.1. The value of ER,CREV is the
ASTM
electrolyte) to the cell and if necessary purge for 1 G192-08(2020)e1
h with
average value of all the creviced spots on the tested specimen,
nitrogen while the cell is being brought to temperature (for
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example, 90 °C). The purging gas rate is commonly set at 100
for example, if 24 sites corroded, the value of ER,CREV will
represent a composed value of the 24 sites.
cc/min.
12.6 Insert the test electrode into the cell, and connect the 14. Report
leads to the potentiostat. 14.1 At a minimum, report the following information:
12.7 Monitor the open circuit potential for 1 h while 14.1.1 Alloy tested, common denomination, and UNS
nitrogen is purged through the electrolyte. (Other monitoring number, if available. Also report alloy (metal) composition.
times, for example, 24 h or 1 week, could also be used for other 14.1.2 Metallurgical condition (for example, welded, ther-
test purposes or electrolytes.) mally aged, wrought, or non-welded, etc.) and type of surface
12.8 After the 1 h nitrogen treatment, apply a potentiody- condition or finish (for example, fresh 600 grit paper or high
namic anodic polarization at a scan rate of 0.167 mV/s starting temperature oxidized).
100 mV below the open-circuit potential and progressing 14.1.3 Torque applied to the test electrodes (see 12.4).
anodically until a pre-specified current (or current density) is 14.1.4 Potentiostat and software used, report also date and
reached. The threshold current density is set at 2 µA/cm2, but procedure of calibration (see 11.1).
other values may be used depending on the type of alloy and 14.1.5 Type of reference electrode used and how the refer-
aggressiveness of the electrolyte. ence electrode was checked for accuracy (calibrated).
14.1.6 Testing electrolyte and temperature (for example,
12.9 Switch the anodic polarization control mode to galva- deaerated 1 M NaCl at 90 °C). Report if the electrolyte was
nostatic and apply the end current (for example, 2 µA/cm2) for deaerated or not (see 7.4).
2 h to grow the crevice corroded area. Monitor the output 14.1.7 Initial pH of the electrolyte.
potential values. 14.1.8 The value of the applied current in the galvanostatic
12.10 Switch the anodic polarization control mode to po- step and the duration of application (see 12.9).
tentiostatic mode and apply the end potential in the previous 14.1.9 Attach to the report a graph of potential and current
step minus 10 mV. That is, if at the end of step 12.9 the versus time similar to Fig. 4 at the end of this test method.

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NOTE 1—ER,CREV is the potential at which the current density decreases as function of time. The top image is from Ref (3).
FIG. 3 Example of a THE Representation

14.1.10 Report the value of the Crevice Repassivation 24 creviced sites were attacked, etc.). It would be useful to
Potential (ER,CREV) in millivolts (mV) specifying the refer- include an image of the corroded test electrode.
ence electrode used (see 6.7).
14.1.11 Characteristics of the corroded test electrode (for
example, type of attack, if crevice corrosion, how many of the