Far Ahead Student's Book 1ère-1

L E T' 5
édicef
e
Students book
édicef
Reading
vel and world tourism
• Travel blog 8
• 'Ecotourism in Africa' 12 aSynonyms
aTourism
• Ecotourism • Prepositions
• Environment • Phrasai verbs
• Dates and numbers
Self-assessment 18
Natural resources • 'Natural resources' 20 • Words about natural

• 'Climate change' 24 resources
• Building antonyms
• Natural resources
with prefixes 1
• Natural disasters
• Ward building with
• Renewable and non-renewable resources the suffix -tian
• Collocations
Natural disasters
(dictionary definitions)
Self-assessment 30
Deadly viruses and diseases • 'The consequences of AIDS' Diseases and viruses (sirrs
34 words in French and Eng
• 'Stigma and discrimination'
• Ebola
38 • Denotative and connotat
• Stigma meanings
• Discrimination • Phrasai verbs with out
• Predicting and expecting
Self-assessment 44
Crime and violence • 'Should gun ownership be • Words about criminality

regulated?' 46
• 'Your view counts: what is • Compound nouns
sexual harassment?' 50 • Idiomatic expressions
• Misdemeanours
• Prefixes and suffixes
• Felonies
• Crime and criminals
Self-assessment 56
We all have rights and deserve • 'Making a difference:

Football and wornen's rights
• Human rights
respect in Ometepe' 60
• Ward families
American and British
• 'The cab ride !'li never English
• Human rights
forget' 64
• Human dignity Idiomatic expressions
• Equality
• Respect
Check 69-70 Self-assessment 70
ISBN 978-2-7531-0750-2 0 Edicef, 2015. L'article L. 122-4 du Code de la propriété intellectuelle dispose que« toute
Malgré nos efforts, certaines demandes sont restées sans réponse. Les ayant représentation ou reproduction intégrale ou partielle, faite sans le
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Tous droits de traduction, de reproduction et d'adaptation réservés pour tous pays. ou reproductions strictement réservées à l'usage privé du copiste et non
destinées à une utilisation collective » et « les analyses et les courtes citations
notamment dans un but d'exemple et d'illustration»,
- - - - .
.f_~!11muni~ation / .. -Li~tening·. . Writing '
--~Speakmg -· · .. , .. - .
[:._ ~ ·--- - - _=- - - ..... _...:, --~: ...... •• ::I'--·. ~-. r:_. -
• Questioning • A visit to a travel Drafting and revising • Final consonants

agency "S 16
• Ward stress (syllables)
Strategy: Main ideas Strategy: Checking
13
and improving your work
1
1 Gerunds • Expressing preferences • 'Climate madness' 2 A magazine article • The final 's' :
11 Articles Strategy: Make notes 28 /rz/, !si or /z/? 25
as you listen Strategy: Writing • Ward stress 26
1 an article
2
2
)2
PreRare for the exam! 31-32
1m eported speech • Describing experiences • '] mean HIV' (poem) An informa! email • Ward stress (verbs)
1gl atements) <il 42 39
3e eported speech Strategy: Getting Strategy: Writing
Hi questions and requests) the gist questions
3
3
g
4
f • ~e passive • Expressing opinions • 'Serial burglar tracked A report 54 • Ward stress 51

4 Determiners through phone app Strategy: Structuring • Letter /h/ 51
4 5~ a report • Ward stress
4 Strategy: Listen for key (determiners) 52
5 words
5
Pre are for the exam! 57-58
5 • 1st and 2nd conditionals • Giving warnings • 'What human rights A forma! letter 68 • Silent letters 61
6 probable and improbable mean tome Strategy: Forma! writing
conditions) • Stress in connected
6 Third conditional speech (contractions)
impossible conditions) 65
6
Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit,

sans autorisation de l'éditeur, constituerait donc une contrefaçon sanctionnée Listening (available on www.edicef.com)
par les articles L. 335-2 et suivants du Code de la propriété intellectuelle français.
Le Centre Français de l'exploitation de la Copie (20, rue des Grands-Augustins
75006 Paris France) est, conformément à l'article L.122-10 du Code de la Pairwork
propriété intellectuelle, le seul habilité à délivrer des autorisations de
reproduction par reprographie, sous réserve en cas d'utilisation aux fins
de vente, de location, de publicité ou de promotion de l'accord de l'auteur Groupwork
ou des ayants droit.
What has technology done for you?
• 'Are we being rewired?' 72 • Words about technology
• 'Who needs Science and (similar words in French
• Communication facilities : mobile phone, mail, newspapers, radio, TV Technology?' 76 and English)
• Information and communication technologies • Idiomatic expressions
• Word families
• Using a social network 7
Self-assessment 82
Political change • Poem: Democracy

• 'The Harlem Renaissance'
86 • Words about democracy
90 • Suffixes -al and -ic

• Democracy, freedom and changes • Idiomatic expressions
• Harlem Renaissance • Prepositions
• Struggle for rights / against racism • Elections
• 'Brazil's African cultural

Our cultural heritage heritage' 98
• Words about cultural
heritage
• Social events and customs • 'Music and dance: an integral • Idiomatic expressions
• Ceremonies and festivals part of lvorian culture' 102 and word families
• Myths and folklore • Phrasai verbs with make
1
• Words related to folklore
1
Check 107-108 Self-assessment 1 08
• 'Is consumerism good for us?' • Vocabulary quiz: words

Our consumer society 112 about consumerism 1
• 'Advertising' 116 • Splitting phrasai verbs 1
• Social and environmental impact of a consumer society • Collocations 1
• Advertising • Words related to shoppin
• Online shopping 1
Friends, dating and entertainment •A blog

• 'An ideal date'
124
128
• Words related to friendsl
1.
• Phrases with grant
• Relationships and hang l.
• Dating • Informai language 1.
• Entertainment (radio, concerts .. ) • Idiomatic expressions
and phrasai verbs 1.
• Words about enter tainrru
1
Writing training 1-10 137-146 Grammar summary 147-151 Listening texts 152-157 l'#ûtii(tâl 158-1(
ai<mg comparisons • 'The rising popularity
:-qiressing condition with of selfies' Strategy: Opinion essay -
rless, as long as and in case Strategy: Write down Linking paragraphs • Ward stress: nouns
questions as you listen with suffixes 77
---=-----------------------..:P....:r..::ecr:i:>:.::a:.:.r::.
e..:.fo:::..:.r the exam! 83-84 ----------------------'
• Making deductions • 'Election campaign A for and against essay • Rhyming words 87
in Ghana' 94
Strategy: Using
conjunctions
njunctions (rnoreover, • Giving advice • 'Anansi and the 100 Narratives 106 • Stressed syllables 99
el/ as, yet, in spite of, young men' Strategy: Planning
""Pite, even though) Strategy: Listening to a story
·ise gerunds 1 a story
sition of adverbials
verbs and adverbial
~---------------------- Prepare for the exam! 109-11 0 _
t tense modals • Persuading • 'Online shopping: An advertisement

re about passive forms quick, convenient
. and safe' 1
120
J Strategy: Listen for a
Strategy: Choosing
appropriate vocabulary
n sequence of instructions
l
1
~ uture perfect and future • Expressing regrets • Radio programme A persona! text 132 • Complex intonation
.ontinuous and apologies on Valentine's Day Strategy: Persona! texts 125
ast perfect simple and past
perfect continuous
.6 Verbs with particles (phrasal verbs) and verbs with prepositions 160 Idiomatic expressions 160
lntroductioo
Far Ahead is a three-level upper-secondary course There are 10 carefully structured units in the Seconde
which prepares students for success in their school-leaving and Première Student's books, and 8 in Terminale. Each
Baccalaureate exam. unit is divided into 9 sessions.
Far Ahead units are topic-based with a large variety of Each session represents one teaching hour, so a whole
fresh, up-to-date tapies in each unit. The magazine-style unit can correspond to 3 weeks of teaching. Depending
presentation is designed to keep students interested and on the teacher's method, a unit can also take up 4 weeks.
motivate them to practice and improve their language skills. More details on this time allocation is available in the
The communicative approach of Far Ahead provides Teacher s books for this course, available on www.edicef.com.
the tools to effectively develop all four language skills:
reading, listening, speaking and writing. Students improve
their fluency in English through real-life situations and
authentic tasks.
• Thought-provoking and carefully graded texts to help • Extra r ng a ng for each unit, to be used
build students' confidence. as a preparation for the writing task,
• Systematic vocabulary building with: to support and provide additional practice
- vocabulary presented in lexical sets, of the text type and strategy developed in the
- new words focused on in the texts, unit writing, or given as homework assignment.
- vocabulary extension sections presenting 'lexical
grammar' points: suffixes, préfixes, collocations,
•
• A transcription of the listening texts.
word patterns, etc. • Dictionar -style word list of the new
• Self-discovery grammar presentation followed vocabulary presented in the units with
by practice tasks. their French translations.
• Strategy tips to help students develop their
language skills.
• Systematic pronunclanon training including:
1
l§ll§i ii#·l'i,W
- practice of word stress and problematic sounds • Systematic aini with
for French speakers, exam-like tasks.
- intonation patterns presented in dialogues.
• Functional language presented in dialogues. Available on www.edicef.com
• Writing task with step-by-step guidance in writing a variety of texts.
• Regular revision and recycling in the check pages after each unit.
• The recording of the pronunciation
exercises, the functional
dialogues and the listening texts.
Maquette de couverture: Cécil Kériel; conception maquette intérieure et mise en pages: Dominique Findakly; illustrations intérieures : Tétshim (bustes fille, homme et garçon;
pages 10, 15, 72 et93) et Samba NdarCissé (pages 71, 85, 105 et 131); cartographie: Claire Levasseur (pages 33 et60); recherche iconographique: Brigitte Hammond; suivi éditorial:
Laure Arribat; relecture et correction: Christine Billaux.
Crédits photographiques: couverture: Londres© 007 / Shutterstock; jeune fille avec téléphone© Samuel Borges Photography / Shutterstock; canyon Arizona© Francesco R. lacomino /
Shutterstock; panneaux route 66 © Andrey Bayda / Shutterstock; p. 7g: tourisme en Égypte© Ron Giling / Lineair; p. 7d: Philae, Égypte© François Guenet / AKG; p. 8: Table Moutain
© Daphne Paizee; p. 12 : Loisiba Wilderness Lodge, Kenya© Bruno Barbier/ AKG; p. 19g : vue aérienne, Mozambique© EcoPrint / Shutterstock; p. 19d : pêcheurs à Cape Town© Andrea
Willmore / Shutterstock; p. 20: Terre© Marcel Clemens/ Shutterstock; p. 45g: manifestants, Londres; lOOOWords / Shutterstock; p. 45d: camion en feu© Photoreporter /Shutterstock;
p. 53 : empreinte digitale© Andrey Burmakin / Shutterstock; p. 59: enfant soldat (République Démocratique du Congo)© Maurizio Gambarini / DPA-ABACA; p. 64: taxi© Alessandro
Colle/ Shutterstock; p. 67h: fille portant des briques sur sa tête, Bangladesh© SM Kakon /AGE; p. 67b: homme et fille mineure assis devant leur maison avant leur mariage, Afghanistan
© Stéphanie Sinclair; p. 74: tablette© Arribat, téléphone© vectorshape / Shutterstock; p. 76h : pictos panneaux solaires et éoliennes© Christos Georghiou / Shutterstock; p. 76b:
illustration réunion et nouvelles technologies© Maglara / Shutterstock; p. 79: selfie © image CORE/ Shutterstock; p. 86: Langston Hughes, 1966 © Neil Libbert / Bridgeman Images;
p. 90: Duke Ellington, 1942 © Rue des Archives; p. 97g: mosquée de Djenné© AISA- Everett I Shutterstock; p. 97d: Danse Dogon© Henk Paul/ Shutterstock; p. 98: Carnaval Rio de
Janeiro© McPHOTO / PWI-AGE; p. 102: homme sur échasses, Côte d'Ivoire© Nabil Zorkot I Jeune Afrique; p. 103g: fête traditionnelle, Bafoussam © Pascal Maitre/ Cosmos; p. 103d:
femmes sénégalaises en costume traditionnel© Patrick Petitjean/ Naturimages; p. 112h: Terre et déchets© wizdatal / Shutterstock; p. 112g: femme et sacs de shopping© majson /
Shutterstock; p. 112d: homme et sacs de shopping© Rudie Strummer / Shutterstock; p. 116: publicité, Richard Toll, Sénégal© Godong/Photononstop; p. 120: jeans© robert_s /
Shutterstock; p. 124: ordinateur et coeur© Andrey_Popov I Shutterstock.
-
tourism
Look at these photographs. What do they tell you about tourism?
What is the effect of tourism on a place or on a country?
Philae, Egypt.
Listen and say these words aloud. Sorne words may be similar to words
in your own language, but the pronunciation is not the same.
tourist travel industry holidaymakers hotel guesthouse ecotourism
community-owned package tour safari wildlife indigenous
guests guide destination attraction accommoda te
Complete the paragraph with words from exercise 2.

Change the form of the word if necessary.
The travel (1) is growing fast. By 2015 there were more than one billion international
travellers. (2) around the world spend money to visit other countries, to learn about
other cultures, to observe the (3) and to relax and have fun! Sorne tourists prefer
(4) tours, which are organised for them. They hire (5) to show them the tourist
(6) . Others prefer to explore new places by themselves. Sorne tourists stay in big hotels,
while others prefer community-(7) guesthouses. There is now a trend towards (8)
so that tourism does not damage the places that tourists visit.
Form nouns from these verbs: tour, accommodate, travel, attract.

Check the words in a dictionary. Then write a sentence with each new word.
Each sentence should describe tourism in some way.
Find synonyms for these words in exercise 2.

Vou may have to change the form of the word.
1 business 2 lodging 3 organised holiday Synonym: a word with the same
4 wild animals and plants S local 6 visitor or a similar meaning.
~ Speaking_
Work with a partner. Talk about tourism in your own country.
Make a list of places that tourists visit. Which places are popular?
Why? Has tourism changed anything in your country? How? Tell other students.
Q. Before you read
Discuss these questions in groups.
1 What is a blog?
2 What would you expect to read on a website called Salimatoublogi
3 Should businesses be allowed to use blogs to advertise and promote their goods?
Read the text in detail. Make notes of the key ideas in the text as you read.
Posted on May 14
I'm blogging from South Africa this week. As you We have also visited agame park outside Johannesburg,
know, I had been planning to visit South Africa for which was awesome. We stayed in a beautiful
the past few years. Well, here I am, and so far, it has guesthouse. I've never seen so many elephants in my
been amazing! life! I didn't realise how big they are! I have been
I have been visiting Gauteng Province this week. telling the other people on the tour about the animals
That's where Johannesburg and Soweto are. Yesterday in my country too. We have also been shopping. The
we went on a tour of Soweto. The name Soweto is an shopping malls here are huge, with as many as 200
abbreviation of the full name: South Western shops in one place.
Township. Soweto has played an important part in People are very friendly here! Most people call me
the history of modern South Africa. The township 'Sissie' (pronounced See-See) which means 'sister'.
started off as a place where black miners, who worked I love itl I have also learned to greet people in isiZulu,
in the gold mines, could live. They were not allowed which is just one of the many languages that people
to live in Johannesburg in the days of Apartheid. speak here.
People like Nelson Mandela, Archbishop Desmond Last week we went to Cape Town. We went to Robben
Tutu, Baby Jake Matlala, Yvonne Chaka Chaka and Island and up Table Mountain. People said that the
Hector Pieterson have lived there at some stage. beaches were beautiful but the water was VERY
Hector Pieterson was the young boy who was killed COLD! They were right! I didn't swim but I did go
by police during the 1976 student uprising in Soweto. clown to the beach, where I took this stunning photo
You must have seen the photo of him dying in the of Table Mountain.
arms of another student, haven't you? It became the Until next week ... Hambe kahle - (which means
symbol of the struggle against apartheid. 'Go well!' in isiZulu.)
Unit
Read the text aga in. Discuss these questions in pairs and then write your answers.
1 What does this sentence mean? Well, here I am, and so far, it has been amazing. Choose the best answer:
A It is far away and surprising. C Until now, it has been disappointing.
B Until now, it was been wonderful. D The surprise is far away from home.
2 Where is Soweto? Is it near Johannesburg or near Cape Town?
3 Why is Soweto an important town in the history of South Africa?
4 Who killed Hector Pieterson?
5 Did the writer enjoy her visit to the game park? Quote words from the blog that prove this.
6 Name two places in Cape Town that the author visited.
Match the red words in the text with their meanings.

Try to work out the meanings of the words from the sentences in which they occur.
1 people who work to get minerals out of the ground
2 something that impresses you
3 to try very hard or to fight to do something
4 a part of a town where only black people could live during Apartheid
5 written a blog and put on a website for others to read
6 when a group of people fight against their government to make it change
...............,..LKC-"'-"''-"'--"' ion.
Discuss these questions in groups and report back to the-rest of the class.
1 Why did Hector Pieterson become a symbol of the struggle against Apartheid?
2 Would you like to visit South Africa? Why or why not?
Choose prepositions from the box to complete these sentences, if necessary.

You may use prepositions more than once. Sorne sentences do not need a preposition.
1 He went for a swim the sea.
2 There were so many elephants the park!
3 What is the national symbol your country? by
4 Robben Island is important the history of South Africa. from
5 We are going to visit agame park next mon th. of
6 The girl was killed police. in
7 He wrote me an email on
France to tell me about his trip.
8 The tourists were to
a tour of the island when the boat sank.
Listen and repeat these words. Make sure you pronoùnce the end (final) sounds clearly.
• important • tourist • gold • student • next
• Apartheid • greet • cold • elephant • killed
Read these sentences. What tenses are the bold verbs? Choose from present perfect
continuous and present perfect simple. Then copy and choose the correct words in the ru les a-c.
1 I have been visiting Gauteng Province this week.
2 Soweto has played an important part in the history of modern South Africa.
3 I have also learned to greet people in isiZulu.
Has the government always done enough to help tourists?
I have been telling the other people about the animals in my country.
6 Have you been visiting the museums today? Yes, I have visited three already.
a We use the present perfect continuous / present perfect simple for actions
that started in the past and are continuing now or might continue.
h We use the present perfect continuous / present perfect simple to emphasise
the result of an action that started in the past.
c We never use the present perfect continuous / present perfect simple
when we talk about How much / How many.
Use these words to make sentences in the present perfect continuous tense.
Vou will need to add words.
Example: blogger / write / travel blog/ for/ three years
~ The blogger has been writing a travel blog for three years.
1 tourists / visit /Cairn/ for/ long time they /live/ Nigeria/ for/ many years
2 miners / work / gold mine / since / 1965 Adèle / read /book/ tourism / Africa
Complete the sentences using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Holidaymakers in Kenya (visit) traditional Maasai villages for many years.
2 The guests (stay) at a community-owned lodge in the game park since they arrived.
3 Tourism (help) people who live in the village.
She (not be) to Gorée Island although she (visit) Senegal.
Tourists (go) to the top of the Eiffel Tower since it was built.
Complete this email with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
Hi Simon,
1 ( 1) (travel) a round Cameroon with Francine for one week now. We (2) (not be) to see
Mount Cameroon yet, but we have already (3) (visit) Yaoundé, Bamenda and the Fon Palaces.
We (4) (drive) around quite a lot, and we are tired. lt (5) (rain) quite hard every day too
and they say it will rain tomorrow as well. So it's time to rest for a day or two. We (6) (have)
a wonderful time so far. We (7) (enjoy) the local foods too. The pineapples are delicious!
Look at this picture.

What have the people been doing?
Use verbs in the present perfect
continuous tense to describe
their actions.
Unit
~ Questioning )
John, an lvorian student, is talking to Flora, a tourist from the United Kingdom.
Listen and then choose the correct response to each question.
John: Hello. I'm John. Welcome to Grand-Lahou. You are from the UK, (1) aren't you / don't you?
Flora: Hello, John. Yes, I am. My name is Flora. It's so nice to meet you.
John: This is your first visit to West Africa, (2) is this / isn't it?
Flora: Yes, (3) it is / it does and I love it so far!
John: You (4) haven't / have been to Asagny forest yet, have you?
Flora: No, I (5) haven't / hasn't. It isn't far from here, (6) is /doit?
John: No, it (7) isn't / aren't. I can take you there on Saturday.
Flora: Thank you. That would be great!
Listen to the intonation in the questions and responses in the chart.

Then say each question and response aloud with the correct intonation.
You havent been

to Gorée Island,
have you?
No,
1 haven't.
~
He is from Benin, isn't he? Yes, he is.
~
You know how to get to the Botanical Gardens, don't you? Yes, 1 do.
/ ~
They aren't students, are they? No, they aren't.
~
Practise the dialogue in exercise 1 with a partner. Pay attention to the intonation.
Listen to these questions. What response does each speaker expect, Yes or No?
1 She is from Senegal, isn't she?
2 You haven't visited Timbuktu, have you?
3 They areri't going to Paris this year, are they?
4 He likes to travel, doesn't he?
5 Ecotourism is sustainable tourism, isn't it?
6 Tourists shouldn't hunt wild animals, should they?
Write a dialogue between an English speaking tourist and a student.

Use question tags in their questions. Then practise your dialogues with a partner.
Pay attention to the intonation.
__ . . . .,_e,.._.fore you read
Look at the photograph and read
the list of activities below.
Which of these activities do you think
are related to ecotourism? Why?
• lying on a beach
• driving in a 4 x 4 across the desert
• flying in a small aeroplane over a forest
• staying in a game lodge run by a local
community group
• hiking up Mt Cameroon
• canoeing on a river Ecolodges in Kenya.
Write your own definition of ecotourism. Then read the quote below and improve your definition.
Ecotourism
Ecotourism involves 'travel to natural areas to learn about the way of life
of the people and the natural history of the environment, while taking care
not to change the environment, and contributing to the economic welfare
of the local people. It is environmentally responsible trcvel.'
Hector Ceballos-Lascurain (The Mexican architect who invented the term 'Ecotourism'.)
Read the text.
Ecotourism in Africa
frica's wildlife and natural beauty have been
A
cornmumtres and it gave people a reason to
attracting tourists for years. But until preserve their natural resources. Hunters, who had
recently tourism did more harm than good previously used their extensive knowledge of local
and the industry was not growing. Many of the environments to kill animals, now serve as guides
animal species that tourists came to see faced to tourists. Local farmers, who had previously
extinction as a result of hunting, poaching, political grown only enough to feed themselves, are now
instability and the increase in human populations. prospering because they are able to sell their crops
Profits that were made from tourism activities did to hotels and restaurants.
not benefit local communities. Today ecotourists visit Africa to engage with and
Today tourism is a growing industry, which is learn more about African people, their history and
helping to protect natural resources and to empower culture. They expect to stay in accommodation that
local communities. Africa has been a leader in the is environmentally friendly and that has a minimal
international trend towards sustainable tourism, impact on the environment. They expect to eat
which is what ecotourism is all about. Africa's foods which are made from local ingredients. They
ecotourism industry helps to protect wildlife and to also corne to see wildlife in its natural habitat and
educate tourists and local people about the need to they are willing to play their part in preserving this
preserve natural resources. The industry now sees natural habitat. They want to help to prevent the
the community as an integral part of tourism. The extinction of wild animals and plants.
idea of ecotourism is catching on fast. So tourism is becoming more responsible.
Ecotourism started when people realised that Ecotourism is helping the tourist industry in Africa
tourism could not work or be sustainable without to grow and to remain sustainable. A positive trend
the support of local communities. Involving local for local communities and future generations will
communities brought much-needed revenue into also be able to enjoy this wonderful heritage.
l"--------------------/
Unit
Read the text aga in and answer the questions. Choose the correct words.
1 Ecotourism is tourism that aims to help 4 Tourists now expect to eat food that is made
protect natural: with ingredients.
A profits B communities C resources D results A local B imported C animal D cheap
2 In ecotourism the is fully involved 5 Ecotourists can help to wild animals.
in all tourist activities. A project B protect C hunt D extinct
A community B natural resources 6 Ecotourism is because it does not damage
C welfare D hotels the environment.
3 Tourists corne to Africa to experience African A responsive B attraction
culture and to see: C minimal D sustainable
A wildlife B hunting C poaching D revenue
Complete the sentences with the red words in the text.

1 Ecotourism helps to local communities because they become involved in the tourism activities.
2 Many animals face because of hunting, poaching and other human activities.
3 Tourists like to meet local people and with them.
4 Ecotourism has had a positive on the local community.
5 The family is because everyone in the family now has a paying job.
6 Ecotourism is good for local communities because it brings them
Discuss ecotourism in your country, or in the area where you live. ldentify an example
of ecotourism and discuss it, using these questions. Report back to the rest of the class.
1 Where do the tourists corne frorn?
2 Who benefits from this tourism? Explain how they benefit.
3 Is this tourism sustainable? Why or why not?
Find these verbs in the text, and the

We sometimes use verbs with prepositions / adverbs called
particle that is used with each verb.
phrasai verbs to make corn mon expressions, for example:
Make your own sentences with each
They have been working hard ta finish off the new building
expression.
before the tourist season begins.
• have an impact • engage • learn • catch
Choose the correct word from the box to complete each sentence.
Use a dictionary to help you. You may use words more than once.
Before they built the hotel, they carried (1) an environmental impact study.
by
The aim of the study was to find (2) if the local animals and plants would be
out
affected. While building the hotel, the builders were careful not to leave any rubble lying
of
(3) that would harm the environment. But the builders have been working on the
off
hotel for two years already and everyone is tired (4) the noise and traffic. They hope
clown
to finish (5) next month. It will be a relief, as things can settle (6) after that!
ord stress (syllables))

Listen and repeat these words. Stress the bold syllables.
• tourist • preserve • extinction • industry • natural • community • habitat • ingredients
elaf e clauses )
a Study each sentence. ldentify the two clauses in each sentence.

b Find the word that is used to link the clauses in the sentences.
Can you take out one clause and still have a sentence that makes sense?
1 John, who is a student in Cameroon, is talking 4 Hunters, who had previously used their extensive
to Jemma. knowledge of local environments to kill animals,
2 Profits that were made from tourism activities now serve as guides to tourists.
did not benefit local communities. 5 That was the day when I lost my luggage!
3 This is the town where my family used to live. 6 I don't like hotels that serve only imported food.
Study the ru les below and the sentences in exercise 1. ldentify the sentences which have
defining clauses (1 ), and those that have non-defining clauses (2).
Write ( 1) or (2) at the end of each sentence.
a Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, what, that, when, where.
b We use which, what and that to refer to animais and objects.
c We use who, whom, whose and that to refer to people.
d A 'defining clause' is a clause that carries essential information in a sentence.
If that clause is removed, the sentence does not make sense.
e A 'non-detininq clause' adds information that is not essential to the meaning of the sentence.
The clause is separated by commas and it cannot use that.
Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

1 Local farmers, who / whom used to grow food for their families, now supply hotels
and restaurants with farm products.
2 Jemma, who / whose is a student from Cameroon, is visiting Benin.
3 The hotel that / what is up on the hill is popular with ecotourists.
4 The tour guide, who / which used to be a hunter, showed us where the animals lived.
5 Tourists like to taste foods which / what are made from local products.
Join these sentences with the appropriate relative pronoun.

Example: They go on tours. The tours do not harm the local environment.
~ They go on tours that do not harm the local environment:
1 We like tourists. The tourists use local guides.
2 She has a friend. The friend travels a lot.
3 Cotonou is a city. I would like to visit that city.
4 They love to travel to places. The places have different cultures.
5 Rhinos are animais. The animais face extinction.
6 This is a book. The book is interesting to read.
Work in pairs. Tell your partner about the sort of tourism you would like to do.
Read the sentences aloud and complete them.
1 Something (which) I'd like to dois 4 A person (whom) I'd like to meet is
2 A place (where) I'd like to go is 5 Food (that) I'd like to taste is
3 An animal (that) I'd like to see is
Unit
Choose the correct phrase to complete each sentence.

Then read each sentence aloud to a partner.
1 There are thousands of/ a thousand of animals in the park.
2 The House of Slaves on Gorée Island was built in 18 centuries / in the 18th century.
3 The palaces were built around sixteen thirty-five/one thousand six hundred and thirty- five.
4 There were nineteen forty-two / one thousand nine hundred and forty-two people
at the tourist conference.
5 There was a 22 percent/ 22 percentage increase in tourism this year.
6 The park is square metres one thousand fi.ve hundred and twenty-one / one
thousand five hundred and twenty-one square kilometres in size.
listen
Look at the picture.
Who are these people?
Where are they?
What are they doing?
Listen for key words that will give you information.

Listen for na mes of places, na mes of people, numbers and dates.
Listen to the dialogue and make notes about na mes and dates.
Listen again and choose the correct words to complete these statements.
Use the notes you made in exercise 3.
1 Where do the tourists want to go? 4 How far is Gorée Island from Dakar?
A East Africa B South Africa A three kilometres B seven kilometres
C West Africa D North Africa C ten kilometres D fifteen kilometres
2 How much time do the tourists have to visit 5 When were the royal palaces in Abomey built?
these places? A in the 17th century B in the 16th century
A two weeks B three weeks th
C in the 20 century D in the 19th century
C one week D two months 6 Where is the Pendjari National Park?
3 The travel agent suggests that they visit A in the north of Benin
first. B in the sou th of Cameroon
A Benin B Ivory Coast C Cameroon D Senegal C in the north of Senegal
D in the sou th of Benin
~ Speaking
J Work in pairs or small groups. Role-play a visit to a tourist agency.
Ask for information about a place you want to visit.
Drafting and revising
~Before o
Work in pairs and discuss how you approach a writing task.
Here are some questions to think about.
Do you brainstorm ideas first? How do you do this? How do you record your ideas?
Do you check what you have written? How do you do this?
Writing Strategy
Check spelling. If a word looks wrong, check it in your dictionary.

Check punctuation. Have you started and ended each sentence
with appropriate punctuation marks?
Check grammar. Read the text aloud to someone in your class.
If they don't understand the text, check the grammar in each sentence.
~
E Work in pairs. Read text A and check Et Work in pairs and improve text A.
for mistakes. 1 Find two examples of sentences that could
1 Find five words that are spelled incorrectly. be combined with relative pronouns to make
2 Find five punctuation errors. complex sentences.
3 Find five grammatical errors. Check the model 2 Find two adjectives that could be replaced
text to see if you identified mistakes correctly. with more interesting words.
Check the model text B to see what the writer
has clone.
Model text
Venice
Text B Model
TextA Draft Tourism can destroy the places we most love. Think
Tourism destroys the places we most love. Think about the city of Venice, which is one of the most
about the city of Venis. Venis is one of the most beautiful cities in the world. It is well-known for its
beautifulest cities in the world. Venis is well- architecture and art. The city, which was built on
known for it's architecture and art. The sity has small islands in a lagoon, has no streets, only canals.
no streets, only canals once a strong city state in Once a powerful city state in the 9-12th centuries,
the 9-12th senturies, venis is now part of italy. Venice is now part of Italy.
But to the people who lives there, Venice it feels But to the people who live there, Venice feels like a
like a big park. The city has less than 60,000 huge amusement park. The city has fewer than
inhabitents but more than 20 millen people visit 60,000 inhabitants, but more than 20 million people
the sity each year. The local artisans and crafters visit the city each year. The local artisans and crafters
are moving out and are being replaced by souvenir are moving out and are being replaced by souvenir
shops and expensive foreign boutiques. Venis is shops and expensive foreign boutiques. Venice is in
in danger if being drowned by tourists? danger of being drowned by tourists!
Writing Task
Write a description of a we/1-known tourist attraction.
Make notes under the paragraph headings.

Paragraph 1 Say where the place is, why it is famous and what it looks like.
Paragraph 2 Describe tourism and its impact on the lives of people.
Write a draft description of 150 to 180 words, following the paragraph plan.
Then edit and improve your work. Refer to the Strategy box.
Fill in the boxes with the missing letters to get words related to tourism.
1 a--------n 6 t-- t
The Hrst and the Hnal
2 i- ----Y 7 h - - -1
letters o~ each word
3 S--- i 8 €------- m are Qiven.
4 g---t 9 d - - - - ---Il
5 g - e 10 a- -------e
Make seven compound nouns, using all the words from the list below.
industry owned house eco tourism maker holiday

guest travel community tour package life wild
Match words from exercise 1 with these descriptions.

1 A person who visits a foreign country and learns about its geography, history and culture.
2 The type of tourism that respects the local environment.
3 A tour in which tourists observe animais in their natural habitat.
4 A person who shows visitors interesting places on a tour.
Write your own definitions for the words below.

Read out your definitions and let your partner guess the words.
1 a destination 3 to accommodate 5 awesome
2 a guesthouse 4 indigenous 6 a guest
Work with a partner. Underline the stressed syllable in the words below.
Take turns to read the words aloud.
tourist preserve extinction industry community ingredient
indigenous accommoda te ecotourism safari destination habitat
empower revenue upnsmg awesome
Use the words to write questions and answers in either the present perfect simple
or the present perfect continuous tense. Remember some verbs have irregular forms.
1 You / ever / visit / the Pandjari Park/ 4 The workers / finish/ the construction of the new
North of Benin/? museum /?
No/ I / never / visit / it /. No/ they /finish/ it / yet /.
2 You / ever /be/ to / Gorée Island/ in Senegal /? 5 How long/ they / work / on it / ?
Yes / I / visit / it / several times / . They/ work / on it / for two years / .
3 How long / they / build / the new hotel / ? 6 You / ever / travel / on the Nile /?
They/ build / it / since / 2014 /. Yes / I / travel / on the Nile / many times /.
Join these sentences with the appropriate relative pronoun.
1 The tourists used to stay in luxurious hotels. The tourists stay in community-owned
guesthouses and engage with local populations today.
2 We saw a rich entrepreneur on TV last night. The rich entrepreneur will build a big hotel
near the main road.
3 The river is full of hippos. The river is drying out.
4 The villagers met yesterday. The villagers decided to build a community-owned guesthouse for tourists.
5 Sorne villagers were poachers in the past. Sorne villagers serve as tourist guides
in the national parks nowadays.
The underlined prepositions in each sentence are wrong.

Rewrite the sentences with the correct prepositions.
1 I read the book because I wanted to find b)'. more about the animals in the region.
2 Before they built the hotel, they made a study to find out about what impact
the hotel would have in the environment.
3 They will finish of the new road before the end of the year.
4 Gorée Island is important of the history of West Africa.
Read the conversation below with question tags. Then practise it with a partner.
A Hi, I'm Ken. I'm from the USA. Niceto meet you.
B Niceto meet you, tao. I'm Bello. I'm from this area, la Région des Collines.
This is your first visit to this city, it?
A Yes, it is, although I've visited your country several times in the past.
B I see. You haven't been to the hills yet, ?
A No, I haven't yet. But I must say that even from a distance, the hills look awesome, ?
B Yes, they do. They're beautiful, ?
A Yes, they are. I love them.
B Besicles the hills, the area is also famous for its cave, la Grotte Mariale.
You've heard of it, ?
A Yes, I have. I read in the local papers that it attracts thousands of Christian pilgrims every year.
B That's true. If you like, I can take you to the Grotte and we can go climbing
in the hills one day.
A That'll be nice. Use the above
conversation
1
Write a conversation in which you talk to a tourist about some as a model.
of the attractions of the place where you live. Make sure you
and the tourist use questions tags to ask questions.
Self-assessment
• talk about tourism?
• use prepositions correctly?
• use the present perfect simple and present perfect continuous?
• ask questions with question tags?
• use phrasal verbs?
• use relative clauses?
resources
Listen and say the se words aloud S

natural resource rene ble tress the bold syllables ' These words
tgenerate seawat e, h abit_wat e conserve environrnent
. . are pronounced
ransport (noun") .
mcrease a (verb")
extract (verb) ~ransport (verb*) speoes differently
as nouns
Choose words f mcrease (noun") and verbs.
rom the list ·
hange the form o in exercise 2 to corn le
1 Coalisa
C natural (1) f the word if necessary. p te these sentences.
2 Waterfalls are a (3) which is (2) from un
3 Wind is a (5) resource which can b dder the ground.
I resource h' h e use to (4) 1
t can also be used f or (6) w ic. can be used to mak e e 1 ectricrty.
. . e ectricity.
Take notice
ldentify the prefixes in
• non-renewable these words.
• decrease •• degenerate
unnatural Antonym: a word with
the oppo 51·t e meaning.
Use
. the .p re fi xes you identified
in exercise 4 to m k Work in small rou
with th . a e antonyms natural resour~es i~s. Make a list of the
e words in the box.
and talk about th your own country
A h em.
smoking
necessary
able
fair
forestation
form
re t ey renewabl
How do people us:
t~e:;-renewable?
fiction certain sense Report back to the class ..

~
Œa_em_r_e you read.
Work in groups. Discuss where the following products corne from.
What is needed to make them? Report back to the class.
1 paper 2 jewellery 3 wires in electrical equipment 4 glass bottles
IFJI Read the text. Study the charts carefully as you read.
Naturalresources
N
atural resources are materials that corne Using natural resources
from the environment. Sorne of the
materials are used for satisfying our
needs, while we use others for satisfying our wants.
emm----~
fuel
Natural resource
oil, natural gas
Every natural substance that we use is a natural cars, motor vehicles bauxite ore
resource. Every product we make is derived from
steel, cast iron manganese, cobalt
or with natural resources.
All of the food that people and animals eat jewellery, electrical equipment platinum
cornes from plants or animals. Resources such as
water, coal, wood, natural gas and oil provide us
with heat, light and power. We also use natural People use natural resources in different ways
resources to make food, fuel and to produce and some _people use more than others. We can
goods. All the products that we use every day, like use resources in simple ways, for example, for
fabrics and telephones, washing clothes before
are produced from raw letting them dry in the
materials like plants wind. But sometimes, in
and metals, which are order to make use of
natural resources. some natural resources,
we have to extract them
Renewable and from the ground or
non-renewable process them. Extracting
resources and processing natural
Renewable resources resources can cause
are natural resources environmental pollution.
such as water, sunlight Burning coal to generate
and wind that can be electricity for example,
regenerated naturally produces carbon dioxide.
and at about the same Carbon dioxide is a gas
rate at which they are that absorbs and retains
used. However, some of the heat of the sun. Too
these resources, such as trees, can be depleted if much of this gas causes the temperature to rise.
they aren't properly managed or conserved. This can harm ecosystems. The communities of
Non-renewable resources are plants and animals that live together and depend
resources that are depleted more quickly than on each other in these systems can be destroyed
they can be regenerated. Fossil fuels like oil and or disturbed by higher temperatures. This in turn
natural gas are good examples of non-renewable can cause a decrease in biodiversity, as animals
resources. Taking millions of years to form, fossil leave the area and plants stop growing.
fuels are gone forever once we have used them .
...._ /
Unit 2
Read the text aga in and choose the correct answers.
1 Which of these is nota natural resource? 4 Name two natural resources that we use to satisfy
A coal our basic needs.
B water 5 Why is wood such a valuable resource?
C plants Give two reasons.
D house
6 Why is a fossil fuel a non-renewable
2 Which of these are renewable resources? natural resource?
A wood
7 Which of these processes can harm
B sunlight
C metals
the environment?
D coal A Burning coal to make electricity
B Using the wind to generate electricity
3 What natural resource is fuel a product of? C Using water to generate electricity
A oil or gas D Using solar power
B water
C stone
D metals

1 holds or keeps 5 grown again after being damaged
2 used up until only a few remain 6 things that are essential to life (like food and shelter)
3 organisms that live together in environments 7 things that we want but that are not essential to life
4 variety of plants and animals 8 electricity
Work in groups and discuss these questions. Report back to the class.
1 Which natural resources are over-used in your area or country?
What do people do with them?
2 What should be clone to stop the over-use of resources?
~ Word building with the suffix -tion)

Form nouns from these verbs. Use the suffix -tion and make other spelling
changes if necessary. Check the spelling in a dictionary.
Then make a sentence with each noun.
Example: conserve ~ conservation.
The community has helped with the conservation of the plants in this area.
1 deplete 2 extract 3 destroy 4 satisfy 5 regenerate
Q..wriling
Write a short paragraph about one of the natural Use words
resources in your country or area. and inÇormation
Start like this: -9rom the reading
We have many natural resources in ... text.
First of all we have solar energy.
This provides us with power...
Gerund )
Study these examples. ldentify the gerunds and then choose the correct words
to complete the ru les.
1 Extracting and processing natural resources 4 They arrived home late after working all day.
can cause environmental pollution. 5 If they keep logging, there will be no more
2 After washing the clothes, Ilet them dry forests left.
in the wind. 6 They dislike hunting, yet they enjoy eating
3 Think about the environment before making a fire. bushmeat.
a We use gerunds (not infinitives) after some nouns / verbs, for example:
keep, avoid, consider, enjoy, dislike, hate.
b Gerunds can be the subject, object / verb or complement of a sentence.
c We use gerunds after some prepositions / adjectives.
Choose the correct words to complete these sentences.

