Bretton Woods

The Bretton Woods system was the first system used to control the value of
money between different countries. It meant that each country had to have a
monetary policy that kept the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value
—plus or minus one percent—in terms of gold.
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The Bretton Woods agreement was created in a 1944
conference of all of the World War II Allied nations. It took
place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Under the
agreement, countries promised that their central banks
would maintain fixed exchange rates between their
currencies and the dollar.
The system dissolved between 1968 and 1973. In August 1971, U.S.
President Richard Nixon announced the "temporary"
suspension of the dollar's convertibility into gold.
Increasing US monetary growth led to rising inflation, which spread to the
rest of the world through growing
US balance of payments deficits. ... A key reason for Bretton Woods' collapse
was the inflationary monetary policy
that was inappropriate for the key currency country of the system.
The Bretton Woods Institutions are the World Bank and the International
Monetary
Fund (IMF). ...
The original Bretton Woods agreement also included plans 2 for an
International Trade Organisation (ITO) but these lay dormant until the
 Who proposed Bretton Woods system?
The United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference was held in July 1944
at
the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, where
delegates
from forty-four nations created a new international monetary system known as
the
WhatBretton
is fiat Woods system. by?
money backed
Fiat money is backed by a country's government instead of a physical
commodity
financial instrument. This means most coin and paper currencies that are used
throughout the world are fiat money. This includes the U.S. dollar,
British pound, the Indian rupee, and the euro.
Who owns World Bank and IMF?
Its owners are the governments of its 180 member nations with equity shares in
the Bank, which were valued at about $176 billion in June 1995.

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Human rights in the Philippines are protected by the Constitution of the Philippines, to
make sure that persons in the Philippines are able to live peacefully and with dignity, safe
from the abuse of any individuals or institutions, including the state.
What are 5 examples of human rights?
It encompasses both civil and political rights as well as social, economic and cultural rights:
•Right to Equality.
•Freedom from Discrimination.
•Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security.
•Freedom from Slavery.
•Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment.
•Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law.
What is the importance of human rights education?
Human rights education fosters the attitudes and behaviors needed to uphold human
rights for all members of society. A culture where human rights are learned, lived and
“acted” for.
Of particular importance are the Magna Carta of Women (RA 9710), Anti- Sexual
Harassment Act (RA 7877), Anti-Rape Law (RA 8353), Rape Victim Assistance and
Protection Act (RA 8505), and Anti-Violence against Women and their Children Act (RA
9262), and Safe Spaces Act (RA 11313).

The teaching of human rights in Philippine schools is mandated by Article II of the

