Makalah Pragmatic

History Of Pragmatic On twenty years have interest in pragmatic and pragmatic problem. There have four international conferences.
They are Viareggio, Antwerp, Barcelona, and Kobe Japan. The International Pragmatics Association have existence for eight years. International Journal increased volume from the original 400 published pages to 1,400 a years. It is frequency from quarterly to monthly issues. Although pragmatics is a relatively new branch of linguistics, research on it can be dated back to ancient Greece and Rome where the term pragmaticus is found in late Latin and pragmaticos in Greek, both meaning of being practical. Modern use and current practice of pragmatics is credited to the influence of the American philosophical doctrine of pragmatism. The pragmatic interpretation of semiotics and verbal communication studies in Foundations of the Theory of Signs by Charles Morris (1938), for instance, helped neatly expound the differences of mainstream enterprises in semiotics and linguistics. For Morris, pragmatics studies the relations of signs to interpreters, while semantics studies the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable, and syntactic studies the formal relations of signs to one another. By elaborating the sense of pragmatism in his concern of conversational meanings, Grice (1975) enlightened modern treatment of meaning by distinguishing two kinds of meaning, natural and non-natural. Grice suggested that pragmatics should centre on the more practical dimension of meaning, namely the conversational meaning which was later formulated in a variety of ways (Levinson, 1983; Leech,1983). Practical concerns also helped shift pragmaticians' focus to explaining naturally occurring conversations which resulted in hallmark discoveries of the Cooperative Principle by Grice (1975) and the Politeness Principle by Leech (1983). Subsequently, Green (1989) explicitly defined pragmatics as natural language understanding. This was echoed by Blakemore (1990) in her Understanding Utterances: The Pragmatics of Natural Language and Grundy (1995) in his Doing Pragmatics. The impact of pragmatism has led to crosslinguistic international studies of language use which resulted in, among other things, Sperber and Wilson's (1986) relevance theory which convincingly explains how people comprehend and utter a communicative act.
The Anglo-American tradition of pragmatic study has been tremendously expanded and enriched with the involvement of researchers mainly from the Continental countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway and Belgium. A symbol of this development was the establishment of the IPrA (the International Pragmatic Association) in Antwerp in 1987. In its Working Document, IPrA proposed to consider pragmatics as a theory of linguistic adaptation and look into language use from all dimensions (Verschueren, 1987). Henceforward, pragmatics has been conceptualized as to incorporate micro and macro components (Mey, 1993). Throughout its development, pragmatics has been steered by the philosophical practice of pragmatism and evolving to maintain its independence as a linguistic subfield by keeping to its tract of being practical in treating the everyday concerned meaning. Inquiry into classical pragmatism's history should begin with H. S. Thayer's panoramic treatise, Meaning and Action: A Critical History of Pragmatism, 2nd ed. (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1981). Max Fisch, "American Pragmatism Before and After 1898," reprinted in Peirce, Semeiotic, and Pragmatism (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 283-304, should also be consulted. Herbert W. Schneider, A History of American Philosophy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), and Elizabeth Flower and Murray Murphey, A History of Philosophy in America (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1977) situate pragmatism in American thought and give helpful references. Other important surveys include S. Morris Eames, Pragmatic Naturalism (Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1977); Charles Morris, The Pragmatic Movement in American Philosophy (New York: George Braziller, 1970); Charlene Haddock Seigfried, Pragmatism and Feminism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); Philip Wiener, Evolution and the Founders of Pragmatism (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1949). More specialized studies of the history of pragmatism are given below, selected for their comprehensiveness, diversity of viewpoint, and ability to guide the reader to other studies. What is Pragmatism? Pragmatism is an American philosophy from the early 20th century. According to Pragmatism, the truth or meaning of an idea or a proposition lies in its observable practical consequences rather than anything metaphysical. It can be summarized by the phrase whatever works, is likely true. Because reality changes, whatever works will also change
thus, truth must also be changeable and no one can claim to possess any final or ultimate truth. William James is the most famous philosopher of Pragmatism and hes the one who made Pragmatism itself famous. For James, Pragmatism was about value and morality. The purpose of philosophy was to understand what had value to us and why. James argued that ideas and beliefs have value to us only when they work. James wrote on Pragmatism: Ideas become true just so far as they help us to get into satisfactory relations with other parts of our experience. Philosophers of Pragmatism: William James C. S. (Charles Sanders) Peirce George H. Mead John Dewey W.V. Quine C.I. Lewis
intro] A# F Gm 2x A# F Gm Pernahkah kau merasa Cm G F Jarak antara kita A# F Gm Kini semakin terasa Cm G F Setelah kau kenal dia A# F Gm Aku tiada percaya Cm G F Teganya kau putuskan A# F Gm Indahnya cinta kita Cm G F Yang tak ingin ku akhiri D# F D# F Kau pergi tinggalkanku [chorus] A# Tak pernahkah kau sadari Gm Akulah yang kau sakiti D# Engkau pergi dengan janjimu F yang telah kau ingkari A# Oh Tuhan tolonglah aku Gm Hapuskan rasa cintaku D# Akupun ingin bahagia F Walau tak bersama dia [solo] A# F Gm Cm G F 2x Cm Memang tak kan mudah D# A# F Gm Bagiku tuk lupakan segalanya D# F Aku pergi untuk dia [chorus] A# Tak pernahkah kau sadari Gm Akulah yang kau sakiti D# Engkau pergi dengan janjimu F
yang telah kau ingkari A# Oh Tuhan tolonglah aku Gm Hapuskan rasa cintaku D# Akupun ingin bahagia F Walau tak bersama dia A# Gm D# F Diaaa A# Oh Tuhan tolonglah aku Gm Hapuskan rasa cintaku D# Akupun ingin bahagia F Walau tak bersama dia [outro] A# F Gm 2x

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History Of Pragmatic On twenty years have interest in pragmatic and pragmatic problem. There have four international conferences.

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