Art & Architecture in Ancient India & South Indian History
Art & Architecture in Ancient India & South Indian History
Art & Architecture in Ancient India & South Indian History
3. Who was the Chola king under whose reign Brihadishwar temple of Tanjore war constructed?
(a) Rajendra I
(b) Kulottevnga I
(c) Rajaraja I
(d) Rajadhiraj I
Ans. (a) Rajendra I was the Chola king and under his reign Brihadishwar temple of Tanjore was constructed.
The world’s first complete granite temple, the Brihadeshwara temple is a distinctive example of temple
architecture during the Tamil Chola dynasty (ca. 3rd century BCE-1297 CE). This temple was originally
built during the early 9th century CE by Rajendra Chola I and dedicated to Shiva.
4. Who among the following rulers had granted one lakh balotras from his own treasury for the
restoration of a mosque at Khambhat?
(a) Bhima I
(b) Chamundaraya
(c) Jayasimha Siddharaja
(d) Kumarapala
Ans. (c) Jayasimha Siddharaja had granted one lakh balotrasfom his own treasury for the restoration of a
mosque of Khambat. Jayasimha Siddharaja was greatest Chalukya king who, in commemoration of his
victory against the Paramaras, adopted the title of Avantinatha. During the reign of Bhima II (1178-1241),
Muhammad Ghori made an unsuccessful attempt to subjugate Gujarat in 1178 AD.
8. Who among the following rulers of the Chola dynasty carried out the first naval expedition against
South-East Asia?
(a) Rajadhiraja
(b) Rajaraja I
(c) Randendra I
(d) Vira Rajendra
Ans. (c) Rajendra I of the Chola dynasty carried out the first naval expedition against south-east Asia. He
conquered up to the banks of Ganges andassumed the title of “Gangaikonda” (the victor of the Ganges). He
established a new capital and named it Gangaikondacholapuram. The conquest of the Andaman and Nicobar
islands was his greatest achievement.
9. Who among the following Rastrakuta rulers is known to have made the ‘Hiranya-garbha-dana’ at
Ujjain?
(a) Dantidurga
(b) Dhruva
(c) Gobinda III
(d) Amoghavarsha
Ans. (a)Dantidurga, the Rastrakuta rulers, is known to have made the ‘Hiranyagarbha-dana’ at Ujjain.
Rastrakutas were subordinate to the Chalukyas. Dantidurga, a Ratrakuta chief, threw his Chalukyan overload
and performed Hiranya-garbh, a ritual that is thought to lead to the rebirth of the sacrifice as a Kshatriya.
Dantidurga, thus, founded the Rastrakuta empire.
10. Who was ruling the Chola kingdom at the time of Mahmud Ghazni’s expedition of Somnath?
(a) Uttama Chola
(b) Rajaraja I
(c) Randendra I
(d) Kulotenga
Ans. (c) Rajendra I was ruling the Chola kingdom at the time of Mahmud Ghazni’s expedition of Somnath.
Rajendra Chola I was the son of Rajarraja Chola I, the great Chola king of present day southern India. He
succeeded his father in 1014 CE as the Chola emperor. During his reign, he extended the influences of the
already vast Chola empire up to the banks of the river Ganges in the north and across the ocean.
11. Gongai Kondacholapuram became the administrative centre of the Cholas from the time of
(a) Parantaka
(b) Rajendra I
(c) Rajaraja I
(d) Vikrama Chola
Ans. (b) ‘Gongai Kondacholapuram’ became the administrative centre of the Cholas from the time of
Rajendra I. his empire extended the whole of southern India to river Tungavadra in the north India, for
administrative and strategic purpose he built another capital and named Gongaikondacholapuram. The
Gongaikondacholapuram temple, he constructed, consists of 3 stories and surrounded by huge fort like wall,
the outer wall was greatly destructed during the English rule (1896 AD).
15. Which dynasty do the Arab writers refer to when they say that the women did not cover their faces
with veil?
(a) Pala
(b) Pratihara
(c) Rashtrakutas
(d) Cholas
Ans. (d) Chola deynasty is meant by Arab writers when they say that the women did not cover their faces
with veil. This clan came to be known as the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta, rising to power in South India in
at the same time the Pala dynasty of Bengal and the Pratihara dynasty of Malwa were gaining force in
eastern and north-eastern India respectively. An Arabic writing Silsilatuttavarik (851) called the
Rashtrakutas one of the four principal empire of the world.
16. Which one of the following Chola rulers had persecuted Ramanuja and ousted him from his
kingdom?
(a) Kulatunga I
(b) Kulatunga II
(c) Adhirajendra
(d) Rajaraja I
Ans. (a) Kulotunga I Chola ruler had persecuted Ramanuja and ousted him from his kingdom. Ramanuja
was the contemporary of Kulotunga II who banished Ramanuja from Tamil country and the latter had to
seek refuge in Melkote, Karnataka. Hence even bringing Ramanuja into Athirajendra's death would more
confusion. Till Kulatunga II, all the Chola kings and emperor supported all the religious equally although
they were staunch Saivaites.
17. Which Chola emperor received a letter on golden leaves from the Burmese king Kyansittha?
(a) Rajaraja I
(b) Rajendra I
(c) Kulatunga I
(d) Rajadhiraja I
Ans. (d) Rajadhiraja I recieved a letter on golden leaves from the Burmese king Kyansittha. Kyansittha
strengthen the foundation of Pagan empire which Anawrahta had built. Although he suppressed the Mon
rebellion, he pursued a conciliatory policy towards the Mon. Having spent seven years in the Mon country in
exile, the king has great respect for the Mon culture, and kept Mons scholars at his court.
18. Which one of the following was the primary assembly in the Chola village administration?
(a) Nadu
(b) Sabha
(c) Ur
(d) Mahasabha
Ans. (c) Ur was the primary village assembly in the Chola village administration. The 'Ur' was the gathering
of the local residents to discuss matters without any formal rule or procedure. But the Sabha or Mahasabha
was the assembly of the Agrahara ( only adult men among Brahmins). The Chola empire known as Rajyam
or Rastrayam was divided into a number of Provinces or Mandalam. The provinces and Mandalam were
subdivided into number of divisions known as Kottams or Valanadus. The next administrative subdivision of
Cholas were the districts (Nadus) each of which again consisted of a number of autonomous villages, unions
or group of villages, playing a vital part in the Chola administration system.
19. A Chalukya inscription is dated in the year 556 of the Saka era. It is equivalent to
(a) 478 AD
(b) 499 AD
(c) 613 AD
(d) 634 AD
Ans. (a) A Chalukyas inscription is dated in the year 556 of Saka era. It's equivalent to 478 AD (as Saka era
was started in 78 AD). This undated inscription belongs to the reign of Chalukya king
VijayadityaSatyasraya. It registers the grant of 20 mattars of red soil, a mattars of wet land and 2 mattars of
garden land to Talereyar by Vikramaditya, the uncle of Benarja, when the latter was ruling Turamara-
Vishaya as the king's feudatory. It also state that Vikramaditya had the birudas Taruna-Vasantan and
Samanta-kesari and that he was ruling Ayiradi. The inscription was written by Singutti.
21. The Rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram were built under the patronage of the
(a) Chola king
(b) Pandya king
(c) Pallava king
(d) Satavahan king
Ans. (c) The Rock-cut temples of Mahabalipuram were built under the patronage of the Pallava kings.
Mahabalipuram lies on the Coromandel coast which faces the Bay of Bengal. This is an elegant place to
watch which was a well-established sea port was during the 7th and 10th century of the Pallava dynasty.
This was the second capital of the Pallavas who ruled Kanchipuram.
