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    Polynomial Approximation

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    Sergio H
    This document discusses polynomial approximation methods for numerical analysis. It introduces polynomial approximation for a known function, using Taylor series approximations to represent a function as an infinite polynomial series. The document provides examples of using Taylor series approximations to represent the functions e^x and sin(x)+cos(2x) as polynomials.

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    Polynomial Approximation

    Uploaded by

    Sergio H
    23 views9 pages
    This document discusses polynomial approximation methods for numerical analysis. It introduces polynomial approximation for a known function, using Taylor series approximations to represent a function as an infinite polynomial series. The document provides examples of using Taylor series approximations to represent the functions e^x and sin(x)+cos(2x) as polynomials.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    This document discusses polynomial approximation methods for numerical analysis. It introduces polynomial approximation for a known function, using Taylor series approximations to represent a function as an infinite polynomial series. The document provides examples of using Taylor series approximations to represent the functions e^x and sin(x)+cos(2x) as polynomials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views9 pages

    Polynomial Approximation

    Uploaded by

    Sergio H
    This document discusses polynomial approximation methods for numerical analysis. It introduces polynomial approximation for a known function, using Taylor series approximations to represent a function as an infinite polynomial series. The document provides examples of using Taylor series approximations to represent the functions e^x and sin(x)+cos(2x) as polynomials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    Numerical Methods

    Polynomial Approximation

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 1


    Polynomial approximation for a known function
    Consider a function f(x) for which, a
    polynomial approximation in x = x0 is
    f ( x) sought:

    PN ( x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + ... + cn x N
    In order to simplify the algebra, the
    following form for the polynomial is used:
    ( x0 , f ( x0 ))
    PN ( x) = b0 + b1 ( x − x0 ) + b2 ( x − x0 ) 2 + ... + bn ( x − x0 ) N

    If f(x) must be equal to Pn(x), then the n derivatives of both in x = x0 must be equal

    PN(0) ( x) = b0 + b1 ( x − x0 ) + b2 ( x − x0 ) 2 + ... + bn ( x − x0 ) N → PN(0) ( x0 ) = b0


    PN(1) ( x) = 1  b1 + 2  b2 ( x − x0 ) + 3  b3 ( x − x0 ) 2 + ... + N  bn ( x − x0 ) N −1 → PN(1) ( x0 ) = 1  b1
    PN(2) ( x) = 1  2b2 + 2  3b3 ( x − x0 )1 + ... + (N − 1)  N  bn ( x − x0 ) N − 2 → PN(2) ( x0 ) = 1 2b2
    PN(3) ( x) = 1  2  3b3 + ... + (N − 2)  (N − 1)  N  bn ( x − x0 ) N −3 → PN(3) ( x0 ) = 1  2  3b3

    PN( k ) ( x) = 1  2  ...  (k − 1)  k  bk + ... + (N − k + 1)  ...  (N − 1)  N  bn ( x − x0 ) N − k → PN(k) ( x0 ) = k !bk

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 2


    Polynomial approximation for a known function
    The coefficients of the polynomial are found from the last equation:

    f ( k ) ( x0 )
    P ( x0 ) = f
    (k)
    N
    (k )
    ( x0 ) → bk =
    k!

    Therefore:

    Polynomial approximation of degree n for the


    N (k )
    f ( x0 )
    PN ( x) =  ( x − x0 )
    k function f(x). As the evaluation point get away
    k =0 k! from x0, more terms are necessary to have a
    good approximation

    f ( x)  PN ( x)
    Remember that the number of terms is always
    finite no matter how many of them are

    f ( k ) ( x0 ) calculated. The series expansion is expected to
    f ( x) =  ( x − x0 )
    k

    k! be equal to f(x) only if there an infinite number


    k =0
    of terms

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 3


    Taylor’s Theorem

    Assume that f  C n +1[a, b] and let x0  [a, b]. Then, for every x  (a, b), there exist a number
    c = c( x) (the number c depends on the value of x) that lies between x 0 and x such that

    f ( x) = PN ( x) + RN ( x)

    where,
    N
    f ( k ) ( x0 )
    PN ( x) =  ( x − x0 )
    k

    k =0 k!
    is the Taylor's polynomial of degree N around x0 and RN ( x) is the error of the approximation

    Calculation of the error.


    RN ( x) = f ( x) − PN ( x)
    Notice that in x = x0 , RN ( x0 ) = 0

    f ( N +1) (c)
    ( x - x0 )
    N +1
    RN ( x) = Estimation of the error
    ( N + 1)!

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 4


    Example 1

    f ( x) = e x

    Find the Taylor′s series for 𝑥0 = 0 up to 𝑁 = 15


    For every single polynomial, evaluate 𝑥 = 1 and
    calculate the error of the approximation

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 5


    Example 1 – cont.

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 6


    Example 2
    f ( x) = Sin( x) + Cos (2 x)

    Find the Taylor′s series for 𝑥0 = 0 up to 𝑁 = 15


    For every single polynomial, evaluate 𝑥 = 1 and
    calculate the error of the approximation

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 7


    Example 2 – cont.

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 8


    Problem

    For the function 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥

    a) Find the polynomial approximation of degree 3 with center in 𝑥 = 1


    b) Find the polynomial approximation of degree 4 with center in 𝑥 = 1
    c) Find the polynomial approximation of degree 2 with center in 𝑥 = 3
    d) For the cases a) , b) and c), calculate the relative error in x = 2

    Universidad Panamericana Numerical Methods Dr. José Herrera Santos 9

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