1 Uncontrolled hunt / hunting can damage natural resources.
2 We installed solar panels for to heat / heating the water in our house.
3 The dam was built for the purpose to generate / of generating electricity.
4 Taking / Taken millions of years to forrn, fossil fuels will soon all be used up.
5 I enjoy to watch / watching films about nature.
Join the following sentences using the words in brackets. Study the example.
Example: Think of the environment. Cut the trees. (before)
~ Think of the environment: before cutting the trees.
1 Wash your hands. Prepare the food. (before)
2 I felt better. I talked to him. (after)
3 He always turns off the tap. He waters the garden. (after)
4 They are more careful with natural resources. They saw the documentary. (since)
5 He died. He was hunting in the forest. (while)
Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words in brackets.
1 I love (watch) programmes about nature and geography.
2 (Protect) the flora and fauna of our country is important.
3 (Burn) the bush destroys trees and soi!.
4 If we (eut clown) trees, we should plant new ones.
5 (Generate) electricity from water is good for the environment.
6 The scientist warned people about the danger of (use) polluted water.
Example: travel ta new places

Work in pairs.
Talk about these ideas.
Do you encoy
Use gerunds in your travelling to new
questions and answers. places?
1 use trees for making furniture
2 use firewood for cooking Yes, l love travelling.
3 avoid wasting electricity But I hate packing
my suitcase.
Unit 2
Listen to the students. They are talking about their preferences.
Choose the correct words or expressions to complete each sentence or question.
1 Afia: What do you prefer - walking or driving?
Sanga: I prefer to (1) walking / walk.
Afia: Why?
Sanga: Because walking does not pollute the environment! What about you?
Afia: I prefer (2) to drive/ to driving. I prefer driving (3) to / from walking.
2 Kesi: Would you prefer (4) to go/ going shopping today or tomorrow?
Olinga: I'd prefer (5) to go/ go today. And you?
Kesi: I'd prefer to go today. I prefer not to go (6) shop/ shopping on Saturdays.
Olinga: So do I!
3 Justine: Would you rather (7) cook / cooking with gas or with firewood?
Ayo: I'd rather (8) using / use gas than firewood.
Justine: Yes, so would I. But gas is also a fossil fuel.
Ayo· You are right. (9) Wouldn't you rather / Wouldn't rather you use solar power to cook food?
Justine: Yes, I would if we had solar panels on our roof!
- Prefer: Use nouns, gerunds or infinitive verbs with ta.

Examples: / prefer gas ta firewood. I prefer driving. I prefer ta drive.
Would prefer: Use infinitive verbs with ta.
Example: / would prefer ta use a renewable source of energy.
Would rather: Use infinitive verbs without ta; use than.
Example: / would rather have so!ar energy than energy from burning coal.
Listen to the intonation in the sentences in the chart. Then say the phrases aloud.
~
Wou Id you rather swim or play tennis? l'd rather swim.
~ ~
Wou Id you prefer to take the car or walk? l'd rather walk than take the car.
~ ~
Do you prefer walking or running? 1 prefer walking to running.
~
Practise the dialogues in exercise 1 with a partner. Pay attention to the intonation.
Listen to two dialogues. What is each speaker's preference? Listen again and check.
Would you rather

;,_Writing_an.cL5.p_e_a.kin.g_
eat bushmeat
1 Use the questions given by the two
or mushrooms?
characters to write two dialogues about
your own preferences.
Use the dialogues in exercise 1 to help you. Would you pre~er
Then practise your dialogues. to buy a fur coat
Pay attention to the intonation. or a cotton coat?
Work in pairs. Look at the graphs below and answer these questions.
1 What can you say about the amount of energy we use on Earth?
2 Where does most of this energy corne from?
3 Do you think there is a link between the way we use natural resources
to produce energy and natural disasters?
Energy use Natural disasters 1980-201 0

600 ....C:
V,
QI
,._
ro
QI
500 t 800 Climatological
events (extrerns
>- 400 • nuclear 'o temperature,
ai hydro-electrical ~ 600 drought, forest
Cl. C:
V, 300 natural gas :::l fîre)
QI 0
:::l
0 200- _..-a oil ....-::.0 400
"io a coal V,
X
w 100-t---
biofuels
ai 200 mass movemen
..c
0 E
:::l
1800 1920 1960 2000
z
1980 1990 2000 2010
fl Read the following article to find out what the climate change is about.
Climate change
C
lima te changes have always been part of the The amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Earth's long history. However, in the past two has risen over the past two hundred and fifty years.
centuries, human populations have grown This is largely due to the burning of fossil fuels for
rapidly and this had led to an increased demand for energy production. Gases from cattle farming, the
energy and also for land resources. An increase in cultivation of rice and from landfills have also
the rate at which fossil fuels are burned and the contributed to the increase.
change in the way land and other resources are used,
is altering the Ear th's balance of energy. Scientists Land-use change
believe that these activities are changing the climate When ecosystems are changed and vegetation is
on Earth. either burned or removed, the carbon stored in
them is released to the atmosphere as carbon
What causes climate change? dioxide. The principal reasons for deforestation are
There are three main causes of climate change: agriculture and urban growth, and harvesting
- an increase in the amount of greenhouse gases; timber for fuel, construction, and paper.
- a change in the way land is used;
- an increase in sulphate aerosols and black carbon. Sulphate aerosols and black carbon
Sulphate aerosols enter the atmosphere naturally
Greenhouse gases during volcanic eruptions and through the burning
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere help to make of fossil fuels by big industries. Black carbon is
the Earth a habitable planet. The gases are a natural generated from industrial pollution, traffic, outdoor
part of the climate system and they help to keep the fires, and the burning of coal and biomass fuels. The
Earth warm. This is called the 'greenhouse effect' carbon particles absorb sunlight, both heating the
because the gases keep heat on the Earth in the same air and reducing the amount of sunlight reaching
way as a greenhouse does. Without the greenhouse the ground.
effect, the average temperature on Earth would be
-l8°C, rather than the present average of 15°C.
Water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are
the two most important greenhouse gases.
Unit 2
Read the article aga in and answer the questions.
1 What is causing climate change on Earth, 3 Why are greenhouse gases important
according to scientists? to life on Earth?
A the atmosphere 4 Name two greenhouse gases.
B human activities 5 Name two things that have caused greenhouse
C sunlight gases to increase in the last two hundred and
D new resources fifty years.
2 Why has there been an increased demand 6 What happens when trees and plants
for energy and land in the last few centuries? are removed from an ecosystem?
ical
reme A There are more greenhouse gases. 7 Where do sulphate aerosols corne frorn?
re,
«est B There are fewer trees and plants. Name two sources.
C We burn more fossil fuels. 8 What does black carbon do to sunlight?
al D There are more people living on Earth.
)d,
ment Complete the sentences with the red words in the text. Change the forms of the words if necessary.
1ical 1 gases keep the Earth warm enough for people to live on.
·m) 2 Sorne planets, like Mercury, are not because they are too hot.
3 What is the annual temperature in Cameroon?
4 Deforestation can the ecosystem because there are no longer trees to provide shelter and food for animals.
5 The population of the city has increased at a of around 6% each year.
6 People dump their rubbish in huge outside the city.
c.. . t,. . """-"-"'c.ussion

Describe to the classa change in your environ ment (temperature, rain, drought/floods)
which people attribute to climate change.
1 How are the changes affecting people and the environment?
2 Does the population understand the causes of these changes?
3 What are they doing to stop or improve the situation?
~ Collocations )
Take notice
A collocation is a group Match these words to make Make sentences with five of
of two or more words collocations. the collocations you have made.
that we often use 1 urban a population
together. The words 2 fossil h gases We must preserve No. We say 'sove
can be a combination 3 human c eruption electricity. electricity.'
of nouns, adjectives, 4 save d growth
adverbs and verbs. 5 greenhouse e fuel
Example: c/imate change 6 volcanic f vehicles
(we don't say c/imate
7 motor g satisfied
alteration).
8 completely h electricity
e final 's': hz/, /si or /zt?)

Listen and read these words aloud. Pay attention to the pronunciation of the final 's': ltz], /si or /z/.
/Jz/ ~ changes resources gases causes increases
!si~ scientists plants planets rates
/z/ ~ tires vehicles floods fuels ecosystems disasters
a Study these sentences. Sorn e use articl es (a, an, the) while others don't.
Can you see any patterns?
b Read then copy and complete the ru les a-c.
1 There has been an increased demand for land. 5 I love fish!
2 Water vapour (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) 6 English has become an international language.
are the two most important greenhouse gases. 7 They use sand to make glass.
3 They are going to a conference on greenhouse 8 People look for love, happiness and prosperity
gases in London. all over the world.
We do not burn any fossil fuels at home.
a Use a before a singular or adjective that begins with a if it refers

to something not specific.
b Use an before a word that begins with a if it refers to something not specific.
c Use before singular or words that refer to something specific
or something that has been referred to before.
d Do not use an article:
• with nouns that refer to things in general; • before some types of transport;
• with plural and uncountable nouns; • before abstract nouns;
• before the na mes of countries, towns, streets, lan_guages; • before nouns of matter.
Complete these sentences. Choose the correct words.

1 Scientists believe that the climate change/ climate change
is linked to increase / an increase in greenhouse gases.
2 Do you have the solar panels / solar panels on roof/ the roof of your house?
3 Deforestation / The deforestation occurs when too many trees are eut clown
and no new trees are planted.
4 There is a meeting in the town / town this afternoon. I am going there by bus/ the bus.
5 The people in this village get wood / the wood from the forest / forest
and water/ the water from the river nearby.
Use these words to make sentences. Use articles if necessary.

Example: use/ water/ generate / electricity ~ We canuse water to generate electricity .
t carbon dioxide / is / greenhouse gas 5 sand / is / natural resource
2 amount / gases / has risen 6 population/ this city / increase / by 23%
3 burn / coal / harm / environment 7 Gabon/ is / beautiful / country
4 oceans / provide /habitat/ fish 8 people / hope / peace / after / years of war
~ rd tr )
(""') Listen and repeat these sentences. Do not stress the articles.
It was an interesting conference. The first speaker talked about climate change.
She showed a film about rising sea levels. Tuen she talked about the need to stop pollution.
Unit 2
Work in pairs. Read these dictionary Use the words from the definitions above
definitions. to complete these sentences.
1 The television cameras showed the
Typhoon noun Avery violent tropical storm
that occurred after the earthquake.
with strong winds.
2 The volcano that erupted in Iceland was a
Catastrophe noun An event that causes a lot
3 The floods that have struck Europe this year
of damage.
are
Devastation noun Very severe destruction
4 The meteorologists warned that a was going
or damage.
to hit the coast in a few days time.
Unprecedented adjective Something
5 The winds that blow during a typhoon are
that was not known or clone before this.
very
Destructive adjective Causing damage.
Work in groups. Discuss the meaning of the term 'climate change'.

What are the causes of climate change? Why are people so concerned aboutit?
Vou are going to listen to a report about climate change.

Listen to the text and make notes as you listen.
When you listen to a text, you will probably not understand or remember everything
you hear. To understand a text better, write down the key words (usually nouns and verbs)
that you hear. Don't try and write down every word you hear. Then listen aga in and try
to link the words and make notes.
Listen aga in and choose the correct answers. 4 Which of these is an effect of climate change?
1 Which place was most affected by Super Typhoon A The level of water in the oceans becomes lower.
Haiyan? B The Earth cools clown.
A The Philippines. C Islands in the Indian Ocean. C The number of storms decreases.
B The Caribbean. D Countries in Africa. D The level of water in the oceans becomes higher.
2 Which of these words best describes the typhcon? 5 Will there be more storms like this in the Philippines
A homeless C exciting in the future in the view of the speaker?
B destructive D harmless A Yes. C Maybe.
3 How many people in the Philippines were left B No. D He does not say.
without homes after the typhoon? 6 What is the 'rnadness' that the speaker says
A half a million C a million we can stop?
B three quarters D twenty thousand A storms C sitting on chairs
B climate change D making speeches
~
Il Speaking
l Answer the questions with your partner.
1 The title of the text that you listened to is: It's time to stop this madness!
Is it a good title? What does it tell us about climate change?
2 Think of another example of a natural disaster that was caused by climate change. What happened?
A magazine article
Before y_ou write

Work in pairs. Discuss why people like to read magazine articles. Answer these questions.
1 Do you think people want facts (accurate information)?
2 Do you think it's important for people to hear the opinion of the writer?
3 Do you think people want to have fun and be entertained?
E Read the model text and answer

Model text
the questions.
1 What is the topic sentence in each Natural resources of the DRC
paragraph?
2 What [acts does the author give
The Democratic Republic of Congo is rich in
in the second paragraph? natural resources. The country has vast minera]
3 What opinion does the author give resources like cobalt, oil, copper, uranium, diamonds
in the third paragraph? and gold. These mineral resources provide a lot of
income for the country. The DRC also has large
rainforests, lakes and rivers, which are full of wildlife
Writing Strategy and attract tourists.
Most of the minerals are found in the eastern
parts of the country, from the north to the south.
Articles need the following: Copper, coal and uranium are mined in the south of
• They should be structured the country around Lubumbashi, Kolwezi and Likasi.
in paragraphs. These are exported all over the world. Diamonds are
Use topic sentences. found in the northern part of the country, near
• They need to conta in information Kisangani. Gold is mined around Bukavu and Moto in
(facts), written in a way the east and northeast.
that is interesting to the reader. The rainforests are also a rich natural resource but
• They are more interesting if this resource is in danger. Logging activities have
the writer expresses an opinion. caused damage to the environment and destroyed the
habitat of many animals. Conflicts in the eastern and
northern parts of the country have also caused
damage. The DRC will need help to protect these
valuable natural resources.
Writing Task
Write an article about the use of na tu rai resources in your country.
E] Make notes under the paragraph headings. Write a topic sentence for each paragraph.
Then add 3-4 sentences to give more details about your topic sentences.
Paragraph 1 Name the country and say what resources the country has.
Paragraph 2 Give more information (facts) about the natural resources.
Paragraph 3 As a conclusion, talk about resources which are non-renewable and suggest
how they can be protected. Give your opinion about this.
E Write a draft article of 180 to 200 words, following the paragraph plan.
13 Now edit and improve your work.
• Check your spelling, grammar and punctuation. (see unit 1 page 16)
• Have you used paragraphs? Make sure you have one good tapie sentence in each paragraph.
Make the antonyms of the words below, using the prefixes in the box.
1 able s forestation 9 increase 13 renewable
2 certain 6 form 10 natural 14 sense non
3 fair 7 generate 11 necessary 15 smoking de
4 fiction 8 important 12 protected 16 stop un
Fill in the gaps with some of the antonyms you made.

1 Governments are always asking poor people to make more sacrifices, which is
2 Coal is a source of fuel.
3 This is a park. You can't smoke here.
4 Taking an umbrella with you today is . The weather forecast didn't predict rain.
S In many African countries the means of subsistence is , but the rate of growth
of the population is increasing.
6 is one of the causes of climate change in our country.
Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb.

1 How about (join) the new NGO? S He enjoys (work) late at night.
2 (Extract) natural resources can cause pollution. 6 The ozone layer prevents the sun rays from (hit)
3 When (apply for) the job, provide all the earth directly.
the information related to your educational 7 They fight desertification by (plant) trees.
background. 8 (Use) solar power is a good idea because solar
4 She taught them how to (keep) their school green. power is a renewable energy source.
Complete the sentences with your own ideas. Use gerunds.

1 They hate 4 She felt happy after
2 I like S Impact studies should be carried out before
3 They became rich by 6 He got tired of
Complete the sentences. Choose the correct words.

1 We all need to learn how to save / preserve electricity.
2 We have installed solar panels / the solar panels on the roof of our school.
3 The scientists are not whole / completely satisfied with the results of the tests.
4 I attended an / a interesting meeting about deforestation last week.
S Benin is a/ the fascinating country.
6 There was a volcanic eruption / explosion in the DRC last year.
7 Our school is helping with the conservation/ conservating of the plants in the area.
8 The government should be more concerned about the destroying / destruction
of forests in the country.
Do this vocabulary quiz. Refer to page 24 for the answers.

1 Two important greenhouse gases are water vapour and
2 H20 is the chemical formula for
3 A place where people dump rubbish is called a
4 Floods and storms are examples of natural
S Greenhouse gases make the Earth a planet for plants and animals.
6 is a word that means 'changing'.
Write your own definitions for these expressions.
1 climate change 2 a natural disaster 3 a destructive typhoon 4 population growth
Read the model dialogues below. Write two similar dialogues in which you express preference.
Use the words in bold print in your dialogues.
Dialogue A Dialogue B
A What do you prefer - riding a bicycle or a motor- A Would you rather exercise at home or go to
bike to go to school? a sports centre?
B I prefer riding a bike. B l'd rather exercise at home.
A Why? A Why?
B Because riding a bike keeps me fit. When I ride B Because at home, I can exercise alone, in a quiet
a motorbike I am tempted to ride too fast! environment and there is no need for expensive
And I dori't always have money to buy fuel. equipment. What about you?
What about you? A I would rather go to a sports centre. You meet
A I prefer riding a motorbike. It's faster and less new people and make new friends there.
tiring. I also run a lot of errands for my friends
and parents on the way back from school.
Read the model text on natural resources

of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
~publk of Congo (DRC)
on page 28.
Then compile a fact file and complete it. Minerai resources Area of extraction
1
Use the information in your fact file to write
about the natural resources of the DRC.
Make your own sentences. Natural resources Uses, threats
Do not copy the article on page 28. 1
Use the following expressions: 2
to be found, to be exported, to be threatened. 3
• talk about natural resources and climate change?

• use gerunds?
• express preferences?
• use articles correctly?
• write a magazine article?
Read the text carefully and answer the questions below.
1s tourism always 'good' for a country?

Tourism is one of the biggest industries in the world. lt generates a huge amount of
money and provides jobs for millions of people. ln theory tourism should therefore be
helping to alleviate poverty and maintain and protect natural resources. But is this always
the case?
There are places where tourism has had a positive impact. There are small tourism
projects that have helped lower-income communities. ln Cameroon, tourists have been
visiting Mount Cameroon with guides from local villages for some time now. Tourists
have also been enjoying traditional food supplied by the villagers and buying arts and
crafts made by the villagers. Travellers in Kenya have also been going on tours of Maasai
villages for years. The money raised by these tours is used to improve education and
sanitation in the villages.
This type of tourism, which is called ecotourism, empowers people in local
communities and it also helps to protect natural resources. lt does not harm the
environment. Tourists want to see animais and plants in their natural habitats and the
money they pay for their tours helps to protect the plants and animais. Ecotourism has
a minimal impact on the environment.
Sadly, protecting natural resources has not been a priority in some tourist destinations.
Forests have been eut down to build hotels and roads, and the hotels use up local water
resources. There have also often been clashes between local people and the hotel
developers as the developers pay little attention to local cultural practices and beliefs.
Despite the potential that tourism has for helping to alleviate poverty, the money
spent by tourists doesn't always stay in the traveller's destination and people in the local
communities do not always benefit from tourism. For example many tourists prefer to
stay in foreign hotel chains rather than in local hotels. Many of these foreign hotels
import goods from other countries instead of supporting local farmers and businesses.
They also employ foreigners instead of local people. When they do employ local people,
they pay very low wages. Cambodia is an example of a country where tourism has not
helped to create jobs in the local communities. Food is imported and foreigners are
employed to work in hotels and restaurants.
So while tourism has helped to alleviate poverty and protect the environment in
many countries, there are still places where tourism has unfortunately had a negative
impact.
Answer the questions and do the activities.

1 Which problems could tourism help to solve?
2 Tourism that relies on foreign workers and imported food local communities.
A empowers B benefits C does not benefit D employs
3 Give one example from the text of a tourist activity that benefits a local community.
4 How can tourism help to protect natural resources?
5 Do you think tourism can help against pover ty? Explain your answer.
Find the words in the text that correspond to the following defrnitions.
1 the capacity to grow into something in the future 3 to gain an advantage or profit
2 tourism that does not damage the environment 4 to make less severe
Decide if these statements are true (T) or fa Ise (F) according to the text.
Ecotourism is sustainable because it does not damage the environment.
The tourist industry always cares for natural resources.
3 Tourism can help to resolve the problem of poverty because it can create many jobs.
4 All tourists want to stay in foreign hotel chains and eat imported food.
Complete the sentences by choosing the correct word from the brackets.
1 The tourists are looking for (accommodation/ 3 Sorne natural resources like wind are
destination/ package) in a guesthouse. (non-renewable / renewable / retained) resources.
2 Tourism can (engage/ extinct / empower) 4 Organisms live together in (ecosystems /
local communities as it provides them with an biodiversity / resources) which need to be
income. protected.
Form antonyms by adding prefixes or changing the prefixes.
1 natural 2 increase 3 renewable 4 organised
Add prepositions by, out, on or in to complete these sentences.

1 Hunting has had a huge impact the environment.
2 They hope to have fmished the new hotel the end of the mon th.
3 We went for a swim the lake.
4 Where can I fmd about tours to the game park?
Complete the sentences with the correct forms of the words in brackets.
1 He around France for more than a month already. (travel)
2 We already agame park and a museum this week. (visit)
3 you ever to Côte d'Ivoire? (be)
She a blog for more than a year. It' s fascinating! (write)
5 In the past two centuries human populations rapidly. (grow)

1 They like restaurants (who / that) serve local foods.
2 Moussa, (who / which) is a tour guide, is from Yaoundé.
3 Gorillas are wild animals (whose / that) face extinction in the future.
The tourists (whose / who) luggage had been lost were given some clean clothes to wear.
5 There has been (an / a / the) increase in the demand for land.

1 We have solar panels for (generate / generating) power at our school.
2 They enjoy (watching / to watch) documentary films about other countries.
3 We need to wash our hands before (eating / to eat).
4 I hate (waiting / to waiting) at the airport when I go on holiday.
Do only one of the following tasks. Write 150 to 180 words.

Task 1 Write a description of a tourist attraction.
Task 2 Write an essay about how natural resources are used in your country.
Task 3 Write an essay or a blog about ecotourism.
1//////////////llll!IIIIII///;
Look at the map and the graph and discuss what information they provide.
What are the viruses? What do you know about them?
What effect have they had? Which countries have been affected by these viruses?
Has the data changed since the dates shown on the map and graph?
The estimated number of orphans Ebola cases and deaths, Septembre 2014
in sub-saharian Africa, 1990-2010
• Total
number
60 of orphans
50 due to AIDS - Reported cases
50
• Numberof
.
.... - Deaths
orphans non
due to AIDS
Listen and say these words aloud. Sorne words may be similar to words
in your own language or French, but the pronunciation is not the same.
Which words are similar in your language or French?
• ostracise • abstinence • condom • blood transfusion • case
• virus • HIV • AIDS • infected • antibody • orphan
• quarantine • devastate • infection • epidemic • outcasts • diagnosed
• transmission • alarming • prescribed • survive • contaminated
• Ebola • antiretroviral therapy • sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Q Choose words from the list in exercise 2 to complete the following paragraphs.
Change the form of the words if necessary.
Millions of people around the world (1) with (2) . A few years ago, an HIV or AIDS
diagnosis was like a death sentence. But today if you are (3) with HIV or AIDS you can
still live an active, productive life. In many places you will also no longer be (4) by society
if you have HIV or AIDS. To manage the disease successfully, you will need to go on a healthy
diet and take regular exercise. You will also need to take medicines regularly.
These medicines are known as (5) or ART. (6) from sex is one way to prevent the
spread of HIV If abstinence is not possible or if you have a sexual partner, use (7) whenever
you have sex to help prevent the spread of the disease and other (8) .If you have been
diagnosed with HIV, ensure that your partner knows aboutit.
Read these statements. Do you agree or disagree? ls this true in your community?
1 Ebola is now the most feared disease in the world.
2 The rate of Ebola infection has increased in an alarming way. We were not prepared for it.
3 People are ostracised when they talk about their HIV status.
~ Before you read IFl Read the article once. What is each paragraph
Read these statements about how you can about? Match a main idea to each
get AIDS. Which statements are true and paragraph.
which are false? A AIDS has put a strain on other family members.
1 You can get HIV/AIDS by working with AIDS B AIDS is a terrible epidemic that has killed
orphans. millions of people.
2 You can get HIV/AIDS by having unprotected C There are things we can do to reverse this trend.
sex with an HIV-positive person. D Many people have been rejected or ostracised
3 You can get HIV/AIDS by hugging an infected by their communities as a result of being infected
person. with AIDS.
4 HIV-positive mothers can pass the infection E The number of children who have become
on to their babies during childbirth orphans as a result of AIDS has increased.
and breast-feeding.
S You can get HIV/AIDS from a blood transfusion
if the blood is infected.
0
TheconsequencesofAIDS
I t is estimated that more than 36 million
people have died from AIDS since the first cases
Â
@ In spi te of this awareness, people have continued
to die of AIDS. Many of the people who have died
were reported in 1981. This has made it one of the were adults and they have left behind children
most devastating epidemics in history. According who will grow up without parental care. An AIDS
to the World Health Organization (WHO), orphan is defmed as 'any child under the age of 18
35.3 million people worldwide are currently living who has lost one or both parents through an HIV-
with HIV/AIDS. It is the most feared disease related illness.' The increase in the number of
in the world. And the consequences have been AIDS orphans is alarming.
very serious.
0 The increasing number of orphans is one of the
@ Would you be willing to share a meal with most severe consequences of the AIDS epidemic.
someone who is HIV positive or has AIDS? Worldwide, it is estimated that there are about
Probably. But years ago many people would not 17.8 million AIDS orphans and that this figure will
have clone so because they were afraid and rise to 25 million by 2015. Unfortunately Africa is
misinformed. They would not have slept in the home to a large percentage of the world's AIDS
same room as someone with AIDS, and they would orphans. Most of the AIDS orphans live in the care
not have talked to them. They believed that HIV of a surviving parent or family member. They are
was transmitted through being close to HIV- vulnerable to poverty, malnutrition, exploitation,
positive persans. They argued that people with illness, and sexual abuse.
AIDS should be ostracised and cast out of the
0 We cannot allow this situation to continue and
community. Many traditional groups believed that
there are many things that we can do to improve
ancestral spirits and supernatural forces were
this. Firstly, new HIV infections must be prevented
infected people to punish for failing to lead moral
so that children do not lose their parents. Secondly,
lives. They thought that people with AIDS were
access to antiretroviral treatment ought to be
dirty, repulsive, cursed, and foolish. Today, we
stepped up. Antiretroviral treatment is very
know that this is not true.
effective as it allows people to live normal and
healthy lives. And finally, care must be provided
for all children who have already been orphaned.
Unit J
Read the text aga in. Choose the correct answers.
rph
1 More than people have died of AIDS 6 AIDS orphans live in the care of a parent
since 1981. or family member.
-rs, A 35.300.000 C 36.000.000 A sibling C dying
B 25.000.000 D 360.000 B surviving D losing
2 Misinformed people believed that AIDS was 7 Life can be very challenging for these orphans.
1d. transmitted by HIV-positive persans. They are exposed to many threats:
1 A being close to C sharing needles with A poverty, exploitation, malnutrition,
ted B having sex with D listening to illness and sexual abuse
3 Which of these is a social consequence of B fighting, quarrelling, eating and dancing
the AIDS epidemic? C begging, crying, studying and playing
A An increase in the number of HIV infections. D comfort, lights, water and clothes
B The rejection of infected people by their own 8 What things could we do to reduce the increase
communities. in the number of AIDS orphans?
C A decrease in the number of orphans. A Provide free medication to all patients, build
D An awareness of the number of orphans. new homes and send children to school.
4 An AIDS orphan is any child under the age B Train more doctors, give free medication
of who has lost one or both parents and increase salaries.
through an HIV-related illness. C Distribute condoms to people, educate them
A 20 C 16 and give them a lot of money.
B 18 D 21 D Prevent new HIV infections, treat all
infected cases and provide care for all AIDS
S According to the passage, there are
· orphans.
AIDS orphans in the world.
A 17.8 million C 25 million
B 1.1 million D 95%
1 the results of something 4 having knowledge or understanding about
2 affected by words that have magic power something
3 still alive S increased
6 something that causes a lot of damage
Denotative and connotative meanings

Look at the words in bold in these sentences.
Take notice
Think about the possible connotative meanings.
The denotative meaning of a word is its direct or
Are the meanings positive or negative?
its literai meaning. This is the meaning you will find
1 They thought that people with AIDS were dirty, in a dictionary.
repulsive, and foolish. The connotative meaning of a word is the meaning
2 The social worker was very modest about the work a reader attaches to a word. lt is an implied meaning
she had clone to help the children. or a meaning associated with a particular word.
This can be positive or negative.
3 The children are lucky to live at home with
For example: Home: 1 A place where you live.
their families. (denotative meaning)
2 A place where you are happy and comfortable.
(connotative meaning - positive)
Discuss these questions in groups and then report back to the class.
1 Is the number of people dying of AIDS increasing or decreasing in your village / town?
2 Are people in your community tolerant of people with HIV and AIDS?
3 Are AIDS orphans ostracised in your community or are they cared for?
ported speech (statements J
Study these statements. They are in direct speech. Look at the punctuation
in these sentences. Then study the way the sentences are written in indirect
or reported speech and copy and complete the ru les.
'AIDS is the most feared disease in the world', The doctor said that AIDS was the most feared
said the doctor. disease in the world.
'The rate of HIV infection bas decreased this year', The scientist announced that the rate of HIV
announced the scientist. infection had decreased that year.
The speaker said, 'We cannot allow this situation The speaker said that they could not allow that
,
to continue. situation to continue.
'I was ostracised when people heard I was Afi.a said that she had been ostracised when people
HIV-positive', said Afi.a. heard she was HIV-positive.
'I went for an HIV test yesterday', said Brahim. Brahim said that he had gone for an HIV test
the day before.
To change direct statements into reported (indirect) speech:

a Change the punctuation. Remove the inverted commas.
b Add the word after the reportinq verb.
c Change the of the main verbs and modal verbs. Go back one step in the past.
d Change the . Change 'I' to 'he' orshe; change 'weto
e Change'this'to
f Change time statements. For example: Change to 'that year. change
'tomorrow' to 'the next day' and change to 'the day before' / 'the previous day'
Match a speaker with each statement. Choose a reporting verb.

Write each statement in direct speech and then in reported speech.
~1----------;
A nurse said My parents died from AIDS last year.

An orphan explained This centre accommodated more than 200 orphans last year.
A student declared We should do our best to stop the spread of AIDS among young people.
A health offi.cer announced The number of Ebola cases increased very quickly. We were not prepared.
A scientist suggested Researchers are carrying out experiments to try and fi.nd the cure for AID
Write the sentences below in reported speech.

1 'HIV affects me physically and mentally', said the AIDS patient.
2 'We have put people who are suspected of having Ebola in quarantine', said the doctor.
3 Amadou said, 'I need to collect my ARVs tornorrow'.
4 'AIDS is a preventable disease', said the speaker.
5 'I will tell my family about my HIV status when I get my test results', said Solange.
Work in groups. Share your knowledge of HIV, AIDS and Ebola. The first person makes
a statement to the second person in the group. The second person reports
what the first person said, and then makes a new statement.
Example: My uncle is HIV-positive and he lives a normal life.
She said that her uncle was HIV-positive and that he lived a normal life.
Unit J
Describing experiences
Complete these dialogues with words from the box. Then listen and check your answers.
1 A The best (1) I ever made about my health 2 A I am (4) to say that when I look at all
was going for tests. girls, I assume that they are all HIV-positive.
B Me (2) ! At least now I know that I don't B That's a bit negative. But you are right to be
have HIV! careful.
A I must (3) it took some courage though. A Yes, I (5) in the ABCD strategy.
B Yes, but it was worth it! Ais for abstinence, Bis for behaviour change,
C is for condoms and D is for death - if you
idea too decision don't follow the ABC rules!
believe say afraid B That's a good (6) . But when you fall
in love, remember to go with your partner
and get tested first!
Listen to the stresses in the sentences in the chart.

Then say the sentences aloud.
Pay attention
The best decision I ever made was At least now 1 to the words
1 must say that That's a good idea. that you stress.
1 believe that l'm afraid that
Practise the dialogues in exercise 1 with a partner.
Read the dialogue below. Then listen and complete the dialogue.
Kesi: I (1) that attending the HIV/AIDS counseling sessions has (2)
me a lot of good. I was really depressed before I started the sessions.
Benita: Yes, it was a good (3) . It is good to (4) experiences.
Kesi: Yes, indeed. I (5) some of the personal staries I heard really uplifted me.
I heard staries from people who are now living fulfilling lives.
Benita: I'm (6) that if HIV/AIDS education is not carried out, a lot of people
will still believe that being (7) is a death sentence.
Kesi: I (8) with you.
Listen to the dialogue. Choose the sentence that best describes

what this dialogue is about.
1 A woman whose husband does not love her because she is too thin.
2 A woman who is healthier now because she has lost some weight.
3 A man who has an unhealthy lifestyle.
4 A woman who is worried because she is always out of breath and tired.
riting_and Speaking_
Write a dialogue in which you describe (personal) experiences relating to HIV,
AIDS or Ebola. Use the dialoques in exercise 1 to help you.
Then practise your dialogues.
Pay attention to the words that your stress.
°i Before you read
Read the title and the source of the text. What do you think the text is about?
1 A woman who died of HIV. 3 A child whose mother has AIDS.
2 A man who has died of AIDS. 4 A woman who has HIV.
Read the story. What discrimination did this writer suffer as a result of being HIV positive?
Stigma and discrimination

nitially, when people found out that I was HIV-positive, I experienced a lot
I of stigma and discrimination. Nobody wanted to corne to my bouse, and

I was ostracised. I asked myself, 'What have I clone to deserve such
treatment from people I have trusted for such a long time?'
I knew that people were talking - they would be chatting and then the minute
I got doser they would go quiet. When I went past, they would start talking again.
It was bard losing friends. 'Why dori't they want to be associated with me
anymore?' I asked myself. At the time I was very angry. I couldn't figure it out.
But now I know that they didn't know enough about HIV.
I was lucky because the nurses at the clinic were very supportive, not only to
me, but also to my mother. They found a support network for my family and
friends who received counselling and support.
People often internalise stigma because they assume that no one will accept
them if they have HIV. Although it can be bard to accept your status, it is
important to do so in order to be able to deal with the discrimination directed
at you by others.
I t is vital for people with HIV to be in contact with others who are living with
the virus, for example by joining a support group or attending group counselling
sessions. This is important so that you can empower yourself to deal with stigma
and discrimination in a way that will not affect your health. It also gives some
comfort to know that you are not the only one who is dealing with an infection,
and to have a network of connections to call on when you need support. The
more you talk about the virus, the more you are able to accept your status, sort
out your life and manage your health as you would with any other chronic illness.
The TAC* has been important tome. Engaging with the politics of the world
* TAC stands for the
and specifically the issues of HIV and TB (tuberculosis) has enabled me to push Treatment Action
my ambitions higher and to educate people who feel that they are at their last Campaign. This is an
organisation tha:
point in life. It helps me to give hope to others when their own hope has run out. supports AIDS
patients and
campaigns for a
Adapted from http://www.health24.com/Medical/HIV-AIDS/Real-life-story/Nokhwezi- and AIDS patien:
on-stigma-and-discrimination-20120721. DR receive [ree trea,
and care.
Unit J
1 Why was the writer ostracised at first? 6 Why is it important to accept the fact that
2 What did people do when she walked past them? you have HIV or AIDS?
3 Who were the people who treated the writer 7 How can networking and counselling help
like this? people with HIV and AIDS?
4 Why did people treat ber like this? 8 How does this writer help other people with
5 Who gave ber the support she needed? HIV or AIDS?