22. Rath Temples at Mahabalipuram were built in the reign of which ruler?
(a) Mahendravarman
(b) Narasinghvarman I
(c) Parameshwarvarman
(d) Nandivarman I
Ans. (b) Rath temples of Mahabalipuram were built in reign of Narasinghvarman I. there were about nine
monolithic temples at Mahabalipuram. They are the unique contribution of the Pallavas in Indian art. The
monolithic temples are called locally as Ratha (Chariot) as they resemble the professional chariots of a
temple. The five rathas the best of all monolithic temples, are hewn out a huge boulder.
23. Which one the following Chola kings conquered Ceylon (Sinhal) first?
(a) Aditya I
(b) Rajaraja I
(c) Rajendra
(d) Vijayalaya
Ans. (b) Rajaraja I the Chola Kings conquered Ceylon (Sinhal) first. Rajaraja began his career by the
conquest of the Chera country. He defeated Chera king Bhaskara Ravivarman, whose fleet he destroyed in
the port of Kandahar. He also seized Pandya Amara Bhujanga and captured the part of Vilinam. By his
campaign against the Singhalees he annexed northern Ceylon, building a number of stone temples in the
Ceylonese capital Polonnaniva.
24. Brihadeshwara Temple of Thanjavur was built during the reign of Chola emperor
(A) Parantaka-I
(B) Rajraja-I
(C) Rajendra-I
(D) Rajadhiraja-I
Answer: (B)
Explanation:
Brihadeshwara Temple of Thanjavur, It was built by Raja Raja Chola I. Brihadeshwara Temple, Thanjavur is
in Tamil Nadu. It is a Hindu Temple dedicated to Lord Shiva. It is one of the largest Temple in the southern
part of India. It is built between 1003 and 1010 AD by Raja Raja Chola I in Dravidian architecture style.
It is in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also called as Dakshina Meru which simplifies “Meru
of South”.
Rajaraja Chola I (985 - 1014 AD):
He was one of the greatest emperors of the Chola empire. In his reign, the Cholas expanded beyond South
India stretching from Klinga in the north to Sri Lanka in the south. He fought many battles with the
Chalukyas in the north and the Pandyas in the south. He built the Brihadishwara temple in Thanjavur
dedicated to Lord Shiva. He also helped in the construction of a Buddhist monastery at Nagapattinam. He
was succeeded by his son Rajendra Chola I in 1014 AD.
Rajendra Chola I (1014-44 AD):
He was considered as one of the greatest rulers and military generals of south India. He continued his
father's policy of aggressive conquests and expansion.Apart from reaching northwards to river Ganga and
moving overseas to the Maldivesand Sri Lanka, he also invaded the Southeast Asian territories.He defeated
Jayasimha II of the western Chalukyas and consequently, RiverTungabhadra was recognized as the boundary
between the Cholas and Chalukyas. He founded the city Gangaikondacholapuram and constructed the
famousRameshwaram temple in the city. He also excavated a large irrigation tank called Cholagangam on
the western side of the city. He assumed many titles, the most important ones being Mudikondan,
Gangaikondan,Kadaram Kondan and Pandita Cholan.He built Shiva temple at Gangaikondacholapuram.
Rajaraja II:
The Chola emperor Rajaraja II ruled from 1150 to 1173 CE. The inscriptions of Rajaraja II date his rule to
1146 because he was appointed his heir apparent and Co-Regent in that year. During Rajaraja's reign,
indications of the dynasty's impending collapse startedto appear.
27. Which one of the following temple complexes has a massive statue of Nandi, considered to be
biggest in India?
(A) Brihadeshwara Temple
(B) Lingaraja Temple
(C) Kandariya Mahadev Temple
(D) Lepakshi Temple
Answer: (D)
Notes: The Lepakshi temple, also known as Veerbhadra temple is located in the tiny hamlet of Anantapur
District of Andhra Pradesh. It is a paragon of excellent architecture and art. It is famous as it has largest
Nandi.
34. During the rule of the Chola Kings which of the following war yams looked after garden
administration?
(A) Pan Variyam
(B) Airi Variyam
(C) ThottaVariyam
(D) Samvatsaravariyam
Answer: (C)
Variyams :
Village Assemblies carried on village administration effectively with the help of variyams. Male members of
the society were the members of these variyams. Composition of these variyams, qualification and durations
of membership differed from village to village. There were many variyams in every village. Niyayavariyam
administered justice, Thottavariyam looked after flower gardens. The Dharma variyam looked after
charities and temples. Erivariyam was in charge of tanks and water supply. The ponvariyam was in charge of
the finance. The Gramakariyavariyam looked after the works of all committees. The members of these
varivams were known as “Varivaperumakkal They rendered honorary service. The village officials were paid
salary either in cash or in kind. Good functioning of these variams increased the efficiency of the local
administration of the Cholas.
The Chola government during the imperial period (850 – 1200 CE) was marked for its uniqueness and
innovativeness. Cholas were the first dynasty who tried to bring the entire South India under a common rule
and to a great extent succeeded in their efforts. Although the form and protocols of that government cannot
be compared to a contemporary form of government, the history of the Chola empire belongs to a happy age
in their history and great things were achieved by the government and the people.
35. Bronze icons of Nataraja cast during the Chola period invariably show the deity with
(A) Eight hands
(B) Six hands
(C) Four hands
(D) Two hands
Answer: (C)
Notes: Bronze icons of Nataraja cast during the Chola period invariably show the deity with four hands.
Bronze icon of Nataraja is the finest example of Chola sculpture.
36. Which one of the following is considered to be the world's greatest iconographical creations made
by sthapatis of South India, particularly during the Chola period?
(A) Mahishasuramardini
(B) Nataraja
(C) Rama
(D) Somaskanda
Answer: (B)
Nataraj is considered to be the world's greatest iconographical creations made by Sthapatis of south India,
particularly during the Chola period.
41. Which of the following South Indian state was famous for its naval power?
(A) Chola
(B) Chera
(C) Pallava
(D) Rashtrakuta
Answer: (A)
The founder of Chola Kingdom was Vijayalaya who conquered the kingdom of Tanjore during mid 8th
century. It was one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of southern India. They ruled beyond the sea
like Maldives Islands and Sri Lanka which shows that they had very efficient as well as huge naval power.
42. Which among the following dynasties, King declared their successor in own tenure?
(A) Chalukya
(B) Chola
(C) Kadamba
(D) Kalchuri
Answer: (B)
The Chola dynasty was a Tamil dynasty originating from southern India. At its height, it ruled over the
Chola Empire, an expansive maritime empire. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from
inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE during the reign of Ashoka of the Maurya empire
43. Who among the following Chola rulers converted the Bay of Bengal into a 'Chola Lake’?
(A) Rajarajal-I
(B) Rajendra-l
(C) Adhiraj
(D) Kulottunga
Answer: (B)
Rajendra Chola I was one of the most successful monarchs of the South Indian Chola Empire. During his
rule, he extended the empire from North India to Maldives to Southeast Asia. All land around the Bay of
Bengal belonged to the Cholas. Hence,during his rule, the Bay of Bengal was called 'The Chola Lake'.
45. Who among the following Chola rulers is credited to have built a huge artificial lake known as
Chola Gangam?
(A) Rajaraja-I
(B) Rajendra
(C) Rajadhiraja
(D) Rajaraja-II
Answer: (B)
Rajendra commenced the construction of a new city named "GangaikondaCholapuram", with a new Siva
temple named "GangaikondaCholaeswarem" and a large temple water tank called "Chola Gangam", where
the holy water brought from the Ganges river was mixed.
