For L4 by Biruk

GENERAL LEVEL 4 CONCEPTS ABOUT INTERENT
# 1 ABOUT Internet
The Internet standards describe a framework known as the Internet protocol suite. This is a model
architecture that divides methods into a layered system of protocols. The layers correspond to the
environment or scope in which their services operate. At the top is the application layer, the space for
the application-specific networking methods used in software applications, e.g., a web browser program
uses the client-server application model and many file-sharing systems use a peer-to-peer paradigm.
Below this top layer, the transport layer connects applications on different hosts via the network with
appropriate data exchange methods. Underlying these layers are the core networking technologies,
consisting of two layers. The internet layer enables computers to identify and locate each other via
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, and allows them to connect to one another via intermediate (transit)
networks. Last, at the bottom of the architecture, is a software layer, the link layer, that provides
connectivity between hosts on the same local network link, such as a local area network (LAN) or a dial-
up connection. The model, also known as TCP/IP, is designed to be independent of the underlying
hardware, which the model therefore does not concern itself with in any detail. Other models have been
developed, such as the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model, but they are not compatible in the
details of description or implementation; many similarities exist and the TCP/IP protocols are usually
included in the discussion of OSI networking.
The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP), which provides
addressing systems (IP addresses) for computers on the Internet. IP enables internetworking and in
essence establishes the Internet itself. IP Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first
generation of today's Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ~4.3 billion
(109) Internet hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion,
which entered its final stage in 2011, when the global address allocation pool was exhausted.
The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected

autonomous networks. It operates without a central governing body. However, to maintain
interoperability, the principal name spaces of the Internet are administered by the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), headquartered in Marina del Rey, California.
ICANN is the authority that coordinates the assignment of unique identifiers for use on the Internet,
including domain names, Internet Protocol (IP) addresses, application port numbers in the transport
protocols, and many other parameters. Globally unified name spaces, in which names and numbers are
uniquely assigned, are essential for maintaining the global reach of the Internet. ICANN is governed by
an international board of directors drawn from across the Internet technical, business, academic, and
other non-commercial communities.
ICANN's role in coordinating the assignment of unique identifiers distinguishes it as perhaps the only
central coordinating body for the global Internet. The government of the United States continues to
have a primary role in approving changes to the DNS root zone that lies at the heart of the domain name
system. On 16 November 2005, the United Nations-sponsored World Summit on the Information
Society, held in Tunis, established the Internet Governance Forum (IGF) to discuss Internet-related
issues.
# 2 Internet service providers (ISP)
Internet service providers constitute the Interface between backbones and access
networks. Their main service is to terminate a large number of access connections from their customers
and to offer connectivity to national backbones.
The core services offered by ISPs include also administration of IP addresses for their customers and
management of cashing systems, which are used to improve the speed at which content is delivered.
ISPs offer other complementary services as e-mail, web hosting, content filtering, news boards and chat
rooms. Although these services do not have to be necessarily offered by ISP, they are usually bundled in
the Internet access package. Some ISPs further leverage their relation with the customer by offering
portals to content and e-commerce.

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GENERAL LEVEL 4 CONCEPTS ABOUT INTERENT

The Internet is a globally distributed network comprising many voluntarily interconnected

# 2 Internet service providers (ISP)

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