1987 Philippine Constitution which states that all educational institutions shall inculcate
patriotism and nationalism, foster love of humanity and respect for human rights.
The 1987 Philippine Constitution primarily gave CHR the mandate to protect and
promote the rights and dignity of every human being in the country. The State values the
dignity of every human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP RIGHTS
The rights of global citizens are imbedded in the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights, first drafted in 1948 after World War II. The core nature of the Universal
Declaration—grounded in individual liberty, equality, and equity—has remained
constant.
The Universal Declaration includes civil and political rights, like the right to life,
liberty, free speech and privacy. It also includes economic, social and cultural rights, like
the right to social security, health and education.
 10 Human Rights Issues Of The Future
Human trafficking
Human trafficking is growing around the world. According to numbers from the UNODC (United Nations
Office on Drugs and Crime), there’s been an increasing global trend since 2010. The executive director
pointed out that armed groups and terrorists use human trafficking to spread fear. Victims often end up
working in the sex trade or other forced labor. Human trafficking isn’t limited to certain countries. Of
those trafficked, women and girls make up the majority. As the issue becomes more severe and
widespread, the international community needs to ramp up its efforts. Read our other articles about
human trafficking essays, facts, causes, documentaries, books and movies.
Refugee crises
According to the U.N. chief, the world is dealing with the “highest levels of displacement on record.”
Reasons include climate change and armed conflict. Refugees fleeing their homes also experience
persecution and discrimination. Other reports suggest the situation will only get worse in the future. What
can be done? Providing assistance is expensive. The 2019 Global Humanitarian Overview estimates
that the 132 million people displaced by conflicts in South Sudan, Yemen, Nigeria, and Somalia require
over $20 billion. Because climate change and armed conflict aren’t easily resolved, the refugee crises
will be of the biggest human rights issues in the future. Learn more about the refugee crises in a
free online course.
Worker rights
In Article 23.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, all people have “the right to work, to free
choice of employment, to just and favorable conditions of work and to protection against unemployment.”
These rights are threatened around the world in a myriad of ways. Injustices like wage theft,
discrimination, and physical endangerment occur all the time. Work systems can make work-life balance
difficult, taking a toll on employees’ mental health. In many places, inadequate pay is also an issue. The
federal minimum wage in the United States has remained the same since 2009. As we go into a new
Gender equality
Gender inequality has been a human rights issue for hundreds of years. Even
with decades of progress, the World Economic Forum believes it could take the
world another century to realize gender equality. It’s a complicated issue because
there isn’t just one problem to address. Access to education, political
representation, reproductive rights, economic opportunities, and more contribute
to gender inequality. Making significant changes and monitoring progress will
remain a top human rights in the future. Learn more about Gender equality in a
free course.
LGBTQ+ rights
LGBTQ+ rights are not an especially recent human rights issue, but they will
evolve in the future. Depending on the country, the state of these rights varies
widely. All over the world, definitions are changing and expanding. This makes
navigating the issues more challenging and complex for society and the human
rights community. In the future, how we approach LGBTQ+ rights and gender
identity may change, but standing against discrimination will remain necessary.
Human rights and technology
Looking at the past, innovations spread at a lightning pace. Inventions like the
internet impact how we communicate and how ideas develop. Technology also
changes our relationship with powerful institutions. Unfortunately, legal
Nationalism
Despite seventy years of multilateralism and global leadership from institutions
like the UN, nationalism is on the rise. It can be found in countries like the United
States, Europe, China, and Turkey. The U.N. High Commissioner for Human
Rights warns that nationalism threatens rights such as the right to life, food, and
health. Vulnerable groups like refugees and the LGBTQ+ community face
significant danger under nationalism. In the coming years, the world will have to
reckon with this shift.
Attacks on journalists and the spread of misinformation
The concept, definition, and spread of “fake news” will continue to be a major
issue for societies around the world. Fake news, defined as misinformation and
propaganda, causes divisions and endangers a free press. Journalists face
significant obstacles and dangers to their work and lives. 2018 was the worst
year on record for journalists according to Reporters Without Borders. With
nationalism gaining strength, this trend will continue. Human rights as a whole
suffer when truth and access to information are endangered.
Responding to climate change
The climate crisis will only get worse as time goes on. Our current state reflects
climate scientists’ worst-case scenarios. How to respond will be one of the world’s
most serious questions in the future. In a 2019 report, the UN Conference on
Trade and Development stated that the energy industry needs a careful transition.
Otherwise, the loss of money from the energy industry could cause destabilization
“internally, regionally, and even internationally.” However, a transition is essential
for the survival of humanity. How to respond to humanitarian crises caused by
climate change will also be a significant human rights issue.

A more effective UN and commitment to human rights

2018 reflected the 12th year of a global decline in political and civil rights. When
reports on 2019 come out, they’re likely to echo this disheartening reality. As we
enter a new decade, the international community has an opportunity to show a
renewed commitment to human rights. Countries need to hold themselves and
others accountable while raising awareness of human rights and social justice
issues.
GLOBALIZATION AND RELIGION
What are the religious perspectives on globalization?
As the pace of globalization quickens, people of faith seek spiritual guidance on issues
concerning prosperity, justice and international conflict. At the same time, for many
religious leaders, globalization is a unique opportunity to evangelize and to engage in
interfaith dialogue.
What is the role of religion in the contemporary world?
Religion teaches people moral behavior and thus helps them learn how to be good
members of society. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, the Ten Commandments are
perhaps the most famous set of rules for moral behavior.
What is the relationship between religion and global conflict and global peace?
Religious communities also directly oppose repression and promote peace and
reconciliation. Religious leaders and institutions can mediate in conflict situations, serve
as a communication link between opposing sides, and provide training in peacemaking
methodologies
Alternative or Independent media refers to any media, such as television, newspapers or
Internet-based publications, that is free of influence by government or corporate
interests.
What are examples of alternative media?
Alternative media does not refer to a specific format and may be inclusive of print
audio, film/video, online/digital and street art, among others

•2.1 Press – print.

•2.2 Radio.
•2.3 Video and film.
•2.4 Internet.
•2.5 Street art.
•2.6 Performance.
•2.7 Music.

Facebook is the most used form of media in the Philippines. 96.2% of Philippine internet
users aged 16 to 64 are using it monthly.