48. During the reign of Guptas in North India , who were their contemporaries in South India ?
[A] Cholas
[B] Rasthrakutas
[C] Satvahanas
[D] Kakatiyas
Correct Answer: B
Explanation: The Gupta Empire was an ancient Indian empire existing from the mid-to-late 3rd century CE
to 543 CE. Rashtrakutas was a royal dynasty ruling large parts of the Indian subcontinent . They are the
contemporaries.
49. The Chalukya king, Pulakesin II defeated Harshavardhan on the banks of which river?
[A] Narmada
[B] Kaveri
[C] Niranjana
[D] Rijupalika
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
Chalukya king Pulakesin II had defeated Harshavardhan on the banks of River Narmada in 618 AD.
Pulakeshin, who ruled from the Chalukyancapitalof Badami, challenged Harsha’s conquests. The former had
established himself as ‘lord paramount’ of the south, as Harsha had of the north. Unwilling to tolerate the
existence of a powerful rival in the south, Harsha had marched from Kanauj with a huge force. Such was
Pulakeshin’s efficiency in guarding the passes of the Narmada that Harsha was compelled to accept the river
as the demarcation and retire from the field of battle after losing a major part of his elephant force.
53. Who among the following Chalukyan king sent an ambassador to Persian king KhusrauII ?
[A] Pulakesin I
[B] Pulakesin II
[C] Kirtivarman I
[D] Vishnuvardhan
Correct Answer: B
Notes:
The Chalukyan king, Pulakesin II sent an ambassador to the Persian king Khusrau II in 625 A.D. And
received one from him.
55. Which among the following chalukyan king performed ‘Ashwamedha yajna’ ?
[A] Pulakesin I
[B] Pulakesin II
[C] Vishnuvardhan
[D] Kirtivarman I
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
Pulakesin I, the chalukya king, performed Ashwamedha Yajna (horse sacrifice ceremony) to access power.
56. By whom Pallava King Mahendravarman-I got defeated?
[A] Pulakesin II
[B] Vikramaditya II
[C] Yajnavarman
[D] Pulakesin I
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
The Pallava King Mahendravarman I got defeated by the Chalukya King Pulakesin II. Though,
Narasimhavarman I (the son of Mahendravarman I) took the revenge of his father from Pulakesin II by
defeating and killing him in the Battle of Vatapi in 642 AD and captured the Chalukyan capital, Vatapi.
Thus, he assumed the title of ‘Vatapikonda’ (Conqueror of Vatapi).
Key Points
Badami Chalukya
Founder:Jaisimha
Capital: Badami/Vatapi
The Western Chalukyas ruled over an extensive area in the Deccan for about two centuries
from 543 to 755 AD.
The most important ruler of this dynasty was Pulakesin II.
The Aihole inscription issued by him gives the details of his reign.
Hoysala
The founder of this dynasty-Sala.
On the order of a Jain monk, Sudatta, fought with a tiger and, killed it. It inspired the people
to exclaim 'Hoysala!' and he established his empire
They belong to yadava family.
Capital-Dorasamudra (present-day Halebid).
Prominant rulers- Vishnuvardhana, Ballal etc.
Poets of hoysala dynasty- Harihara, Raghavanka and Janna.
The temples were known for its pillared hall and stellate plan.
Kakatiyas
Capital:Warangal or Orugallu.
The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled most of eastern Deccan
region comprising Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, and parts of eastern Karnataka and
southern Odisha between 12th and 14th centuries.
Prataparudra I established a sovereign dynasty in 1163 CE.
60. Aihole is called the cradle of Indian temple architecture. Which among the following dynasty is
related to the construction of magnificent temples in Aihole?
[A] Chalukya
[B] Chola
[C] Chera
[D] None of the above
Correct Answer: A
The Aihole temples were built in the late 7th century by the dynasty of the Chalukyas. It is the largest of a
group of over 120 temples at Aihole. The architecture of the temple is predominantly Dravida with Nagara
style also is used in certain areas.]
62. Which of the following Pallava rulers invaded the Chalukya Kingdom and captured Badami ?
[A] Narsimhavarman I
[B] Kirtivarman
[C] Vishnuvardhan
[D] Mahendravarnan I
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
In the Battle of Vatapi, the Pallava ruler Narsimhavarman I defeated and killed Pulakesin II and captured the
Chalukyan capital, Badami in 642 AD. Thus, he assumed the title of ‘Vatapikonda’ (Conqueror of Vatapi).
64. Who among the following Pallava ruler built the Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram?
[A] Narsimhavarman II
[B] Nandivarman II
[C] Aparajita
[A] Mahendravarman I
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
The Shore Temple at Mahabalipuram and Kailasanatha temple in Kanchipuram built by Pallava ruler
Narasimhavarman II.
65. Who among the following Pallava ruler built Vaikuntaperumal temple at Kanchi ?
[A] Nandivarman II
[B] Aparajita
[C] Mahendrvarman I
[D] Vikramaditta II
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
Vaikunta Perumal Temple was built by Pallava King Nandivarman-II in the 8th century, he was a worshipper
of Lord Vishnu.
66. Which among the following Pallava king wrote the famous burlesque ‘MattavilasaPrahasana’ ?
[A] Mahendravarman I
[B] Narsimhavarman
[C] Narsimhavarman II
[D] Paramesvar Varman
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
The versatile Pallava ruler and great scholar Mahendravarman I wrote the famous burlesque
MattavilasaPrahasana (the Sport of Drunkards). It is a short one-act Sanskrit play.
67. Which among the following kings was also known as Mamallan (great wrestler)?
[A] Pulakesi II
[B] Mahendravarman I
[C] Narasimhavarman I
[D] None of the above
Correct Answer: C
Notes:
Narasimhavarman I was a Tamil king of the Pallava dynasty who ruled South India from 630–668 A.D.
Narasimhavarman was also known as Mamallan (great wrestler) and Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram) was
named after him
69. Narasimhavarman-I was one of the most famous Tamil kings of the Pallava dynasty who ruled South
India and founded Mahabalipuram. His another name is ?
[A] Mamalla
[B] Mahedravarman
[C] Apapar
[D] None of the above
Correct Answer: A
He avenged his father's defeat at the hands of the Chalukya monarch, Pulakeshin II in the year 642 CE.
Narasimhavarman I was also known as Mamallan (great wrestler), and Mamallapuram (Mahabalipuram)
was named in his honour. It was during his reign, in 640 CE, that the Chinese traveller Hiuen Tsang visited
Kanchipuram.
70. The history of the Vakatakas is largely known from inscriptions and texts like the Puranas. They
became a major power in which of these regions of India?
(a) Deccan region
(b) Eastern region
(c) Kurukshetra region
(d) Kashmir region
Solution: (a)
Explanation :
• They initially established themselves in the Vindhya region, and later extended their power
southwards, eventually becoming a major political power in the Deccan. Vakataka rule lasted from
the middle 3rd to the late 5thearly 6th centuries AD.
• The founder of the Vakataka dynasty was Vindhyashakti I. The second Vakataka king was
Pravarasena I who seems to have extended the empire southwards into Vidarbha and adjoining areas
of the Deccan.
• His capital was Kanchanaka (modem Nachna). Pravarasena I cemented an important political
alliance by marrying his son, Gautamiputra, to the daughter or the Naga king, Bhavanaga of the
Bharashiva family, which was prominent in eastern UP and adjoining areas. The political gains of
this alliance were immense.
• Pravarasena is mentioned in the Puranas and inscriptions as performing several vajapeya, Vajimedha
and Ashvamnedha sacrifices, accompanied by the distribution of lavish gifts. He was the only
Vakataka king with the imperial title of samrat.
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
Statement 1: AnantavarmanChodagangaDeva was a rulerof the Eastern Ganga dynasty which ruled southern
part of Kalinga.