Change the form of the word if necessary to make the sentence grammatically correct.
1 She usually ber fears because she does not like to talk about them.
2 Taking ARVs is a part of managing your health when you have HIV.
3 I thought that my diet was working but then I realised that I was getting
thin because I was ill.
4 His parents were very when they heard that he had HIV and they helped him
to lead a healthy life.
5 You will not know your HIV unless you get tested.
sion
Work in groups. Discuss these questions and report back to the class.
1 How can you lead a positive life with HIV or AIDS? What should you do?
2 How should you treat people who have HIV or AIDS?
~ Phrasai verbs with out )

Read the text again and find the phrasai verbs from the box.
find out
Match them with their definitions.
figure out
1 to work out the answer to something 3 to get information
run out
or to understand something 4 to corne to an end, finish
sort out
2 to organise and manage something
Rewrite these sentences with the phrasai verbs in the box. Use a dictionary to help you.
Example: She completed the form. ~ She fi.lled out the form.
1 He fainted because he had not eaten the whole day. fiH-ettt:
2 The NGO will give treatment packs to all the patients.
band out
3 I would rather remain outside if they are selling drugs inside the club.
pass out
4 We often meet with friends at the internet café in the evenings.
hang out
5 The two friends had an argument last week and they are no longer speaking
fall out
to each other.
keep out
~ Word stress (verbs))

Read aloud these phrasai verbs. Be careful to stress the verb.
Find out about Don't give up
Run out of Don't switch off the
Figure out how to Step up the
Hang out with
eported speech (questions and r quests )
Study the questions and requests in column A. They are in direct speech. Look at the punctuation
in these sentences. Then study the way the questions and requests are written in indirect
or reported speech in column B. Then copy and complete the ru les.
..
1
'What have I clone to deserve such treatment from She asked what she had clone to deserve such
people I have trusted for such a long time?' she treatment from people she had trusted for such a
asked. long time.
'Why don't people want to be associated with me I asked myself why people didn't want to be
anymore?' I asked myself. associated with me anymore.
'Could you help me to find out more about HIV Fatou asked me if I could help her to find out more
tomorrow?' Fatou asked me. about HIV the next day.
'Do you know how to fill out this medical form?' Ngong asked Ali if he knew how to fill out that
Ngong asked Ali. medical form.
To change direct questions and requests into reported speech:

a Remove the inverted commas and marks.
b Change the pronouns and the verb
c Use after the reporting verb if the questio~ does not start with a question word (like Who).
d Change the of the words after the reporting verbs.
e Change time phrases.
Write the following questions in reported speech. Start with the given words.
1 'Why are there so many orphans in this village?' asked the health officer.
Start: The health officer asked why
2 'What are we going to do to help the orphans in our town?' the mayor asked us.
Start: The mayor asked what we
3 'Can you please find out where I can get this medicine?' the woman asked the doctor.
Start: The woman asked the doctor if he
4 'Were people supportive when you told them about your HIV status?' Paul asked his friend.
Start: Paul asked his friend if people
Rewrite the sentences below in direct speech.

Pay attention to the punctuation.
Example: The doctor asked if I had lost any weight recently.
~ 'Have you lost any weight recently?' the doctor asked.
1 Mariam asked why I had gone to the clinic the day before.
2 The principal asked if you knew of anyone in the community who needed assistance.
3 The health officer asked if the child's mother was ill.
4 The nurse asked whether she could hand out free
condoms to the students. 1s there a cure
Ç'or AIDS?
Work in pairs. Ask your partner Y ou asked iÇ' there

five questions about HIV or AIDS.
was a cure Ç'or AIDS.
No, there isn't a cure
Your partner reports the question
für AIDS yet.
and then answers it.
U~e is so
unpredictable. Youre right. You
Unit J
never know what is
coming your way!
Work in pairs. lguessonejusthasto

Practise this conversation prepare ~or the unexpected.
with your partner. Otherwise things can tear
your li~e apart.
Explain the following words or expressions.
The clues can help you.
1 Unpredictable 3 What is coming your way

CLUE: 'to predict' means to say what will CLUE: 'way' can mean a path that you take.
happen in the future. 4 One
2 Unexpected CLUE: This is nota number in this sentence.
CLUE: 'to expect' means to think that 5 To tear apart
something will happen.
CLUE: 'apart' means to separate into pieces
or to break into pieces.
1 Befor.e_you listen
Read the poem below silently.
Then read the Strategy box.
The first time you listen to a text, try to focus on the
Listen to the poem. Try to get the gist main idea or the 'gist' of the text. Don't worry about
of the poem. words you do not understand. Keep listening and
then write down in one sentence what you think the
Listen aga in and complete the gaps
text is about.
in this poem with words from the box.
I mean HIV
Life so (1) · -5.peaking
Let me tell you a story Discuss and answer these questions
of a (2) divided about the poem.
that was once united 1 What happened to the family described
Seemed like a little error in the poem?
but it contributed to that family's terror 2 Who caused the problem?
u see, it was his (3) that cheated
but didn't do what was needed Listen to the end of the poem.
he caught the (4) Then turn to page 153 and read
i mean (5) the whole poem aloud with a partner.
his life went on Perform the poem with rhythm.
gave it to his mom
5 years later
they were both (6)
apart gone dad disease virus
it's sad to see
HIV unpredictable family
this kid left alone
his world torn (7)
by a killer (8)
caused by HIV Toni Payne is an American-based writer and spoken word
[ ... ]
poet. Her passion for poetry has led her to write epic pieces
by Toni Payne
such as/ mean HIV, Dore to Question Love and more.
© Toni Payne, tonipayneonline.com
, Before you write
Suppose you have been diagnosed with HIV. What would you do?
Wou Id you talk to a friend aboutit? Wou Id you talk to someone in your family?
Would you keep quiet?
Read the email below. What is it about? Choose A, Bor C.

A Someone writing a report about HIV. C Someone telling a story about her life.
B Someone asking a friend for advice about his HIV status.
Model text
Dear Amadou,
l'rn writing to you because you are my best friend. 1 need to share something with you
and ask for your advice.
1 had an HIV test yesterday and the doctor told me that l'rn HIV-positive. 1 just can't
believe it! 1 told her that it couldn't be true. She asked me if l'd had unprotected sex
recently. How does she know? She explained that you can get AIDS this way. She told me
that l'd have to take ARVs and take care of myself.
What am I going to do? My mother's going to be so mad at me. Should I tell her?
She won't notice if I just keep quiet, will she?
And what about school? Nobody will want to be my friend anymore.
1 don't know what to do. Have you any good advice for me? Write soon.
Ngono
Il Answer the questions.

1 Is the email formal or inforrnal? Quote an example to support your answer.
2 Does the writer use direct or reported speech? Quote an example to support your answer.
3 What advice does Ngono want from Amadou?
4 What is Ngono more worried about: Writing Strategy
his health or how people will treat him?
E Read the Strategy box and complete There are different ways of writing questions.
these questions with appropriate words. Question word: What am I going to do?
1 is Ebola? Auxiliary verb: Should I tell her?
2 you heard that antiretroviral drugs are 1 nverted word order: Have you any good advice for me.
now free? Question tag: She won't notice if I Just keep quiet, wi/1 sh
3 I tell my friends that I am HIV-positive? Don't forget to put a question mark at the end
4 We can live normal lives with HIV, we? of a question.
Writing Task
Suppose you are Amadou. Write a reply to Ngono's email to he/p him with some qood advice.
Use reported speech to report to him some of the ideas and advice you heard
when you had to deal with a similor problem.
Make notes under the paragraph headings.

Paragraph 1 Say why you are writing.
Paragraph 2 Write clown one piece of advice that someone has given you on this topic. Use reported speech.
Paragraph 3 Give another piece of advice.
Paragraph 4 Conclude and tell your friend that you will support him.
!'.a Write your email in 180 to 200 words following the paragraph plan.
Study and complete the table below.
~ M·fl _, l@i+iiiMtMtttt@t!M41
(1) contaminated (2)
transmit (3) (4)
(5) survived
---
(6)
infect (7) (8)
(9)
devastate
- ---
diagnosed
(11)
(10)
(12)
(13) prescribed (14)
Fill in the gaps with the correct forms of the words from the box.
Ebola has (1) many thousands of people. It is (2) through contact with a sick transmit
use
person. All people who have been in contact with people infected with Ebola are put in
infect
quarantine for 21 days, the time between the (3) and appearance of the symptoms
test
of the disease.
survive
People who have ( 4) positive for Ebola should not be (5) . So far, only diagnose
experimental vaccines have been (6) on patients and many patients do not (7) virus
Scientists are working against the dock to find a vaccine to prevent infections caused by stigmatism
the Ebola (8)
Match the phrasai verbs with their meanings. Then complete each of the sentences
below with the appropriate phrasai verb in the correct form.
run out a successfully deal with a problem or a situation
2 find out do and complete
3 fall out c finish or use up a supply of something
carry out stop being friends after arguing
5 sort out e learn or discover something
1 Ebola is a huge health problem. The international community is helping to the problem.
2 The general impression is that we have of time to stop it.
3 Scientists all over the world are stepping up their efforts to tests on vaccines
and other appropriate treatments.
4 The women were devastated when they that they had contracted Ebola.
5 My friend and I over what the best solution was to the problem.
Turn the sentences into reported speech.

1 'Ebola is the most devastating disease affecting our cornmunity', a medical official declared.
2 'The European Commission will donate 20.000.000 million euros for research on Ebola', he promised.
3 'The country has just recorded its first case of Ebola', the Minister of Health announced on TV.
4 Tm donating an ambulance because everybody should contribute to the fight against Ebola',
a Liberian businessman said.
Turn the questions into reported speech.
1 'How long have you had these syrnptoms?' the doctor asked the patient.
2 'How did they start?' the doctor also asked him.
3 'Did she respect the protection protocol prescribed for the medical personnel?'
everybody wondered.
4 'Who has she been in contact with since she got sick?' the personnel at
the health centre wanted to know.
5 'How long will the quarantine last?' the parents asked the doctor.
6 'How often should I collect my ARV drugs?' the girl asked the nurse.
Write the following sentences in direct speech. Pay attention to the punctuation.
1 The doctor explained that malaria was a preventable disease.
2 The nurse asked if the child had slept under a mosquito net.
3 The health officer said that mosquito nets would be handed out the next day.
4 Fatou told her mother not to worry.
5 The woman asked if they intended to build a new hospital.
Read the dialogue below and answer the questions. Ask your teacher for help if necessary.
Rolande: I've never had an HIV test.
Mariette: I have. And I know I'm not HIV-positive.
Since then I haven't had unprotected sex.
Rolande: Really? When did you have the test?
Mariette: There was an AIDS-detection campaign in my school last year.
We were all invited to have the test.
Rolande: It must have been a hard decision to make.
Mariette: Yes, it was. But I made it.
1 In what tense is the sentence 'I've never had an HIV test'?

2 Is this sentence describing a present or a past action?
3 Why did Rolande choose to make her sentence using this tense?
4 What tense did she use when she wanted to know when the test took place? Why?
Write a dialogue in which you talk about Use bath the present
an experience you have or about something per.ç:'ect and the simple past
you haven't tried yet. in your conversation as in
the model conversation.
• talk about diseases?

• write sentences in direct speech?
• write questions and statements in reported speech?
• use phrasal verbs with 'out' correctly?
• use the correct tenses of verbs?
vioien c.,
. 1...
J.ead In,
Look at the pictures. What is happening?
4
esters during a large anti-cuts rally on March 26, 2011, in London, UK.
After a street protest.
Listen and say these words aloud. Which words are similar to words
in your own language? ls the pronunciation the same?
Which syllable should you stress in each word? Use a dictionary if you need help.
• handgun • violence • crime • offence • criminal • steal • burglary
• abduct • murder • rape • robbery • kidnapping • theft • assault
• arson • death • threat • pickpocket • shoplifting • cybercrime • convicted
• sentences • offence • crime-free • misdemeanour • blackmarket
Misdemeanours (bad behaviour) Felonies (serious crimes)

Look up the words in exercise 2
that you do not understand. burglary ... murder ...
Then copy and classify the words
in a table, as in the example below.
Complete this paragraph with words from exercise 2. Change the form of the word
if necessary to make the sentences grammatically correct.
Crimes are classified as misdemeanours or serious offences (called 'félonies' in the United States
and many other countries). (1) are petty or less serious crimes like being drunk in public.
Serious crimes involve (2) and include crimes like rape, murder, burglary, kidnapping, arson
or robbery. (3) is an act of sexual assault against a child, woman or man. The killing of one
pers on by another pers on is called ( 4) . (5) occurs when someone starts a fire with the
intention of causing harm. Robbery and (6) have to do with stealing goods. (7) often
involves theft of money and goods via the Internet. A person who is (8) is abducted and a
ransom has to be paid for the person's release. People who are (9) of serious crimes like murder
or rape get long prison (10)
Take notice
Find six compound nouns in exercise 2.
Find out what each word means and write Compound nouns are formed from two
a short definition of each word. different words. Compound words can be one
word, two words or words joined by hyphens.
Examples: breakdown, sexua/ assau/t, break-in
peaking
Work with a partner. Find a report about crime in a local newspaper or on the Internet
and tell your partner what you have read. Use words from exercise 2.
Q Before you read
Read these statements about guns and violence.
Do you agree or disagree with them? Why?
1 There would be less violence 2 People have a right 3 Guns do not protect you,
if people were not allowed to own guns to protect they increase your risk
to own guns. themselves. of being shot.
Skim the article below and write down what you think
the main ideas and arguments are.
Should gun ownership

be regulated?
very day, on average, 13 homicides. Others argue that Others argue that guns don't
E children are killed by

gunfire in the United
States. Many more are injured.
citizens have the right to own
guns and that allowing people to
own guns can reduce the rate of
kill, only people kill. If people
carry guns they can protect
themselves and their property
The leading cause of death crime. Sorne studies show that and this can help to reduce
among children between the gun availability and crime are crime.
ages of 13 and 19 in the United unrelated. Those who argue against gun
States is homicide". And Those who believe that guns regulation also point out that
handguns are responsible for should be regulated put forward regulation does not stop criminals.
most of these homicides. In several arguments. They say Criminals buy guns illegally on the
South Africa more than 900 that every gun out in society is a blackmarket, or they steal them.
children were killed in 2011. risk because someone might use Regulations therefore offer no real
While many of these deaths, the gun. Children might play protection against the use of guns
especially among girls, were with guns and fire them by criminals.
related to rape and assault, many accidentally or guns might be So is there a link between the
teenage boys in the country die used in a moment of panic or availability of guns and violent
every year in gang-related rage. Guns are also often stolen crime? Would a gun-free society
violence in which handguns and during robberies and then later also be a crime-free society?
shotguns are used. used by criminals. Guns are Studies across the world have
These shocking statistics often used against the people shown that violence occurs as a
have caused much debate about from whom they are stolen. result of social problems in a
the need to regulate the Those in favour of gun society. Regulating gun ownership
ownership and availabilitv of regulation say that if ordinary alone therefore will not stop
guns. There are some who citizens are able to buy guns violent crimes.
believe that regulating gun easily, then criminals also have • This is an American English word
ownership will help to reduce easy access to guns. for 'murder'.
Unit 4
lfl Read the text aga in. Choose the correct words.
1 The main cause of death of children 5 Criminals also guns during robberies.
in the United States is A steal
A rape B buy
B homicide C lend
C kidnapping D bring
D burglary
6 Sorne people like to carry guns in order
2 In South Africa, young men are often killed to themselves.
in violence related to A project
A gangs B injure
B arson C protest
C rape D protect
D regulations
7 Having a gun at home can be dangerous because
3 are responsible for most homicides it can be used you in a robbery.
in the United States. A before
A Handguns B against
B Shotguns C towards
C Knives D after
D Daggers
8 Violence is often the result of problems
4 Criminals get guns on the in a society.
A fl.eamarket A social
B mall B unrest
C blackmarket C gun
D open market D regulation

1 control by rules (laws) 5 the result you get when you add values and
2 without guns <livide the total by the number of values
3 not linked that you added
4 something that surprises and upsets very much 6 being ready to use
ion
Discuss these questions in groups and then report back to the class.
1 Do you think it is a good idea to own a gun?
2 Are the guns the main reason for violent crimes in society?
ldiomatic expressions )
Work in pairs or small groups. These expressions all describe criminal activities.
What is involved in each activity? Expia in to your partner or group what each crime involves.
Example: 'Breaking the law' means ta do something in which you do not observe the law.
It is something illega}, like driving a car when you don't have a driver's license.
1 breaking the speed limit 3 breaking into a building 5 demanding a ransom
2 holding up a bank 4 paying a bribe 6 hacking into an account
Q Writing_
Write one paragraph about one of the cri minai activities in exercise 6.
You can write a short paragraph about something that really happened.
r----------------------------------,
Yaba Chief Magistrate Court, Lagos '
A 19-year-old boy, Ali Okeke, has been
brought before a Yaba Magistrate's Court
for allegedly* killing a woman named Linda
Ekwensi with a commercial tricycle
popularly called Keke Na pep.
Study the verbs in this news report.
The incident allegedly occurred a long
What do you notice? Why do you think these forms
Commercial Avenue in Sabo-Yaba area
are used? Read the ru les a-band see if you are correct.
Then copy and choose the correct words for ru les c-d.
of Lagos. Ali Okeke was said to have been
driving his tricycle 'recklessly and
dangerously' on the highway. Linda Ekwensi
was cru shed by the tricycle. The woman
a We often use the passive when the action is more
was said to have been seriously injured
important than the persan who does it.
and was ru shed to a hospital in the area.
b We use the passive when we need to be formai.
She however died some days after
c The passive is formed with the verb to be+
the accident.
past / present participle.
• allegedly: This word is used by lawyers because they
d To say who or what did the action (agent) in a passive have to prove that someone is guilty first. They can't say
sentence, we use to / by + agent. he killed someone until they have proved it.
Reorder these words and phrases to make passive sentences.

thousands / every year / by guns / of people / are killed
2 dangerously / the woman / to have been driving / was said
3 was knocked over / the boy / a car/ by
on a police station / the guns / were stolen / during an attack
Choose the correct words to complete each sentence:

In most countries gun ownership are regulated / is regulated by law.
2 The man was accused / have been accused of murder.
3 The businessman having been abducted / has been abducted by the kidnappers
who are asking for a ransom for his release.
My bank account was hacked / is being hacked last mon th and I lost a lot of money!
Write the active sentences in the passive. lnclude by + agent.

Example: The government should regulate gun ownership.
~ Gun ownership should be regulated by the government.
1 Criminals buy guns illegally. A boy killed a woman with a Keke Napep.
2 She bought the gun in 2010. 5 Handguns kill many children in the United States.
3 The magistrate granted the defendant bail. 6 The criminals used stolen guns in the robbery.
Use these passive phrases in the box to change each

It is alleged that ... / It is said that .. /
of the sentences that lawyers would use in a court of law.
... is reported to have ... / ... is alleged to h
The incident occurred on Independence Avenue in Dakar.
2 Simo knocked the woman over while driving
his car too fast.
The pedestrian was rushed Ali Okeke killed lt is alleged that Ali Oke
to hospital after the accident. a woman. killed a woman.
4 The man had had too much alcohol lt is said that Ali Okeke
when the accident occurred. killed a woman.
5 The burglars stole expensive Ali Okeke is
computers and jewellery reported to have
killed a woman. Ali Okeke is alleged
from the house. to have killed a wom
,
Unit 4[
~ Expressing opinions)
Listen to these dialogues and choose the correct words to complete them.
1 Zola: Have you heard that the persona! calls are monitored by security agencies?
Seko: Yes I have! And in my (1) option/ opinion that is wrong!
Zola: I agree. Persona! calls are persona! calls!
Seko: I couldn't (2) agreed / agree more.
I would hate it if someone monitored my calls.
2 Ewane: Do you think it is safe to put persona! details on social networking sites?
Nadia: Yes, I think (3) so / it. But cyber criminals could get our persona! information.
Ewane: That's a good point. As I (4) see / seeing it, we can never be too careful these days.
~
Now read this jumbled dialogue.
Choose the correct words and put the sentences in the correct order.
Read the dialogues aloud with a partner.
As für is / as I am concerned
it is one o-9 the biggest
problems we have at college! ls there anything
we can do about it?
What is your view / viewing

on sexual harassment Y es, o-9 course! ld suggest that
at college? we hold a meeting to discuss it,
Personally / Personality I think

the problem is greatly
exaggerated!
Listen to the intonation in these expressions. Then say the expressions aloud.
• In my opinion • I think that • As I see it • I believe that
• As far as I am concerned • Speaking for myself • In myview
Listen to the dialogues. Then express your own opinion on each topic.
Pay attention
Write a dialogue in which three people express to the intonation.
their opinions about a certain type of crime.
Use the dialogues in exercise 1 to help you.
Then practise your dialogue.
Q) Before you read
Read these dictionary definitions. flirt verb To behave in a playful way towards someone
Do you think there is a difference that suggests you are attracted to a persan.
between flirting and sexual harassment? harass verb To annoy someone or put pressure on
Discuss this. them repeatedly.
Skim the text. Where would you expect to see a text like this?
Who are the readers? What does the title suggest?
e ~-
Home ,.. Magazine ,.. Topics ,.. About ,.. Contact ,..
What is sexual harassment? Speaking about a campaign called 'Unite to End

any women experience what they say is Violence against Wornen; the Secretary General of
M harassment of a sexual nature at work or at
school and at home. But some people say they are
the United Nations, Ban Ki-Moon said that he was a
'proud husband, father and grandfather' and that
overreacting and in fact what they are experiencing violence against women and girls caused him great
is harmless tlirting. However Benin's parliament has pain. He said that 'women need to feel free of fear
recently made sexual harassment illegal in schools, and the girls need to safely enjoy their education.
at work and at home. This suggests that sexual These are basic riqhts. But the reality was that many
harassment is a serious problem. women did not enjoy these rights.
The United Nations Development Fund for Women What do you think? Have you been a victim of sexual
defines sexual harassment in the workplace as harassment? ls sexual harassment and violence
'unwelcome or unwanted verbal, non-verbal, against women the same thing? Are bath men and
physical or visual conduct based on sex or of a sexual women affected by sexual harassment? ls this an
nature; the acceptance or rejection of which affects issue that more people should be ta king seriously?
an individual's employment: Let's hear your comments.
Comments
Sexual harassment and abuse are common in Nigeria. People accused of sexual harassment are
not punished because the law does not make this a cri minai offence in people over the age of 16.
David, Nigeria
ln my view sexual harassment and rape has little to do with sexual feelings.
lt is ail about power. People use this to show that they are more powerful than others.
And yes, there is often violence in sexual harassment.
Mara, Cameroon
Sorne men say that women bring harassment upon themselves because of the way
they dress. What rubbish!
Adèle, Côte d'Ivoire
Sorne men use their physical strength to intimidate women. That is wrong.
Akim, Benin
Sorne people mistake fondness and caring for sexual harassment. lt's ail relative,
and it depends on your culture.
Precious, Zambia
Yes, 1 have experienced sexual harassment - at work. This is wrong and offenders
should be punished.
Pius, United Kingdom
Why do we only look atone side of the coin? There are many innocent young men
who become victims as well. Many women take advantage of their positions too!
John, Senegal
Unit 4
1 Name one country in Africain which sexual 5 Why are adults in Nigeria not punished
harassment is against the law. for sexual harassment?
2 Name three places where sexual harassment 6 How do you think sexual harassment can affect
can take place. your employment? Give an example.
3 What is 'Unite to End Violence against Women' 7 Which reader states that men can also be
and who started it? sexually harassed?
4 Explain what it means to be a 'victim of sexual 8 What do you do if you only 'look at one sicle
harassrnent'. of the coin'?

1 Crime and violence often go together. This is 4 People used to think that tobacco was
a big in countries like Mexico and Now we know that it is harmful to our health.
South Africa. 5 Although there are laws to protect children
2 Many men think that women are when from abuse, the is that children are still
they complain about sexual harassment. abused.
3 He has a kind and gentle . He will not 6 She did not report her boss for sexual harassment
hurt anyone. because she feared by other people at work.
~ .
Discussion
.
Work in pairs. Discuss the comments made Adda comment of your own to the web page
on this webpage. Do you agree or disagree article that you read. Write three sentences.
with each comment? Why?
~ Prefixes and suffixes )

Take notice
We canuse prefixes and suffixes like un-, dis-, non-, il-/ir-, over-, -/ess, -fui,
to make words that have opposite or different meanings.
Example: harmless / harmful - wanted / unwanted
Use prefixes or suffixes to make words that have opposite or different meanings.
Make a sentence with each new word.
1 lawful 3 welcome 5 verbal 7 responsible
2 legal 4 reacting 6 agree 8 related
Listen and say these words. Stress the syllables in bold.

• experiencing • verbal • problem • parliament
• physical • intimidate • criminal • offence
Listen and say these words. Say the /h/ sound clearly.
• harassment • home • husband • highway • hospital • handguns • homicides
Find four new words in which the /h/ sound is clearly pronounced.
Compare your words with your partner's.
Some men
use their
physical strength
to intimidate
Discuss the underlined words in each sentence.
women.
What part of speech cornes after each word?
b ls the word countable or uncountable?
c What ru les can you make up for the use
of these words?
'Men· is a
Read the ru les and check your answers
countable noun.
when you have finished.
Were there any police officers at the scene of the crime?
Many people have little knowledge of how the law works.
We read staries about violence and crime every day in the newspapers.
We dori't have enough information about violence at home
because few people report this to the police.
Several lawyers have made a lot of money trying to defend the murderer.
6 There are many young men who become victims as well.
Deterrniners are words like the, few, many and no. We use determiners before nouns
and noun phrases. They help to tell us what the noun refers to.
They often tell us about quantities or nurnbers.
• Sorne deterrniners can only be used with countable nouns: many, few, severa/.
• Sorne deterrniners can only be used with uncountable _nouns: much, Jittle.
• Sorne determiners can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns:
no, some, any, al/, most, enough, a lot of.
Choose the correct words to complete the paragraph.

(1) Many/ Much people think that sexual harassment has (2) little / few to do with sexual
feelings. They think it is really (3) all / every about power! (4) Any/ Sorne persan who sexually
harasses another is just trying to show that he or she is (5) more/ much powerful.
Use appropriate determiners to complete these sentences.

1 people believe that sexual harassment is a major problem in colleges.
I do not know about mob justice, but I do believe that people should not take
the law into their own hands.
Is there evidence to suggest that she sexually harassed her teacher?
teenage boys in the country die every year in gang-related violence.
Criminals buy of the guns that they use on the blackmarket.
Laws offer protection against the use of guns by criminals.
ord stress: determiners j

Sometimes we need to stress a determiner in a sentence, and sometimes we don't.
Listen to these examples and repeat them. Stress the words in bold. Which determiners
are not stressed? Cou Id you stress different words to change the meaning of some
of the sentences?
1 It's all about power! 4 We dori't have enough information to prove that
2 Sorne people argue that guns should be regulated. he committed the crime.
3 There are many young men who are victims as well. 5 She had a bad accident on the way to school.
6 He left the money on the kitchen table.
Unit 4
Read the words in the box with your partner. Look up the words fingerprints
in a dictionary if you don't know what they mean. ,---=---- detective
Expia in to the class how they are related to crime. offence
effective
Use words from the box above to complete shoplifting
these sentences. loot
1 Shops lose a lot of money through guilty
2 The who was investigating the crime interviewed sentences
many people.
3 The thief left his on the door of the house that he broke into.
4 In some countries it is a criminal to sexually harass another person
at home, at work or at school.
5 People who are found to be of rape should be given long prison
6 The robbers stole money and gold from a bank and hid their under
the floor of an old building.
Listening
1
-- -
Listening for key words will help you to get the main ideà of a text the first time
you listen toit. Listen for key nouns: the na mes of people, the na mes of places,
and na mes of things that are repeated.
Before you llsten.

How do police usually track down criminals?
What is an 'app'? Read this headline and discuss your ideas.
0 L"isten to t h e text. Serial burglar tracked through phone app

Listen aga in and make notes of the key words. Then use your notes to choose the correct answers.
1 Where was the man arrested? 3 What did the burglar steal that allowed the police
A in south London to catch him?
B in north London A a phone
C in east London B jewellery
D in west London Can app
2 How many burglaries was he suspected Da tablet
of committing? 4 How did the police know what kind of car
A14 the burglar used?
B 40 A The car had an accident.
C4 B They filmed the car near where the burglaries
D 24 occurred.
C The car was speeding.
D The car was narrow.
Discuss the questions with your partner.

1 Do you think it is a good idea to have a tracking device on your mobile phone? Why? Why not?
2 Is it a good idea for police to film cars in the streets? Why or why not?
Before~ write
Tell your partner about crime and violence in the place where you live.
What are the main causes? How do people in the area deal with crime?
Read the model text and answer the questions.

1 Which verb forms are used? 3 Does this report have a conclusion?
2 Does the writer express an opinion If so, what is the conclusion?
about crime in South Africa?
Model text
easons fo rrime i Sout"t
South Africa has a very high rate of violent It was also found that the criminal justice
crime compared to other countries in Africa. system is inefficient and corrupt. Police officers are
Statistics show that the rates of violent crime like not well paid and many accept bribes. Many
murders, rape and armed robberies increased by officers did also not have the tools to track
4.6% in the last two years. A study conducted by criminals efficien tly.
the Centre for the Study of Violence and Poverty, unemployment and the break-up of
Reconciliation concluded that there are many families are also important factors. Many children
different reasons for the high rate of violent crime. are exposed to a life of crime from an early age. In
Firstly, it was found that violence is seen as a some areas of the country, many young people
legitimate way of resolving a conflict. People are belong to gangs.
therefore used to violence. Many men believe that To sum up, crime is therefore a serious issue in
using force against women or children is not the country. Improving the police services will help
wrong. to reduce these crimes, but social and economic
issues also need to be addressed.
Use phrases in green in the model text Writing Strategy

to complete the sentences below.
1 we need to distinguish between The words in green in the model text give
serious crimes and misdemeanours. you r report structure.
2 show that many misdemeanours • Sorne words say where the information in the report
are not reported to the police. cornes from: statistics show that. .. , a study conducted
3 A study conducted by the police by ... , it was found that ...
the number of burglaries • Sorne words link ideas: nrstly, also, ta sum up ...
dropped last year.
4 To , we can say that crime has increased in our city.
5 In the study was also that some people took the law into their own hands.
Writing Task
Write a report about crime in a city that you know. Use ideas from this unit.
Decide which city you will write about. Do your research and make sure you have
facts about crime in that city. Make a plan of your report first. Make notes:
Paragraph 1 Say which city you are writing about and name the most common crimes that occur there.
Paragraph 2 Give reasons for crimes.
Paragraph 3 Write a conclusion.
Write a report of 180 to 200 words following the paragraph plan.

Use some of the phrases in green in the model text.
Match the crimes with their definitions.
Crimes Definitions
burglary a burning something intentionally
- kidnapping b stealing from a shop

3 rape c killing somebody intentionally
4 murder d taking somebody away with force in order to get money
5 arson e getting into someone else's computer system illegally
6 shop lifting f getting into a house or a shop illegally and stealing things
7 cybercrime g having sex with somebody against their will
8 hacking h crimes committed on the Internet
Use the words from the box to complete these sentences.

1 The was released from jail after serving a 2-year sentence for burglary.
2 Last week there was a at the jewellery store in the centre of town. crime-free
3 This area has been since the police stepped up their patrols in the area. robbery
4 The man
assaulted
his wife after he had been out drinking with his friends.
misdemeanour
5 Driving too fast is a and not a serious crime unless of course criminal
the driver has an accident and someone is injured.
Complete the sentences below using the expressions from the box.
Make sure you use the holdup

hack into
correct .(:orms o.() the
break the speed limit
verbs in the expressions.
breakinto
Mind the irregular
paya bribe
fürms.
demand a ransom
sentence
alleged to
1 He drives too fast so he always

2 Thieves our neighbours' house last night and stole many valuable goods.
3 The kidnappers of the rich businessman's daughter a huge
4 They were about to the bank, but fled away as they heard the police sirens.
5 It is common to see drivers to policemen along some national
and international roads in our sub-region.
6 Many banks are taking tough measures to prevent criminals
from their clients' accounts.
7 He was accused of rape and to ten years in prison.
8 The man was have raped a young girl.
Turn the following sentences into the active or passive voice.
1 The demonstrators in Hong Kong were dispersed by the police on Monday.
2 Many young girls were abducted by members of the sect.
3 Interpol arrested the thieves who robbed the bank two weeks aga.
4 The Ebola virus has killed more than three thousand patients in that area.
5 Doctors will test an experimental treatment on the patients.
6 Sorne young cybercriminals have hacked into their country's president's bank account.
Replace the underlined words in each sentence with words that have
the opposite meaning. Use prefixes and suffixes.
1 The burglary in this house was related to the burglary in the house next door.
2 She is a kind persan.
3 We have to think of violent ways of protesting against crime.
4 The joke was quite harmful I thought.
Q Choose the correct words to complete each sentence.

1 As I see / look it, crime is a social problem.
2 Personally, I believe / belief that burglars should be given long prison sentences.
3 That is my view / views. What is yours?
4 As far as I is / am concerned, anyone who hacks into someone else's computer is a criminal.
Choose determiners from the box to complete these sentences.

1 I have knowledge of how the law works in the United States.
2 There was money in the house when the thieves broke in. much
3 There are people who believe that rapists are not criminals! some
evidence to convict her of murder. many
4 There is not
little
5 It is reported that there were incidents of looting
enough
during the strike last week. no
6 The army has clone to protect school children against
abduction in't those areas.
Self-assessment
Can you •..
• talk about crime and violence?

• use idiomatic expressions about crime and violence?
• use the passive and the active voice?
• express an opinion?
• use prefi.xes and suffixes?
• use determiners like much, some, many, Iittle, enough and no correctly?
How to avoid being a victim of crime

Crime is everywhere - in the street, in shops, at home, at work and on the Internet.
Sometimes victims are just unlucky as they are in the wrong place at the wrong time.
But there is a lot we can do to avoid being a victim of crime.
Pickpockets like busy streets. People don't notice when someone bumps against
the m. The next thing they know, their wallet or their cell phone has been stol en. Thieves
also like crowds. Nobody notices when they smash a window and steal things from cars
or shops. They can run away quickly and get lost in the crowds of people. Mariam, who
is a police officer in Yaoundé, has some advice. 'Don't walk around with your handbag
open. Close it and tuck it under your arm. And don't leave things lying around in your
car, even if it is locked.
Shopping also poses several risks. Whether you shop in supermarkets or on the
Internet, you could easily become the victim of a scam. Thieves who work with shop
assistants can clone your credit card for example. They make a copy of your card and
then they use it to buy goods in shops or on the Internet. Hackers may try and access
your bank details if they know you buy goods online. 'This means that we must be very
careful with our bank cards,' says one detective who specialises in Internet fraud. 'Don't
give your card to anyone. Swipe it yourself on the crédit card machine. And never tell
anyone what your pin number is. If you buy goods online, make sure you buy from a
well-known and legal website. Cybercrime is becoming more and more of a problern.
Sexual harassment is a crime that can occur at school, at work, in the street or even
at home. Women are the main victims of this type of crime. Mari am suggests that women
should not walk around alone at night. If anyone bothers them or touches them in an
uncomfortable way, they should say, 'Please don't do that!'Then they should walk away
and go to a safe place. They should also talk to someone they trust if they experience
sexual harassment.
So, be alert and don't be a victim.
1
Q Answer the questions and do the activities.

1 Name two places where crime occurs.
2 Why are some victims of crime just unlucky?
3 A pickpocket is a person who
A harasses women. C steals something from your bag or pocket.
B clones your credit card. D helps the police to track clown thieves.
4 Give an example from the text about something you can do to avoid being pickpocketed.
5 Should you give your credit card to a shop assistant? Why or why not?
6 Explain what sexual harassment is.
7 A crime that is committed on the Internet is a
A burglary B cybercrime C web crime D credit card
8 Complete this sentence. If you don't: want to be a victim of crime, be
Q Read the following words and definitions. Find words in the text that have the same meaning.
1 make a copy 2 dangers 3 a trick 4 pass over an electronic device
\J
Complete the following sentences with the correct word in brackets.
1 If you con tract a disease like Ebola, you will be put in (quarantine / outcast) for a few weeks.
2 Antiretroviral (transmission/ therapy) should be available to anyone who is infected with HIV.
3 (Misdemeanours / Felonies) are serious crimes.
4 The criminals (held up / stuck up) the bank and stole all the cash.
S Detectives look for (fingermarks / fingerprints) at the scene of a crime so that
they can identify the people who committed the crime.
6 Life is (unexpected / unpredictable) because you dori't know what will happen tomorrow.
'l Match phrases 1-5 with endings a-e.

1 We fell out last week a so he tried to paya bribe to the police officer when he was caught.
2 He did not have a licence b because he had not eaten for three days.
li
3 If you break the law c you do something which does not respect the law. v\
4 You can get HIV if you d but now we are speaking to each other again.
S He passed out e have unprotected sex with someone who is infected with HIV. C.
tl
Write the following statements and questions in reported speech.

'I was ostracised by my community when I got HIV,' said Amadou.
'Ebola spread very quickly in West Africain 2014,' said the health officer.
'Is there a vaccine to prevent Ebola?' asked the woman.
'Why is there so much crime in this city?' asked the visitor.
Write the verbs in brackets in the correct forms.

The criminals (use) stolen weapons in the bank robbery last week.
It is alleged that the woman (trade) drugs at the market.
The boy (knock over) by a car on Saturday.
The man (accuse) of murder after police found the murder weapon at his home.

There weren't (no/ any) police officers at the scene of the crime.
(Many/ Much) people become victims of crime because they are careless.
What is your (view / viewing) on crimes against children?
He passed (off/ out) after he was hit on the head.
I have (little / less) knowledge of medicine but I know that I should go
to the clinic if I have a fever.
Do only one of the following tasks. Your text should be about 180 words.
Task 1 Write an email to a friend in which you ask for some advice about a health problem.
Task 2 Write a report about a crime that took place in your community recently.
Task 3 Write an essay in which you explain what sexual harassment is and what you think
can be clone to stop it.
We all have rights-fff•,I
Lead~nd deserve respect s
Look at the photograph Justice
-
and at the sentences
and words a round the poster.
What do they tell us about
human rights? What right(s)
does the child in this picture Allhuman
NOT have?
beings are
barn free
If you don't respect and equal.
women's and
children' s righ ts
the country '
will not develop. Dignity
•L"is~en and say

~'.ghts these words aloud
• equality Pa y attention
• def~nd . to the stressed syllables.
• igmty • justice • · l • freedom • respect
Q . v10 ate "'
• disreg d • prosperity
Which words in exercise 2 are verb

Check the meanings in ad'1c t·1onary.
s and which are nouns 7·
Complete these sentences with

1 We should all have the words from exercise 2.
2 If you show t h to say what we think.
o ot ers ' you s h ow t h at oth
4 In .so me cornmunities, women still h "peop 1 e have human rights
3
This NGO is trying to ave very few . .
5 N promote gender .
ot to help people in n d . m rural areas.
6 S orne factory owners ee is to show . a comp 1 ete for their h .
when they force th the nghts of young children uman nghts.
em to work.
Sp_eaking_
Work
N in grau ps. M a k e a 11st
. of all the h .
ow add more rights to the list • o·ISCUSS uman
you rnghts .in exercise
1·1st with the rest 2of· th e c 1 ass.
Before you read
Look at the map. PACIFIC
Where is Ometepe? OCEAN
Q Read the first paragraph

and answer these questions.
1 What is this article about? PACIF/C !ND/AN
OCEAN OCEAN
2 What do you think a 'second class SOUTH OCEANIA
citizen' is? AMERICA
Making a difference:
Football and women's rights in Ometepe
Ometepe is an island on a the tournament. So the of them have even obtained
lake in the Central American organisers created a new rule. a scholarship for universi ty.
country of Nicaragua. In the If you want to play in the The girls have a lot of fun
1970s, 1980s and 1990s there tournament, you will also have and they have developed an
was civil war in the country. to help run it. If you don't help, understanding of their rights.
The country is poor and you will not be allowed to play. They are able to travel to other
women and girls were treated Soon there were only women parts of the country to play and
like second class citizens, playing. And from this came they also make new friends.
whose only duty was to look the idea of a women's football The community now has
after the house. league. The tournament is now more respect for these girls.
But with the support of held regularly with seven They corne to watch the games
some NGOs, the lives of the wornen's teams playing. that the girls play. But it was
girls on the island have The girls learn how to play not easy in the beginning. The
improved -and it' s all thanks in a team and how to get fit, fathers of the girls did not
to football! In the 1990s the but they are also taught their approve. But the women
NGOs identified that the rights as women and as human appealed to the mayor of the
young women on the island beings. They are taught sex island. If he had not listened to
needed support and help. education, they are taught that them, the football league
There were many unwanted they are equal, and that would not have been started.
pregnancies, the girls did not violence is not something they But he did listen and he helped
communicate with their should accept. They have a to bring about changes.
parents and they did not go to place where they can discuss Football has given these
school. The girls had fewer their problems and the girls confidence and it has
opportunities than the boys challenges they face. opened many doors for them.
and they also had less freedom. I t is now becoming clear If the football league continues,
What would these girls if they that the lives of the girls on they will go from strength to
did not get help? the island have improved. strength.
A football tournament was There are almost no unwanted
started for the young people of pregnancies amongst the girls
the island. Both girls and boys who play football. The girls are Based on information from the blog
'fivepointfive'
took part in the tournament, also more confident, they (h ttp://fivepointfive.org/making-a-
but the girls also helped to run respect themselves and some difference-womens-righ ts-football).
Unit s
Give two examples of how the rights of the girls and young women
of Ometepe were not respected.
Read the text again. Answer the questions.

1 What did the girls learn when they joined 5 Which important persan in the community
the football league? supported the league?
2 Why did the boys stop playing in the league? 6 How does the community show its support
3 How has football improved the lives of the girls for the league now?
on the island? 7 How has football 'opened doors' for the girls
4 Who opposed the girls' football league? of Ometepe?

1 agree that something is satisfactory 4 treated the same as others
2 a payrnent that supports study 5 to organise and manage
3 war between people who live in the same country 6 not wanted or desired
Discuss these questions.

What do you think of the idea of a girls' football league? Why did it work in Ometepe?
Would it work in other countries? Give reasons.
Q Writing_
Write a short note or email to a friend living in Ghana. Tell your friend about the football league
in Ometepe. Vou can compare with the situation in your school.
~Word families)
Q Use suffixes (-ence, -al, -able, -ment, -tion) to change
Take notice
the words in brackets into the appropriate part of
speech to make each sentence grammatically correct. We can use suffixes to create different
1 If the women had not taken some (act), their rights would words in the same word families.
not have been respected. The words are different parts of speech:
2 Sometimes the lack of rights for women and children nouns, verbs, adverbs and adjectives.
is a (culture) problem. Examples: confident/ confidence
3 The women wanted more (independent) and respect approve / approval
accept / acceptable
from others in their community.
enjoy / enjoyment
4 There has been a big (improve) in the lives of the girls
communicate / communication
since they started playing football.
5 That was a (value) experience. I hope you appreciate it.
Listen to these words. Then read them. Pay attention to sounds that are not pronounced.
island listen rights sign hyrnn thumb knowledge scissors
1 Work in pairs. Read these words aloud to each other and decide which letters are silent.
climb knife scene lamb know muscle
conditionals (probable and improbable conditions
Read these sentences, which express probable and improbable conditions.

Notice how the sentences can be written in two different ways.
If 1 you want to pl:y in the tournament, you will also have to help run it. > first conditional (probable)
If the football league continues, they will go from strength to strength. first conditional (probable)
If the girls ail got scholarships, they would ail be able to study. second conditional (improbable
If the women had equal rights in that country, they would be able to get better jobs. second conditional (improbable
.
1 1
You will also have to help run the tournament

They will go from strength to strength
if
if
.,,
you want to play in it.
r
the football league continues.

1
; ~ first conditional (probable)
..,. first conditional (probable)

-
1
The girls would ail be able to study if they ail got scholarships. ..,. second conditional (improbable
The women would be able to get better jobs if they had equal rights in that country.: ..,. second conditional (improbable
1
Choose the correct words and copy the ru les.
1 The first and second conditionals talk about the past / future.
2 The first conditional describes something that may / will not happen.
3 Use the present simple/ present perfect in the condition clause when you use the first conditional.
4 Use will + verb / present perfect in the result clause when you use the first conditional.
5 Use will + verb / would + verb in the result clause when you use the second conditional.
6 Use the past simple/ future in the condition clause when you use the second conditional.
Find the correct ending for each of these conditional sentences.

Match the two clauses with the word 'If'.
1 What will you do if she marries at 14.

I would be able to study if you respect my rights.
1
I will respect your rights if your uncle abuses you?
The child soldier would be at school if my family respected my rights.
She will not be able to finish school if she did not have to do ail the work by herself.
The woman would not be so tired if he did not have to fight.
Complete these statements.

1 I would be happier if I will help you if
2 The country would be more democratic if 5 What will you do if ?
3 My parents would be kinder tous if 6 The war in would end if
Unit 5
iving warnings j
Complete the dialogues with the words in the box. Then listen and check.
1 A If you dori't respect the teacher, you will be (1) !
B Why should I respect him (2) he does not respect me? if
A You both have rights. You (3) respect each other. sorry
B That's true. Thanks for the warning! won't
should
2 A (4) you dare touch me! don't
B What will you do? You are just a girl!
will
A If you touch me, I (5) report you to the principal.
rights
B But I love you!
A No, you don't] You don't respect me.
3 A If you don't help me wash these clothes, I (6) make you supper.
B But it's your job to wash the clothes and make supper!
A While you do nothing? I have (7) too!
B Ok, if I help you make supper, will you wash my clothes?
A Well ... Maybe!
Listen to the intonation (~ )in the sentences in the chart.

Then say the phrases aloud.
If you don't respect your parents, you will be sorry!
If you touch me, 1 will report you to the police.
If I help you make supper, will you wash my clothes?

Listen to three dialogues. What warnings do the speakers give in each dialogue?
Listen again and check.
Write dialogues about these situations.

Then practise your dialogues. Use the dialogues
Pay attention to the intonation. in exercise 1
1 Your father want you to leave school and get married. to help you.
Talk about your basic rights and persuade him tolet you
complete your education.
2 Your friend wants to hit another student who was rude to him.
You warn your friend not to do this.
3 Your older brother is taking part in a football tournament.
You want to take part too, but he wants you to stay at home and help
your mother. You warn him and tell him you have the right to go.
Q Before you read
Read the title. Where do you think
this story taking place?
The cab ride 1'11 never forget

There was a time in my life twenty years ago once worked as an elevator operator. We drove
when I was driving a cab for a living. [ ... ] What through the neighborhood where she and her
I didri't count on when I took the job was that it husband had lived when they had first been married.
was also a ministry. Because I drove the night She made me pull up in front of a furniture
shift, the car became a rolling confessional. [ ... ] In warehouse that had once been a ballroom where
those hours, I encountered people whose lives she had gone dancing as a girl. [ ... ]
amazed me, ennobled me, made me laugh, and As the first hint of sun was creasing the
made me weep. And none of those lives touched horizon, she suddenly said, Tm tired. Let's go now.'
me more than that of a woman I picked up late on We drove in silence to the address she had given
a warm August night. me. It was a low building, like a small convalescent
[ ... ] When I arrived at the address, the building home, with a car driveway that passed under a
was dark except for a single light in a ground-fl.oor portico. Two orderlies came out to the cab as soon
window. [ ... ] I walked to the door and knocked. as we pulled up. [ ... ]
'Just a minute', answered a frail and elderly I opened the trunk and took the small suitcase
voice. [ ... ] to the door. The woman was already seated in
After a long pause, the door opened. A small a wheelchair.
woman, somewhere in her eighties, stood before 'How much do I owe you?' she asked, reaching
me. She was wearing a print dress and a pillbox hat into her purse.
with a veil pinned on it [ ... ]. By her sicle was a small 'Nothing', I said.
nylon suitcase. [ ... ] 'You have to make a living', she answered.
'Would you carry my bag out to the car?' she "Ihere are other passengers', I responded.
said. [ ... ] Almost without thinking, I bent over and gave
I took the suitcase to the cab, then returned to her a hug. She held on tome tightly. 'You gave an old
assist the woman. She took my arm and we walked woman a little moment of joy', she said. "Ihank you.'
slowly toward the curb. She kept thanking me for [ ... ] I squeezed her hand once, then walked into
my kindness. the dim moming light. Behind me, I could hear a door
'It's nothing', I told her. 'I just try to treat my shut. It was the sound of the closing of a life. [ ... ]
passengers the way I would want my mother I did not pickup any more passengers that shift.
treated.' [ ... ] For the remainder of that day, I could hardly
'Oh, you're such a good boy', she said. [ ... ] talk. What if that woman had gotten a driver who
When we got in the cab, she gave me an address, had been angry or abusive or impatient to end his
then asked, 'Could you drive through downtown?' shift? What if I had refused to take the run or had
'It's not the shortest way', I answered. honked once, then driven away? What if I had been
'Oh, I don't mind', she said. Tm in no hurry. in a foul mood and had refused to engage the woman
I'm on my way to a hospice.' in conversation? How many other moments like
I looked in the rearview mirror. Her eyes were that had I missed or failed to grasp?
glistening. We are so conditioned to think that our lives
'I don't have any family left', she continued. revolve around great moments. But great moments
'The doctor said I should go there. He says I don't often catch us unawares. [ ... ] I do not think that
have very long.' I have clone anything in my life that was more
I quietly reached over and shut off the meter. important. [ ... ]
'What route would you like me to go?' I asked.
Adapted from Make Me an Instrument ofYour Peace
For the next two hours, we drove through the
by Kent Nerburn. © 1999 by Kent Nerburn. Reprinted by
city. She showed me the building where she had permission of HarperCollins Publishers.
Unit s
IFl What is the story about? Choose the best summary below.
1 A cab driver who showed respect for an old woman who used his cab.
2 A trip through a town in the United States.
3 How taxi drivers earn their living in the United States.
Q Read the story again and choose the correct answers.

1 Who wrote this story? 4 Did the driver accept money from the woman?
A The daughter of the old woman. A No. She did not have money to pay for
B A bus driver. the ride.
C A cab driver. B Yes. But she did not pay very much.
D An old woman. C No. He did not want her to pay.
2 The woman in the story was D Yes. She paid for the two hours drive.
A less than 80 years old. 5 The woman was grateful to the driver because
8 not very old. A he did not make her pay.
C 40 years old. B he was kind and respectful to her.
D more than 80 years old. C he made her laugh.
3 The sentence 'I don't have very long' means D he took her to the hospice.
A I am going to die qui te soon. 6 This story is about
8 I must hurry up. A human rights abuse.
C I am healthy and fit. B respecting the dignity of other people.
D I don't know what the time is. C wornen's rights.
D cab drivers in America.
Q Match the red words in the text with their definitions.

1 the centre of town 4 weak and delicate
2 a chair on wheels for people who cannot walk S a place which provides care for people who
by themselves are going to die
3 hospital workers who are not nurses or doctors 6 a place where people dance
What does this story tell us about human

rights? Discuss this in groups and report
back to the class.
American and British English

Q Find the American words in the text
that have the same meaning as
the words in the box. Take notice
American and British English sometimes use different
taxi lift pavement boot (of a car) vocabulary and spelling. Here are some examples:
centre of town neighbourhood
American English British English
color colour
fall autumn
cookie biscuit
~m-o-v..ie
,. .-s----~ cinema
Stress in connected speech
vacation holiday
Listen to these sentences. garbage, trash rubbish
Which words in each sentence are stressed?
Then practise reading them aloud. Pay attention to the contracted words.
'You're such a good boy.' 'It's not the shortest way.' 'Oh, I don't mind.' Tm in no hurry.'
Read these sentences, they express impossible conditions.
Notice how the sentences can be written in two different ways.
' If 1 my parents had respected my rights, I would not have had to get married so young.
If I had honked once and then left, I would never have had this experience.
If the woman had got an angry driver, she would not have enjoyed the drive so much.
1 I would not have ha~ to get m~rried so young 1 if my parents had respected my rights.
I would never have had this experience if I had honked once and then left.
The woman would not have enjoyed the drive so much if she had got an angry driver.
Choose the correct words and copy the rules.
The third conditional talks about the past / present.

The third conditional describes something that did / did not happen.
Use the past perfect / present perfect in the condition clause.
Use would have+ past participle / would have+ present participle in the result clause.
Use the correct words to complete each sentence.

If the cab driver had been less kind, he would have made / will have made
the old woman pay for the trip.
She would have been a successful woman if her parents allowed / had allowed her
to complete her studies.
If they had studied / have studied harder, they would have passed the exam.
He would have had a normal childhood if he had not been abducted / was abducted
and forced to fight.
If I have seen / had seen you yesterday, I would have warned you about the problem.
If he had had / has had any respect for his wife, he would have helped her.
Join these clauses with ifto make sentences in the third conditional.
Use the correct forms of the verbs. Mind the irregular verbs.
Exarnple: the woman (have) right to an education / she (go) to school
~ If the waman had had the right ta an éducation, she wauld have gane ta school. /
The waman wauld have gone ta school if she had had the right ta an education,
the soldiers not (abduct) the children / they (be) at school now
the cab driver not (respect) the old wornan's rights / she not (have)
such a wonderful day
he (listen) to his parents/ he not (drink) all that alcohol
it (rain) yesterday / I (stay) at home
Use third
conditionals.
Complete the sentences about the story you have read.
If the cab driver had not been so kind,
If the cab driver had not respected the old wornan's dignity,
Unit s
Leadin
Look at these pictures.
What do they show?
What rights are these children denied?
~
Work in pairs. Match the phrases
with their meanings.
a to be denied (something)
b genital mutilation
c to get away with (something)
d highly placed
e to put up with (something)
f given no choice
1 to do something wrong and not be caught

or punished for doing it
2 to tolerate something even when
it is not pleasant
3 not able to choose
4 not to be allowed to have something
5 damaging sexual organs
6 to have a position in society that
commands respect
Faiz, 40, and Ghulam, 11, sit in her home prior to their wedding in rural
Afghanistan, Sept. 11, 2005.
Listen to the text once carefully and answer these questions.

1 What is the essay about? 2 Who wrote the essay? A boy or a girl?
Listen aga in and choose the correct answers.

1 The persan who wrote this text has not been 4 The writer believes that
allowed the following rights: A all people have equal rights.
A the right to an education. B people in high places have more rights
B the right to be treated as an equal. than others.
C the right to be safe. C men have more rights than women.
D all of the above. D women have more rights than men.
2 Why can the writer not go to school? 5 The writer believes that
A Her parents dori't think it is right. A men are denied their rights.
B She has too much work to do at home. B rich people should have more rights than
C She is married. poor people.
D She doesn't like school. C some boys and girls are denied their rights.
3 What does the girl's father do that violates D only girls are denied their rights.
her rights? r9:~
A He laughs at her when he is angry. Writing
B He won't give her food to eat. Work in groups and make a poster about
C He makes her go to school. human rights. Choose one right that you
D He hits her when he is angry. feel is very important and that is not being
respected in your community.
Before~ou write Model text C
Imagine that you saw 3
the photographs at the top Etienne Cissoko
of page 67 in a newspaper. BP 333 Segou
How would you feel? 1st December 2015
How would you express your feelings Abuja News
about the photographs?
BP 100, Abuja 10
Discuss this as a class.
Nigeria 1
Read the model letter.
Dear Sir,
What types of rights are mentioned
There was a shocking photograph in last Friday's
in this letter?
edition of your newspaper. The photograph was of
Work in pairs.
a young girl, who could not have been older than 5
Find examples in the model text or 6 years of age. The girl was being forced to work
2
of the techniques mentioned in a carpet factory.
in the Strategy box. It is clear that this young girl's rights are being
violated. First of all she has a right to education,
Writing Strategy like all other people. How can this girl go to school if
she has to work in the factory? Surely she will be too
tired to go to school, even if she is allowed to go.
You can use the following techniques to make
your writing more formai: Secondly, according to the United Nations Bill on
1 Do not use contractions and abbreviations. Children's Rights, all children should have the right
2 Do not use colloquial expressions like to be protected from work that can harm their health.
'Awesornel. 'Cool!' or 'Great!'. Young children need time to play and they have
3 Do not use the first or second persan. the right to be looked after.
Use the third persan. This type of slavery should be stopped. People
4 Avoid the imperative, as this can seem rude. should write to the owners of this factory and voice
Use the passive instead. their concerns. Perhaps other readers would also like
5 Use the passive instead of the active voice. to voice their disgust at this practice.
Yours faithfully,
lm Rewrite these sentences in formai Etienne Cissoko
language, using the techniques
mentioned in the Strategy box.
1 That's a really great idea. (Use 1 and 2)
2 The girl's parents forced her to leave school and work in their shop. (Use 5)
3 I think that we must protect the rights of young children. (Use 3 and 5)
4 Stop this abuse now. (Use 4)
Writing· Task
Write a formai /etter to Abuja News. Express your opinion about human rights
that are not being respected in your community.
113 Focus on one or two rights. Make your point of view / opinions qui te clear.
Paragraph 1 Introduction: Say why you are writing the letter.
Paragraph 2 Explain one of the rights that is being denied.
Paragraph 3 Explain another right that is being denied.
Paragraph 4 Conclusion: Suggest what could be clone to improve the situation.
r'a Write your letter in 180 to 200 words following the paragraph plan.
Solve the clues to complete the crossword puzzle. 1
Across 2
3 honour shown to another person, especially an elder 3
4 a synonym for wealth and good fortune 5
8 If you break this, you will go to jail! 41
9 astate in which people have the same rights 1
1
10 serious and worthy of respect and honour
7
11 You canuse this if you are notable to walk D 6 7
by yourself. ~
8 9
t
Down
1 the state of people who are not slaves 10
2 lack of respect or consideration for someone
s a synonym for manage
6 being fair to all individuals in a society 11
7 Something you are entitled to by law.
Replace the underlined words or phrases in American English

by their equivalent in British English.
1 We got in the cab and headed for downtown.
2 In the fall, all the leaves turn yellow and fall off the trees.
3 The Ouedrogos always go to Hawaii on vacation.
4 It is diffi.cult for pedestrians to walk freely on the sidewalk in this street because
there are so many people selling goods outside the shops.
S She could not get the bag of rice out of the trunk of the car by herself,
so she asked a passer-by to help.
Mind the
Q Make conditional sentences irregular verbs.
with the following words and phrases.
Add words if necessary.
G·lri·WM,M •;Jijlj4
1 I / win / jackpot to build /homes/ all the orphans in the country
2 women / to be / empowered living standards / to be better 1st conditional
3 to go / to school not to marry / polygamous man 3rd conditional
4 treat / equally / people to be / world / better place 1st conditional
1
5 1 campaign / successful / to be to be/ more women / parliament 1st conditional

6 warlords / not to violate / not to be sent/ to fight / war 3rd conditional
rights / children
Your friend has been forced to leave school so that she can get married.
Give your friend some advice about her rights. Complete the sentences below.
1 If I were you, I would
2 If I had been in your place, I would
3 If you want to , you will need to
4 You would be if you
Read the conversation below. ldentify and copy the phrases used to give warnings.
A Would you please stop touching me when you speak to me?
B Why? It's just a sign of affection.
A Well, tome it's sexual harassment.
B And what will happen if I don't stop?
A If you don't stop, I will report you to my parents or the headmaster.
B Ok! You don't like it. I'll stop doing that.
Write a conversation in which you give

a warning to a friend about his or Use the conversation
in exercise 6
her misconduct.
as a model.
Rewrite these sentences using the correct forms (parts of speech)

of the words in brackets. Use suffixes to change the forms of the words.
1 Yolande does not have the (confident) to insist on her rights.
2 It is not (accept) for a male manager to harass female staff who work in the shop.
3 Being allowed to play football has brought the women great (enjoy).
4 There would be fewer problems in our family if our (communicate) was better1
Rewrite these sentences in formai language. Refer to the Strategy box on page 68 for help.
1 They've published a great article about human rights.
2 I think we shouldn't prevent girls from going to school.
3 Help the victims now.
4 Her father denied her the right to take part in the football tournament.
• talk about rights? • use suffixes to change the part of speech

• write sentences that express conditions? of a word?
• give warnings? • write sentences in formal language?
• identify some British and American English
words?
Look at the pictures. How has technology affected the lives
of the people in the pictures?
Listen and say these words aloud. Which words are the same in your language?
• battery • Eluetooth • camera • coverage • download • GPS
• microphone • network • satnav • smartphone • tablet • touch screen
• upload • USE port • Wi-Fi • wireless • e-reader

1 Hamid uses bis camera/ tablet to send emails, take photographs and read books.
2 The battery / Eluetooth on my smartphone needs to be charged every day.
3 The truck driver uses GPS/ Wi-Fi to find the best route to the destination.
4 A touch screen / network allows you to control or use a tablet with your fingers.
5 After I have taken photographs I always upload / download some of them
on to my Facebook page.
6 Eecause a tablet is a wireless / Wi-Fi device, it is easier to carry around and use
in different places.
Decide which sentences are true and which are fa Ise. Correct the fa Ise sentences.
1 A tablet is a small, fiat mobile or portable computer with wireless connections.
2 An e-reader reads books for you.
3 A USE port is useful if you want to connect to the Internet.
4 You can take photographs with some tablets.
5 A tablet bas a normal keyboard instead of a touch screen.
6 A smartphone is a cell phone that can be used as a computer and as a camera.
Discuss these questions.

1 Why do you think tablets are becoming so popular?
2 In what ways are tablets most useful?
3 Think about the career you want to follow when you finish school.
Do you think using a tablet would be useful in that career? Say why or why not.
~
wire verb
1 to connect electronic equipment
Q Before you reacl 2 to use an electronic device to listen to other
Read these definitions of the word 'wired' people's conversations
and the prefix 're-'. 3 to send money from one bank to another bank
Then look at the picture and read the title 4 to connect things by means ofwires
of the article below.

wired adjective
1 nervous or tense
What do you think 'rewired' means
2 connected to a system of computers
in the article below ?
@rewe rewired?
Technology has changed the way we work, play and do
our shopping. But has it also changed us as people? Are
our brains gradually being 'rewired'? Research suggests
that people who have grown up in the digital age think
and behave differently to those who grew up before
there were things like the Internet. Let's look at some
examples.
Our memories aren't as good as those

of our grandparents.
We need to remember less information (such We have better visual skills and are able
as phone numbers or addresses) because we to make decisions more quickly.
can access information at the touch of a Many people are used to making quick
button on our cell phones and computers. decisions in the computer games that they
We need to remember fewer facts because it play, and this makes it easier for them to
is so easy to get information. Years ago, people make quick decisions in their lives. We are
memorised long poems and parts of books! also better at interpreting pictures and
colours than we used to be, because we see
We are finding it harder to concentrate so many images in our daily lives.
for long periods of time.
Scientists say that our attention spans are We socialise in different ways.
becoming shorter. We read short articles Many people stay in touch by texting
instead of long books. We would rather watch messages and posting messages and
or read several short video clips, blogs or information on social network sites. Sorne
tweets than one long, complex fi.lm or book. people find it much easier to send a message
than to speak to a person face to face. This
We have become more creative means that we don't learn to recognise and
but less practical. understand other people's body language
Technology enables us to share ideas and
well. Sorne say that technology has made us
experiences quickly and easily. So people who
rude too.
write poems and create works of art can
share these with their friends and colleagues. We are developing new fears.
This inspires others to be creative as well. But There is a new type of fear, called FOMO,
we are also less practical. Many young people which means 'fear of missing out'. There is
in the United States for example can't fmd so much information out there on the news
their way around without using a satnav or and on social networks that we remain
GPS device to show them the route. Fewer glued to our phones or computers in case we
and fewer people can write neatly in cursive miss out on some news that others have.
script, because they are so used to typing This makes us more anxious. Is this perhaps
messages on phones and computers. the worst type of rewiring?
, r•
Unit 6
~ Read the text again and choose the correct answers.
1 People who have grown up with computers 5 If we send text messages rather than speaking
A have better memories. directly to people, we may
B can't interpret pictures. A not learn how to understand people's body
C have better handwriting. language correctly.
D are less practical and more creative. B find it easier to interpret body language.
C always be polite to others.
2 We don't remember information because
A we dori't need to. D improve our concentration span.
B we are too creative. 6 FOMO means
C we are rewired. A feelings of missing out.
D we are anxious. B fear of missing the obvious.
3 If you cannot concentra te for a long period C fear of missing out.
of time you have D feelings about other men.
A a long attention span. 7 The main idea of this article is:
B a short attention span. A technology is bad for our brains.
C a short memory. B technology is changing our world.
D a concentrated memory. C technology is changing the way we think
4 According to this article, playing computer and act.
games can help us to D we should fear technology.
A make decisions more slowly. 8 What, according to this article, is the worst
B improve our memory. thing about being 'rewired'?
C interpret colours more easily. A It has made us more anxious.
D make decisions more quickly. B It has made us less intelligent.
C I t has made us lazy.
D It has made us more polite.
Q Match the red words in the text with their meanings.

1 using electronic systems 4 something you do with your hands
2 developed and became older 5 a navigation system
3 ability to concentra te 6 feeling worried about something
~ ldiomatic expressions)
Work in pairs. Find the missing words for these idiomatic Take notice
expressions in the text. Discuss their meanings and write An idiom is an expression
a definition for each of them. Use a dictionary if you are not sure. that means something
1 to in touch 3 at the of a button 5 to remain to other than the literai
2 face to 4 ta your way around meanings of its individual
words.
/si or /k/
Listen to these words. Then say each word aloud and decide which sound it has
and which syllable you need to stress.
/g/ or /d3/: digital grew genetic good technology games general gym
/si or /k/: cell phone computers concentra te complex city cursive colour
Study these sentences. Then copy and complete the ru les.
We need to remember less information because we can
access information at the touch of a button.
There are fewer people without cell phones these days Less and fewer are comparatives/
than there were 10 years ago. superlatives.
It is much easier to send a message than to speak to a person. b We use fewer with countable /
A smartphone is much more expensive than an uncountable nouns.
ordinary cell phone. c: We use less with countable /
My old computer is much slower than my new one. uncountable nouns.
d We can use much / many before
comparative adverbs.
Complete the sentences using less or fewer.
This small e-reader is (1) expensive than that one. It can store (2) books but it
takes up (3) space and it weighs ( 4) too. The smaller e-reader is also more popular.
(5) and (6) people are buying the bigger e-reader.
Choose the correct words to complete the sentences.

I t is getting more and more / much and much diffi.cult
to get a good job if you don't have good computer skills. We use double comparatives to say
There is less and less / fewer and fewer space on my bard that things are changing.
drive because I have stored so many photographs there! Examples
Many and many / More and more cell phones allow one Fewer and fewer people can write neatly
in cursive script.
to take photographs and access the Internet.
More and more people have their own
The Internet is getting faster and faster/fastest and fastest
ta blets or computers.
as technology improves.
Children have less and /ess time to relax
and play!
Make sentences to compare the things in the box.
Example: A computer is much bigger than a tablet.
computer cell phone smartphone

email letter e-reader book
Work in pairs. Look at these pie graphs and make sentences

about the information they show.
Example: Fewer adults use their phones to check the time. Adults make many more phone calls than teens.
How people use their cell phones

Teens under 18 Adults
• Phone calls
• Text messages
Photographs
• Checking the time

Unit 6
bout conditions)
Complete the dialogues with the words in the box.
Then listen and check your answers. would (x2)
1 Ayo· Do you rely on technology, .Iawanza?
if (x4)
Jawanza. I suppose I do. I haven't really thought aboutit.
Ayo Can you wake up in the morning (1) you don't set an alarm? wouldn't
Jawan a. No, I can'tl Can you?
Ayo· I can't! (2) I didn't have an alarm on my phone I (3) be late every day!
2 John: Do you play computer games, Efua?

Efua: Yes, I do - sometimes ...
John· Do you think I ( 4) be able to make decisions more quickly (5)
I played computer games?
Efua: Yes, maybe. You have to think quickly when you play agame.
John- And what happens (6) you make the wrong decision?
Efua: If you made the wrong decision in agame it (7) matter really! It's just agame!
Listen to the intonation in these questions and statements.

Then say each question or statement aloud. Pay attention to the intonation.
~ -~
Can you wake up in the morning If I didn't have an alarm on my phone
~ ~
if you don't set an alarm? 1 would be late every day!
~ ~
Do you think I would be able to make decisions If you made the wrong decision in agame
~ it wôuÎdn't matter really! lt's just agame!
more quickly if I played computer games?

Listen to the dialogues carefully. Listen to the intonation.

Then work with a partner and practise the dialogues (on page 155).
Complete these sentences about yourself.

1 If we had the Internet at school,
2 If I did not say the truth,
3 If my grandmother had a cell phone,
use
take
Write a dialogue about the new importance of ITC(s) and how you use them.
download
Use the dialogues in exercise 1 and words in the box to help you.
network
Then practise your dialogues. Pay attention to the intonation.
upload
Internet
connet
Q Before yQJ.Lr_ead
Make a list of 5 ways in which science and technology have changed our daily lives.
Compare your list with the lists of others in the class.
fJI Skim the text. Match the topics with the paragraphs 1-5 in the text.
There is one topic that you do not need.
A Science has changed health care. D Science and technology have brought nothing
B Science allows citizens to take a more active role but bad elements into the world.
in their environments. E Science has given us electricity and the modern
C Science and technology affect us all in world cannot fonction without this.
the modern world. F Science has changed our eating habits.
Who needs Science and Technology?

Stop for a moment and think
1 - what has science clone for

you? Can you wake up in the
moming if you don't have an alarm dock?
Did you know?
..
- -
If you didn't have a phone, would you be

able to keep in touch with your friends
easily? And what about the programmes
on the radio and on TV? Would you be
able to stay informed and entertained
if you did not have them? What about
those antibiotics that you took last time
The modern world relies
4
you were ill? Would you have recovered
if you had not taken them? The truth on electricity. As long as
is that science and technology affect us we have electricity, we are
all in the modern world. able to use all the modern
equipment that has been invented
Science has changed what we
2 eat and the way that we eat.

Scientists have developed new
varieties of corn, wheat and rice as well as
to make our homes more
comfortable and industries more
productive. There are many things
we cannot do unless we have
new fertilizers and pesticides. These have electricity. We can't use a fridge for
increased the amount of food we can example if there is no electricity.
grow and have changed the way we grow
And fmally, science and
5
food. This has also made some foods less
healthy than the food produced by old- technology has made us
fashioned farming ways. more active citizens. We
are more informed, we can make
Science has changed health
3
better decisions as consumers and
care. Most children in the voters, and we are more aware
world are now vaccinated of the problems facing the places
against diseases like polio and small pox, we live in. As long as we have better
so they do not get the diseases. Modern antibiotics access to information, we will be able to continue
can cure diseases that used to be Lfe-threatening to find solutions to problems that affect our
and dangerous. If we did not use antibiotics, many environments.
people would die from simple wounds.
Unit 6
Q Decide which sentences are true and which are fa Ise. Correct the fa Ise sentences.
1 Science and technology have affected all of us.
2 Science has produced new types of plants that grow more quickly and produce bigger crops.
3 Vaccinations can cure some diseases.
4 We canuse antibiotics to cure infections caused by bacteria.
5 Electricity has made our lives more comfortable.
6 Technology can help democracy because it can help people to be better informed
about their own countries.
7 We need science and technology in modern life.

Use the correct form of each word.
1 You will not from this disease unless you rest and take your medicine.
2 AIDS is a disease that you will get if you do not protect yourself from infection.
3 We planted a new of corn on the farm and so far we are very pleased with the crops.
4 I rely on the radio to keep me about what is happening in my country.
5 My parents have always been members of the community.
They have helped others and they have helped to preserve the environment as well.
6 Thomas Edison the fi.rst electric light bulb that was used commercially
and manufactured in large quantities.
Discuss these questions in groups.

1 Have science and technology had any negative effects on your community?
2 How can science and technology be used to improve democracy in a country?
~ Word families)
'l Find verbs, nouns or adjectives in the reading text that are from Take notice
the same word families as these words. Use suffixes like -tion
and -ment to make another noun from each word. Word families are groups of
Make oral sentences with the new words that you make. words that are related to each
1 inventor 3 vaccine 5 developer other because they ail corne
2 producer 4 entertainer 6 inform from the same'root'.
Example: electric (adjective),
e/ectricity (noun), electrify (verb).
~Word stress: nouns with suffixes)

Listen to these sentences and then repeat them.
Pay attention to the way you pronounce words that end in -tion and -ment.
Last night the Internet connection was good. We watched an interesting programme about
a new invention. It is still in development, but there is great excitement in the medical
world. The doctor uses a small machine, like a cell phone, toscan a patierit's heart to check
whether it is working properly. This will be very useful in clinics which don't have expensive
electronic equipment.
· g eondltlc s, as long as
Study these examples. Then choose the correct
words to complete these ru les.
You will not recover unless you take your medicine. Unless means the same as if not / until.
Unless you take your medicine, you will not recover. b Words like unless and as long as can
We can use the computer lab as long as we have electricity. be placed at the beginning / end of a
As long as we have electricity, we can use the computer lab. sentence or in the middle of a sentence.
( We use in case/ unless to talk about
You will need a torch in case it gets dark.
precautions we will take before a
In case it gets dark, you will need a torch.
problem happens.
Choose the correct words to complete each sentence.

She will recover from her illness if/ unless she rests and takes her medicine.
As long as you have access to the Internet, you will / would be able to send emails.
You will not be able to get a good job if/ unless you have computer skills.
Take this lamp in case/ if the electricity goes off.
Unless / If you hurry, you will not catch the bus.
& In case/ Unless the price has increased, I will get a new computer next month.
I am happy to help you with your maths as long as / unless you help me
to learn how to do a search on the Internet.
If/ Unless you are lucky, the Internet connection will be good this evening.
Correct the mistakes in these sentences.

It is quick and easy to send a message unless you have a ceil phone.
'I will take your phone away as long as you switch it off in class,' said the teacher.
You will not recover from your illness if you take your medicine and rest.
In case you did not use an antibiotic, you would die from this simple wound.
There are many things that we cannot do if we are having electricity.
Work in pairs. Say these conditional sentences using a different word order
or different words. Use unless, in case or if.
Unless l listen to the

news, 1 will not stay
inÇormed about events.
JÇ I do not listen
to the news,
1 will not stay inÇomied 1 will not stay
about events unless inÇormed.
l listen to the news.
We will be able to make better choices as long as we are well-informed.

Take a coat in case it gets cold.
Learn to use a computer if you want to keep up with technology.
Get your children vaccinated if you dori't want them to get polio and pertussis.
As long as you use technology wisely, it will not affect you badly.
Look at the picture.
What is the woman doing?
How could you describe the expression
on the person's face?
Happy? Anxious? Having fun?
a
Match the words in the box with their meanings.
1 having a very high opinion of yourself
and how you look
2 a picture of yourself
3 the fact of spending too much time thinking
about or doing something
4 transfer data to a computer system
S a symbol (#) used to identify items online
6 to advertise or publicise
7 to make a note or keep track of obsession promote
8 people who support someone who is famous fans vain
self-portrait hashtag
upload record
Before you listen

Read this definition of the word 'selfie;
selfie noun a photograph that you take of yourself, using a smartphone

or a tablet, and share with others on a social network system
Wh ile you listen, write down one or two questions about what you hear.
These could be things you do not understand (such as What does the word' 'mean?)
or things that you do not agree with (such as Why ?).
Listen to a news report about the increasing popularity of 'selfies;

Then listen aga in and choose the correct words in the box to complete
the summary of the passage.
selfies
It has become very fashionable for people to take photographs of themselves, promote
or (1) . For some people it has become an (2) . Selfies allow us to critical
show pictures that make us feel (3) about ourselves. They invite people obsession
to look at you and (4) you! We take these types of photographs on the good
spur of the (5) . Many famous people (6) themselves by posting envy
_selfies on the Internet. But many people are (7) of selfies. moment
Answer the questions with your partner.

1 To whom would you send a selfie?
2 Why do you think people are obsessed with selfies?
An opinion essay
n _Before you write_ Take notice

What is your point of view on networking?
(Read the definition in the box.)
To network means
E Read the model text and answer the questions. to make contact with
1 Which paragraph presents the authors point of view? Quote the sentence. many different people
2 How many arguments does the writer give to support his or her point of view? and to exchange
What are the arguments? information with them.
3 Which words does the author use to present a personal point of view?
Can you think of other words you could use?
4 Which paragraph gives a summary of the author''s point of view?
Model text 11 Read the Strategy box.

Replace the green words
Why it is important network? in the model text with words
'When it cornes to fin ding a job, it' s not about what you know from the box.
but about who you know'. Sadly where there is corruption, this
old saying is often true. Today this raises the issue of the
importance of networking online in a professional manner. Writing Strategy
Firstly, I feel strongly that networking online can help you
build up contacts in your area of work. Sites like Linkedln link you
to other people in similar fields of work. This can help you firid
out where people work and what kind of work they do. This may An opinion essay is organised
help you decide to which business you could apply when you are in paragraphs. The first paragraph
looking for a job. is the introduction and the last
paragraph is the conclusion.
Secondly, it is my view that networking can help you find out
We use link words
about available jobs. These days, many jobs are not advertised in
or phrases to introduce new ideas
print media like newspapers. If you have built up a network of
and connect the ideas in the
contacts, you may find job opportunities more easily.
paragraphs. For example:
In conclusion, I believe that in order to get a good job, you To beqin with, First of al/, ln the tust
need to build up a good network of contacts and information. place, What'.s more, Furthermore,
Using that information wisely and honestly will further your careerl ln addition, Lost/y, Sa in brief,
To sum up, Therefore, To conclude.
Writing Task
The Parent-Teacher Association (PTA) of your schoo/ has raised money for some renovation work
at the schoo/. Sorne people think that the money shou/d be used ta improve the sports field.
Others think that the money shou/d be used ta en/orge the computer /a bora tory.
Write an opinion essay in which you support one of these projects.
E Decide which project you are going to support. Make notes under the paragraph headings.
Paragraph 1 Introduction: State your opinion about which project should be supported.
Paragraph 2 First argument: Firstly, ...
Paragraph 3 Second argument: Secondly, ...
Paragraph 4 Conclusion: Resta te your opinion in a short way.
IJ Write your essay in 180 to 200 words following the paragraph plan.
Join words from the two lists to make compound nouns.
List A List B
blue work
clown port
net reader
sat tooth
self portrait
USB load
e- phone
digital age
smart nav
IFJI Match compound nouns from exercise 1 with these definitions.