Statement 2: Literally meaning ‘Lord of the Universe’, it is a deity worshipped in regional traditions of
Hinduism and Buddhism in India and Bangladesh. Correct match is Odisha.
Statement 3: Correct match is Tamil Nadu. The Later Cheras (the Kulasekharas) ruled from
Mahodayapuram (now Kodungallur) on the banks of River Periyar and fought numerous wars with their
powerful neighbours such as the Cholas and Rashtrakutas.
Statement 4: Lilatilakam is a text in Manipravalam dealing with grammar and poetics written in
Manipravalam. The correct match would be Kerala.
72. In ancient southern India, kadaisiyar and adimai were used to refer to
Solution: (b)
Explanation :
• Society was segregated even in ancient India.
• There were at least three different kinds of people living in most villages in the southern and northern
parts of the ancient Indian subcontinent.
• In the Tamil region, large landowners were known as vellalar, ordinary ploughmen were known as
uzhavar, and landless labourers, including slaves, were known as kadaisiyar and adimai.
• In the northern regions this distinction was made in terms of land, political position and assets held.
1. Allying with the Cheras arid the Pandyas to create the 'Great Southern Empire’.
2. Getting the Grand Anicut constructed which is still in use as one of the oldest water structures in the
world.
Solution: (b)
Explanation :
Statement 1: He was the most important ruler of this kingdom. According to the Porunararruppatai, Karikala
Chola fought a great Battle of Venni in which both Pandya and Chera kings suffered a defeat.
Statement 2: The Grand Anicut, also known as the Kallanai was built by Karikala and is considered one of
the oldest water diversion or water-regulator structures in the world which is still in use.
• Karikala has been credited with many welfare activithes. He got many canals dug so that water from
the river Cauvery could be used for irrigation purposes.
Solution: (a)
Explanation :
• By the 7th century there were big landlords or warrior chiefs in different regions of the subcontinent.
• Existing kings often acknowledged them as their subordinates or samantas. They were expected to
bring gifts for their kings or overlords, be present at their courts and provide them with military
support.
75.which of these justify the robust and benevolent system of administration that Cholas had?
1. Chola kings undertook royal tours to increase the efficiency of the administration.
2. All legal professions were exempted from tax liabilithes.
3. All lands were carefully surveyed and classified for assessment of revenue.
4. During the hard times, there were remissions of taxes.
Solution: (b)
Explanation :
Statement 1: There were regular drills with officials.
Statements 2 and 3: There were tolls and customs on goods taken from one place to another, various kinds of
professional taxes, dues levied on ceremonial occasions like marriages and judicial fines. Moreover, the land
revenue department was well organized. It was called puravuvarithinaikkalam.
• The residential portion of the village was called urnattam. These and other lands such as the lands
belonging to temples were exempted from tax.
• Statement 4: During the hard times, there were remission of taxes and Kulottunga I became famous by
abolishing tolls and earned the title—SungamTavirtta Cholan. The main items of government expenditure
were the king and his court, army and navy, Roads, irrigation tanks and canals.
76. If you compare the socio-economic life of Cholas and Sangam age, what is/are the chief
similarithes in these periods with respect to the position of women in society?
Explanation :
Statements 1 and 4: Love marriage was ‘common practice in the sangam age and women were allowed to
choose their life partners. But the condition of widow was miserable and sati was practiced.
Statement 2: The Devadasi system emerged during the chola period where dancing girls were attached to
temples for their life. They were subjected to harassment also.
Statement 3: Women poets like Avvaiyar, Nachchellaiyar, and Kakkaipadiniyarflourished in the Sangam
period and contributed to Tamil literature.
77. With reference to Chola education and literature, consider the following:
1. Temples and mathas served as the only educational centres.
2. Not only vedas and epics, but subjects like mathematics and medicine were also taught.
3. Endowment of lands was made to run educational centres.
Solution: (b)
Explanation :
Statement 1: During this period, besides the temples and mathas as educational centres, several educational
institutions also flourished. The inscription at Ennayiram, Thirumuuktidal and Thirubhuvanai provide details
or the colleges existed in these places.
Statements 2 and 3: The development of Tamil literature reached its peak during the Chola period. And a lot
of’ it came from the contribution or education and literature to the enrichment or this culture.
• Mathematics and medicine studies showed that Kings encouraged logical and intellectual pursuits
and were not centred entirely on religious studies.
78.Vanavaramban, Vanavan, Kuttuvan, Irumporai and villavar were famous titles assumed by
(a) Chera kings
(b) Sangam poets
(c) Thiruvalluvar, a Tamil philosopher and poet
(d) Temple priests in Southern Indian dynasthes
Solution: (a)
Explanation :
Hereditary monarchy was the form of government during the Sangam period.
The Chera kings assumed titles like Vanavaramban, Vanavan, Kuttuvan, Irumporai and villavar, the chola
kings like Senni, valavan and Killi and the Pandya kings Thennavar and Minavar.
Each of the Sangam dynasthes had a royal emblem—carp for the Pandyas, tiger for the Cholas and
bow for the Cheras.
79. Consider the following statements with reference to the South Indian dynasthes:
1. Arikkamedu was a seaport during the Sangam period.
2. Uraiyur was famous for pearls.
3. Lord Murugan was the primary deity of the Sangam age.
Select the correct answer using the codes below.
(a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
Statement 1: External trade was carried between South India and the Greek kingdoms
The port city of Puhar became an emporium of foreign trade, as big ships entered this port with precious
goods. Other ports of commercial activity include Tondi, Musiri, Korkai, Arikkamedu and Marakkanam.
Statement 2: Uraiyur was an ancient Chola city with a fortress and city wall on the southern banks of the
river Kaveri. It was known for pearls.
Statement 3: The worship of Murugan was having an ancient origin and the festivals relating to God
Murugan was mentioned in the Sangam literature, he was honoured with six abodes known as Arupadai
Veedu.
Explanation :
• The Sangam Age constitutes an important chapter in the history of South India. According to Tamil
legends, there existed three Sangams (Academy of Tamil poets) in ancient Tamil Nadu popularly
called Muchchangam. These Sangams flourished under the royal patronage of the Pandyas.
• The first Sangam, held at the then Madurai, was attended by gods and legendary sages but no
literary work or this Sangam is available.
• . The second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram, and all the literary works related to it had perished
except Tolkappiyam.
• The third Sangam at Madurai was founded by Mudathirumaran. It was attended by a large number
of poets who produced voluminous literature but only a few had survived.
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
• The king also took the advice of his minister, court-poet and the imperial court or avai.
The king was assisted by a large body of officials who were divided into five councils. They were
ministers (amaichar), priests (anthanar), military commanders (senapathi), envoys (thuthar) and
spies (orrar).
• The military administration was also efficiently organized during the Sangam Age. Each ruler had a
regular army and their respective Kodimacam (tutelary tree).
• . Land revenue was the chief source of state's income while custom duty was also imposed on
foreign trade.
82. The earliest Tamil compositions are known as ‘Sangam’, why these texts are called ‘Sangam’?
(a) These texts were the meeting of the best of the ancient wisdom and contemporary values.
(b) The poets composing the texts named it so.
(c) They were composed in the city of Sangam.
(d) They were composed and compiled in assemblies of poets which were known as Sangams.
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
Option (c) is incorrect as these poet Sangams were held in the city of Madurai.
Learning:
• Sangam literature was composed around 2300 years ago.
• Sangam literature deals with emotional and material topics such as love, war, governance, trade and
bereavement.
• These poems were later collected into various anthologies, edited and with colophons added by
anthologists and annotators around 1000 AD.
Sangam literature fell out of popular memory soon thereafter, until they were rediscovered in the 19 th
century by scholars such as ArumugaNavalar, C. W. Thamotharampillal and U. V. Swaminatha Iyer.
Statement 3: is incorrect as it deals with matters of war, governance and trade. It also deals with ethics, and
on the various issues of life like wealth, virtue and love.
84.Which of these is not one of the so called 'Five Epics’ (‘the five great poems’) attributed to the
Sangam age?
(a) Jivaka Chintamani
(b) Silappatikaram
(c) Valayapathi
(d) Pattupattu
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
• . Modern scholarship use the term 'Sangam Literature' for only those works in verse (prose is of
much later origin), which are comprised in the Ettutogai (Eight collections). Pattupattu (Ten songs)
and Patinenkilkanakku (The Eighteen Minor works), which are judged to have been produced in that
order during the period A.D 150—250 .
• The so called ‘Five Epics’ (the five great poems’) include Jivaka Chintamani,
Silappatikaram, Manimckalai, Valayapathi and Kundalakesi. These are assigned much later dates.
• These poetical works describe about the social, religious, economic and political conditions of
Tamilakam with the focus on the cithes like Madurai, Puhar (Poompuhar/ Kaveripattinam), Vanji
(Karur) and Kanchi.
85. In Sanskrjt sources the usage of the words ‘Yona, ‘Yauana’ or ‘yavana’ appears repeatedly and
particularly in relation to the
(a) The southern tip of India that in present day borders the Mannar coast near Sri Lanka.
(b) Vedic Ritual sacrifices that were supposed to be performed only by the Emperor.
(c) The art of building esoteric mandalas in places of spiritual importance.
(d) Greek kingdoms which neighboured and sometimes occupied the Punjab region.
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
• These terms appears repeatedly, and particularly in relation to the Greek kingdoms which
neighboured or sometimes occupied the Punjab region over a period of several centuries from the 4 th
century BCE to the 1st century CE.
• Examples are the Seleucid Empire, the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom and the Indo-Greek Kingdom.
• The Yavanas are mentioned in detail in Sangam literature epics such a pattinappalai, describing their
brisk trade with the Early Cholas in the Sangam period
86. what is the relationship between these two Tamil Epics, Silappatikaram and Manimekalai?
(a) Manimekalai is a poetic composition of the prosaic content of Silappatikaram.
(b) Roth bear the same author and the same date of compilation.
(c) Silappatikaram is a commentary on Manimekalai.
(d) Manimekalai is a sequel to Silappatikaram.
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
• These are two of the five epics of Tamil Literature that are considered in high regard by the Tamil
community
The silappatikaram is a poetic rendition with details or Tamil culture; its varied religions; its town
plans and city types; the mingling of different people; and the arts or dance and music. A Poet-prince
from Kodungallur near Kochi (part of ancient Tamilakam, now in modern Kerala), referred to by the
pseudonym Ilango Adigal, is credited with this work.
The epic revolves around Kannagi, who having lost her husband to a miscarriage of justice at the
court of the Pandyan Dynasty, wreaks her revenge on his kingdom.
Manimekalai, by the poet ChithalaiChathanar, is a poem in 30 cantos. Its story is a sequel to another
of the Five Great Epics, Silappatikaram, and tells the story of the daughter of Kovalan and Madhavi,
to became a Buddhist Bhikkhuni.
However, the Periplus (foreign accounts) refers to the ports of Tondi, Musiri and Comari (Cape
Comorin/Kanyakumari), Colchi (Korkai), Poduke (Arikamedu) and Sopatma.
According to Periplus, there were three types of vessels in use in South India. These included small coasting
vessels, large coasting vessels and ocean-going ships. There is also the mention of large vessels called
Colandia sailing from the Tamil Coast to the Ganges.
88. The ‘Aimperunkulu' mentioned in Silappatikaram was a/an
1. Assembly of elders
2. Land grant given to the underprivileged classes
3. Council of Ministers
4. Religious shrine of Kannagi
Solution: (c)
Explanation :
The administrative machinery of the age was described by the Sangam texts.
The policies of the king were controlled by a system of checks and balances in the councils. Silappatikaram
refers to the two types of councils——Aimperunkulu and Enperayam.
• The Aimperunkulu or the council of five members was the council of the ministers.
• Theenperayam or the great assembly (perayam) consisted of eight members (government officers).
• This worked as an administrative machinery of the state. These two assemblies that of the Five and that of
the Eight functioned as administrative bodies, though their function was generally advisory in character.
However, their advice was rarely rejected by the king.
• Their important function was judicial though the Aimperunkulu seems to have been solely in charge of it as
described by Maduraikkanji.
• It is important to note that in spite of all the glory attached to the ancient king, the ethos of Indian
administration has been in the direction of limited or popular monarchy.
• This can be observed in South India from very early times even more than in the north and each followed
its own model of administration. Every local unit, however small and in whatever corner it was situated, was
administered by a local assembly.
• The avai and the manram are the terms used for this unit in Sangam works. Such assembly is commonly
referred to as Arankuravaiyam, which were known for its just decision, These can be taken to be the
forerunner of our modern panchayat.
89.Tolkappiyam refers to four castes namely Arasar, Anthanar, Vanigar and Vellalar. Consider the
following about the roles of these castes.
1. The ruling class was called Arasar.
2. Anthanars were the untouchables.
3. Vanigars were responsible for protecting the empire.
4. The vellalas were priests.
Explanation :
• This division of caste refers to the Sangam age.
Statement 2: Anthanars played a significant role in the Sangam polity and religion.
Statements 3 and 4: Vanigars carried on trade and commerce. The vellalas were agriculturists.
Learning:
• Other tribal groups like Parathavar, Panar, Eyinar, Kadambar, Maravar and Pulaiyar were also found
in the sangam society. Ancient primitive tribes like Thodas, Irulas, Nagas and Vedarsalso lived in
this period.
90. With reference to Ancient India, who introduced the Pattini cult in Tamil Nadu?
(a) Cheran Senguttuvan
(b) Rajaraja II
(c) Pulalkesin I
(d) Narasimhara Varman
Solution: (a)
Explanation :
• He belonged to 2nd century AD.
• Senguttuvan introduced the Pattini cult or the worship of Kannagi as the ideal wife in Tamil Nadu.
• The stone for making the idol of Kannagi was brought by him after his Himalayan expedition.
• The consecration ceremony was attended by many princes including Gajabhagu II from
• Sri Lanka.
Learning: His younger brother was Elango Adigal, the author of Silappathigaram.
91. Early Sangam texts mention different categories of people. Consider the following matches of these
categories with their social status.
1. Uzhavar: Zamindars
2. Vellalar: Local banker
3. Adimai : Slaves
Solution: (b)
Explanation :
There was a growing differentiation amongst people engaged in agriculture were based on differential access
to land, labour and some of the new technologies.
• Early Sangam texts mention different categories of people engaged in agriculture were based only
differential access to land, labour and some of the new technologies.
• In south India people who were divided into three groups-large landowners or vellalar, ploughmen
or uzhavar and slaves or adimai.
• In the country side of Northern India people were divided into three groups-landless agricultural
labourers small peasants as well as large landholders.
The term gahapati was often used in Pali texts to designate the second and third categories
92. Match the list ‘A’ with list ‘B’ and choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
List ‘A’ List ‘B’
A. Mahendravarman I 1. Destroyer of the city of Ranarasika
B. Parameshwaravarman I 2. Avanisimha (lion of the earth)
C. Simhavishnu 3. Construction of Kailashnatha temple
D. Narasimhavarman II 4. Beginning of Rock-cut temples
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 4 1 2 3
(b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 2 3 4 1
(d) 4 2 1 3
Ans (a)Mahendravarman I, a Pallava ruler, contributed much towards Pallava architecture. A great patron of
art and architecture, some of the most magnificent temples at Mamallapuram were constructed under his
rule. His rule also marked the beginning of rock-cut temples in India. The pallava king
Parameshwaravarman I destroyed the Chalukya capital at Badami, Ranarasika.