1 : to copy information, files or programmes from the Internet to one's computer.
2 : an era characterised by the use of computers, the Internet and other technologies.
3 : an electronic device that is used for reading books.
4 : wireless technology that enables you to exchange data over short distances.
5 : a small long hole into which you insert a flash disk.
Q Define the remaining compound nouns in your own words
Read the paragraph below and fill in the gaps with the comparatives
of the words in the box.
Twenty years ago, there were (1) computers than there are today. In those days,
expensive
computers had (2) storage capacity and they were much (3) than they are today. slow
They were also (4) that modern computers so (5) people could afford to buy few
them then. little
Q Read the paragraph below and fill in the gaps with double comparatives.
Today (1) and (2) people are buying cell phones and computers as they are
getting (3) and (4) expensive. This is happening at a moment when
computers and cell phones are also getting (5) and (6) sophisticated.
l'll Rewrite the sentences below using unless instead of if to express condition.
1 You_ won't get a computer for your birthday if your grades are bad.
2 They won't be recruited as secretaries if they don't speak English fluently.
3 If you don't pay your debts, I won't lend you money anymore.
4 You won't know how to work on a computer if you don't attend computer classes.
5 Don't feed the baby if she doesn't cry.
Join the sentences below. Use either as long as or in case in each sentence.
Change the words and structure as necessary.
1 I will buy the computer. It must be equipped with a web cam for videoconferencing.
2 He thinks it's going to rain. He is taking an umbrella.
3 You can borrow my computer. You must promise to band.le it carefully.
4 The ranger's vehicle is equipped with GPS. He may get lost in the forest.
5 I'rn buying an external bard drive for my computer. The internal bard drive may get too full.
Read and complete the conversations below.

A Edwige, do you have Bluetooth on your computer?
B Yes, I do. How about you?
A I do too. If I didn't have that on my computer, I (1) be able to use
a wireless keyboard or a wireless mouse.
B It's the same forme, I (2) be lost without Bluetooth!
A Do you know how to use Power Point?
B No, I don't.
A So what do you do (3) you have to make a presentation?
B It's a problem! (4) you show me how to use Power Point I bought you some airtime?
A Yes, of course I would!
Which social network(s) do you use? Write down the name(s).

Then make a list of three or four things that you do on your social network.
1
Do you feel that social networks are useful for all people?
Complete these sentences to state your opinion.
Firstly, I feel strongly that
Secondly, it is my view that
Match these idiomatic expressions with their meanings.

Then write one sentence with each expression.
The expressions are used in the Reading text on page 72.
1 to be rewired to find the place that you want to go to

at the touch of a button to meet or be close to someone
to find your way around to be able to do something easily by pushing a button
to stay in touch to have new wiring, to be changed
face to face to communicate and have contact with someone
• talk about technology? • use unless, as long as and in case?

• make compound words related • talk about conditions?
to technology? • write about social networks?
• use comparatives and double comparatives? • use some idiomatic expressions?
Children have rights, don't they?

'Ali human beings are barn free and equal in dignity and rights'. These words from
the Universal Declaration of Hu man Rights promise all people a life that is free from want
and fear. We celebrate this every year on Human Rights Day. We celebrate the fact that
we have certain basic rights. However there are still many children in the world who do
not enjoy their rights. Think about the children who are forced to join armies at an early
age, for example.
According to Amnesty International there are currently more than 300,000
children (people under the age of 18) fighting in wars in West and Central Africa, the
Balkans, Latin America, Sri Lanka and Afghanistan. More than 15,000 children are fighting
in Colombia alone. UNICEF reports that around 8,000 children have been kidnapped in
Uganda since 1995 and forced to fight in civil wars in the area. The children are often
recruited into rebel armies in areas where there is civil unrest. The children are usually
from poor rural families.
Young children are recruited because they obey orders more easily than adults
and they are not paid. They eat less food than adults and they are often not afraid to
carry out dangerous missions because they do not understand the dangers involved.
Rebel armies use children as spi es and they use them to trap other people because most
people trust children.
The life of a child soldier is exceedingly harsh. The children are given drugs and
alcohol to which they become addicted. They are forced to commit terrible acts such as
killing members of their own families. They are often injured from doing heavy work and
they also contract sexually transmitted diseases if they are used as sex slaves.
Sorne of these children are eventually set free, but it is very difficult for them to
adjust to a normal life after what they have experienced. Many of them have grown up
fighting and they know no other life.
So while we celebrate our achievements in the area of human rights, spare a
thought for the chi Id who don't enjoy these rights.

1 What does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights promise all people?
2 True or false? Ali children have the same rights but these rights are not always respected.
3 Rebel armies like to recruit children because
A they are afraid. C they obey orders.
B they commit terrible acts. D they don't have rights.
4 Give two examples from the text which show that the life of a child soldier is very difficult.
S Why is it difficult for child soldiers to lead a normal life if they are set free?
Complete these expressions with words from the text. Change the form of the words if necessary.
1 We should ail basic human rights.
2 The children become to drugs.
3 It is difficult to lead a life after you have had to fight in a war.
4 The rebel army likes to children because they dori't have to pay the children to fight.
S When you celebrate Human Rights Day you should a thought for people
who do not enjoy the same rights that you do.
Complete the sentences with words formed from the words in brackets. Use suitable suffixes.
1 It is important for girls to develop the (confident) to take their own decisions.
2 The NGO is trying to promote gender (equal) in rural areas.
3 Young people today are notas (practice) as their parents.
4 Computers help you to make quick (decide).
Complete this dialogue with appropriate words.

Justine: How much do you use technology, Efua?
Efua: Qui te a lot. I (1) wake up in the morning (2) I dcn't set my alarm.
Justine: And do you play computer games?
Efua: Oh, yes! I play every day for at least two hours.
Justine: You'll be (3) one day!
Efua: Why? (4) you play games you learn to make quick decisions!
Justine: Maybe, but you (5) spend so much time playing games. What about your work?
Efua: Yes, maybe you are (6) . Thanks for the warning!

1 The children (would / will) all be able to study if they all got scholarships.
2 The child would have had a normal childhood if he (had not been / has not been) abducted.
3 If everyone enjoyed equal rights, there (will be / would be) peace in the world.
1 (will respect/ respecting) your rights if you respect my rights.
5 (As long as/ If) I do not listen to the news, I will not know what is going on.
6 It is easy to send a message to a friend (if/ unless) you have a cell phone or a tablet.
Use fewer, better, Jess or much to complete these sentences.

J It is quicker to send a message than to posta letter.
2 There are people in the shop than there were yesterday.
3 A small e-reader is usually expensive than a smart tablet.
4 The Internet is getting better and
5 Young people today have less and time to play.
Complete these sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1 If my family my rights, I would not have had to get married. (respect)
2 The child would not be so tired if she to do all the housework by herself. (not have)
3 If the team wants to win the championship, they to train hard. (have)
She would have gone to university if her parents the money to pay for her studies. (have)
5 If I you yesterday, I would have given you the book you lent me. (see)
Do only one of the following tasks. Your text should be about 180 words.
Task 1 Write an essay in which you give your opinion about the need for modern technology at school.
Task 2 Write a formal letter to a newspaper in which you express an opinion about a human rights problem.
Task 3 Write a formal letter to UNESCO in which you express concern about a human rights abuse
that you are aware of. Suggest what could be clone to improve the situation.
'1111111111!111!!/////////////////////I;0
olitical change
Leadin
Look at the cartoon. Do you agree with any of these definitions of democracy?
•
A system in
which people
vote .()or
A system o.()
leaders who
government
serve their
which is like a
communities.
dictatorship.
A system
o.() government
which allows
people .()reedom.
A system o.() government
in which the people
o.() a country choose
their own leaders.
Answer the questions.
1 What is the difference between 3 What rights do people have in a democratic
a democracy and a dictatorship? country?
2 How do people go about choosing their 4 What freedom does a democracy allow
own leaders? Explain the process. its citizens?
Q Read these sentences about democracy. Are they true or fa Ise?

Make sure you understand the words in bold print.
1 People have the right to vote for a political party chosen by the government.
2 People who earn money have a responsibility to pay taxes to the government
and the government has a responsibility to spend tax revenues wisely.
3 People are not allowed freedom of expression.
Use suffixes (-a/, -ic) to make adjectives with the words in the box. artist
Check the spelling in a dictionary. intellect
Example: politics ~ political democracy
poli tics
Q Use some of the adjectives you made to complete these sentences.
1 In a democracy artists have complete freedom.
They can create work about any subject.
2 A country in which there is only one party is nota country.
3 A democracy protects rights which allow people to think and write freely.
OI Before you read
1Read the caption under the photograph of Langston Hughes.
Then match these words with their definitions.
A activist 1 A person who writes plays (drama).
B playwright 2 A person who writes novels and stories.
C novelist 3 A person who writes regularly for a newspaper or magazine.
D columnist 4 A person who campaigns for political or social changes.
Read the caption again. Then answer the questions about Langston Hughes.
1 Where did Langston Hughes live? 3 What type of literature did he write?
2 When did Langston Hughes live? 4 What themes did he write about?
Read the poem.
Democracy ~-
Democracy will not corne

Today, this year
Nor ever
Through compromise and fear.
I have as much right

As the other fellow has
To stand
On my two feet
And own the land.
Langston Hughes was a famous

I tire so of hearing people say, African-American poet, novelist,
Let things take their course. playwright, columnist and an activist,
Tomorrow is another day. who lived from 1902 to 1967.
I do not need my freedom when I'm dead.
He earned a BA degree from Lincoln
I cannot live on tomorrow's bread.
University in 1929 and was later awarded
honorary doctorates in literature.
Freedom
Much of his work is about the lives of
Is a strong seed
ordinary African Americans. He was
Planted
proud of his race and he wanted them to
In a great need.
be proud too. He was very critical of the
racial prejudice and segregation that
I live here, too. existed in the USA.
I want freedom
He was one of the leaders of the Harlem
Just as you.
by Langston Hughes. Renaissance.
© Langston Hughes (1902-1967). DR
Unit 1
Read the poem aga in. Work in pairs. Discuss and answer these questions.
1 How many stanzas are there in this poem? 5 The poet says: I want [reedom, Just as you.
Are they all the same length and structure? To whom does 'you' refer?
2 Look back at the definitions of democracy 6 Do you think the poet feels positive or negative
in exercise 1 on page 85. Which definition about what will happen in his country? Quote
applies to the ideas in this poem? lin es from the poem to support your answer.
3 Do you think the poet owned the land in his 7 The poet says that we need bread to live.
country? Quote a line from the poem which What else do we need to live, according
gives the answer. to this poem?
4 In the fourth stanza the poet makes 8 What did you learn from this poem?
a comparison. What does he compare? 9 Did you enjoy this poem? Why or why not?
What is the same about these two things?
Match the red words in the poem with their meanings.

1 to be afraid of something 5 to agree to something but not get everything
2 to require something that is essential you wanted
3 a path or the way in which something develops 6 an informal word for 'person'
4 to lose interest in something
Work in groups. Talk about democracy. Use the questions below to help you.
Then write a few sentences about democracy.
Was the USA a democratic country during the time when LangstonHughes lived?
What kind of system is democracy? What are the benefits of it?
~Writin~
Write one or two sentences or a short poem about what freedom means to you.
ldiomatic expressions
Read these definitions of idiomatic expressions.
Find the expressions in the poem and then complete the expressions 1-3.
Use each expression in a sentence.
1 to on your own two feet a to be independent and able to look after yourself
2 to let things their course b the future will be better than the present
3 tomorrow is day c to follow the natural development of things
1R_roriü11cia tion
~ Rhyming words)
~ Does the poem on page 86 have words that rhyme Stress the words
(have the same end sounds)? that you -9eel are
Listen to the poem. ldentify the words that rhyme. important.
onjunction )
Read this passage about the poem you have read. Find the conjunctions that tell us:
- that information is being added;
- that information is being compared and contrasted to other information.
Then copy and complete the ru les.
In the poem Democracy, Langston Hughes talks about his

rights and his wish for real freedom. Although he lives in a The conjunctions and, (1)
a democracy, people do not have equal rights. Sorne people and (2) are used when you
are allowed to own land, but others are not. He wants the right want to add information in a
to own his own land and also the right to be independent. sentence.
He says that he does not want to wait too long for things b Conjunctions such as however,
to change and furthermore, that he is impatient with people (3) , (4) and neverthe/ess
who do not demand changes. While some people are willing express contrast.
to make compromises about democracy, he is not.
Join the sentences using the given conjunctions.

1 In a democracy there should be respect for human rights.
In a democracy there should be equality. (also)
2 Langston Hughes was a famous poet. Langston Hughes was an activist. (furthermore)
He does not agree with the policies of the ruling party in government.
He does pay his taxes. (while)
4 The people of the country want free education. The people do not want to pay taxes. (however)
Rewrite these sentences using the given conjunctions.

Example: Although he lives in a democracy, people do not have equal rights. (however)
~ He lives in a democracy, however people do not have equal rights.
1 While some people are willing to make 3 He wants the right to own his own land and also
compromises about democracy, he is not. (but) the right to be independent. (furthermore)
2 Sorne people are allowed to own land, but others The citizens have some freedom of speech,
are not. (while) however they are not all treated equally.
(although)
Complete these statements by adding sentences that make sense.

1 I believe that women should have equal rights
and furthermore, that
2 In a democracy people should all be able
to vote and also
3 Politicians should work to improve 1 believe that women should
the country and they should have equal rights and
4 They fought for independence, 0.Jrthermore, that they should
and what's more they also be respected.
Unit 1
Making deductions
Choose the correct words to complete the dialogues. Then listen and check.
1 A Why was Bintu elected president of the club 2 A I hear you have had a burglary?
and not John? B Yes, someone got into the house and stole
B I think Bintu (1) must have been / would be all our electronic equipment.
the best candidate. And she (2) should have A How did they get in?
made / must have made the best election B They (5) can have climbed / must have
speech. John is nota good speaker. climbed in through the bathroom window
A That's true, but John (3) must have been / I think.
would have been a good president tao. A (6) Couldn't they have opened / Must they
B Yes, I agree. Anyway, I know that Bintu have opened one of the doors?
was elected fairly. B I dori't think so. The doors were locked.
A Oh yes. She (4) wouldn't have tried / But they (7) could have picked / could be
mustn't have tried to bribe people to vote picking the lock, I suppose.
for her. She's tao honest!
Listen to the intonation in the sentences in the chart. Say the phrases aloud.
~
Why was Zola elected? She must have been the best candidate.
~ ~
How did they get in? They cou Id have opened the door.
~ ~
Couldn't we have voted for Flora? Yes, we could have, but we didn't!
~
Listen to three dialogues.
Answer the questions about the dialogues.

1 What deduction did Nadia make in the first dialogue?
2 What two things Malaika and Solange deduce about Langston Hughes?
3 What deduction did Akim make about Mariam's action?
· ,Wntmg
Write deductions for the se situations. Use cou Id have/ might have/
couldn't have/ must have /wouldn't have and suitable verbs.
1 You don't understand why someone committed an act of terror.
You discuss this with your parents.
2 You are waiting for the bus and it hasn't arrived.
You are talking to another passenger.
3 Your local football team has a new captain. Why?
You discuss this with a friend. Pay attention
to the
~ intonation.
Writing and Speaking
Write a dialogue for one of the situations in exercise 6.
Then practise your dialogue with a partner.
--......-.'9Lll..>E.L.>O you read
Read the dictionary definitions and then discuss which meaning
of the word 'movement' applies to the Harlem Renaissance.
movement noun
1 The act of moving: He has no movement in his legs as a result of the accident.
2 A group of people who work together to promote their ideas (in literature, poli tics, etc.):
The main aim of the civil rights movements was ta make sure that everyone had equal rights.
3 Part of a long piece of music: The orchestra played the second movement of the concerto.
Read the text.
THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE

Harlem is in New York. It was here, in the 1920s and 1930s, that African American culture
enjoyed its 'renaissance'. The writers, artists, actors and musicians who took part in this rebirth
wanted ta break [ree from the stereotyped views of their own culture. They wanted African
Americans ta be proud of, and not ashamed of, their own culture.
F
rom 1861-1865 there was a Civil Warin talented and creative artists. Duke Ellington and
the United States. The war fi.nally brought Louis Armstrong made jazz and African American
an end to slavery. After that some African music popular and acceptable all over the world.
Americans were given the right to own African Americans began to look with new eyes
land, to vote and to take part in civic activities, at their African heritage which had for so long
but these rights were later taken away from been despised by both white and black people.
them again. And soon, although slavery had
been abolished, many African Americans were
forced into virtual slavery again, working on
plantations and mines. While they lived in a
'démocratie' and free country, many of them
were also persecuted. Life in the South was very
hard. Many African Americans started to move
from poor, rural areas in the South to bigger,
less racist urban areas in the North. In cities like
New York, African Americans came into contact
with many well-educated young African and
Caribbean people who were also seeking better
lives. They started to develop a new pride in
being 'African' and Harlem became the symbolic
Duke Ellington and his band.
capital of a new literary and artistic movement
called the Harlem Renaissance. While the Harlem Renaissance was mainly a
Black intellectuals met in Harlem or went to cultural movement, it was also closely linked to
live there. They experimented with exciting, the civil rights movement. Writers and artists
new forms of music, art and literature. Harlem contributed to magazines and newspapers
became a popular and fashionable nightlife published by organisations like the National
destination. Writers such as Langston Hughes Association for the Advancement of Coloured
and WEB Du Bois inspired people to question People (NAACP) and the Brotherhood of Sleeping
and demand their rights. Artists like the pain ter Car Porters, which was a black labour union. And
Lois Mailou Jones and the sculptor Augusta through these movements black people in the
Savage proved that black women could be United States eventually achieved freedom.
Unit 1
Read the article aga in and choose the best words to complete each statement.
1 The Harlem Renaissance occurred during 4 The sentence, 'were forced into virtual slavery'
A the 1860s and 1870s. means
B the 1920s and 1930s. A were soldas slaves.
C the American Civil War. B decided to become slaves.
D the Caribbean war. C went to another country as slaves.
2 Before the Harlem Renaissance many African D were made to work and live like slaves.
Americans were of their own culture 5 made jazz popular all over the world.
and heritage. A Langston Hughes
A not proud C slaves B WEB Du Bois
B proud D not free C Augusta Savage
3 Many African Americans moved D Louis Armstrong
to fmd better lives. 6 During the Harlem Renaissance, African
A from the northern states to the southern Americans
states of the US A became interested in African culture again.
B to the Caribbean countries B rejected their African culture completely.
C from the cities to the country C copied the art of the Caribbean.
D from the southern states to the northern D became interested in poli tics.
states of the US

Change the form of the word if necessary.
1 He does not fit the normal of a big strong man because he is small and thin.
2 The family will travel to the United States to employment
and a higher standard of living.
3 Paying taxes, voting and serving your community are all important
4 We were of our brother when he stole money from another student.
5 The workers joined a in order to negotiate better working conditions.
6 I people who are racist or sexist!
Work in pairs. Which preposition would you use with each of these expressions?
Find the answers in the text you have read.
1 to take part 3 to be proud 5 to take away
2 to break free 4 to bring an end 6 to be forced doing something
Choose the correct preposition to complete each sentence.

Vou will find the expressions in the text.
1 The politicians took part the national festival.
2 We are proud the flora and fauna of our country.
3 Many young people experiment drugs and get themselves into trouble.
4 Albinos should not be despised other people in the community.
5 The politician who was linked criminal activities has been forced to resign.
6 Many people have contributed the fight against racism and sexism.
--~
rd r of adjecti j
Read these sentences. ldentify the adjectives and choose the correct words
to complete the ru les.
1 Many African Americans started to move from poor, rural areas in the South.
2 African Americans came into contact with many well-educated, young,
African and Caribbean people.
3 Harlem became the symbolic capital of a new, literary and artistic movement
called the Harlem Renaissance.
4 Louis Armstrong was a really good jazz musician.
1 Use adjectives that describe general / specific qualities first.

2 Adjectives that describe nationality / qualities corne last, just before the noun.
3 Use commas/ colons between the adjectives.
4 If two adjectives are from the same category, use and/ but between the adjectives.
Take notice
There is an order in which we use the adjectives. The order depends on the category of the adjective.
seven new small young black American

a kilo gram interesting
Example: She is a beautiful young Senegalese travel agent.
Use the given adjectives in the correct order to make these sentences more interesting.
1 Langston Hughes came from an African family. (American, poor)
2 Jazz was despised by people at first. (black, white)
3 The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic movement. (literary, exciting)
4 Augusta Savage was an artist. (talented, creative)
5 I have lost my book. It is a big book. (green, heavy)
6 The woman told Solange the story of her family. (Caribbean, well-educated, young)
Work in pairs and complete these sentences with more than one adjective.
That was a
and She made a
interesting article. and
contribution
to art and
He was a literature.
and writer.
Unit 1
Leadin
Look at this election poster and discuss what it means. VOTE
Match the words in the box with their definitions.
1 a time when people vote in an organised way, ~I
for their leaders
2 a person who makes a choice in an election
3 a group of people who take part in elections
and in governing a country
4 a plan of action in which you do things to try and get
a certain result ,
// " 1
I
5 a person who is nominated for an election
6 a large board on which advertisements are displayed outside
election candidate campaign

~~
~<~
~
Nor
I
political party billboard voter
6
. Before you listen
What happens during an election campaign?
Use some of the words in exercise 2 to describe a campaign to your partner.
D· t.isten to t h"1s news report w h"1c h 1s

. a b out an e 1 ection
. .
campaiqn .in Gh ana a f ew years ago.
Listen again and choose the correct answers. 4 What, according to the writer, is essential
1 How many presidential candidates were there in this carnpaign?
in this election? A a large advertisement with a message
A seven Ba bit of imagination
B ten Ca catchy piece of music with a message
C a large number Da healthy appetite
D eight 5 Who is making a lot of money from the election?
2 What are the political parties doing A people who make T-shirts and advertisements
to get votes? B the presidential candidates
A having parties C the voters who get T-shirts
B advertising their candidates in different media D the political parties
C fighting with each other angrily
D giving T-shirts to the chiefs S..9ea.king_
3 According to the writer, advertisements are not Answer the questions with your partner
effective because and then report back to the class.
A they are too expensive. 1 Why are elections important in a democratic
B there are too many of them. country?
C people have already decided for whom they 2 How do you think candidates can convince
will vote. people to vote for thern?
D people dori't believe them. 3 How can you become a voter in your own
country? What age do you have to be?
How do you register as a voter?
A for and against essay
I]. Before vau write

1
ln most countries these days, all people who are citizens of the country are allowed
to vote in elections when they turn 18. What is the law in your country?
E Read the model text. Then answer the questions.

1 What is this author's opinion about voting ages? 2 Which two reasons does the author give
In which paragraph does the author state to support his / her opinion?
his / her opinion? 3 Which argument does the author present which
is against his / her opinion?
Model text
At what age should you be allowed to vote? El Which other conjunctions cou Id
you use instead of the
A long time ago, one had to be 20 or 21 in order to vote, but conjunctions in green?
now most countries have lowered the voting age to 18. By the Choose words from the box.
age of 18 you are supposed to be mature and sensible enough to
be able to judge which candidates will govern your country best.
however although
The time has corne I believe to lower this voting age again. In
furthermore but also
many countries, 16 year-olds can marry without the permission
of their parents, they can join the army and yet they are not
considered old enough to vote. They can work and pay taxes, Writing Strategy
while they can't help to choose a new government. Surely this
needs reviewing?
Young people are also better informed than the young people Conjunctions improve the style
of 20-30 years ago. Access to the Internet has a lot to do with this. of your writing and make your
Young people today are full of new ideas and what's more, they text flow.
are interested in what is going on in the world. Older people are Example: Most countries have
often apathetic and they don't even bother to vote. lowered the voting age to 18.
There are some people however who argue that young people A long time ago, one had to be
have less life experience and they can be persuaded to believe 20 or 21 in order to vote.
things more easily than older people. They say that this could ~ A long time ago, one had to be
result in them being manipulated by ruthless politicians. 20 or 21 in order to vote, but now
In conclusion I am in favour of lowering the voting age, as most countries have /owered
I think times and people have changed and the laws need to take the voting age to 18.
this into account.
Do you think the voting age should be lowered to 16? Write an essay in which you present arguments
for and against this idea. Make sure you state your own opinion clearly.
E Make notes under the paragraph headings. Use words from exercise 3 to organise your ideas.
Paragraph 1 Introduction: State the issue and give background information.
Paragraph 2 State your opinion and give one reason to support your opinion.
Paragraph 3 Give another reason to support your opinion.
Paragraph 4 Present another point of view / opinion.
Paragraph 5 Conclusion: Resta te your opinion and write a conclusion.
IJ Write an essay of 180 to 200 words following the paragraph plan.

Try to use conjunctions to improve your style of writing.
Read the passage below. Fill in the gaps with words in the box. they
voting
An election
on
The election of the president of (1) republic, the mayor of a commune (2) parties
a member of a parliament (3) the result of a long political (4) . First of all, ,, these
the govemment draws (5) a list of voters. The list (6) the names of ail people a
who are eligible to vote. is
Tuen the political (7) or
draw up lists of candidates. (8) candidates run
process
electoral (9) to attract voters. They put up billboards and advertisements.
up
(10) election day, voters go to the (11) stations. They receive ballot papers includes
which (12) use to vote for their preferred candidates. campaigns
Write your own definitions for these words.

1 a billboard 4 an activist
2 a playwright 5 tax revenue
3 a columnist 6 a political campaign
Read the short paragraph below and look carefully at the order of the adjectives
in each sentence. Then copy and complete a table like the one shown below.
Afia is an energetic young Beninese travel agent. She has beautiful long black hair.
She usually wears smart Italian clothes and costly high-heeled leather shoes.
She uses an expensive small black smartphone.
Quantity Quality Size Nationality

Age Colour Noun
Shape Origin
energetic young Beninese travel agent
1
1 hair
clothes
1
shoes
1
l smartphone
1 i 1
Put the adjectives in the following noun phrases

in their correct positions.
1 affordable / interesting / two / packages tour
Use the order
2 popular/ political parties/ big /three /
0-'om the table
3 wealthy /a/ African / family in exercise 3.
4 healthy/ long/ life /a
5 computerised / Cameroonian / electoral list / a
6 young / talented / Ivorian / candidate
Join the sentences, using the given conjunctions.
Check the word order in your sentences.
1 They want democracy. They find it difficult to respect the rules
of the republic. (however)
2 They are always asking for good social services.
They dori't pay their taxes. (although)
3 Local authorities regularly collect taxes. They embezzle them and do little
for the population. (but)
4 She is a well-known singer. She is an activist of children's rights. (furthermore)
5 She did not vote in the last election. She will vote this time (while)
6 An election should be fair. An election should be peaceful. (also)
Make deductions about the present and past situations described below.
Use must, can't, must have, cou Id or couldn't have.
1 She looks a lot like Eleanor. She be her sister.
2 Henry won the first prize for his school work. He worked hard.
3 You typed the letter on my computer. It's been broken for a few weeks!
4 She makes a lot of mistakes when she speaks French. She be a native speaker.
Read the conversation below. Then make up your own dialogue about something
or someone that you thought you saw.
A I saw Henrietta in the street yesterday.
B Henrietta? You couldn't have seen her. She won a foreign scholarship a while ago
and at the moment she is studying at an American college.
A I told you that I saw Henrietta. She was riding a motorcycle. I waved to her.
B Wait a minute. Henrietta has a twin sister. They look so much alike that many people
make that mistake.
A So I must have seen her twin sister?
B I'm sure you did!
Complete these sentences with prepositions.

1 I like to stand my own two feet and not rely on others.
2 The people voted a new president.
3 The civil war brought an end slavery in America.
4 I am proud my African heritage.
• talk about political systems and changes? • use conjunctions to join sentences?
• use several adjectives in the correct order • make deductions in different situations?
to de scribe a noun? • use prepositions correctly?
Listen and say these words aloud.
• culture • heritage e language • customs • history
• ceremonies e legacy • forefathers • ancestors • procession
Use words from exercise 2 to complete this paragraph.

Culture is what makes one group of people think, act and interact with other people in
certain ways. (1) makes a group of people special. Our cultural (2) is what we
get from our ancestors and from the past. It is a (3) that we inherit from our
forefathers. This legacy includes the (4) we speak, our (5) , <lances, (6)
music and literature. It also includes buildings and works of art. The events that make
up our (7) are also part of our heritage.
---~---..OI.LlU-.L.Lg_
Work in groups. Make a list of 8 things that you think form part
of your cultural heritage. Your list should include the following:
• a language • a dance
• a building • a piece of music
• a ceremony • a religion
• a work of art • an article of clothing
Make a short presentation about your own cultural heritage to the class
using the list you made in exercise 4.
~ Before you read & Read the introduction and discuss
Skim the headings and the text. Which of these questions.
these would be the best title for this text? 1 What does the quote 'The body of America
A Brazil's African cultural heritage and the soul of Africa' mean?
B Slavery and cuisine in Brazil 2 Give three examples of the African legacy
C The Rio Carnival in Brazilian culture.
3 What are congada and maracatu?
The seventeenth-century Jesuit: missionary, Frei Antonio Vieira said that Brazil had 'the body
of America and the soul of Africa'. Even though Brazil has its own special culture, the African
legacy is evident everywhere. A lot of the cuisine, herbal medicine, music, dance and religion
has its roots in Africa. The popular samba dance as well as the congada and maracatu carnival
parades are of African origin. These dances are re-enactments of Congolese royal processions.
The Portuguese that is spoken in Brazil also owes some of its vocabulary to languages of
Africa like Kimbundu and Baia (Yoruba).
Slavery Cuisine
Slavery was abolished in 1888, and yet the Dishes like feijoada also have African origins.
legacy of the slaves remains. More than 4 million This dish, which is a stew of beans and pork was
Africans were brought to Brazil between 1549 created by slaves who used leftovers given to
and 1888 as slaves. They were brought to work on them by their owners. Other dishes like acarajé,
the plantations and mines of Brazil. The slaves which is a bean paste fried in palm oil, and
came from West Africa as well as from Angola, the aberém, .which is a cake made of maize or rice
Congo and the Shona empire in southern Africa. flour, have their origins in Yoruba culture.
Despite immigration of other European and
Asian ethnie groups, about 40% of the population Music and dance
today is of direct African descent. The slaves The most famous carnival in the world takes
brought their own traditions with them and place in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil every year
moreover, they brought important farming, during the month of February. More than a
ranching and mining skills to Brazil. million visitors corne from all over the world to
watch the entertainment and join in the fun. The
1 Religion carnival is said to have originated from the
The Candomblé, Quimbanda and Macumba congada and maracatu processions organised by
religions have a large following in Brazil, especially the slaves of Our Lady of the Rosary Church
in areas where many Brazilians are of African congregation in Minas Gerais in Salvador. Most
descent. These religions are based on African of the African people in this congregation were
Traditional Religion beliefs and practices. Many of slaves from the Congo. Becoming Catholic
the African gods became associated with saints in because their Portuguese owners wanted them
the Catholic Church. Xango (the god of thunder of to, they nevertheless kept their own religion and
the Yoruba) is usually associated with St Jerome for culture alive too.
example. Sorne of Brazil's Catholic saints are also of
African origin. St Benedict, for example, was a slave
from North Africa who was converted to Catholicism.
Catholicism was the religion of the Portuguese
colonialists who brought slaves to Brazil.
Read the text aga in and decide if the sentences are true or fa Ise. Correct the fa Ise sentences.
1 People in Brazil speak Portuguese but some 6 Feijoada is a meal that is made from pork and
of the words that they use are of African origin. beans.
2 The samba, the quimbanda and the maracatus 7 If you want to enjoy the carnival in Rio de Janeiro,
are all <lances that originally came from Africa. you need to travel to Brazil in February.
3 More than half of the population of Brazil 8 The Rio Carnival has its roots in the <lances
can trace their origins back to Africa. and processions performed by the Congolese
4 Slaves were brought to Brazil from West Africa, slaves who became members of the Our Lady
the Congo and southern Africa. of the Rosary Church in Salvador.
S The Candomblé, Quimbanda and Macumba
religions, which have their roots in African
Traditional Religion, are not very popular
in Brazil today.

1 the family origins of a persan 4 something that you get from people who lived
2 when something is acted out again before you
3 food which remains after a meal S cattle farming
6 a group of people who belong to a church
Write a paragraph about the cultural heritage of Brazil.
ldiomatic expressions and word families

Work in pairs. Find these expressions in the passage you read. Use a dictionary
to look up key words you don't understand. Then write a short explanation
of the meaning of each expression.
1 owe something to 3 to have your roots in S to take place in
2 to keep alive 4 to be of ... descent 6 to have a large following
Ali of these words are from the same word family.

Check the meanings in a dictionary.
1 Many Brazilian words from African
languages.
2 This dance has its in Portugal.
3 Her family is from China, but they have
lived in Cameroon for generations.
4 The idea of a carnival hundreds of years
ago, from the royal processions and <lances
of the African people.
Listen to these words and then repeat them. Be careful to stress the correct syllables.
modern evident immigration important
processions abolish tradition religion
onjunctions (moreover, as el/ as, y t,
in spite of, despite, v n though)
Read these sentences. Find the conjunctions that tell us:
- that information is being added;
- that information is being compared and contrasted to other information.
Then complete the ru les below.
The popular samba dance as well as the congada Despite immigration of other European and
and maracatu carnival parades are of African Asian ethnie groups, about 40% of the
origin. population today is of direct African descent.
2 Even though Brazil has its own special culture, The slaves brought their own traditions with
the African legacy is evident everywhere. them and moreover, they brought important
3 Slavery was abolished in 1888, and yet farming, ranching and mining skills to Brazil.
the legacy of the slaves remains.
a The conjunctions (1) and (2) are used when you want to
add information in a sentence.
h We canuse conjunctions such (3) , (4) and (5) to compare and contrast.
Rewrite each pair of sentences as one sentence, starting with the given words.
Vou will need to change the forms of some words in the sentences.
It is very late and I am tired. I am going It was raining and windy. We enjoyed the festival.
to watch the traditional dances. In spi te of the
Even though it I don't really like dancing. I always enjoy
2 The slaves lived under harsh conditions. the traditional dances in our village.
They found time to sing and dance. Even though I
Despite living
Choose the most appropriate conjunction to link these sentences.

The slaves were treated harshly by their owners. They continued to practise
their religions and customs. (yet / moreover)
2 The Rio Carnival is very popular with the people of Brazil.
It is very popular with tourists. (even though / as well as)
3 Maria did not have the approval of her parents.
She enrolled in a samba school. (despite / and also)
I don't really like feijoada. I like most Brazilian food. (even though / moreover)
Work in groups and compare some cultural practices

that you know about.
Niçierians as well as
Beninese and Toçiolese
celebrate the Gelede
Festival.
Unit 9
Q Complete the dialogues with the correct words. Then listen and check.
1 A You have been to Rio at carnival time. I want to visit Rio in February.
What would you (1) recommend / consider I do?
B I can't recommend the parades (2) highly / hotly enough.
They are mind blowing! You (3) simple must/ simply must watch them.
A And can I join in the parades and the dancing?
B Yes, of course. But (4) however / whatever you do, be careful!
2 A Have you ever (5) thought / considered about visiting Djenné in Mali?
B Yes, I have. But is it really worth it?
A I think it' s something we (6) should all do/ can all do.
It's part of our African heritage after all.
B I'll (7) pass that idea on/ give up that idea to my parents.
Maybe they will take us there one day.
Listen to the intonation in the sentences in the chart.

Pay attention to the words that are stressed. Then say the phrases aloud.
1 can't recommend it highly enough! lt is something you really should see!

You simply must go there! 1 have often thouqht of visiting Great Zimbabwe.
Listen to three dialogues. What advice does each speaker ask for and give?
Copy and complete the table.
Advke asked for Advic.il gîven

Dialogue 1
Dialogue 2
Dialogue 3
~
1 Writing and Speaking
Then practise your dialogues with a partner.
1 A tourist asks you to give him or her ad vice Pay attention
on how to learn more about the culture to the intonation.
of your country.
2 A friend asks you for some advice about where
to stay and what to do during a cultural festival
in your area.
ore you read
Look at the photo and read the introduction. Expia in in your own words
what type of dance is represented.
Skim the article. Whose cultural heritage is described in this article?

What part of the heritage is described?
Music and dance:

an integral part of lvorian culture
C
eremonial occasions or festivals are important in all cultures. Revolvi_ng around ancestral spirits,
prayers and worshzp, or food and harvests, these festzvals have thezr roots zn the past. In Côte
d'Ivoire, music and dance are also an integral part of many cerernonial occasions.
Traditionally, griots or story- without injuring the girls! The

tellers would move around the girls wear skirts made of grass
country telling their1 staries. and they3 wear headdresses with
Using musical instruments like cowrie shells on them. Both these
drums and gongs, they captivated dances are performed to the roll of
their audiences and made their drums.
staries more entertaining and The Festival of Masques is one
more dramatic. During traditional of the most well-known festivals
ceremonies to worship ancestors, in Côte d'Ivoire. It4 takes place
people danced to the music of every year in villages in and
drums and gongs. They2 also wore around Man in the northern part
carved wooden masks as links to of the country. Dance groups
the spiritual world of the from different villages compete
ancestors. Elaborate, beautifully against each other during this
carved masks have become a dance festival. They make up
symbol of Côte d'Ivoire's culture. dances and the best group is
Dance and music festivals still chosen at the end. The dancers
take place regularly and at wear masks and pay tribu te to the
different times of the year in spirits of the forests. Sometimes
modern Côte d'Ivoire. they5 also dance to exorcise bad spirits.
Sorne of the dances performed during these Dance and music festivals still take place
festivals require extraordinary skills. Take for regularly and at different times of the year in
example the stilt dances. Young men train in modern Côte d'Ivoire. They6 bring people together
secret for many weeks in order to be able to and help to unify the country. In some ways they
perform on tall wooden stilts. Tuen there are make up for the problems that people have had to
juggler dances. Dancing with daggers in their face in recent years. The ceremonies also attract
hands, skilled men toss young girls around up in many tourists.
the air. They juggle the girls and the daggers, but
Unit a
Q Read the article aga in and answer the questions.
1 What is an essential part of cultural celebrations 5 What are 'stilts'?
in Côte d'Ivoire? 6 What does a juggler do?
2 Explain what a griot does. 7 Name two things that occur during the Festival
3 Why do <lancers often wear carved wooden masks? of Masques in Man.
4 Name two traditional Ivorian <lances. 8 Name two benefits of dance and music festivals.
'JI Complete the sentences with the red words from the text.
1 The beautiful statue has been out of ebony, which is a dark solid wood.
2 I was so by the dance that I wrote and told all my friends aboutit afterwards.
3 In order to be able to carve masks, you need to learn certain
4 Two teams from our district will in the poetry festival next month.
5 Food, like music and dance, is an part of our cultural heritage.
6 The music and dance connect people to their ancestors.
Look at the numbered pronouns 1-6 in the text. What or to whom does each pronoun refer to?
Example: their1 ~ the griots
Work in groups. Do you think traditional music and dance is important in your culture?
Give reasons and share your ideas with the rest of the class.
~ Phrasai verbs with make)

The phrasai verb 'make up' is used in two different sentences
in the text, but the meaning is not the same in each sentence.
a Work in pairs and use a dictionary to work out what this means Reading the sentence in which
in each sentence. a phrasai verb occurs will help
1 They make up <lances and the best group is chosen at the end. you to work out the meaning
2 In some ways they make up for the problems that people have had of the verb.
to face in recent years.
b Now try and work out the meanings of the underlined phrasai verbs
in these sentences. Read the sentence carefully for clues about the meaning.
1 Can you make out what is written on this page? I dori't have my glasses on.
2 My sister helped me to dress up and made me !fil for the ceremony.
3 The thief broke into the museum this morning and made off with several valuable masks.
4 The <lances are over and it's getting late. I think we should make for home.
e ise gerunds )
Rewrite these sentences. Use the given words to begin each sentence.
1 The musicians use instruments like drums J The <lancers wear masks and pay tribu te
and gongs to accompany the <lancers. to the spirits of the forests.
Using Wearing
2 The young men toss the girls up in the air but The samba, which originated in Africa, is one
they do not injure them. of the most popular dances at the carnival.
Tossing Originating
~ sition of ad erbials (adverbs and adverbial phrase )

ldentify the adverbs and adverbial phrases in these sentences.
The type of adverb you need to look for is given in brackets.
Then discuss the position of the adverbs and phrases in each sentence.
Can you see any patterns? Answer the questions a-c.
a Which types of adverbials usually go at the end of a sentence?
h Which types can you use at the beginning of a sentence? Take notice
c Which types can you use in the middle of a sentence?
Adverbs are used to modify
1 Young men train in secret for many weeks. (time) verbs or adjectives.
2 Dance and music festivals still take place regularly and at different Adverb phrase (or adverbial
times of the year. (frequency, time) phrase) is the term for two
3 Skilled men toss young girls around up in the air in a spectacular
or more words which play
manner. (manner)
the role of an adverb.
4 Traditionally, griots or story-tellers would move around the country
Examples: / will play quiet/y.
telling their stories. (opinion/ evaluation, emphasis)
(adverb) / will play in silence.
5 Sometimes they also dance to exorcise bad spirits. (frequency, emphasis)
(adverb or adverbial phrase)
6 Honestly, I dcn't enjoy these types of dances. (opinion/ evaluation)
Complete the rules with words from the box.
• Adverbial phrase or (1) is the term for two or more words which play
the role of an adverb. during the ceremony
• Adverbs describe or modify (2) end
• Adverbial phrases are phrases like 'in a minute' and (3)' verbs
• We can start or (4) a sentence with an adverb or an adverbial phrase. middle
• We can also put these in the (S) of a sentence between the subject at the end
and the main verb. in the middle of
• Adverbials of manner, time, duration and place usually go (6) at the beginning (x2)
of a clause or sentence. adverb phrase
• Adverbials offrequency and degree usually go (7) of a clause or sentence.
• Adverbs which express a point of view often go (8) of a clause or sentence.
• We can put adverbs (9) of a clause or sentence if we want to give
them emphasis.
Add adverbs or adverbs phrases in appropriate places to each of the se sentences.