SimhavishnuAvanisimha was another Pallava ruler who known as lion of the earth. Narasimhavarman II got
constructed in Dravidian architectural style and is dedicated to Lord Shiva.
94. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below the lists:
List-I List- II
A. Kachhavaha 1. Rana Kumbha
B. Rashtrakuta 2. Bhoja
C. Parmar 3. Man Singh
D. Sisodia 4. Krishna I
Codes:
A B C D
(a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 2 1 3 4
(c) 3 4 2 1
(d) 4 3 1 2
Ans. (c) Maharana Kumbha was the ruler of Mewar, a state in western India, between 143 and 1468 AD, and
belonging to the Sisodana clan of Rajputs. Kumbha was a son of Rana Mokal of Mewar by his wife
Sobhagya Devi, a daughter of JaitmalSankhla,theParamara fief-holder of Runkot in the state of Marwar.
Bhoja (reigned c. 1010-1055 CE) was an indian king from the Paramara dynasty. His kingdom was centered
around the Malwa region in central India, where his capital Dhara-nagara(modern Dhar) was located.
Raja Man Singh (Man Singh I) (21 December 1550- 6 july 1614) was the Kachwaha Rajput Raja of Amer, a
state later known as Jaipur in Rajputana. He was a trusted general of Mughak emperor Akbar, who included
him among the Navaratnas, or nine (nava) gems (ratna) of the royal court of Akbar.
Rashtrakuta was a powerful dynasty that ruled the Deccan for nearly 250 years, and Krishna I was the
second king of the dynasty. The first king of the dynasty was Dantidurga, who had just unseated the
Chalukyas of Badami- the mighty rulers of the period.
95. Arrange the following into sequential order and select the correct answer using the codes given below:
(a) Rajaraja Chola I
(b) Aditya Chola
(c) Rajendra Chola
(d) Parantaka Chola I
Codes:
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4 (b) 2, 4, 1, 3
(c) 3, 4, 2, 1 (d) 4, 3, 1, 2
Ans. (b) King Vijayalaya founded the chola empire. Aditya I was the second king of the emoire, who caused
a decline of the Pallavas and defeated the Pandyas of Madurai. His son, Parantaka I was the next ruler.
Parantaka I conquered Sri Lanka and also defeated the Rashtrakutas in the Battle of Vallala. Next in line
were Rajaraja Chola I and Rajendra Chola I, supposed to be the greatest rulers of the Chola empire, who
widened its extent beyond its limits.
97. Who among the following was the Tamil poet in Sangam age from Sri Lanka?
(a) Gajabahu
(b) EelattuPoothanthevnar
(c) Ilambodhiyar
(d) Tetradaran
Ans. (b) According to legends, the origin of Sri Lankan Tamil literature dates back to the Sangam age dated
variously from 200 BCE to 600 CE, ElattuPoothanthevnar was one of the earliest known classical Tamil
poets. His poems were included in the Tamil Sangam or Cankam poetry anthologies compiled in Tamilakam
before 250 AD.
98. In the early period of Indian history, Tondi was a flourish sea port of
(a) Cheras
(b) Cholas
(c) Pandyas
(d) Andhras
Ans. (a) Chera dynasty was one of the most ancient Tamil dynasties in India, ruling over modern-day Tamil
Nadu and Kerala. During the Sangam age, Tondi was one of the most flourishing sea ports of Kerala.
100. Which of the following were the patrons of Sangam, as assembly of Tamil poets?
(a) Cheras
(b) Cholas
(c) Pandyas
(d) Kadambas
Ans. (c) Pandyas were the patrons of Sangam, an assembly of Tamil poets. Pandya kings find mention in
number of poems in the Sangam literature
101. Which one of the following statement about Brihadeswara temple at Tanjavur, is not correct?
(a) The temple is a splendid example of Chola architecture[NDA 2009-I]
(b) It was built by emperor Rajaraja
(c) The temple is constructed by granite
(d) The temple is a monument dedicated to Lord Vishnu
Ans. (d) The Brihadeswara temple, called the Big Temple, is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It was built by the
great Chola king Rajaraja I (985-1012 AD). It is an outstanding example of Chola architecture. Recognizing
its unique architectural excellence, UNESCO has declared it a World Heritage Monuments.
102. Who among the following Chola rulers is credited to have built a huge artificial lake known as Chola
Gangam?
(a) Rajaraja I
(b) Rajendra
(c) Rajadhiraja
(d) Rajaraja II
Ans. (b) Rajendra Chola built the artificial lake Chola Gangam in 1020 AD.
104. They were present in Hallur and Paiyampalli. The inscriptions of the Pallavas mention a number
of local assemblies including the ‘Ur’. Consider the following about it.
1. The assembly was found in areas where land owners were generally Brahmins.
2. Agriculture was not practiced in regions administered by the 'Ur’.
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
The assemblies mentioned in the Pallava inscriptions include the sabha, which was an assembly of Brahmin
land owners. This assembly functioned through subcommittees which looked after irrigation, agricultural
operations, making roads, local temples and so on. There was a village assembly found in areas where the
land owners were not Brahmins. And the nagaram was an organisation of merchants.
105. The Brahmadeya and Devadhana lands under the Pallava Kingdom were those lands that were
(a) Declared of divine origin
(b) Exempted from tax
(c) Maintained by the village assembly
(d) Granted to the marginalised and extremely poor
Solution: (b)
Explanation :
The Pallavas had a well-organised administrative system. The King provided land grants to the temples
known as Devadhana and also to the Brahmans known as Brahmadeya.
Land tax was the primary source of government revenue. The Brahmadeya and Devadhana lands were
exempted from tax.
Learning:Traders and artisans such as carpenters, goldsmiths, washermen, oil pressers and weavers paid tax
to the government. The Pallava inscriptions throw much light on the village assemblies called sabhas and
their committees. They maintained records of all village lands, looked after local affairs and managed
temples.
106. Mahabalipuram was a 7th century port city of South Indian dynasty of
(a) Pallavas (b) Chalukyas
(c) Pandyas (d) Cheras
Solution: (a)
Explanation :
By the 7th century, Mahabalipuram was a port city of South Indian dynasty of the Pallavas. It has a group of
sanctuaries, which was carved out of rock along the Coromandel Coast in the 7th and 8th centuries: rathas
(temples in the form of chariots), mandapas (cave sanctuaries), giant open-air rock reliefs such as the famous
Descent of the Ganges and the Shore Temple with thousands of sculptures to the glory of Shiva.
The group of monuments at Mahabalipuram has been classified as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
107. He was a follower or Jainism in the early part of his career and converted to Saivism later. He is
hailed as ‘Vichitrachitta' who constructed a temple for Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva without the use of
bricks, timber, metal and mortar. Who is the ruler?
(a) Kadambas of Banavasi
(b) Adikavi Pampa
(c) Rajaraja I
(d) Mahendravarman I
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
Mahendravarman I converted to Saivism which led him to build a Shiva temple at Tiruvadi. He was a great
builder of cave temples. The Mandagappattu inscription hails him as Vichitrachitta who constructed a temple
for Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva without the use of bricks, timber, metal and mortar. His rock-cut temples are
found in a number of places like Timuchirappalli. His title, Chitrakarapuli, reveals his talents in painting. He
is also regarded as an expert in music. The music inscription at Kudumianmalai is ascribed to him.