The <lancers danced in front of the spectators. 3 They didn't enjoy the festival.
(manner) (opinion/ evaluation)
2 We are going to watch the traditional <lancers. We left the hall and went home. (manner)
(time)
Unit e
Work in pairs and make up definitions for each of these words.
Read the clues first.
1 Trickster 3 Sacred
CLUE: the verb 'to trick' means to make CLUE: a synonym for this word is 'holy'.
someone believe something that is not true. 4 Myth
2 Resourceful CLUE: a type of traditional story.
CLUE: a 'resource' is something that 5 Folklore
you canuse. CLUE: this is part of our cultural heritage.
Work in groups. Talk about myths and folklore.

• Who tells these staries?
• What is the purpose of the staries? When you listen to a story, listen and make
• Who are the main characters? notes about these things:
• Do you think these staries are - the na mes of the characters in the story;
only for young children? - where the story is set;
• Why are they an important part - the sequence of event.
of our cultural heritage?
Listen to the story.
You have
killed him!
3 Anansi exchanged a basket of corn for

Listen aga in and choose the correct
A a chicken B a sheep
answers.
C a body D ten sheep
1 What did Anansi ask God for?
4 Anansi exchanged ten sheep for
A a basket of corn B an ear of corn
A ten chickens B a basket of corn
C a sheep D a servant
C a body D 100 servants
2 What did Anansi do with the corn?
A He ate it. B He cooked it.
C He left it in the house. ~aking
D He gave it to the chickens. Work in small groups and take turns to tell
a myth or a folklore story that you know.
Narratives
~
111 Before you write
Think about folklore and traditional stories that you have enjoyed.
Which stories do you think your younger cousins or brothers and sisters would enjoy?
Do they prefer funny (humorous) stories or sad stories?
E Read the story below. Complete the sentences with the best words.
1 The story is about 3 The story takes place in
A an old woman in the forest. A a forest and a palace.
B a scared door. B a big town.
C a man with a cutlass and an axe. C a house in a village.
2 The characters in the story are
A a rich man and an old woman.
B a poor man and an old woman.
C a young woman and a clever man.
Model text Work in pairs and brainstorm what

will happen next in the story. Read the
Once there was a poor man. When his parents died
Strategy box and make notes in a flow
he had nothing, not even a plot on which to grow his
chart with arrows so that you can plan
crops. So one day he took his cutlass and his axe and he
the sequence of events.
went to the forest to look for a place to plant some crops.
After a while he grew tired and he sat clown under
a tree. Tuen an old woman appeared. 'Who are you
Writing Strategy
and where do you corne from ?' she asked. The poor
man explained that he was looking for a place to plant Write down the na mes of the characters.
his crops. Choose a few adjectives to describe each
"Take off your old clothes and follow me,' said the character. Make a simple flow chart of the
old woman. 'And give me your cutlass and your axe events in the story. Start like this:
and follow me.'
So, the poor man did as the old woman told him. Poorman Meetsanold
She took him into the forest to a palace. The people at leaves his woman, takes .....__
home, goes to off clothes, ~
the palace welcomed him and made him their king.
the forest. follows her.
They gave him beautiful clothes and good food to eat.
Tuen they took him to his living quarters. The old
woman said, 'You are our king now and this is ail yours.
But you must never open this door. It is a sacred door.' Tell the story you have created to the class
and compare your stories.
Writing Task
Write a myth or a traditional story in your own words. Choose any story that you think is good or important.
~ Write down the na mes of the characters. Draw up a simple flow ch art like the one you made
in exercise 3. Use sequence words like So, Then and After that when you write.
Mind irregular verbs when you write in the past.
Paragraph 1 Write the beginning of the story. Look at the words used in the model text.
Paragraphs 2-4 Use the events in your flow chart to tell the story.
Paragraph 5 Write an ending to the story.
r_a Write your story in 220 to 250 words following the paragraph plan.
Read the clues below then copy and complete the puzzle.
The first letter of each word is given.
Clues across
3 The ability to do something well.
1 2
7 A group of people who worship in a church.
4 C 5
9 Something that you inherit from
3 s
someone after their death; something
6
that is part of your history.
F
10 The origin of a person's family.
7 C
Clues down 8
1 What you do when you make a statue M

out of wood. 9 L
2 The remaining food after people have eaten, 10 D

after a meal.
4 You speak it!
5 To attract very much.
R
6 Staries, legends, proverbs that belong to a group of people.
8 Traditional story that explains history or how something happene<l.
Form one or two new words from each of these words.

1 enact
2 congre gate Use suÇ'Ç'ixes
3 captive -ment -al 0'om the box.
-tian -ate
4 compete
-ity -or

1 The staries continued late at night and yet /as well as the children stayed awake.
2 Despite / And yet the fact that this type of dance is an exhausting physical experience,
the young men seem to enjoy it.
3 They like modern music even though / as well as traditional music.
4 Even though they live/ Even though they living abroad, they attend
the Wémè Festival every year.
5 In spite of/ moreover having converted to Christianity, they are still attached
to traditional beliefs and practices.
6 The talk about cultural alienation was interesting and as well as / moreover
it was very informative.
Use the correct form of the verbs in the box to replace
the underlined phrasai verbs in each sentence.
1 They made up the most interesting story of the competition and won its first prize. go
steal
2 The KGB agent crept into the building and made off with top secret documents.
see
3 We could just make out the words in his letter. His writing was too small to decipher.
create
4 The show is over now and it's getting dark. Let's make for home.

1 Wearing / Wear masks and dancing, the young men paid tribute to their ancestors.
2 Originally / Originating from Africa, the samba is now a dance that is popular
all over the world and especially in Brazil.
3 Traditionally griots move around / Griots move around traditionally
the country telling their stories.
4 The festival takes place every year at the same time / every year
at the same time takes place.
5 They left the celebration and walked home slowly / slowy walked home.
6 The <lancers tossed the girls up in the air with amazing skill / up in the air
the girls with amazing skill.
Read the conversation below and complete it with words fr~m the box.
Tourist: I've been in Dakar for a week and I'rn leaving very soon.
Which tourist attractions should I visit?? must
Guide: Have you been to Gorée Island yet? highly
Tourist: No, I haven't. worth (x2)
recommand
Guide: I would (1) (2) it.
considered
It' s such an extraordinary place. You simply (3) visit the Island
before you go back to Lomé. Any person who cornes to Senegal
should go there. Listen to the story of the slaves. It is very moving.
Tourist: Thanks, I will. And what else is (4) seeing?
Guide: Have you (5) going to the craft markets? They have nice
wooden sculptures. It's (6) a visit.
Tourist: OK. Thanks for your help.
Write a dialogue between you and a tourist in which you recommend

an attraction from your area.
• talk about your cultural heritage? • use phrasai verbs with make?
• form and use words from the same word • use gerunds correctly?
family? • use adverbials?
• use conjunctions to compare and contrast • give someone advice?
information?
The king's heir

~
Long, long time aga, in a land that is now part of Nigeria, there was a king who
1
had three wives, many children, but no male heir.
After many years the king asked the lfa priest for help. The priest prepared 00
medicine for the king's wives and declared that the king would indeed produce a male
heir. But he did not say which wife would bear this male chi Id.
Saon all three women were with chi Id. The time came for the babies ta be barn.
The aider wives bath gave birth ta daughters. When it was time for the youngest wife
ta give birth, the two aider wives waited nearby anxiously. When a baby boy was barn
they quickly took the baby away and put a large stone in its place. 'Look what your wife
has borne you!' shouted the oldest wife. 'lt's a stone!' shouted the other wife. The king
was shocked and ashamed and the youngest wife was expelled from the village.
The baby boy had been ta ken ta the forest nearby and left ta die. A wise old man
found the boy and took him home. He raised the boy as his own child.
The king in the meantime had grown old and soon he lay dying. He still had no
male heir, sa he consulted the lfa priest aga in. 'Your son js a live and living in the forest,'
said the priest.
The king sent his soldiers ta find the young man. The young man was brought
ta the king. Then the king ordered all the women in the village ta make a pot of food.
The women cooked the best pot of food that they cou Id make, with the most expensive
ingredients. The king's youngest wife, who lived in a poor little hou se outside the village
made a simple pot of food with a few vegetables. She had no meat ta put in the stew
because she was tao poor.
The young man tasted ail the pots of food. The last pot of food he tasted was the
poor woman's stew. Lifting up the lid of the pot, he smelled the stew and his face lit
up! 'This is the best!' he said. 'Then the woman who cooked that food is your mother
and you are really my heir, said the king.
When the old king died, the two aider wives were expelled from the kingdom.
The young man became king and ruled the kingdom wisely for many years.

1 From which part of the world does this story corne?
2 True or Ialse? Only a male child could become king in this land.
3 Which religion did the king practise?
4 Why were the two other wives anxious when the youngest wife gave birth?
5 What happened to the baby boy?
6 The youngest wife had to leave the village because
A the boy was not the king's real son.
B the king's other wives said she had given birth to a stone.
C the king was jealous of the boy.
D the child was taken to the forest.
7 How did the king find out if the boy was his real heir? Explain what he did.
2 successor
Complete the sentences with words formed from the words in brackets. Use suitable suffixes.
1 The people wanted (poli tics) change so they voted for a new government.
2 In a (democracy) country, people have the right to express themselves (free) and elect their leaders.
3 All the members of the (congregate) stood up to sing the hymn.
4 My family came from Ghana (original).
5 The dancers use masks to connect themselves to the (spirit) world.
6 She is a very (resource) person. She will always find a way of doing something.
Use the words from the box to complete the sentences.

1 Music is an important part of our cultural
2 Our dance group will be in the national dance competition next week. intellectual
3 Writers need freedom in order to be able to create good literature. integral
4 During the election the candidates promised the voters lower taxes competing
and better schools. heritage
5 For a long time African heritage was by both white and black people campaign
in the United States. despised
6 Dance is an part of most traditional ceremonies in our country.
Use the conjunctions furthermore, however, although, despite, even though or as well as
to join these sentences.
1 I want the right to freedom of speech. I want the right to be treated equally.
2 My father has the right to vote. He does not exercise this right.
3 She was very tired. She watched the programme on television.
4 We enjoyed watching the dances. There was lots of wind and dust.
5 She has been the President for only two years. She has introduced many changes.
6 He has two daughters. He has two sons.
Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

J Langston Hughes was (a great American poet / an American poet great).
2 She is (an attractive, tall Cameroonian / a tall, attractive Cameroonian) woman.
3 The dance involves (jumping/ to jump) over a sword.
4 The dancers (in secret for many weeks train/ train in secret for many weeks)
before the competition.
S Dance festivals (take place regularly / take regularly place) in this area.
Do only one of the following tasks.

Task 1 Write an essay in which you discuss one of these topics. Your essay should be 180-200 words.
A Should presidents or prime ministers be allowed to serve more than 10 years?
B Should governments spend more money on cultural events?
Task 2 Write your favourite traditional story in your own words. The story should be about 200 words.
consumer
Leadin
Study this graph. What does it tell us
Estimation of Share of world's private
about the consumer society we live in?
consumption in 2012
2%
fJI Now complete this summary
with information from the graph.
The (1) people in the world consume 77%
of all goods that are produced. The people with
• World's richest
20% consume 77%.
a middle income consume (2) of all goods. World's middle
The poorest people consume only (3) 60% consume 21%.
of all goods.
• World's poorest
20% consume 2%.
Source: World Bank
Do the vocabulary quiz in pairs. Then check your answers.

1 A consumer is someone who 5 Advertising means to
A is eaten by jealous. A draw attention to something in order
B buys things and uses services. to sell it.
C eats a lot of food. B .buy something that is cheap.
D makes foods. C sell something that is cheap.
2 The act of using up resources and buying things D sell something online.
is called 6 If you are wasteful, you
A consulting. A collect waste products.
B constipation. B take all your waste to the recycling depot.
C consumption. C throw away everything you have.
D conscription. D use valuable things in a careless way.
3 A producer is a person, a business or a country 7 Pollution is harmful to the environment
that because it
A grows food. A is important.
B makes goods. B damages it.
C supplies goods. C causes it no harm.
D does all of the above. D improves it.
4 If you market a product, you
A buy it at the market.
B sell it at a market and not in a shop.
C sell it at a discount.
Answers: Hl (19 VS (IJ, H JZ HI
D do things to make people want to buy
the product.
Read these statements. Do you agree or disagree with them?

1 Advertising is the art of convincing people to spend money they don't have for
something they don't need. Will Rogers (American actor and social commentator)
2 I love consumerism, TV culture, shopping malls. There's nothing I would ever buy,
but I like being there! John Lydon (English singer and songwriter)
3 What consumerism really is, at its worst, is getting people to buy things that don't
actually improve their lives. Jeff Bezos (founder ofAmazon)
Dl Before you read
Skim the article and look at the pictures. Write down what 'consumerism' means to you.
Check your answer when you have read the article.
fJI Read the article once. What is each paragraph about? Match an idea to each paragraph.
1 Consumerism started after the Industrial Revolution.
2 Sorne people say that consumerism has damaged our society
while other think it makes us happy.
3 People were producers rather than consumers 200 years ago.
4 Consumerism involves buying goods, often in an obsessive way.
5 Consumerism is wasteful.
1s consumerism good for us?

What would you have clone if started with the Industrial when they go faulty, instead of
you had lived 200 or more years Revolution. As a result of repairing them. Consumerism has
ago? Could you have bought your industrialisation, goods became created what some people call a
clothes in a shop? Would you have more easily available because 'throw away' society. Many of the
owned more than one pair of shoes? production was quicker and easier. factories that produce goods cause
Would you have had to produce ail Factory-made goods were cheaper pollution and they also often
your own food? Two hundred years than the hand-made goods, so the waste valuable resources such as
ago most people, except for a few people who worked in the factories water to produce the goods.
elite, were producers, rather than could afford to buy Consumerism has
consumers. They produced enough what they made. had a huge impact on
food for their own families to eat. They didn't need to society and individuals,
They made their own clothes. make everything as well as on the
So, what is consumerism? themselves anymore. environment. Sorne
Consumerism is about acquiring The workers became say it has caused our
goods. Our desire to consume consumers. Later, society to break clown
things is nothing new, but in the department stores and fall apart. People
modern world many people have be came popular. who have money have
the ability to buy more. They also These stores sold a become addicted to
buy more than they need. whole range of spending it. People
Buying goods and services different products, who don't have money
gives them satisfaction. from clothing and are envious and jealous
People love shopping perfumes to books, of those who do have
around for the best food, and household appliances. money to spend. But people say
deals and goods. People didn't have to go to many that consumerism makes us
They are motivated different places to buy things. happy. What do you think?
to work so that Instead they were able to do all
they have more their shopping under one roof and
money to spend. they were also tempted to buy
Sorne people more goods.
argue that people we become One of the main problems of
obsessed with buying and consumerism is the fact that it is
owning things. Others also wasteful and harmful to nature.
say that this is one of the Most of the goods that we buy are
main problems of a capitalist packaged in paper or plastic.
economy system. It makes We throw away this
the gap between the rich and packaging when we use
the poor even greater. the goods we have bought.
How did we all become We also throw things such
such avid consumers? It all as radios and toasters away
Unit~
Q Read the text aga in very carefully. Then say if these sentences are true or fa Ise
according to the text. Justify your answers.
1 Consumerism bas had a big impact 5 All the factories that produce consumer goods
on modern society. are harmful to the environment.
2 Two hundred years ago everyone made their 6 Many people cannot afford to buy everything
own clothes. they see, so they become envious and jealous
3 All people are obsessed with consumerism. of people who can buy everything.
4 Department stores tempt people to buy more 7 Consumerism is an addiction for many people.
than what they need. 8 Consumerism bas no real impact on
the environment.
1 big shops with a variety of different goods 4 enthusiastic

in different departments 5 a bad feeling you have when you want something
2 doing something or thinking about something that someone else bas
all the time 6 broken, not working properly
3 buying or obtaining
~ Splitting phrasai verbs )
IZJI Sorne of the phrasai verbs in these sentences Take notice

are used incorrectly. Rewrite the incorrect
sentences correctly. Sorne phrasai verbs can be split. We can put
1 Our society falling is apart because we are obsessed the preposition / adverb with the verb or away
with buying things. from the verb in a sentence.
2 She threw the clothes away because they were Example:
no longer in fashion. I wi/1 throw the radio away because it is broken.
3 I think we should do away shopping malls with! I will throw away the radio because it is broken.
4 I need to look my sister after while my parents Other phrasai verbs cannot be split.
go shopping. Examples:
5 My parents brought me Jill to have respect I look forward to shopping every day.
for the environment. She shopped a round for the best deal.
6 The situation is very dangerous. Please can you look after my handbag?
It could blow at any time im!
Has consumerism
had a bad e.ç'.ç'ect
Work in groups.
on the community?
Discuss consumerism
in your community.
Use these questions Has consumerism
to guide your discussion. a.ç'.ç'ected the
environment?
Q Writing_ How?
Write 2-3 sentences about consumerism.
Say what you feel aboutit.
ast tense modal )
Look at these sentences.

1 What would you have clone if you had lived 200 or more years ago?
2 My grandmother must have made all her own clothes.
3 They would not have needed to make everything themselves.
4 You should have seen all the people in the shop yesterday. There was a sale.
S We could have bought more if we had had more money.
Find other examples of past tense modals in the first paragraph of the text on page 112.
Then choose the correct words to complete the ru les a-e.
a We can use some / all modal verbs in the past tense, but not all of them.
b To form the past tense we use 'have'+ the past tense / the past participle
after the past form of the modal verb.
c The modal verb 'must' has a/ has no past tense form.
d We use modals in the past tense to guess what might have happened / describe
what happened in the past.
e We can / cannot use negatives with modals in the past tense.

1 Would your grandfather have more than 4 You ought to have more carefully
one pair of shoes? to the instructions.
A owned B own C owning A listen B listened C not listen
2 We would not needed to go to all those S You have borrowed money to buy those
shops if we had a department store in this town. shoes. You don't need them!
A bas B have C hasn't A shouldn't B should've C should
3 Adele have gone out. I haven't seen ber. 6 They have bought a new television set.
A musted B mustn't C must The old one is still working.
A need B needn't C mustn't
Write your own sentences using the past modals from the box.
shouldn't have could have must not have

must have would have
Work in pairs. Talk about things you cou Id, would or should have done.
You should have watched

that programme on
consumerism on TV last night.
lt would have made you think!
1 could have watched it

with you i.Ç' you had
told me about it
in advance.
Unit~
~Persuading)
Complete the dialogues with words from the box.

1 A You have to buy those shoes! always
B Why? They are so (1) course
A But they are (2) ! They make your legs look longer. only
B Yes, but I wonder if... expensive
A And they are such good (3) ! They will last for yearsl stunning
2 A Which cell phone should I buy? perfect
B NOKU is (4) a good buy. free
A Why? new
B Because they have the (5) after sales service. quality
A And what about the battery? best
B Does it last? Of (6) . You (7) have to recharge every 3 days. magnificent
3 A Is this a good radio?

B Oh yes. It's first class! And you get four batteries absolutely (8) if you buy today!
A That's good, but ...
B It's brand (9) . The sound is (10) . I think it's (11) for you!
Listen to the intonation [ ~] in the sentences in the chart.

Listen to the words that are emphasized. Then repeat the sentences.
That dress is stunning! lt's perfect for you! Buy two books and get one book absolutely free!
NOKU is always a good buy. lt is such good quality.

Pay attention to the intonation and word stress.
Listen to the dialogues. How is each persan persuaded to buy something?

Say if the statements are true or fa Ise. Correct the fa Ise statements.
1 It is better to buy one expensive shirt because it will last longer than a cheap shirt.
2 It is better to buy a yoghurt with fruit because it is cheaper and has more sugar.
3 A watch that is attractive, expensive and waterproof is the best watch to buy.
~
~tio.g_andSp_e_aking_
Then practise your dialogues with a partner. Tips for persuading
Pay attention to the intonation and stress. • Use adjectives and emphasise
1 You go to a shop with a friend. them when you speak.
Your friend persuades you to buy a pair of jeans. • Use short sentences.
2 You need air time for your phone. A vendor persuades you • Exaggerate and give reasons.
to buy a bundle with air time and data. • Words like 'new' and 'free' are very
persuasive.
......_......,... ._ or.e_yo_u_rea d
Work in groups. Take only five minutes to make a list of all the advertisements that you can
remember. When did you last see or hear the adverts? Why do you remember them?
Read the first paragraph and write down

three ways in which advertising is used.
Advertising
Advertising is a way of making people aware
of products, services, jobs and ideas. Companies
use advertising to inform people about new
products and services and to increase sales of
existing products and services. Advertising has
played a significant role in consumerism as
people are easily persuaded to buy more than
what they need. A politician who wants to be
elected will place advertisements in the media.
A government that wants people to be reminded
about certain issues may place an advertisement Richard Toll, Senegal.
on television. Being reminded that water should want to be placed in the media. Radio and TV
not be wasted may help to save water. The media sell time slots. Advertisers pay according to the
also widely used to advertise job vacancies. amount of time they want to use and the time at
Adverts are placed in different media, where which they want their advert to be aired.
people are most likely to see them. Before the Another form of advertising that is popular
arrival of computers and smartphones, traditional is that of organising or sponsoring special
print media was the most effective way of events. Being sponsored by a company that
advertising. Newspapers, magazines, brochures, makes sports clothes, watches or equipment can
flyers, and billboards all carried advertisements. help a club to host a sports event. The company
Advertisements helped to pay for the cost of gets good exposure at the same time.
printing newspapers and magazines. There are Sorne advertisements are intended to make
fewer newspapers and magazines today, partly people aware of a brand rather than to persuade
because advertisers have switched to other people to buy a specific product. This type of
media. advertising has created a huge demand for
Radio and television were widely used for designer goods for example. People are prepared
advertising before the arrival of modern media to pay much more for certain brands of designer
forms. Unlike the print media, radio and goods, especially those endorsed by celebrities.
television still attract advertisers because they Being seen in the same clothes as a famous
remain an effective way of reaching many football star is a strong motivation for buying
people. In the US for example, two thirds of the the clothes.
population tune in to the radio at least once a Most of us don't give much thought to
week - that's about 240 million people. This is advertisements - they have been part of our lives
because you can still do your work or your for a long time. We are used to being bombarded
shopping while listening to the radio. with adverts ail day long, everywhere we go. But
The print media sell space in their publications advertising is a powerful tool which does affect
to advertisers. Advertisers pay according to the what we buy and do. The good news is that we
size and position of the advertisement that they still have the power to make our own choices.
Unit~
Read the article aga in and choose the best answers.

1 Advertising can create 4 Advertisers buy in the print media.
A persuasion. A time
B effectiveness. B space
C awareness. C colours
D significance. D ideas
2 A flyer is an example of 5 Big companies often sponsor events
A electronic media. A because they are kind.
B television media. B because it is cheap.
C aeroplanes. C in order to advertise their products.
D print media. D in order to have fun.
3 have been one of the most effective ways 6 Advertising has over people in modern
of advertising for a long time. society.
A Radio and television A no effect
B Magazines and smartphones B a big influence
C Billboards and radio C some influence
D Newspapers and television D a little
Complete the sentences with the red words in the text. Vou may have to change
the form of some words to make the sentences grammatically correct.
1 The advertisement is every day on television, just after the news.
2 Advertising needs to reach many people if it is to be
3 Sorne clothing companies have been successful in making peopl~
aware of their of clothing.
4 Saving water is an that we have been made aware of through advertisements.
5 I wish call phone companies would stop me with special offers1
6 I to the radio every morning to listen to the news before I go to school.
7 The company advertises all job on its website and in the local newspapers.
8 Which sports companies will the Africa Cup
of Nations tournament next year? This advert is efÇective
because it makes you laugh
and you remember the
Work in groups. Find two advertisements product that way!
that you think are effective.
Vou can choose advertisements from any media.
Discuss why the adverts are effective and then report back to the class.
~ Collocations )
Use make or do to complete each phrase .
... a choice ... a promise
... a job ... a profit
... someone aware of something ... the shopping
... your homework
Choose the most appropriate word to complete each collocation.

1 We discussed how to stimulate / attract customers to the new restaurant.
2 Advertisements are used to inform / notify people about new products and issues.
3 Promoting / Sponsoring a local sports team is a popular way of advertising.
4 Advertising is a strong / powerful tool.
ore about p ssives forms)
Work in pairs. Read the following paragraph from the text and identify passive structures.
Note that infinitives and gerunds can also be used in the passive voice.
Advertising has played a significant role in consumerism as people are easily persuaded
to buy more than what they need. A politician who wants to be elected will place
advertisements in the media. A government that wants people to be reminded about
certain issues may place an advertisement on television. Being reminded that water
should not be wasted may help to save water. The media are also widely used to
advertise job vacancies.
Choose the correct words in the ru les about forming gerunds

and infinitives in the passive voice.
a Use to be/ to been + the past participle to form the infinitive in the passive voice.
h Use been / being + the past participle to form the gerund in the passive voice.
Write these sentences in the passive voice using infinitives or gerunds. Mind irregular verbs.
1 (elect) class leader is a great honour for me.
2 Everyone needs (remind) that the water is not safe to drink.
3 She doesn't like (tell) what to do as she always thinks she knows best!
4 He is the first persan (give) this award for advertising.
S (see) in the same clothes as Beyoncé motiva tes many people
to buy those designer clothes.
6 I am not used to (bombard) with emails about new products.
How can I stop them?
Write the verbs in this passage in any form of the passive voice.
These advertisements (1) (intend) to make people aware of a new brand of sports
shoes. People need (2) (persuade) to spend a lot of money on these shoes, so the
shoes will (3) (endorse) by Neymar. Once people (4) (make) aware of the brand,
the type of advertising (5) (change). The advertising will then (6) (focus) on
special offers.
Work in pairs and discuss what you like and dislike about advertising.
Use passive constructions where they are appropriate.
l love to be of'f'ered goods

at special prices.
1 hate being told

what to buy1
1 make my own
choices.
Unit 9
secure
Read the terms in the box with your partner. delivery
Look up the words in a dictionary if you don't know what they mean. fake
order
Use words from the box in exercise 1 to complete these sentences. convenient
1 I have ordered a book and I expect before the end of the week. repu table
2 When did you place your for this mobile phone?
3 There is a shop around the corner from our house, which is very !
4 You can do your banking online, but make sure you use a computer or phone.
Dori't do your banking in an internet café!
5 This watch is nota real Cartier watch, it is a
6 You should buy your mobile phone from a seller, not from someone selling things on the street.
When you listen to instructions, listen for words like 'first; 'then'
and 'after that'. As you listen, make notes with arrows between
the notes to show the sequence of events.
Read this headline and discuss what you think the article is about. Do you agree with the headline?
Online shopping: quick, convenient and safe

Listen to the article. Then read the Strategy box.
Listen aga in and make notes with arrows to show the sequence.
Choose the correct answers to these questions.

1 According to this article, online shopping is ... 4 What is the last thing you have to do when
A quiet, inconvenient and secure. you place an order online?
B quick, easy and reputable. A Click on 'confirrn order'.
C quick, convenient and easy. B Check that the website is secure.
D fake, quick and easy. C Click on 'add to basket'.
2 You need the following to shop online:
D Insert the delivery address.
A a computer and a mobile phone. 5 How can you tell if a website is fake or real?
B Internet access and a credit card. A Look for 'http' in the address and a secure
C a basket and a credit card. symbol.
D a delivery address and a cell phone. B Put a padlock on the website and contact
3 What would you do first when online shopping?
the seller.
C Phone and find out from the seller.
A Click on 'add to basket'.
B Insert credit card details. D Look for 'https' in the address and a secure
C Click on 'confirrn order'.
symbol.
D Go to website. 6 Is online shopping safe?
A No, it is not safe at all.
B Yes, it is safe if you are careful.
C The article does not mention safety.
D Yes, it is very convenient.
Writing
~ An advertisement )
~
n I Before you write Read the model text and answer
Talk about what attracts you when you see the questions.
an advertisement. 1 Which products are advertised?
1 Is it the colour and design? 2 Which words does the advertiser use
2 Is it the language (words like FREE and SPECIAL to persuade us?
OFFER)? 3 What else does the advertiser do to
3 Is it the endorsement (famous person who persuade us?
is in the advert)? 4 Would you buy this product? Give a reason.
Model text
UP to 75% off
the latest
DESIGNER Clothes
This offer is not to be missed!
This week only
Order online NOW. FREE delivery
on all orders.
Sign up for our newsletter with

weekly offers here. It's free. >
Writing Strategy
Advertisements need to attract attention. Choose words that will attract attention,
such as now, free, not to be missed. Choose interesting adjectives. For example:
smart, designer, trendy, stylish.
Writing Task
Work in groups and make up an advertisement for a type of food, an item of clothing
or an entertainment product that you would like people to buy.
Choose the product you want to advertise.
Brainstorm your ideas about how you can persuade people to buy the product.
a Make a mind map with words you canuse. You canuse a dictionary to find
different adjectives that you could use.
b Decide if you will use a special offer or something that is 'free' to persuade people to buy the product.
Write the text of your advert. Read the Tips for persuading on page 115 aga in.
Then lay out the advert on a sheet of paper with an illustration.
Think about which words should be bigger and what colours you should use.
Complete the sentences with words in the box.
1 Advertising helps fraudulent producers ta sell products. expensive
faulty
2 The company has a customer service department.
fake
They repair or exchange products. obsessed
3 The advertisement for the new Chinese macaroni will be on all repu table
the country's TV channels next week. secure
4 There is an interesting at the Peace Corps advertised in La Nation today. aired
vacancy
5 The mobile phone company has a lot of cultural and sport events
sponsored
throughout the country. wasteful
6 A smartphone is much more than an ordinary telephone.
7 Consumerism is not only , it is also harmful ta our health and our environment.
8 My insurance company is one of the most companies in the country.
You can trust therri'
9 Keeping one's money in a bank is more than keeping it in a moneybox under a bed.
10 With sa many ads on TV, on the radio and in newspapers,
people have become with buying and consuming goods.
Choose the correct words to complete each of these sentences.

1 When you leave school you have ta make / do a choice about care_ers.
2 I made/ did a promise ta my parents that I would study hard for the exams.
3 My father makes / does most of the shopping because my mother is working.
4 The company that is promoting / sponsoring the local basketball league
gave all the players new basketball shoes.
5 The restaurant has placed an advertisement on a billboard because it wants
ta attract / stimulate new customers.
Rewrite the sentences below ta king into account the situations.

Use cou Id have, would have, shouldn't have or should have in your sentences.
Use the given words to start.
1 She wanted ta buy the product, but she found out it was a fake.
-+ She bought the product but
2 He saw a nice shirt on sale. He had enough money ta buy the shirt, but he didn't.
-+ He bought the shirt but
3 She saw a smartphone that was really nice. Although she didn't have money,
she bought it.
-+ She bought the phone because
4 She took pictures of the clothes in the supermarket. She wanted ta send them ta her sis ter,
but she couldn't because of the Internet failure.
-+ She sent the photographs ta her sister if
5 Henry did not visit his friend in hospital. He was very busy.
-+ Henry visited his friend in hospital but
Write these sentences in the passive voice.
1 Thirty years ago advertisers used drawings to sell products.
2 European companies spend billions of euros on advertising every year.
3 How much money did your country spend on advertising last year?
4 Which techniques do writers of ads use to persuade people to buy goods?
5 Have they used actors and stars to recommend the new product?
6 Does consumerism pollute the environment?
Use the infinitive or gerund form of the verbs in brackets to complete these sentences
in the passive voice.
1 Nowadays chancellor of a university is a long process. (elect)
2 of how Ebola spreads, the community has helped to limit the impact of the disease. (inform)
3 and hostage for years must be a terrible ordeal. (kidnap) / (hold)
4 People need to that companies try to make them buy more than what they need. (remind)

1 We would like to do a way with / away with do advertising on television.
2 His parents brought up him / brought him up to respect his elders.
3 I look forward to meeting/ look to meeting forward your P<:-rents next week.
4 She threw the pen away / the pen threw away because it didn't work very well.
5 The political situation is very tense at the moment.
Things could blow up at any time / blow at any time up.
6 Yesterday I had to look up / look after my brother after school
because my parents were at work.
Complete this dialogue. Add words that will help to persuade

the buyer to buy the shirt.
Buyer: Which shirt do you think I should buy?
Seller: The red shirt looks (1) on you!
Buyer: Yes, but it is quite expensive ...
Seller: Well, it is such good (2) . It will last for (3)
Buyer: Yes, maybe, but...
Seller: Well. I tell you what. I will give you this hat for (4) if you buy the shirt.
Buyer: That sounds like a good deal. Thank you!
• talk about our consumer society? • use the passive voice with infinitives
• use phrasal verbs correctly? and gerunds?
• use past tense modals? • use language to persuade?
• use common collocations?
Work in groups. Look at this collage about friendship. Which ideas do you agree with?
What cou Id you add about friendship?
Friendship
'Don't walk behind me; I may not lead. Don't walk 'A friend is someone who knows ail about you
in front of me; I may not follow. Just walk beside and still loves you.' Elbert Hubbard
me and be my friend.' Albert Camus
'Friendship is the hardest thing in the
'] think if I've learned anything about friendship, it's to hang in, world to explain. It's not something
stay connected, fight for them, and let them fight for you. Don't you learn in school. But if you haven't
walk away, don't be distracted, don't be too busy or tired, dori't learned the meaning of friendship,
take them for granted. Friends are part of the glue that holds you really haven't learned anything.'
life and faith together. Powerful stuff.' Jan Katz Muhammad Ali
IFl Study these dictionary definitions and answer the questions.

grant verb to allow something to happen hang verb to suspend or attach something
PHRASES PHRASES
to take someone for granted not to appreciate to hang in (informal) to be patient and not give up
someone or what has clone to hang out (informal) to spend time with
My father has always taken my mother for granted. friends not doing very much
He just expects her to do everything in the house. get the hang of (informal) to leam to do something
to take something for granted to think that hang on (informal) to wait
something will happen without asking hang up to put your clothes on a hanger or a hook
questions aboutit
I took it for granted that all my [riends would came
to my birthday party, but they didn't!
1 Complete this sentence: The teacher ... 4 When would you use the expression 'bang on' -
me permission to leave school early. when talking to a friend or to your teacher?
2 Complete this sentence: Don': take your 5 Complete this sentence: My [riend tried to show
friendships ... granted! me how to work this radio but I just can't get the
3 True or false? You should take your parents hang ... it!
for granted. 6 Look in a dictionary and find two more
expressions with the word 'bang'.
~
Q Speaking_ Q Writing_
Work in pairs and talk about the things you Read this short poem about friends and
do with your friends. Use some of the words then write your own poem. Use some
and expressions in the box. of the ideas you discussed in exercise 3.
1 am your friend
share laugh have fun bang out Yeu can always count on me
support connect play 1 will always give you a hand
If you fall, 1 will pick you up
If you need support, l'll stand by you.
And we'll srnlle and laugh together.
Q Before you read
The following expressions are related to relationship with someone.
What does each expression mean?
• to go out with • to date • to break up • to cheat on someone
Read the text in detail. Do you agree with this blogger?

Make notes with your own ideas as you read.
G uess what? Sanga and I have been dating for one year
already! AWESOME. Tomorrow we will be celebrating our
fîrst anniversary. /'Il have had the same boyfriend for a whole
year! Wow! 1'11 have learned a thing or two about relationships
by the time I finish school.
Here's what I have learned so far ... my list of TIPS for good
relationships ... Take NOTEI
Be willing to compromise
You can't always have your own way. Sometimes you have to do what your partner wants
to do or you have to reach a compromise.
Try to trust your partner
lfyou can't trust someone, then there is no point in the relationship. But that trust must
be earned too! Don't cheat on your partner!
Learn to be a good listener
Listen carefully to what your partner says. This will help you to understand what type of
person your partner is and what he or she needs and wants from life.
Don't be afraid to state your own opinion
1 mean we ail have freedom of speech - right? So say what you think and let your partner
say what he or she thinks too.
Accept your differences - don't expect your partner to change to suit you
We can't ail be the same and you can't expect your partner to change a habit just because
you don't like it. And if you make a mistake, apologise and then move on.
Respect your partner
This is the big one! You can't have a relationship without this.
Don't take each other for granted
Appreciate your partner and make sure he or she appreciates you!
My relationship with Sanga has been cool so far. 1 hope 1'11 still be going out with him in a
year's time. 1 wonder if we will still be having so much fun together? Let's hope we don't
break up. Who knows? So far, so good ... Peace to you al/.
Love
Amara
Comme ts
Amara should forget about Sanga and concentrate on her work instead. - Anonymous
Hey, 1 agree about the respect thing. My girlfriend has no respect for me. She never listens
tome! -JoJo
Respect works both ways Jojo! If you don't respect her she won't respect you.
And why should she listen to you? AmyX
Good for you guys. One year! Congratulations. - Samba
Read the text aga in. Choose the correct answers.
1 Amara has been dating for a year. 5 You should to your partner so that you
A Samba C Jojo understand what your partner needs from life.
B Amy D Sanga A respect C trust
2 They will be celebrating the next day. B listen D learn
A Sanga's first birthday 6 In a relationship we need to accept that
B Amara's birthday A people are different.
C being in a relationship for one year B people need to listen.
D a year at school C you can change other people.
D your partner doesri't suit you.
3 Amara is
A still at school. C at university. 7 In a good relationship you need to have
B working. D at home. for each other.
A fun C compromise
4 I t is not a good idea to on your partner!
B respect D trust
A keep C cheat
B listen D trust
Use words in red in the text to complete these sentences.

Vou may have to change the forms of some words.
1 If you do not your partner, you can't build a good relationship
2 Yéro and Afia dated for two years before they
3 They have been for a few months and they seem very happy together.
4 My parents have always encouraged me to my own opm1ons.
5 We argued about where to go and then we reached a
6 Santa has a of rubbing her nase when she is nervous.
~
Writing
Work in groups and discuss these questions. Add your own comments to this blog.
1 What do you think is most important Say if you agree or disagree with the blogger.
in a good relationship? Vou can also give advice of your own.
2 What do you think is not good in a relationship? Vou can use informai language.
~:. &. .:i ~~~'===~~~,·~:

:; . .: i
~ Informai language)
Match these formai and informai expressions.
Hey! Wonderful! Take notice

---
Wow! Please hold on a moment.
Words like Hey! Wow! Cool! are informai words
Cool! Very goodl that we only use when writing informai texts
Guess what? Do you agree? like blogs, text messages or emails to friends.
Hang on. Hello, good morning! Contractions are also informai.
----<
Right? Do you know?
---
Work in pairs. Read these sentences aloud and decide which words need to be stressed.
You can't always have your own way. Don't cheat on your partner! Listen carefully to what your partner says.
utur perfect and future continuo )
Study the verbs in the sentences. Sentences 1 and 2 are in the future perfect tense
and sentences 3 and 4 are in the future continuous tense.
1 I'll have learned a thing or two about relationships by the time I finish school.
2 Next year my parents will have lived together for 20 years!
3 Tomorrow we will be celebrating our first anniversary.
4 I hope I'll still be going out with him in a year's time.
Copy and complete the ru les with the correct words.
a The future perfect:

- is formed with will have+ a present / past participle.
- describes an action that will be started / fini shed by a particular time in the future.
- is often used with for.
b The future continuous:
- is formed with wi/1 be+ a present participle / an infinitive.
- describes a continuous / an imaginary action at a certain time in the future.
Reorder the words and expressions to make meaningful sentences.

Then identify the tense in each sentence.
1 I wonder if/ will still be dating / her / I / at the end /of the year.
2 We / a whole year / will have been /for/ next mon th. / here
3 to visit / She / in January / will be/ travelling/ her family / next year.
4 I / in the USA/ I / will be studying / hope / in two years' time.
5 will be/ In February / we / celebrating / Valentine's Day/ with our friends.
Complete the sentences with correct forms of the verbs in brackets.

Use the future perfect or future continuous.
1 Next week we to Ghana to visit our friends. (travel)
2 By next Monday I my exams, so I will be able to go out with my friends again. (finish)
3 Angelique Tidjo in Abidjan next mon th. I hope I'll be able to go and watch. (perform)
4 She hopes she her studies in three years' time. (complete)
5 This time next week we ourselves in the village. (enjoy)
6 By 6 o'clock she all the food for the party tonight. (make)
Work in pairs. Talk about things you may have completed by certain dates in the future.
Use the future perfect tense.
1 think I will have

completed my education
in rive yeors' time.
1 wonder i.ç' 1 will have
realised my dream o.ç'
becoming a pro.ç'essional
.ç'ootball player in 2017.
Unit 1~
Expressing regrets and apologies
Q Ebele and Boganda are talking about relationships. They have some regrets.
Listen and then choose the correct words to complete the dialogue.
Boganda: Lulu and I broke up last mon th.
Ebele: You must be lonely ...
Boganda: Yes, I am. If (1) alone / only I had listened more carefully to her.
Ebele: Did you have an argument?
Boganda: Yes - many! I (2) wish / will I had apologized and then we could have moved on.
Ebele: I know the feeling. I broke up with my boyfriend a few months ago too.
I wish I (3) have/ had respected him more. He wasn't so bad ...
Boganda: I (4) would / should have let Lulu state her opinions, but I didn't.
Ebele: I wish I had trusted my boyfriend, but I (5) don't / didn't.
Boganda: Oh well, maybe things will work out better next time.
Ebele: Yes. Hopefully we wori't have any (6) regrets/ regret next time.
Choose the correct words from the box to complete these apologies. apology
1 I'm so . I didn't mean to hurt you. sorry
2 Please me. I know I am very late. apologies
3 I would like to make an for my rude behaviour yesterday. excuse
4 We for any inconvenience this has caused. apologise
5 I have spoken to you so harshly. My sincere shouldn't
6 Please my apologies for this mistake. It won't happen again. accept
Listen to the intonation [ ~ ] and stress in the sentences in the ch art.

Then say each sentence aloud with the correct intonation.
· Apologies
u.-~ .. :.---.::::: ---L~*"'=:- ..
1 wish I had listened to her! l'm so sorry!

If only I hadn't shouted at him! Please excuse me.
1 should have had more respect. 1 would like to apologise for the inconvenience.
Practise the dialogue in exercise 1 with a partner. Pay attention to the intonation.
Q Listen to three dialogues and complete the table.

Listen aga in and check your answers.
Apology or Regret? Apology

Content Dacko said something mean
to Oumarou.
Key words I accept your apology.
Write dialogues in which two people express regrets over things they did in a relationship.
Use the dialogues in exercise 1 to help you. Then practise your dialogues.
~
Before you read
ls it dangerous to go out on date with someone you don't know?
Why cou Id it be dangerous? Discuss these questions before you read this story.
Skim the story and answer these questions.

1 What are the names of the main characters 4 What is the story about?
in this story? A A bad experience on a bus.
2 Which of the characters is still at school? B A girl who had to write an essay.
3 Where did the characters meet? C A boy who asks a girl out on a date.
An ideal date
Nadia had been staring out of the window, when The following day, she handed in her essayas
she realised that her teacher was talking to her. promised in the morning. After classes had
'Nadia! 1 repeat ... Have you finished your essay?' finished, she walked across the road to get
'Umm, sorry, Sir. Yes, 1 ... was thinking ... No, something to eat. Then suddenly she froze in her
1 haven't. tracks. There were some boys around the corner
'Well, then stop day-dreaming and get writing!' from the shop. Sokoni was amongst them. They
said the teacher. were smoking and talking very loudly. They were
Nadia had been day-dreaming about a boy talking to a big man whom Nadia did not
she had met before the teacher interrupted her. recognise. He was well-dressed and he wore lots
His name was Sokoni and he had sat next to her of gold jewellery. The language they were using
on the bus the day before. He was everything she was not the sort of language that Sokoni had used
had ever dreamed about in a boy - her ideal when he had spoken to her on the bus. Sokoni
boyfriend - confident, good-looking, well- seemed to be giving some money to the man with
dressed ... She smiled to herself as she thought the gold jewellery. The man had a few small
about the bus trip. He had asked if he could sit packets in his hands. Nadia started to feel a bit
next to her on the bus. So polite he was! He had uneasy and she hurried away, afraid that Sokoni
chatted all the way home. He had put his hand would see her. She began to have a niggling
on her shoulder and admired her hair. 'See you feeling that maybe he wasn't so perfect after ail.
tomorrow?' were his last words as he got off the That afternoon Sokoni was on the bus again.
bus. Then he had winked at her! Nadia's heart missed a beat as he beckoned her
Just then the bell rang. Of course Nadia had to corne and sit next to him.
not finished her essay. 'I will hand this in by 'Have you finished school?' he asked. 'How
tomorrow rnorninq,' Nadia promised the teacher. about coming with me? 1 know this nice place
He raised his eyebrows at her rather sceptically not far from here. The music is qood.
and said, 'Right, first thing tomorrow then, Nadia. 'Um ... thanks but I have some things I need to
Without fail!'
'Yes Sir,' she said, grabbing her bag and
do at home; stuttered Nadia.
'Weil, 1 could always corne and fetch you a bit
1
dashing out to catch the bus. later. Say 6 o'clock? ls it a date?'
Nadia was disappointed that she didn't see 'Yes, okay, it's a date,' said Nadia hesitantly.
Sokoni on the bus aga in that afternoon. He must Something told her that this was the wrong thing to
have had a sports practice, she decided. When do. 'But can my brother corne a long too?' she asked.
she got home she sat down and tried to finish 'Come now, babe! You don't want him tagging
the essay. 'I wish I had finished this in class,' she along, do you?'
muttered to herself, 'then I wouldn't be sitting 'Ok. 1'11 meet you at the bus stop at 6; she said
here now!' But she knew she needed good marks as she got off the bus. She ran home quickly.
in English if she was to realise her dream of She did go to the bus stop, but it was after 6.
becoming a journalist. And by the time she got there, the bus and
Sokoni had already left.
Unit lO
Read the story aga in carefully and choose the best words to complete the sentences.
1 Nadia was day-dreaming instead of 4 Sokoni and his friends were when Nadia
A looking out of the window. saw them.
B thinking about a new boy she had met. A shouting and laughing B smoking and shouting
C writing an essay. C drinking and smoking D playing and dancing
D listening to the lesson in class. 5 Sokoni made a date to meet Nadia at
2 Nadia had met Sokoni on the bus A at 6 o'clock the next day.
A the day after. B after school.
B that morning. C at 6 o'clock the next morning.
C that afternoon. D at 6 o'clock that evening.
D the day before. 6 Nadia asked if her brother could corne along
3 Nadia promised to hand in her essay because she
A the following morning. A felt a little nervous and uneasy.
B later that afternoon. B liked her brother.
C after school. C wanted Sokoni to meet her brother.
D the next week. D had promised to take her brother out.
Match the red words in the text with these definitions.

1 something that makes you worry a little all the time
2 talked in a way that showed she was nervous, repeating sounds
3 stopped something that was happening or that someone was doing
4 in a way that was not convinced or believing
5 thinking about something pleasant when you should be doing something else
6 gestured with a hand to encourage someone to corne doser
Work in pairs and discuss these questions.

1 Why do you think Nadia stuttered when she spoke to Sokoni?
2 What do you think was in the packet that Sokoni got from the man
with the gold jewellery?
3 Did Nadia make the right decision in the end?
4 What might have happened if she had met Sokoni at the bus stop?
ldiomatic expressions and phrasai verbs

Complete these expressions. Ali expressions were used
in the reading texts in this unit. Use the words in the box.
1 If you have an argument you should apologise and then just move broke
2 Shall we meet for coffee at 4 pm? Is it a ? on
3 When you have fi.nished your work, please hand it to the teacher. in
4 I saw something that made me freeze in my beat
5 My heart missed a when I saw the beautiful girl looking at me. realised
6 My friend's little sister always wants to along us when we go out. tag
7 Paul and Mary up last week. They had been dating for two years. tracks
8 I hcpe-that I will have some of my dreams in fi.ve years' time. date
~ ast perfect simple and past perfect continuous)
Work in pairs. Read the sentences below and identify past perfect simple
and past perfect continuous.
Can you expia in why each tense has been used?
1 By the time she got there, the bus had already left.
2 Nadia had been day-dreaming about a boy she had met before the teacher interrupted her.
3 After classes had finished, she walked across the road to get something to eat.
4 'I wish I had finished this in class,' she muttered to herself.
5 She was surprised because the boys had been using bad language.
Copy and complete the ru les about the past perfect simple and the past perfect continuous.
Choose the correct words.
a The past perfect simple:

- is formed with had / has + a past participle.
- describes an action that occurred before / at the same time as another action
or a specific time in the past.
b The past perfect continuous:
- is formed with had been + a past / present participle.
- describes something that started in the past and continued up until another time
in the past / present.
Write these sentences in the past perfect simple or the past perfect continuous tense.
1 He wished that he Mary to go to the party with him instead of Linda. (ask)
2 Aboubakar at the bus stop for 30 minutes before the bus arrived. (wait)
3 When she got to the station, the train . (leave already)
4 We watching the film on television when the electricity went off. (finish)
5 Salimatou Brahim until she met John at a party last month. (date)
6 The rain had started the day before and by 3 pm it for almost 4 hours! (rain)
Form verbs in the correct tense to complete this paragraph.

Note that you can use any appropriate tense here,
as long as it is grammatically correct.
The next day Nadia (1) (decide) to walk to school rather than take the bus.
She didn't want to meet Sokoni. She did this for a few days and then, as she (2)
(not see) him for a while, she decided to take the bus again. She didn't see Sokoni or
any of his friends that whole week. But the following Saturday, after she (3)
(clean) the house, Nadia (4) (go) out do some shopping. She (5) (wander)
around for about an hour, when suddenly she (6) (see) Sokoni. He was with his
friends and the man with the gold jewellery. And there was a girl with him. Nadia
didn't (7) (recognise) the girl. Quickly, she turned around and walked into the
nearest shop, hoping Sokoni (8) (not notice) her.
Tel\ your story

to the rest
Work in pairs. Read the passage that you completed
of the class.
in exercise 4 and then make up an ending for this story.
Vocabulary
Unit l~
~.·
1 Choose the correct phrases to complete each sentence.
Then read each sentence aloud to a partner.
1 There's a free concert/ concert free at the stadium tomorrow.
2 We are looking for some fun and entertainment / entertaining. What's on tonight?
3 The football match starts in two hours' / hour time.
4 Why don't you have/ make a picnic in the park?
5 The dancing starts at 7 o'clock / will starting on 7 o'clock.
6 Whatever you do, take care / careful!
;_ ~_ Listening
Q Before you listen
1 Look at the picture.
What are these people
lining up for?
What do you like to do
with your friends for
entertainment?
Listen carefully to the

speaker on the radio.
Then read the questions in exercise 4.
Listen aga in and choose the correct answers.

1 On what day of the week is Valentine's Day? 5 On which day is the traditional dancing
A On Friday. B On Saturday. and what time does it begin?
C On Sunday. D On Tuesday. A On Friday at 5 pm.
B On Saturday at 2.30 pm.
2 What is on at the stadium on Friday?
C On Sunday at 9 am.
A Dancing. B A football match.
D On Sunday at 5 o'clock.
C A free concert. D A picnic.
6 What is Valentine's Day?
3 What could you do early in the morning on Saturday?
A The 14th of February.
A Have coffee and croissants.
B A day when you celebrate friendship
B Go dancing.
and love.
C Have a picnic.
C Not a public holiday, but a day when many
D Relax in the park.
people celebrate.
4 Where could you go to a party? D All of the above.
A At Max's or Julie's places.
B At Maximes.
C At the back of the park.
D In the park.
Work in groups. Discuss what you are going to do for entertainment this weekend.
Talk about activities and say where and when they will take place.
Writing
A personal text
n-. Before you write

Talk about blogs that you enjoy reading. What are the blogs about?
Do they give useful advice? Do they give information (such as how to make something)?
Do they give advice about interesting events?
Read the model text and complete the sentences with the best endings.
1 This blog is about . .. 2 Idrisso likes to ...
A things to do when you are on holiday. A work during the holidays.
B which books to read when you are on holiday. B relax during the holidays.
C things Idrisso likes to do when he is on holiday. C travel during the holidays.
3 The language in this text is ...
Model text A informai. B formai. C rude.
The best things about the holidays ...

by ldrisso
Work in groups and respond
1 love holidays ... don't you? After a long year of work,
to the blog in the model text.
1 like to unwind and do things I don't usually have time
to do. Here's my list of the best things about the holidays ... Do you agree with the ideas
or do you disagree?
Hanging out with friends
lt's good to have time to talk and just be together.
My friends corne around and we listen to music, Writing Strategy
we dance, we joke, we tell staries ...
Sleeping late
No alarm clocks! Even my mum lets me sleep late.
The best part of holidays! • Use the first persan.
Partying Use pronouns like /, me, my,
Of course holiday time is party time. 1 like going out myse/f.
if I know I don't have to go to school the next day! • State your own opinions
My friends like to dance, so do 1. and ideas.
Catching up with my reading • Use informai language if you
Can't party all the time though! 1 love reading and am want to.
usually too tired to read du ring the year. So in the holidays
1 grab a few thrillers, a few books about travel. .. and I read
and read and read ...
So enjoy your holidays too. And hey! Take care out
there too.
ldrisso
Writing Task
Write a persona/ text in the form of a blog. Write about the things you like to do with
your friends for entertainment.
!J Make a list of the things that you like to do with your friends. Choose three ideas to write about.
Paragraph 1 Write an opening paragraph. Use questions and state your opinion in this paragraph.
Paragraphs 2-4 Write a few sentences about each idea on your list. You canuse headings.
Paragraph 5 Write an ending. Send a greeting or a message to the people who read your blog.
Il Write your blog in 200 to 250 words following the paragraph plan.
Use words from both columns to make
phrasai verbs and idiomatic expressions.
hang with someone
go in your tracks
break the hang of something
Complete the sentences with phrasai verbs

or idiomatic expressions from the box.
freeze
get
on a date with someone
in -
Change the form of the words if necessary.
1 They were late for the course, so they had to work hard
to the other students.
2 Young people tend to the present easy life cheat on
Twenty years ago things were hard for their parents. catch up with
3 She found out that he was her, so she asked for a divorce. miss a beat
count on
4 You can me to help you if you have a problem.
take for granted
5 My heart when I realised that she was staring at me!
Use the best words to complete each sentence.

1 My partner has a few habits/ grants that I don't really like but
I accept that we are different.
2 If you need support, I'll stand by / hang out with you.
3 Please don't interfere / interrupt me when I am speakingl
4 She was qui te sceptical / niggling about my ability to complete the project intime.
5 He beat / beckoned me to corne over and sit with him.
6 I mutter and stutter / state when I am nervous!
Write five sentences about things you will have done

by a certain date in the future.
complete studies have a baby get married

have a job travel to a holy land
build or buy a house buy a car visita foreign country
Use the prompts Use the future

in the box below. perf'ect tense
or the future
continuous tense.
Use time expressions
such as: on Sunday,
in a year's time,
in two yeors time,
by 2018, by 2025 ...
Combine each pair of sentences using the word prompt in brackets.
Change the tenses of the verbs if necessary. You can use the simple past,
the past perfect or the past perfect continuous.
1 They broke up. They were married for more than twenty years. (after)
2 They waited in a queue for two hours. They were allowed into the concert hall. (before)
3 The dictator ruled the country for twenty-five years. He was forced to step clown. (before)
4 The whole family lived in poverty. The father won the jackpot
on the national lottery. (until the day that)
S Nong waited at the station for 30 minutes. The train arrived. (before)
6 She didn't finish her essay. The bell rang. (when)
Read the dialogue and answer the questions below.

Cynthia: Sanga and I broke up two weeks ago.
Vivi: Sorry to hear that. Did you have an argument?
Cynthia: Yes. A bad one. And I said nasty things to him.
Vivi: That's too bad. You shouldn't have.
Cynthia: You're right. I should have showed more respect for him.
If only I hadn't shouted so loudly!
Vivi: Did you call or write to apologise?
Cynthia: Not yet. I wish I had called him the same night.
Vivi: It's never too late for apologies!
Cynthia: You're right. I'm going to call and say I'm sorry right now!
1 Which two things does Cynthia regret?

2 Write clown three sentences from the dialogue in which Cynthia expresses her regret.
3 Explain what the expression 'to say you are sorry' means.
4 Write two sentences that Cynthia could use to apologise to Sanga.
Complete these sentences with the most appropriate words.

1 Please regret / excuse my behaviour yesterday. I behaved badly.
2 I wish / should I had listened to my father but I didn't.
3 I am so sorry / regret about what happened yesterday.
Please accept my apologise / apologies.
4 Let's have a picnic / make a party at my bouse on Saturday!
S Hurry up! The concert begins / beginning at 6 o'clock and we still have to get the bus.
• use idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs? • use the past perfect and past perfect
• use the future perfect and the future continuous tenses?
continuous tenses? • express regrets and apologies?
Goodfriendsblog.com
Have you found your soul mate yet? 1 think I may have ... 1'11 tell you more about
that persan, but fîrst let me tell you about soul mates.
So what's a soul mate? l've been checking this out. The dictionary says it's
someone with whom you have an affinity ... You know ... a type of special connection.
1 guess that means the sort of persan who finishes a sentence that you start. Or the
sort of persan that phones you just as you are about to phone them! 1 also think it's
the sort of persan who makes you feel comfortable and cairn. And then challenges
you and argues too! ln fact perhaps a soul mate is like a very good friend. The sort of
persan who supports and trusts you without judging you ... who shows respect ...
who makes you smile ... who always listens ... and who cries with you.
So let me tell you about my new soul mate. His name is Boganda although
1 don't call him by that name. He makes me laugh and he listens to what I say too.
And yes, he often finishes a sentence that I start! (Wish he cou Id finish sentences for
me in the exams!) He's definitely on my wavelenqth. He just knows and understands
me. When I broke up with my boyfriend last week, he cried with me and held my
hand. He just seemed to understand that I needed someone to be with me - and not
ask too many questions.
You see, Boganda is also my grandfather. He's been around my whole life,
but I have only recently got to know him well. He lives in another country, so I only
see him occasionally. 1 think he has worked out how to be a good friend. Perhaps we
will ail have worked this out by the time we get to his age.
So I hope you will be lucky like me and find a soul mate. lt's good for you ...
Love
Ebele
Answer the questions or do the activities.

1 What is the relationship between the blogger and Boganda?
2 A soul mate is
A someone who is your boyfriend. C someone with whom you can have a special connection.
B someone who does your work for you. D someone who is not a very good friend.
3 Give two examples from the text of qualities that make a person
a good friend or a soul mate.
4 How did Boganda help Ebele when she broke up with her boyfriend?
5 True or false? A soul mate might phone you just as you are about to pickup
the phone and phone him or her.
6 What does Ebele hope her readers will have worked out by the time they are old?
7 Write a comment on this blog. Write two sentences in which you give your opinion
about what the blogger says.
Read the following definitions. Find words or expressions in the text that have the same meaning.
1 to research or find out more about
2 relaxed and at ease
3 (someone) who thinks and acts in the same way, who understands you
Complete these sentences by choosing the correct words.

1 Buying goods in an obsessive way is called (consumerism / consumption).
2 Nowadays we often throw appliances away instead of (repairing / restoring) them.
3 The bank decided to (sponsor/ brand) the national football team.
4 'Please (hang on / hang out) a minute while I call the manager,' said the receptionist.
Match phrases 1-5 with their endings a-e.

1 I dori't take my brother for granted a when he saw the snake on the road.
2 He froze in his tracks b because he cheated on me.
3 I broke up with my boyfriend last week c it is a fake.
4 This is not a real Gucci T-shirt, d by getting a football to wear them.
S They advertised their new brand of clothing e because I appreciate everything he does for me.
Choose the correct option to complete each sentence.

1 You have borrowed all that money. 4 Once a demand created for a product,
How are you going to pay it back? it is easy to sell it.
A mustn't B shouldn't C should D should've A have been Chad been
2 He bought a new cell phone. The old one B has been D is been
was still working. S I hope I will still out with him when
A needed to C need have I leave school.
B needn't to D needn't have A have gone C have gone
3 She is the first person to this award. B am going D be going
A will win C has won
B have won Dis winning
Rewrite the sentences with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
1 After the lesson (end) I walked to the market to get some lunch.
2 My father (smoke) for more than 20 years already. I wish he would stop!
3 This time next week we (have fun) at the youth camp.
4 In May next year we (celebrate) my brothers 18th birthday.
S (elect) captain of the football team was a great honour for me.
Do only one of the following tasks.

Task 1 Write a persona! text in the form of a blog. Write about any subject that you think
will interest your friends. Your blog should be 180-200 words.
Task 2 Write an article about how to be a good friend. Your article should be 180-200 words.
. . 1
stY,y!e~!~ ~ g training
improving your work
Read the Strategy box on page 16 aga in and then do the exercises.
Tatiana is going to write a description about a tourist attraction in her area.
First, she looked for ideas. Read her notes.
Why do you think Tatiana made these notes?
TOll/ÛÂt ~: GllKJl!i, tk A (l(,ÏJ!/JJ{, Veuiœ

LOf'JJ1loff,: eooo~ of Calmti / Not fat f'U)u(; Cotimou,
pk!ftiJ',a}, riPl.Chip~: (J}riœlr, e'1eJr!fWkPM (iuMe&, iclwolJ. hala, wilïœJ., ~), it11l
I
Pe,op&: ad1vdle!.
Read the first draft that Tatiana wrote.
Ganvié is one of Benin's tourism wanders. It is also calls the African venice. Ganvié
is located in the Commune of Calavi. It is about half an hours drive from Cotonou.
One thing that strike you once you get to Ganvié is that almost everything is on
water? We lived in houses built on stilts in the water. We have a floating market. On
the markit day we buy and sell our products from boats on the water. Children attend
school in the middle of water. even our health centres and churches are in the midle
of water. We not only work on water, we also have fun on it. Come to the Ganvié
Festival at the end of the year and enjoy our cultural events on water1
Tatiana's first draft has mistakes.

Read the draft again and find these mistakes:
1 Find three words that are spelled incorrectly.
2 Find three punctuation errors.
3 Find three grammatical errors.
Rewrite these sentences using relative pronouns to join the sentences.

1 I love to visit places. The places have lots of wild animals.
2 My uncle took me on a tour of the park. My uncle is a tour guide.
3 The market sells fresh fish and meat. We visited the market.
4 This is a hotel. The hotel only serves local food.
Vou are going to write a description about a tourist attraction in your area.
a Choose a tourist attraction and make notes aboutit.
b Write the first draft of your description.
c Revise your description and give it to a partner or your teacher to read.
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Y:!!!!i~~ 9 train· ng
an article
ldentify the topic sentences in these paragraphs.
1 Non-renewable resources are resources that are depleted more quickly than they can be
regenerated. Fossil fuels like oil and natural gas are good examples of non-renewable resources.
2 Most of the mineral resources of our country are found in the north.
The minerals are mined and then transported by rail to the sea.
From there they are exported all over the world.
3 Gabon is rich in natural resources. The country has deposits of uranium, manganese
and petroleum as well as large deposits of iron ore, gold and diamonds. Gabon also has huge
forest resources which provide timber like okoume, mahogany, kevazingo and ebony.
4 For a long time, the main mineral resource of Chad was natron. Natron is used as salt
and it is also used in the preparation of soap and medicines. Natron was dug up around
Lake Chad and in the Borkou area.
Write topic sentences for an article about natural resources, using the given information.
1 natural resources / lake / rivers / forests
2 oil / drilled / northern areas / pipeline / coast
3 flora / fauna / attract / tourists
Read these sentences. ldentify the sentences that state facts (F)
and the sentences that give opinions (0).
1 Waterfalls are a natural resource which can be used to generate electricity.
2 This country will need a lot of help to protect its natural resources.
3 Diamonds are mined in the east and the northeast of the DRC.
4 Carbon dioxide is agas that absorbs and retains the heat of the sun.
5 I believe that the only way to protect our forests is to stop all logging.
6 Burning coal to generate power is not really as damaging as some scientists believe.
Write two sentences in which you give some facts about

the natural resources in your country.
Write two sentences in which you give opinions about how

the natural resources in your country are being used.
In myview I believe that
You canuse
these phrases.
Writing questions
Read each answer carefully. Then match the answer with the question
you would use to get each answer.
1 She has to take ARVs every day because 3 Yes, of course I am!
she is HIV-positive. A You be taking your medicine and eat healthy
A Does she have to take ARVs? food?
B Do she have to take ARVs? B Are you taking your medicine and eating
C Why does she have to take ARVs? healthy food?
D Why she does have to take ARVs? C Does you taking your medicine and eating
healthy food?
2 No, I haven't had unprotected sex recently.
D Do you taking your medicine and eating healthy
A Have you had unprotected sex recently?
food?
B Do you often have unprotected sex?
C When did you last have unprotected sex? 4 My friends gave me support while I was ill.
D Has you had unprotected sex recently? A Who supported you while you were ill?
8 Did you friends support you while you were ill?
C Are you being supported while you were ill?
D Does your friends support you while you are ill?
Complete these questions.

1 Ebola is a very serious disease, it?
2 She should tell her parents about her problems, she?
3 You won't know if you are HIV-positive until you have a test, you?
4 My friends will still talk tome if I tell them my HIV status, they?
5 You can still shake hands with someone who has HIV, you?
6 People who ostracise others because they are ill are cruel, they?
Vou canuse questions to give advice to others. Turn these statements into questions.
Example: go to the clinic for help ~ Have you been to the clinic for help?
Should you go to the clinic?
You have been to the clinic, haven't you?
1 ask your parents for help
2 ask your teacher for information
3 make an appointment with a doctor
4 have a test
Imagine that a friend asked you three questions about deadly viruses and diseases.
Write down three questions your friend asked.
Then write a short email to your friend and respond to the questions.
Read this introduction to a report.
Choose the best words to complete the paragraph.
Parakou used to be a safe and peaceful city (1) but/ because over the last :five years,
violence and crime have been on the rise in the city. (2) Statistic shows that /
Statistics show that the annual increase in crime and violence is 4.8%. It (3) has
also been found that / is found that also the criminal justice system is inef:ficient.
Answer these questions about the introduction in exercise 1.

1 What is the topic sentence?
2 What facts do you know about Parakou after reading this introduction?
3 Which words link the second and third sentences of the paragraph and give it structure?
Read the following paragraphs of the same report.

1 Find the topic sentence in each paragraph.
2 Find the linking words in each paragraph.
3 Tuen put the paragraphs into a sensible order.
To sum up, crime has now become a serious problem in Parakou. The authorities
are aware of the problem, but people who live in the town also have to become more
aware of crime and they need to help the police to combat it.
The main reasons for the increase in crime are overpopulation and unemployment.
More and more people have moved into the town and many people do not have jobs.
As a result, some people have resorted to crime to earn money.
It has also been said that new technologies have had a bad influence on the town.
Many people have been victims of cyber criminality. There is also evidence to suggest
that some jobless people are using cybercafés to hack into other people's accounts.
Rewrite this paragraph. Put the sentences in a logical order and use linking words
to structure the ideas in the paragraph.
Between 1990 and 2010, violent crime has dropped by more than 80 percent. Crime
is nota problem anymore in New York City. The trend has been reversed. New York
City used to have a very high crime rate. This success has been attributed to police
measures such as increased arrest rates. The crack epidemic in the 1980s was
responsible for countless murders and robberies.
Formal writing
The sentences below conta in language that we do not expect to see in a formai letter.
Rewrite them, using formai language.
1 Hi Sue!
2 It's so cool to hear from you.
3 They forced her to work for 12 hours a day.
4 We should stop this.
S This isn't acceptable.
Read the model letter on page 68 and answer the questions below.
1 To whom is this letter addressed? How do you know?
2 Why did the author write this letter?
3 In which paragraph did the writer:
• mention the abject of the letter?
• explain the violation of the rights mentioned in the letter?
• suggest actions that should be taken to stop the violation?
Vou are going to complete a formai letter to a newspaper to_express your opinion
about the rights of young people in the community.
Vou feel that some of these rights are not being respected.
1 Start by brainstorming some ideas. Write clown two rights that are not respected.
2 Write clown what actions can be taken to stop the violation of these rights.
3 Now complete the letter using this writing frame.
[name]
[address]
[date]
[name of newspaper]
[address]
[address]
Dear ,
It is clear from recent events that the rights of young
people in our community are not always respected.
First of all, young people are .
Surely this is not correct? Give your letter to a partner to check.
Secondly, according to the Bill of Rights, all young Use this checklist:
people should have the right to . v Is the format correct?
This is not the case in our community. (the date, address, greetings)
I feel that more should be done to ensure the rights v Are the paragraphs clear?
of young people. Parents should .
v Are the problems clearly stated?
Young people themselves should also .
Yours . v Are the solutions clearly stated?
[name] v Is the grammar correct?
v Is the punctuation correct?
Linking paragraphs
Read the Strategy box on page 80 again and then do the exercises
Read the linking words in the box below. ln which paragraphs of an essay do you think
you would be most likely to use each word? Copy and complete the table.
Paragraph 1 J Paragraph 2 1 Paragraph 3 Conclusion

ta sum up to begin with first of all
what'smore in conclusion firstly
furthermore in addition secondly
lastly so in brief therefore
ta conclude in the first place
Replace the underlined linking words in these sentences with words

that have a similar meaning.
1 Ta begin with, I feel that all students should learn computer skills.
2 Schools need ta have computer labs, and furthermore they need to have Internet access.
3 Firstly. I feel strongly that all students should learn how to network.
Secondly. I think they should also be made aware of the possible dangers involved in social networking.
4 So in brief, I believe that social networking has many benefits.
Read the following paragraphs from an opinion essay.

a ldentify the lin king words.
b Rewrite the paragraphs in the correct order. Underline the linking words.
c Write down the main arguments given in each paragraph.
What's more, technology has taught us that we don't have to remember everything.
With the help of technology we can find any information that we need quickly and
easily by doing a search on the Internet. Of course one has to decide which information
on the Internet is appropriate and accurate, but it is all there!
Technology has made us more sophisticated and it has taught us to think in
different ways.
To begin with, many people believe that playing computer games is notjust a waste
of time. lt has improved our ability to make quick decisions. When you play a computer
game you have to make quick decisions. This is useful in a modern busy world.
To sum up, 1 believe that although there are certain things that we need to be
careful of, in general, technology has given us many advantages.
Thirdly, technology has improved our visual skills. We have become used to reading
pictures and diagrams and extracting information from different types of texts,
because we see so many different texts on the Internet.
Write an essay in note form about how technology has helped you. Write notes about each
paragraph. ln your notes include the lin king words that you will use to link the paragraphs.
. I. 7
StY:!!gt n g training
conjunctions
Which of these conjunctions can you use to add information?
Which can you use to compare information? Copy and complete the table.
. ... I···.
rœïî»Mi,&Uh-*'·lnl+lii&Miufiih~ and
and yet
although
while
however
what's more
also
furthermore
but
Combine the sentences below, using conjunctions from exercise 1.

1 She is brilliant. She is selfish. 4 They work. They don't con tribu te to the family
2 She works bard at school. She helps her mother budget.
with the housework. 5 She is strict. She recognizes talent.
3 They are rich. They are very helpful.
Read these opinions about the lowering of the voting age to 16.
Young people are well-infürmed.

They have new ideas.
16 year-olds are immature.
They have enthusiasm. They have no experience
oÇ liÇe outside school.
They do not pay taxes,
so they do not have the
right to vote.
Use conjunctions to improve the style of the argument in each speech bubble in exercise 3.
Now use conjunctions to compare and contrast the ideas in exercise 3.

Make three contrasting sentences.
Example: 16 year-olds have enthusiasm, however they are also immature.
• What do you think about the voting age in your country? Write a paragraph in
which you express your point of view. Use some conjunctions in the paragraph.
Write another paragraph in which you express a contrasting point of view about
the voting age (in other words, a view that is not the same as your own view).
Use conjunctions.
Give your paragraphs to a partner to check.

Did your partner:
- clearly state bis or ber opinion in the first paragraph?
- use conjunctions in some sentences?
- write grammatically correct sentences?
Planning a story
Read the Strategy box on page 106 a gain and then do the exercises.
Which words are used to begin the story on page 106? Copy them.
The story on page 106 is not complete, but there is a clear sequence of events.
Make a flow chart and complete this list of events.
Why do you think the writer used direct speech in the story?
Turn these sentences into direct speech.

1 The old woman asked the man to take off his old clothes and follow her.
2 He said that his father had given it to him before he died.
Work in groups. Read the beginning of the incomplete story below.
A long time aga a king Iived with his subjects along the bank of the Wémè River.
He ruled a rich and large kingdom. He had a lot of fertile land, a lot of cattle
and the river that bordered his kingdom was full of iish. There was plenty of
food, so the king's subjects were happy and obedient to him. But the king had
a problem: he didn't have an heir who would succeed him when he died.
Discuss what will happen next. Make a flow chart like the one in exercise 2
and complete it with notes to show the sequence of main events in the story.
Write down the na mes of ail the characters in your story. Discuss and then choose
two or three interesting adjectives to describe each character.
Example: King ~ wealthy, troubled, generous
Now draft your story using the flow chart and the adjectives. 1
lnclude at least 3 sentences in direct speech in your story.
Exchange drafts with another group and ask them to give you feedback.
• Does the story have a clear sequence of events?
• Does the story have a beginning, a middle section and an ending?
• Is direct speech sometimes used in the story to report what the characters said?
appropriate vocabulary
Read the Strategy box on page 120 again and then do the exercises.
Answer these questions. The model text on page 120 will help you.
1 What is advertising?
2 What is an advertisement? Give one shorter form of the word 'advertisernent'.
3 What gets your attention to a product being advertised on television,
on the radio or in a newspaper?
4 What information does an advert provide consumers with?
Read these adjectives and make sure you understand what they mean:
trendy comfortable friendly reliable powerful

affordable home-made healthy elegant accurate
beautiful delicious stylish natural
Which of the adjectives in the box above cou Id you use to promote each
of these products? Write phrases with the adjectives.
Example: a trendy but affordable car
1 a car 4 a pair of shoes
2 a watch 5 a shampoo
3 a tub of yoghurt 6 a cell phone
How can you persuade people to buy the items in exercise 3?

For each item, write a sentence with a special offer.
Example: a car~ Buy before the end of December and get 10% discount.
Now work in groups and complete your short advertisements for each product.
Choose the best adjectives and the best special offer for each product.
Example:
The New Traveller Plus Discuss a name

A trendy but affordable car ~or each
product.
Buy before the end of December
and get 10% discount.
Exchange your advertisements with another group for assessment.

Use these criteria:
• ls the advert attractive? Does it catch your attention?
• ls the special offer appropriate and appealing?
• ls the choice of adjectives good?
Writingtrainin
Strategy:
Persona! texts
Answer these questions.
1 What is a blog?
2 Do you have a blog? If yes, what do you write about?
3 Read the titles of these blogs. What information do you think they will provide?
Thrifty me! t="tlMs - M~ Ltfe! Abidjan rocks

Rewrite these ideas in the first persan, as if you were writing a blog.
1 She likes to read film reviews on her tablet.
2 The mother gives her magazines and advice about fashion and styles.
3 She decided to learn to sew so that she could make clothes for herself.
4 He likes to hang out with his friends at the weekend.
Rewrite these sentences in informai language.