108.They introduced the art of excavating temples from the rock, and the Dravidian style of temple
architecture began with their rule. They were?
(a) Cheras
(b) Pallavas
(c) Eastern Chalukyas
(d) Jaffna
Solution: (b)
Explanation :
Pallava age was a great age of temple building.
It was a gradual evolution starting from the cave temples to monolithic rathas and culminated in
structural temples.
The development of temple architecture under the Pallavas can be seen in several stages, which started
with Mahendravarman I introducing rock-cut temples.
This style of Pallava temples are seen at places like Mandagappattu, Mahenciravadi, Mamandur,
Dalavanur, Tiruchirappalli, Vallam, Siyamangalam and Tirukalukkunram.
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
The early Pallava rulers from 250 AD to 350 AD issued their charters in Prakrit. Important among them
were Sivaskandavarman and Vijayaskandavarman
The second line of Pallava rulers who ruled between 35o AD and 550 AD issued their charters in
Sanskrit.
120. In which of the following rock cut caves eleven headed Bodhisattava image is depicted?
(A) Ajanta
(B) Ellora
(C) Kanheri
(D) Kare
Answer: (C)
One of the important features of Kanheri Caves is that it depicts eleven headed bodhisattva image.
123. The Elephanta caves were mainly sculptured for which of the following devotees?
(A) Buddhist
(B) Jai
(C) Shaiva
(D) Vaishnava
Answer: (C)
The Elephanta Caves are a collection of cave temples predominantly dedicated to the Hindu god Shiva,
which have been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
124. Barabar caves built by
(A) Chalukyas
(B) Cholas
(C) Pallavas
(D) Mauryan
Answer: (D)
Barabar caves can be dated back to the 3rd Century BC to the times of the Mauryan Empire (322 BCE -
185 BCE). Barabar Caves were constructed by emperor Ashoka for the use of Ajivaka ascetics, Hence, it is
renowned as the place of origin of the Ajivika sect.
126. There are only two known examples or cave paintings or the Gupta period in ancient India. One of
these is paintings of Ajanra caves. where is the other surviving examples of Gupta paintings?
(A) Bagh caves
(B) Elora caves
(C) Lomas Rishi caves
(D) Nasik caves
Answer: (A)
Key Points
Bagh caves near Gwalior represent the paintings of the Gupta era.
The Bagh Caves are a group of nine rock-cut monuments.
During the Gupta period, Buddhist art became prominent.
These caves were established by Buddhist monk Dataka.
The finest examples are the paintings of Ajanta caves.
The Bagh cave paintings near Gwalior can be termed Buddhist art as well.
They are more simple and plain as compared to Ajanta cave paintings.
127. The caves bagh represent only
(A) Buddhists
(B) Buddhists and Jaisi
(C) Hindus and Jains
(D) Hindus, Buddhists and Jains
Answer: A
Key Points
Time of development - According to mythology, Buddhist monk Dataka constructed these caves. The caves
were carved between the late 4th and early 6th centuries AD.
131. Which of the following places is famous for Buddhist Cave Temples?
(A) Elephanta
(B) Nalanda
(C) Ajanta
(D) Khajuraho
Answer: (C)
The Ajanta Caves are 29 rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments dating from the second century BCE to about
480 CE in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra state in India. Ajanta Caves are a UNESCO World
Heritage Site
137. with reference to the Chalukya dynasty, consider the following statements.
1. Vatapi was the capital of Chalukya dynasty.
2. Chinese visitor Huen Tsang visited chalukya in the reign of Kirtivarman II.
3. Last Chalukya king Kirtivarman II waS defeated by Cholas.
Select the correct answer using the code given below
(a) 1 only (b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2and3 only (d) 1, 2 and3
Solution: (b)
Explanation :
Chinese visitor Huen Tsang visited Chalukya in the reign or Pulikeshi II.
Solution: (d)
Explanation :
• The Chalukya administration was highly centralised, unlike that of the Pallavas and the Cholas.
Village autonomy was absent under the Chalukyas
• The Chalukyas had a great maritime power. Pulakeshin II had 100 ships in his nay. They also had a
small standing army.
• The village administration was carried on by the village headman in the Rashtrakuta administration.
However, the village assemblies played a significant role in the village administration
139. Consider the following statements.
1. Chalukya king Pulakeshin 11, reigned almost at the same time as king Harsha was ruling in Northemn
India.
2. Mahendrnvanman the Pallava king ruled at the same time as king Pulakeshin II.
Solution: (c)
Explanation :
• Administration: The Chalukya administration was highly centralised, unlike that of the Pallavas and the
Cholas, village autonomy was absent under the Chalukyas.
• Architecture: The chalukyas were great patrons of art. They developed the Vesara style in the building of
structural temples. However, the vesara style reached its Culmination only under the Rushtrakutas and the
Hoysalas.
• Cave temple architecture was also famous under the Chalukyas. Their cave temples are found in
Ajanta, Ellora and Nasik.
• The best specimens of Chalukya paintings can be seen in Badami.
142. Which among the following University was founded by Ramapala, the ruler of Pala dynasty?
[A] Somapuri
[B] Vallabhi
[C] Jagadal
[D] Odantpuri
Correct Answer: C
Notes:
Jagadal is situated in Bengal and was founded by Ramapala, the Pala ruler.
143. Which of the following Pala ruler founded the Somapuri University?
[A] Gopala
[B] Kumarpala
[C] Dharmapala
[D] Ramapala
Correct Answer: C
Notes:
The Somapuri University is situated at North Bengal and was founded by Dharmapala, the Pala ruler.
[A] Gopala
[B] Devpala
[C] Dharampala
[D] Mahendrapala
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
Pala dynasty, ruling dynasty in Bihar and Bengal, India, from the 8th to the 12th century. Its
founder, Gopala, was a local chieftain who rose to power in the mid-8th century during a period of anarchy.
146. Which of the following pala ruler founded the University of Vikramsila?
[A] Devapala,
[B] Mahipala I
[C] Dharamapala
[D] Gopala
Correct Answer: C
Dharmapala- Dharampala was the second ruler of the Pala dynasty. He was the son of the founder of the
Pala empire, emperor Gopala. Dharmapala founded the Vikramshila university in the eighth century.
147. Which of the following Chola kings was the first to capture Maldives?
[A] Rajaraja
[B] Rajendra I
[C] Rajadhiraja
[D] Rajendra II
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
[Rajaraja Chola I laid the foundation for the growth of the Chola kingdom into an empire, by conquering the
kingdoms of southern India and the Chola Empire expanded as far as Sri Lanka in the south, and Kalinga
(Orissa) in the northeast. He conquered Sri Lanka, the Maldives, Sumatra and other places in Malay
Peninsula. The naval conquest of the ‘old islands of the sea numbering 12,000’, the Maldives marked one of
the conquests of Rajaraja. Rajaraja I built a strong navy with the aim of controlling the sea.
Correct Answer: C
Notes:
The capital of Chola Kingdom was Uraiyaur that was famous for cotton trade and Purhar.
149. Which among the following was the royal emblem of Chola Kingdom?
[A] Bow
[B] Tiger
[C] Carp
[D] Fish
Correct Answer: B
Notes:
The Chola kingdom was known as Cholamandulam, it was situated to the north-east of Pandya kingdom
between Pennar and Vellar rivers. Tiger was the royal emblem of Chola Kingdom.
151. Who was the earliest known Chola King who conquered Sri Lanka and ruled it ?
[A] Karikala
[B] Elara
[C] Udiyangera
[D] Nedunjelian
Correct Answer: B
Notes:
Elara was the earliest known Chola King and conquered Srilanka and ruled over it for 50 years .
152. In which of the following cities of India is located world’s first complete granite temple?
[A] Varanasi
[B] Mathura
[C] Thanjaur
[D] Madurai
Correct Answer: C
Notes:
Brihadeeswarar Temple in Thanjaur (in Tamil Nadu) was the world’s first complete granite temple
154. The capital of Chola empire was Thanjavur (Tanjore), where Brihadeshwara temple was constructed
by ?
[A] Rajednra Chola I
[B] Rajaraja Chola I
[C] Krishnan Raman
[D] Venkata Raman
Correct Answer: B
Notes:
Brihadeeswarar Temple or Peruvudaiyar Kovil or Rajrajeshwaram temple at Thanjavur is the world’s first
complete “granite” temple. It was built by Rajraja Chola-I and is a part of UNESCO’s world Heritage sites.
The Vimana or the temple tower (known as Raja Gopuram) is 216 Feet in height and is one of the tallest
buildings of its kind. The Nandi is carved out of a single rock. This temple has completed 1 millennium in
2010. It was dictated by lord Shiva to Rajraja Chola I, when he triumphed Ilam (Sri Lanka) Island.
155. Which among the following are correct about Chola King Rajendra Chola1?
[A] He built a temple for Siva at GangaikondaCholapuram
[B] He also built Tanjore Brihadisvara temple
[C] He built Tanjore Brihadisvara temple for a tribute to his father
[D] None of the above
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
Gangaikonda cholapuram is a very famous and beautiful place to visit in thanjavur. Oldest architecture.
Built by the great Chola king, Rajendra Chola.
156. Which among the following was the capital of Pandyas Kingdom?
[A] Tondi
[B] Musiri
[C] Madurai
[D] Kaveripattnam
Correct Answer: C
Notes:
Madurai was the capital of Pandya Kingdom.
157. Which among the following was the royal emblem of Pandya Kingdom?
[A] Fish
[B] Carp
[C] Bow
[D] Both a & b
Correct Answer: D
Notes:
Fish / Carp was the royal emblem of Pandya Kingdom. The Pandyas were also mentioned by Megasthanese
who said that then kingdom was famous for pearls.
158. Apart from Madurai, which among the following was also a capital of Pandyas?
[A] Korkai
[B] Kottaikkadu
[C] Thirukkoloor
[D] Pragasapuram
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
Korkai, which is now an insignificant village in Tamil Nadu, was the commercial capital and important port
of the Pandya Kingdom. Korkai has been a cradle of South Indian Civilization and as per traditions; it is
considered the home of three brothers who were supposed to have founded the Pandya, Chera and Chola
Kingdoms.
159. Which among the following was the state emblem of Pandyas?
[A] Fish
[B] Bow & Arrow
[C] Sun
[D] Horse
Correct Answer: A
Pandya emblem was a fish and it represented the dynasty, including in coins, etc. The word Meenatchi
(Meen+Aatchi ) is a mix of the Tamil words Meen (Fish) and Aatchi (Rule), which means Fish Rule.
161. Who among the following are not mentioned in Asokan Inscriptions?
[A] Cholas
[B] Satyaputras
[C] Cheras
[D] Pallavas
Correct Answer: D [Pallavas]
Ashoka was an Indian emperor of the Maurya Dynasty, who ruled almost all of the Indian subcontinent from
c. 268 to 232 BCE. Pallavas ruled from 275CE to 897 CE. They are not contemporaries.
162. Between which of the following was the ancient town of Takshashila located?
a) Ravi and Beas
b) Jhelum and Chenab
c) Indus and Jhelum
d) Chenab and Ravi
Answer: (c)
The correct answer is Indus and Jhelum. Takshashila was an ancient city in what is now northwestern
Pakistan. It is an important archaeological site.
Correct Answer: C
Notes:
Both the statements are correct.
166. Which of the following ancient Tamil Kingdoms came to be known from Sangam Literature?
[A] Chola
[B] Chera
[C] Pandya
[D] All of the above
Correct Answer: D
Notes:
The history of ancient Tamil kingdoms i.e. Cholas, Cheras and Pandyas came to be known from Sangam
Literature.
174. Which of the following book is considered as the ‘Odyssus of Tamil poetry’?
[A] Tirukkural
[B] Manimekalai
[C] Silappadikarma
[D] Jivaka Chintamani
Correct Answer: B
Notes:
Manimekalai is a sequel of an epic ‘Silappatikaram’ written by SeethalaiSaathanaar and is considered as the
‘Odyssus of Tamil poetry’.
176. Which among the following was the capital of Chera Kingdom?
[A] Tondi
[B] Musiri
[C] Vanji
[D] Uraiyaur
Correct Answer: C
Notes:
The capital of Chera Kingdom was Vanji. Tondi and Musiri were the important sea ports of Cheras.
177. In context of Sangam Age, which among the following was the ruling class in society?
[A] Arasar
[B] Kadaisiyar
[C] Enadi
[D] Pandyas
Correct Answer: A
Notes:
In Sangam period, Arasar was the ruling class in society.
178. Who among the following started Kannagi worship?
A. Nedunjelian
B. Shenguttavan
C. Udiyanjeral
D. Karikal
Ans: B
Kannagi worship was started by Shenguttuvan. Kannagi is worshipped as an ideal wife. Kannagi is a
legendary Tamil woman who forms the central character of the Tamil epic Silapathikaram.
189. Name the Chola King who conquered the Northern part of Sri Lanka?
(A) Rajaraja-I
(B) Rajendra-I
(C) Parantaka-I
(D) Aditya-I
Answer: (A)
The reign of Chola rule in Srilanka started when Rajaraja I first conquered the northern half of Srilanka and
then in 1018, Rajendra invaded the Ceylon in Srilanka and finally annexed the entire island. Complete
answer: Rajaraja I was the father of Rajendra Chola
191. Who was the Chola monarch who gave complete freedom to Sri Lanka and got his daughter married to
the Sinhala Prince?
(A) Kulottunga I
(B) Rajendra
(C) Adhirajendra
(D) Rajadhiraja I
Answer: (A)
King Kulottunga II, completely freed Sri Lanka and married his daughter with the Sinhalese prince.
192. Which one of the following trade centres of ancient India was on the trade route connecting Kalyana
with Vengi?
(A) Tagara
(B) Sripur
(C) Tripuri
(D) Tamralipti
Answer: (A)
Tagara was the important trade centres of ancient India was on the trade route connecting Kalyana with
Vengi'
193. Who was the greatest king of Chalukya dynasty?
(A) Vikramaditya
(B) Manglesh
(C) Pulakesin-II
(D) Pulakesjn-I
Answer: (C)
Pulakeshin II is the most famous of the Chalukya Kings. It was under his reign that the Chalukya kingdom
expanded to include most of the Deccan region and by extension the entirety of peninsular India.
194. Which of the following dynasties frequently assigned to the ladies high ranking positions in
administration?
(A) Chola
(B) Chalukya
(C) Pala
(D) Sena
Answer: (B)
The correct answer is Chalukyas. The women of the Chalukya dynasty were very influential and hugely
involved in the functioning of the administration
Answer: (B)
Raghuvamsha, One of two great court epics (mahakavyas) written in Sanskrit by Kalidasa about the 5th century
ce. It consists of 19 cantos composed of some 1,570 verses.
197. The Sanskrit poet and dramatist Kalidasa finds a mention in
(A) Aihole inscription of Pulakesin-II
(B) Gwalior inscription of Mihir Bhoja
(C) KaramdandaSivalinga inscription of Kumargupta-I
(D) Mathura Pillar inscription of Chandragupta -II
Answer: (A)
His name, along with that of the poet Bhāravi, is first mentioned the 634 CE Aihole inscription found in
Karnataka.