1 I do not like fish and I cannot cook it well.
2 I took a few interesting thrillers to read during
. Use contractions
the holidays.
and in.ç'ormal
3 Please be careful and be patient.
words.
4 Do you know? That's great!
Read the blog on page 132 again and answer the questions.
1 What is the topic developed by the blog?
2 Where and how did the author sign the blog?
3 Is there an introduction to the blog? Is there an ending?
4 Give an example of an opinion that is stated in the blog.
Write a short blog about two of these tapies. Vou can write one paragraph for each.
Use persona! pronouns and contractions.
• A recipe that you enjoyed ma king
• The latest fashion in hats
• Your keep-fit programme for the holidays
Exchange your blog with a partner and give each other feedback.
Use these criteria:
• ls the blog interesting?
• Did your partner use persona! pronouns and contractions?
• Did your partner express his or her opinions clearly?
a summary
The present simple
We use the present simple:
• to talk about facts, habits and routines: The sun rises at: about 7.30.
• to describe people: He wears glasses.
• to talk about timetables: The bus leaves at 8.30. We get ta Abidjan at 10 pm.
• with stative verbs such as like, look (appearance), want , hate, seem, know, etc: I like potatoes.
We often use the present simple with frequency adverbs to say how often we do something:
I usually wear jeans. We use the contractions doesn't and don't: in spoken and informal English:
He doesn't work hard.
The present continuous

We use the present continuous:
• to say what is happening at the moment of speaking: They're revising now. He's sleeping at: the moment.
• for temporary states or actions: We're studying the conditional this week.
• to talk about future arrangements: We're going ta a wedding tomorrow.
We don't usually use the present continuous with stative verbs: like, hear, know, love, understand,
want, hate, believe, etc.
The present perfect simple

We use the present perfect simple to talk about experiences with no specifi.c time reference:
I've visited Nigeria. She hasn't: met my parents.
We often use the present perfect with ever, never, just, yet, sti/1 and already:
Have you ever sent a text message? l've never been there. He's already seen the [ilm.
We use the present perfect with for and since. We use for with a length of time: She's lived here for two years.
We use since with a point intime: He's been here since March.
The present perfect continuous

We form the present perfect continuous with has been + present participle.
We use the present perfect continuous to focus on an action which started in the past and continues
in the present: They've been living here for ten years. He's tired because he's been working ail day.
The past simple

We use the past simple to talk about:
• a past action or event that is fi.nished: She saw the doctor yesterday. He took some medicine.
• an action which interrupted another action in the past: I was walking home when I had an accident.
We use these time expressions with the past simple: yesterday, last week, last Monday, last year,
in 1998, aga: I went ta the market yesterday.
The past continuous

We use the past continuous:
• for long actions at a specifi.c time in the past: I was sleeping at midnight.
• for an action that was in progress when something else happened: I was sleeping when the fzre started.
We can join the two clauses with when, while or as: I was cooking while my sister was greeting the guests.
We don't usually use the past continuous with these verbs: believe, understand, want, Iike, see, hear, know.
The past perfect simple

We use the past perfect simple to describe an action that happened before another action in the past:
When I got ta school, the lesson had already started.
The past perfect continuous

We form the past perfect continuous with had been + present participle.
We use the past perfect continuous to focus on an action which started in the past and continued up until
another event in the past: She had been working in the garden before her friend arrived ta visit.
The future simple
We use the future simple with will and won't:
• to make predictions about the future: Oil will run out one day. Many animais won't: survive.
• to make requests: Will you corne with me?
• for a decision at the moment of speaking: 'J think J'l/ go shopping.'
The future continuous

We form the future continuous with will be+ a present participle.
We use the future continuous to describe a continuous action at a certain time in the future.
They will be travelling to Abidjan next mon th.
The future perfect

We form the future perfect with will have + past participle.
We use the future perfect to focus on an action that will be finished by a particular time in the future:
By tomorrow morning I will have fmished preparing for the exams.
First conditional
We form the first conditional with if+ present simple + future simple. The if-clause can corne first
or second. We separate the two clauses with a comma when the if- clause cornes first. She will be angry
if you forget your homework again. If you forget your homework aga in, she'll be angry.
We use the first conditional to talk about a likely situation and its possible result: If you arrive late,
you'll miss the bus.
Second conditional
We form the second conditional with if+ past simple, would + infinitive.
We use the second conditional to talk about an imaginary situation and to describe its result:
We'd win more games if we trained harder. If she ate healthier food, she wouldn't be obese.
Third conditional
We form the third conditional with if+ past perfect, would have + past participle.
We use the third conditional to describe impossible conditions, things that did not happen:
He would have been a good engineer if he had been able to complete his studies.
Expressing conditions in other ways

We can also express conditions with unless, as long as and in case: As long as we have a radio, we can follow
the news. You will not pass your exams unless you work hard. You will need an umbrella in case it rains.
Modal verbs and other verbs expressing modality

Modal verbs:
• have the same form for all persans: I / she / they can ...
• don't take an auxiliary in questions and negative forms: Can you sing? You mustn't: do that.
• take an infinitive without to: He could run fast. You should wait.
Should and shouldn't
We use should and shouldn't to give advice: You should get more exercise. You shouldn't: eat fast food.
He should have listened more carefully.
May and might
May and might have a similar meaning. We use may and might to talk about possible future events:
I may/might get a job in China. = Perhaps I will get a job in China.
Must and mustn't
We use must and mustn't:
• to talk about obligation: You mustn't: talk in class. You must do your homework.
• to give strong advice: Children mustn't smoke.
We use must be to make deductions: He's wearing a Rolex watch. He must be rich.
We cannot use must in the past tense. Use had to instead.
Can and can't
We use can and can't:
• to ask people to do things: Can you close the door, please?
• to talk about general ability: I can't swim very well. He can run fast.
• to talk about permission: You can check the answers now.
• to talk about prohibition: You can't smoke in schoo/.
We canuse can't: be to make deductions: He's very short. He can't be in the basketball team.
Could and couldn't
We use could and couldn't:
• to talk about past ability: He could read at the age of 4. She couldn't swim until she was 11.
• to ask people to do things: Could you open the window, please?
• to ask polite questions: Could you tell me where the bus station is, please?
We use could be to make deductions: He could be French.
Have to and don't: have to
We use have toto talk about obligation: You have to get a visa to go to the USA. They had to get passports
before they could travel.
We use don't have toto talk about lack of obligation: We don't: have to wear a uniiorm at my school.
Begoingto
We use be going toto explain plans and intentions: I'm going to visit: my cousin in the holidays.
Usedto
We use used to to talk about things that were true in the past but are not true today: I used to drink milk,
but I prefer coffee now. We didn't use to work hard, but we do now.
Be used to and get used to

We use the gerund form of a verb after be/ get used to.
Be used to means to be accustomed to something: I am used to going to bed late.
Get used to means to become accustomed to something: I can't get used to getting up early.
Verb patterns
Gerunds
A gerund is a noun formed by adding -ing to a verb.
Gerunds can be subjects or abjects of sentences: Walking is good for you. I enjoy running.
A gerund phrase consists of a gerund + abject + other: Eating fatty food is unhealthy.
The gerund is used after certain verbs and expressions: I love sleeping. He is good at playing football.
Infinitives
The infinitive is the base form of the verb, which is preceded by to, e.g. to walk, to listen, etc.
The to + infinitive is used after:
• certain verbs and expressions: want, hope, need, would like, refuse.
• some adjectives: lt's important to work liard. lt's dangerous to run across the road.
Question tags
Question tags turn a statement into a question.
If the statement is affirmative, the tag is negative: You corne [rom Dakar, don't you? She's American, isn't: she?
If the statement is negative, the tag is affirmative: You haven't seen John, have you? He isn't 18, is he?
If the speaker's voice goes up, it's a real question: the speaker is not sure.
If the voice goes clown, the speaker is inviting the listener to agree with him/her.
Determiners
Sorne andany
We use some before plural and uncountable nouns in affirmative sentences: There are some excellent students
in this class. I've got some [ree time at the weekend.
We use any in questions and negative sentences: Is there any homework? There aren't: any classes on Saturday.
Much and many
We use much with uncountable nouns and usually in negative sentences: We haven't: got much free time.
With so and tao, we use much in affirmative sentences: There's tao/ so much work.
We use many with countable nouns: Students wear uniform in many schools.
A lot, lots of
We use a lot/ lots of with both countable and uncountable nouns: There are a lot of/ lots of girls in my class.
There's a lot of/ lots of information on the Internet.
A little, little, a few, few
We use a little / little with uncountable nouns: Students show little interest in Art. There's a little bread left.
We use a few / few with countable nouns: On/y a few students study German. Few people understand Chinese.
So andsuch
We use so:
• before an adjective or an adverb. It is stronger than very: The match was so boring. I fe/t so il/.
• before an adjective/ adverb + that: It was so late that I fell asleep. They played so badly that they lost.
We use such (a) before an adjective + noun: He is such a good swimmer.
Every, enough,several
We use enough with countable and uncountable nouns: There is enough water in the dam to last for a month.
We use every and several with countable nouns only: He reads the news every day on his /aptop.
Severa/ people have asked me the same question today.
Comparisons
We can make comparisons using:
• comparative adjective+ than: He's aider than his cousin.
• more + long adjective + than: She's more confident than her opponent.
• (not) as+ adjective+ as: The marathon isn't: as exciting as the 100 metres.
• the + superlative adjective: He is the fastest sprinter in history.
• the + most + long adjective: She's the most confident player.
• fewer and less: There are fewer people at the festival today than there were yesterday.
She has less money now than she had when she was working.
Defining and non-defining relative clauses

We use relative pronouns in these clauses: who, whom, whose, which, what, that, when, where.
Defi.ning relative clauses have essential information. The sentence does not make sense if you
remove this clause: This is the house where she used to live.
Non-defi.ning relative clauses add information to the sentence but the information is not essential:
John, who is a student in Yaoundé, is ta/king to Etienne.
Each other and one another

Bach other and one another have similar meanings: We prefer each other when there are two people:
Fatimatou and Justine talk to each other in class. The students greeted one another.
Purpose
We use to, in order to, so that and so as (not) to to talk about purpose:
They started a campaign to inform people. I work hard so as to do well. I moved to Abidjan in order
to go to university. He's studying law so that he can become a lawyer.
Passive
We form the passive with the different tenses of be + past participle: Coffee is grown here.
We often use the passive:
• when we don't know or are not interested in who or what did the action: They were given guns.
• to describe a process: The cotton is picked and transported to [actories, where it is made into clothes.
We use by to say who or what did the action: Poaching is organised by criminal gangs.
We can form the passive with modal verbs: Rainjorests must be protected. Children should be educated.
We can use the passive with infinitives and gerunds: She is the [irst woman to be given this award.
Being told that I am lazy does not make me want to work harder!
Agreement: either, neither and so

We canuse so + auxiliary + subject to express positive agreement: 'I /ike coffee.' 'So do I.' 'I have seen that DVD.' 'So
have I.' 'I can speak Arabie.' 'So can I.'
We canuse neither + auxiliary + subject to express negative agreement: 'I can't sing.' 'Neither can I.'
'I don't: like Maths.' 'Neither do I.'
Timewords
Before and after
We canuse before and aiter to link two actions: He had a meal before he went out. After we visited
the market, we went home. We did the housework before they arrived.
We canuse before / after + -ing when the subject is the same in the two actions: Before going out,
he had a meal. After visiting the market, we went home.
For and during
We use for to say how long something takes: I waited for an hour.
We use during to say when something happened: I worked during the winter.
Until
We use until to mean 'up to the time when.' It can be a preposition or a conjunction:
He waited until dinner time. I worked until it: was time to go home.
Articles
We use the indefinite article a/ an:
• to talk about something for the first time: There's a man at the door.
• with jobs: He's an astronaut: She's a geneticist:
• with some expressions of quantity: a few books, a little oil, a lot of people, etc.
We use the definite article the:
• to talk about something again: In the desk ihere's a drawer, and in the drawer there's an address book.
• when we know which one is referred to: The school gets good results.
• with some places and names: the USA, the UK, the Hirnalayas.
• when there is only one: the Barth, the sun, the government, etc.
We don't use an article:
• with plural and uncountable nouns in generalizations: We have thousands of samples.
Research is essential for development.
• with some expressions after a preposition: at home, by car, in bed, etc.
• with meals, languages, most countries and towns: l've had lunch. He speaks Spanish.
Tm [rom Algeria. I lived in Bamako.
Reported or indirect speech statements

We use say to report what someone said in two ways:
• in direct speech: Brahim said, 'I saw Flora in town.'
• in indirect or reported speech: Brahim said (that) she had seen Flora in town.
We use say when there is no indirect abject: Our teacher said that we'd ail done well.
We use tell when there is an indirect abject: He told the students that they had ail done well.
We change the tense of the verb 'one tense back' in the reported statement. The tense changes
from direct to reported speech as follows:
present simple ~ past simple
present continuous ~ past continuous
past simple ~ past perfect
present perfect ~ past perfect
will ~ would
can ~ could
Reported questions and requests

We change the verb tenses in the same way that we change them in reported statements.
We use if after the reporting verb if the question does not start with a question word.
We change the order of the words after the reporting verbs: 'Could you help me with my project?'
John asked me. ~ John asked me if I could help him with his project.
istening t xt
.., Dialogue 2
- Communication, page 11 Kesi: Would you prefer to go shopping today or tomorrow?
Cl Olinga: I'd prefer to go today. And you?
John: Hello. I'm John. Welcome to Grand-Lahou. You are Kesi: I'd prefer to go today. I prefer not to go shopping
from the UK, aren't you? on Saturdays.
Flora: Hello, John. Yes, I am. My name is Flora. It's so Olinga: So do Il
nice to meet you. .., Dialogue 3
John: This is your fi.rst visit to West Africa, isn't it? Justine: Would you rather cook with gas or with
Flora: Yes, it is and I love it so far! fi.rewood?
John: You haven't been to Asagny forest yet, have you? Ayo: l'd rather use gas than fi.rewood.
Flora: No, I haven't. It isn't far from here, is it? Justine: Yes, so would I. But gas is also a fossil fuel.
John: No, it isri't. I can take you there on Saturday. Ayo: You are right. Wouldn't you rather use solar power
Flora: Thank you. That would be great! to cook food?
Justine: Yes, I would if we had solar panels on our roof!
Listening, page 1 s, 1
Travel agent: Good morning. May I help you? .., Dialogue 1
Tourist (woman): Yes, please. My friend and I would Amina: Could you please help me iron these clothes?
like to visita few places in West Africa. Moussa: No! I hate ironing. I would rather help you wash
Travel agent: There is a lot to see. What are you the clothes than iron them.
interested in? Amina: But you waste so much water when you wash!
Tourist (man): We would like to see some historical I'd rather do the washing myself.
places and some wildlife. We would also like to learn Moussa: And you waste so much electricitywhen you iron!
about different cultures and taste different foods. Amina: So, wouldn't you rather do the ironing then!
Travel agent: How much time do you have? Tuen we won't waste electricityl
Tourist (man): We have two weeks. Moussa: Ha! Ha!
Travel agent: I suggest you begin in Senegal. While you .., Dialogue 2
are in Dakar, you can visit Gorée Island. It's only three Zina: Where would you prefer to spend your holiday -
kilometres by ferry boat from Dakar. It is very interesting. in a big city or in a village?
Tourist (woman): That sounds great! And then after Mani: I'd prefer to spend it in a village.
Senegal?
Zina: So would I! I prefer the peace and calm of a village
Travel agent: I suggest that you go to Benin. Fly to to the noise of a big city.
Cotonou. From there you can take a taxi or a bus or Mani: Yes, but not only that. I prefer listening to my
a car and go to Porto-Novo. There are many good grandfather's staries to watching TV.
restaurants there, so you can taste the good food. Zina: And the food is better too!
Tourist (man): And what about the royal palaces? Mani: Oh yes! I prefer the food in the villages too.
Travel agent: I recommend that you travel up to Abomey.
The town is a World Heritage Site. The palaces were built Listening, page 27
from early in the 1600s. Climate madness
Last week, on the 13th of November 2013, Mr Yeb Sano,
Tourist (woman): Yes, we must go there. And is there a
the head of the Philippines delegation at the United Nations
park we can visit?
Travel agent: You can travel up to the Pendjari National climate talks in Poland, made an emotional speech about
Park which is in the north of Benin. There are thousands the devastating effects of Super Typhoon Haiyan on the
Philippines. He linked the typhoon to climate change,
of animals to see! Let me give you a map and some
saying that what his country was experiencing was
information.
'madness' and that this madness needed to be stopped.
Tourist (both): Wowl Thank you.
The typhoon, which was one of the strongest typhoons
Travel agent: It's a pleasure. See you soon.
ever to be recorded, hit the Philippines in November. The
Tourist (man): Thank you for your help. Goodbye.
destruction caused by the typhoon was unprecedented
Tourist (woman): Goodbyel
and affected two thirds of the Philippines. About half a
million people were left homeless as a result.
l!li!l9 communication, page 23 Scientists have been warning for years that climate
E 1
change would cause storms and damage like this. The Earth
.., Dialogue 1 and the oceans are warming up. The energy that is stored
Afia: What do you prefer - walking or driving? in the oceans is increasing as a result. Mr Sano warned that
this could only mean that there would be more storms like
Sanga: I prefer to walk.
this in the future and they would probably be even more
Afia: Why?
Sanga: Because walking does not poilu te the environrnent! destructive than Super Typhoon Haiyan.
What about you? Mr Sano's speech brought a standing ovation from the
Afia: I prefer to drive. I prefer driving to walking. other delegates and a feeling that perhaps something real
would be clone to prevent further catastrophes like this.
E s 7
- Communication, page 37 [See exercise 4 for the beginning of the poem. Here is
E cs 1 the end of the poem.]
~ Dialogue 1 Having HIV is not the end of the world
A The best decision I ever made about my health was a lot of education
going for tests. and simple precautions
B Me tao! At least now I know that I don't have HIV' to be very cautious
A I must say it took some courage though. to avoid the virus
B Yes, but it was worth it! called HIV
~ Dialogue 2 Its self-explanatory
A I am afraid to say that when I look at all girls, I assume a virus that could turn into a disease
that they are all HIV-positive. that takes your glory
B That's a bit negative. But you are right to be careful. A disease called AIDS? Yesl I mean HIV
A Yes, I believe in the ABCD strategy. Ais for abstinence,
B is for behaviour change, C is for condoms and D is for
death - if you dcn't follow the ABC rules! - Communication, page 49
B That's a good idea. But when you fall in love, remember E 1
to go with your partner and get tested first! ~ Dialogue 1
C Zola: Have you heard that the persona! calls are
Kesi: I believe that attending the HIV/ AIDS counseling monitored by security agencies?
sessions has clone me a lot of good. I was really Seko: Yes I have! And in my opinion that is wrong!
depressed before I started the sessions. Zola: I agree. Personal calls are personal calls!
Benita: Yes, it was a good decision. It is good to share Seko: I couldn't agree more.
experiences. I would hate it if someone monitored my calls.
Kesi: Yes, indeed. I must say some of the personal staries ~ Dialogue 2
I heard really uplifted me. I heard staries from people who Ewane: Do you think it is safe to put personal details on
are now living fulfilling lives. social networking sites?
Benita: I'm afraid that if HIV/ AIDS education is not Nadia: Yes, I think so. But cyber criminals could get our
carried out, a lot of people will still believe that being persona! information.
infected is a death sentence. Ewane: That's a good point. As I see it, we can never be
Kesi: I agree with you. tao careful these days.
E: er E e
Mrs. Adamou: I think losing some weight is the best ~ Dialogue 1
thing I've ever clone for myself. A Did you hear about the thief who was beaten to death
Mr. Adamou: I agree. I must say that you look just like in our neighbourhood?
the young lady I married twenty-five years aga. B Yes. I believe he got what he deserved!
Mrs Adamou: I'm afraid to say that I had stopped looking A As far as I am concerned, the crowd should have handed
after my health! I was leading an unhealthy lifestyle. him over to the forces of law and order.
Mr. Adamou: You could not even climb a flight of stairs B I think the public has lost confidence in these forces.
without getting out of breath! And you were always tired. Suspects are often released and soon walk the streets
Mrs. Adamou: And I believed that if I was thin people again.
would think I had HIV! A In my opinion, suspects remain innocent until they are
proved guilty. There is often no evidence against
Listening, page 41, Exercise 4 suspects.
ImeanHIV B What about cases where they are caught red-handed?
Life so Unpredictable A That's a good point!
Let me tell you a story ~ Dialogue 2
of a family divided A What do you think about the exodus of young people
that was once united from the country?
Seemed like a little error B It's a crime! I believe it is a big loss to the country.
but it contributed to that family's terror These people often enter other countries illegally and
u see, it was his dad that cheated face many difficulties.
but didn't do what was needed A In my opinion, the education system should turn out
he caught the virus graduates who can be self-employed.
i mean HIV B Do you think that will stop young people going to other
his life went on countries to seek ernployment?
gave it to his mom A Yes, to a certain extent. I believe that if the government
5 years later funded projects that provided jobs for graduates, they
they were bath gone would stay.
it's sad to see B As I see it, it would not be easy to make them stay.
this kid left alone But perhaps the exodus can be limited.
his world tom apart
by a killer disease
caused by HIV [ ... ]
Listening, page 53, e c Bintu: Brahim, wake up. Times have changed. Mum and
Serial burglar tracked through phone app Dad respect each other, they don't obey each other!
A man was arrested by the police in south London .., Dialogue 3
yesterday after being on the run for more than 18 months. Policeman: If you throw stones at that man again,
He is suspected of committing at least 14 offences in the you'll be arrested.
south London area. He was finally caught when detectives Crowd: That man is a thief. This is what he deservesl
used a phone app. The app, which can track the movement It's justice!
of a phone or a tablet, had been installed on a tablet that Policeman: No, it isn't. The courts will decide what
the burglar had stolen. justice is.
A police spokesperson said that they had been able to Crowd: We don't trust you. If we see him on the streets
find the burglar with the help of the phone app. They again, we'll attack your office.
narrowed clown his location to a small area in south Policeman: We all need to obey the law and respect
London. Outside one of the houses in the area they found this man's rights.
a white car. They were able to prove that the car had been Crowd: What rights? He's a criminal.
used in more than one of the burglaries. They found the Policeman: Yes, maybe he is. But don't you touch him.
man's fingerprints on the car too. Cameras near the The law will deal with him.
burglaries had filmed the same car near three of the
burglaries. The police raided the house and found jewellery Listening, page 67, e
and electronic equipment worth thousands of pounds. All What human rights mean to me
of the loot found had been reported stolen in burglaries. I have rights. Yet I am the one who does all the housework
The man will be sentenced next mon th if found guilty. and cooking while my brother just eats and goes out to
play. I can't go to school because there is work to do at
home. I will have to get married before I am fifteen. My
-Communication, page 63 father thinks it's fine to hit me whenever he feels angry.
E C Perhaps if I were a boy I would have the right to dignity
.., Dialogue 1 and respect? Perhaps if my family were rich I would have
A If you don't respect the teacher, you will be sorry! more rights? Perhaps if I were an adult I would not have
B Why should I respect him if he does not respect me? to put up with violence.
A You both have rights. You should respect each other. Human beings are all born equal and we should all have
B That's true. Thanks for the warning! the same rights. So why do some people believe that some
.., Dialogue 2 lives a~e less important than others? Why do some men
A Don't you dare touch me! think they have more rights than women?
B What will you do? You are just a girl! Human beings harm and hurt each other. And it is not
A If you touch me, I will report you to the principal. only girls that are denied human rights. I read a story
B But I love you! about a young boy of 12 who was abducted and forced to
A No, you dori't! You don't respect me. become a child soldier. He was drugged and forced to kill
.., Dialogue 3 other people. He had no rights either. Like me .
A If you don't help me wash these clothes, I wori't make
B
you supper.
But it's your job to wash the clothes and make supper!
lihîl,.. . .
-----·- T Communication, page 75
A While you do nothing? I have rights too!
B Ok, if I help you make supper, will you wash my clothes? .., Dialogue 1
A Well ... Maybe! Ayo: Do you rely on technology, Jawanza?
e C Jawanza: I suppose I do. I haven't really thought aboutit.
... Dialogue 1 Ayo: Can you wake up in the morning if you don't set
Aunt Alice: Why isn't Anita in school with the boys? an alarm?
Mother: If she goes to school, there will be no one to do Jawanza: No, I can't! Can you?
the housework. Ayo: I can'tl If I didn't have an alarm on my phone
Aunt Alice: What about her future? If she doesn't go to I would be late every day!
school, her future will be bleak! .., Dialogue 2
Mother: I believe she'Il find a wealthy husband to take John: Do you play computer games, Efua?
care of her. Efua: Yes, I do - sometimes ...
Aunt Alice: No, that is wrong! If she is not educated John: Do you think I would be able to make decisions
she will not be able to defend her rights! Please, send her more quickly if I played computer games?
to school. Efua: Yes, maybe. You have to think quickly when
Mother: Alright. I'll talk to her father aboutit. you play agame.
.., Dialogue 2 John: And what happens if you make the wrong decision?
Brahim: Bintu, please get me some food. Efua: If you made the wrong decision in agame it
Bintu: Why? You are in the kitchen. Get it yourself. wouldn't matter really1 It's just agame!
Brahim: No, that's a woman's job.
Bintu: Well, then you will not eat! Serving food is not .., Dialogue 1
just a wornan's job! Yéro: Malaika, do you use the computer and the
Brahim: Don't repeat that rubbish you have learnt Internet...? I mean, are you familiar with modern
in school! Dori't you see how Mum obeys Dad? technology?
Malaika: Well, I'd like to learn how to use the computer. A That's true, but John would have been a good
Nowadays, if you want to get a well-paid job, you have president too.
to have good computer skills. B Yes, I agree. Anyway, I know that Bintu was elected fairly.
Yéro: You're right! If we don't learn, we'll be left behind, A Oh yes. She wouldn't have tried to bribe people
and we won't be able to cope with the challenges of this to vote for her. She's too honestl
modern world. .,. Dialogue 2
Malaika: That's what I'rn afraid of A I hear you have had a burglary?
Yéro: Yes! If we had the Internet at school, it would be B Yes, someone got into the house and stole all our
so easy for us to do research. electronic equipment.
Malaika: I know! If we had computers at school, A How did they get in?
learning and school work would be fun! B They must have climbed in through the bathroom
.,. Dialogue 2 window I think.
Amara: Did you tell your Muru about your laptop? A Couldn't they have opened one of the doors?
Idrisso: Not yet. If I tell her, she'Il be really mad at me. B I dcn't think so. The doors were locked. But they could
It's brand new, you know? have picked the Iock, I suppose.
Amara: I know! But, if you don't inform her, somebody c se 4
else might. .,. Dialogue 1
ldrisso: Yes ... And my Muru is very sharp. If you told Bouba: Why were those people protesting in front of
her a story, she would immediately find out the truth ... the parliament this morning?
I think I'm just going to tell the truth. Nadia: I am not sure. I think the protest must have been
.,. Dialogue 3 about the increase in taxes.
Simo: Does your grandmother have a cell phone? Bouba: Oh, maybe. There was something in the news
Ayisi: No, she doesn't. She is afraid of new technology! about that last week.
Simo: But if she had a simple phone, she would learn Nadia: Yes. I think the Consumer Protection Group
to use it. must have organized the protest.
Ayisi: Yes, I think so too. And if she had a phone, .,. Dialogue 2
she could phone us if she needed anything. Malaika : Have you read the poem Democracy?
Simo: That's true. Imagine if she had a fall and hurt Solange: Oh, you mean the poem by Langston Hughes.
herself. If she had a phone, she could call for help! Yes, I have. Why?
Ayisi: I think I need to find a simple phone and show Malaika: He must have been a very interesting person to
her how to use it! speak to. I:Ie must have been able to find exactly the right
words to express himself.
Listening, page 79, erc 4 Solange: I agree. He writes so well. I think he must have
The rising popularity of 'selfies' written many other poems as wéll. Have you read any of them?
It seems that everyone wants to share self-portraits of Malaika : No, not yet, but let's look for some of them.
themselves - 'selfies', It has almost become an obsession .,. Dialogue 3
with some people. Is it just a fashion or is it more than that? Akim: Did you vote in the last Student's Council election?
Selfies allow us to choose or control which photographs Mariam: No, I didn't. I could have voted but it seemed
we want others to see. These will probably be photographs like a waste of time.
that make us look attractive or trendy, perhaps more Akim: But you should have voted! We could have changed
attractive and more trendy than we are in real life. Selfies the Council.
can make us feel good about ourselves. Mariam: Yes, I suppose I should have voted. I promise
Selfies are also photographs that are not planned. You I will next time.
take them on the spur of the moment, when you are enjoying
an experience that you want to share. A selfie can carry a Listening, page 93, E e se 4
message to your friends, for example, 'Look at me! Look Election campaign in Ghana
where I am! Don't you envy me?' Stars use selfies to promote We are in the midst of furious campaigning ahead of
themselves too. They upload news selfies on a regular basis. presidential and parliamentary elections. Every available
But of course there are many people who criticise selfies. space is covered with billboards, posters and flags. As
They say that people who post selfies online are people who there are eight presidential candidates, the number of
want attention and are unhappy with themselves. posters that can be squeezed around one light pole on a
Whatever you believe, selfies have become very street is best left to the imagination.
popular. If you search the Internet you will find millions The decibel level around the country generally has gone
of photographs with the hashtag #selfie or #me. up and we cannot hear each other talk or, if truth be told,
we do not want to hear each other because, to quote a
friend, our minds are made up and we do not want to be
-Communication, page 89 confused with facts.
E e cise The political parties are running advertisements in the
.,. Dialogue 1 newspapers, on radio and television like they do everywhere
A Why was Bintu elected president of the club and else but nobody really knows if the adverts change
notJohn? anybody's mind.
B I think Bintu must have been the best candidate. It is imperative, however, that you get a very catchy
And she must have made the best election speech. piece of music to accompany whatever message vou are
John is nota good speaker. nymg u corrvey c: PC:UV'"'·
There is also no guarantee that the people who are Listening, page 1 OS, E erc1 e 3
scrambling for T-shirts bearing a particular candidate's Before Anansi lived as a spider, he lived as a human
image will necessarily vote for him. These T-shirts are very being. He was very clever and very good at playing tricks
popular and the Chinese are currently making a roaring on other human beings.
business supplying them to ail the parties. One day he said to God, 'If you give me one ear of corn,
I will repay you with a hundred servants.' God laughed and
gave Anansi the ear of corn.
Anansi took the ear of corn and walked to a village. He
C
told the chief that he needed a place to rest. 'I am carrying
~ Dialogue 1
a sacred ear of corn for God,' he said. 'I must keep it safe.'
A You have been to Rio at carnival time. I want to visit That night Anansi slept in a special house in the village.
Rio in February. What would you recommend I do? When everyone was asleep, he gave the corn to the
B I can't recommend the parades highly enough. chickens to eat.
They are mind blowing! You simply must watch them. The next morning he woke up and started to shout,
A And can I join in the parades and the dancing? 'Someone has stolen my sacred corn! God will curse this
B Yes, of course. But whatever you do, be careful1
village!' The villagers were very worried. They gave him a
~ Dialogue 2
whole basket of corn to replace the 'stolen' corn.
A Have you ever thought about visiting Djenné in Mali?
Anansi walked on to the next village. On the way he
B Yes, I have. But is it really worth it?
met a woman carrying a chicken. He exchanged the heavy
A I think it's something we should ail do. It's part of our
basket of corn for the chicken. At the next village, he told
African heritage after al!.
the chief that he needed a place to rest. 'I am carrying a
B I'll pass that idea on to my parents. Maybe they will sacred chicken for God,' he said. 'I must keep it safe.' That
take us there one day.
night Anansi slept in a special house in the village. When
xerc s everyone was asleep, he killed the chicken and smeared
~ Dialogue 1
the blood and feathers on the ground outside.
Ngono: My children neither understand nor speak
The next morning he woke up and started to shout,
my mother tongue. What would you advise me to do? 'Someone has killed my sacred chicken! God will curse this
Binta: Why don't you start a 'mother tongue' day
village!' The villagers were very worried. They gave him ten
at home? Tuen speak to your children in your mother sheep to replace the chicken that had been killed.
tongue. Use gestures when you speak. Make it fun! Anansi walked clown the road with his sheep to the
Ngono: Are you sure that will work? next viUage. On the way he passed a group of people. They
Binta: You really should try it. I did it with my children were carrying the body of a dead man home to the village
and it worked. to be buried. Anansi offered to carry the dead body for
Ngono: Is there anything else I could do? them. He asked them to look after the sheep for him.
Binta: You could enroll them in the holiday classes of Anansi waited for them to leave and then he took a
your village community. They will have to speak the path to a different village. When he arrived, he told the
mother tongue there1 chief that he was carrying the son of God and that they
~ Dialogue 2 needed to sleep. The villagers treated Anansi with great
Mr Kwame: Have you ever thought of inviting our respect. In the morning he woke up and started to shout
Chinese neighbours to dinner? 'I can't wake up the son of Codl You have killed him.' The
Mrs Kwame: Yes, I have often thought aboutit. villagers tried to wake up the 'son of God' but of course he
But I'm not sure if they will like our local food. was dead. The villagers gave Anansi 100 young men to take
Mr Kwame: Perhaps we should prepare some Chinese back to God.
dishes as well as Cameroonian dishes. So Anansi repaid the ear of corn with 100 servants, as
Mrs Kwame: But you know I can't cook Chinese food! he had promised!
Mr Kwame: Why don't you cook some Cameroonian
dishes and then I can order some Chinese dishes from
the Chinese Restaurant clown the road. The restaurant
is highly recommended.
lltmla communication,
Eecsel
page 11 s
Mrs Kwame: That's a good idea! ~ Dialogue 1
~ Dialogue 3 A You have to buy those shoes!
Alice: What would you recommend - this African boubou B Why? They are so expensive.
or this Western-style dress? I am going to Flora's party A But they are stunning! They make your legs look longer
this evening. B Yes, but I wonder if...
Mamouna: The Western-style dress is simply gorgeous1 A And they are such good quality! They will last for years
Alice: I know, but I prefer the boubou. I think the colour ~ Dialogue 2
suits me better. A Which cell phone should I buy?
Mamouna: Will the boubou be comfortable for dancing? B NOKU is always a good buy.
It may be too loose. You should really think about that too. A Why?
Alice: You're right! I dcn't know ... perhaps I will wear B Because they have the best after sales service.
the Western-style dress. A And what about the battery?
B Does it last? Of course. You only have to recharge
every 3 days.
~ Dialogue 3
A Is this a good radio?
B Oh yes. It's first classl And you get four batteries
llutil•l~·
E erc se
Communication, page 127
absolutely free if you buy today! Boganda: Lulu and I broke up last month.
A That's good, but... Ebele: You must be lonely...
B It's brand new. The sound is magnificent. I think it's Boganda: Yes, I am. If only I had listened more carefully
perfect for you! ta her.
Exercise 4 Ebele: Did you have an argument?
~ Dialogue 1
Boganda: Yes - many! I wish I had apologized and then
A Look at this shirt! It's stunning. You must buy it. we could have moved on.
B But it's expensive. I can't afford it. Besicles, I need Ebele: I know the feeling. I broke up with my boyfriend
two shirts.
a few months aga tao. I wish I had respected him more.
A Rather buy one good shirt than two cheap shirts. He wasn't so bad ...
B Why?
Boganda: I should have let Lulu state her opinions,
A A good shirt will last you for years. A cheap shirt won't. but I didn't.
~ Dialogue 2
Ebele: I wish I had trusted my boyfriend, but I didn't.
A Which yoghurt should I buy? The plain one or the one
Boganda: Oh well, maybe things will work out better
with fruit? next time.
B The one with fruit has a lot of sugar in it. That's not
Ebele: Yes. Hopefully we won't have any regrets next time.
good for you. Exercise 5
A Why?
~ Dialogue 1
B Because you eat tao many sweet things! You should
Dacko: Oh Oumarou, I'm sa sorry. Did I hurt you?
rather buy the plain yoghurt and eat it with fresh fruit. Oumarou: Yes, you did. That was a mean thing ta say.
The plain yoghurt is also cheaper! Dacko: I didn't mean ta. I promise. I wasn't thinking
~ Dialogue 3
properly.
A Which watch should I buy?
Oumarou: Ok. I accept your apology. But, next time,
B This one is very good value for money. You also get think before you speak!
a free case with the watch. ~ Dialogue 2
A Will I be able ta go in the water with the watch on? Student: Please excuse me sir. I know I am late for class.
B Oh yes. The watch is waterproof. It's also stylish and
Teacher: What is your excuse this time?
easy ta wear. And the price is going ta go up next week. Student: The taxi broke .... I mean, I overslept. I am really
sorry. It wori't happen again.
Listening, page 119, Exe c se 4 Teacher: Weil, I hope not! It's very rude ta arrive late.
Online shopping: quick, convenient and safe ~ Dialogue 3
Do you shop online? Online shopping is becoming Simo: Hi Aissatou. Where's Akim?
increasingly popular as more people have access ta the Aissatou: We broke up. It was terrible. I wish I hadn't
Internet and less time ta spend going out ta the shops. been sa unkind ta him!
How does it work? First of ail you need access ta the Sima: Did be do something wrong?
Internet as well as a credit card. Go ta the website from Aissatou: No, not really, that's the problem. I saw him
which you want ta buy goods. Tuen make sure it is a secure chatting ta another girl and I got mad. I shouted at him.
and well-known website. There are many fake websites on Simo: You should have let him explain himself!
the Internet. The address should start with https and it Aissatou: Yes, I know. If only I hadn't been sa stupidl
should have a symbol such as a padlock ta show that it is
a secure site as well. Listen i ng, page 131, Exercise 3
Tuen click on the item that you want. After that, click Hello Listeners. It's Friday! Tomorrow is Valentine's
on 'add ta basket'. Check the summary of your order. You Day. Ready for some fun and entertainment? I'm sure you
will need ta provide a delivery address, your email address are looking for some cool things ta do with your partners
and a telephone number. Tuen enter your credit card and friends. There's a lot happening, sa listen up carefully!
details as requested. Check them carefully. After that, click Tonight there is a free concert at the Independence
on 'confirm order' and your order is placed. You should Stadium. Be there at 5 pm if you want ta get a good seat.
receive an email confirming the order and giving delivery Tuen tomorrow - Valentine's Day! You can take your
details. loved one for breakfast at Goodies. Get a free coffee with
There are many advantages ta online shopping. It's your croissants if you get there before 9 am. Or go out for
quick, convenient, easy and you can choose from a wide lunch in the park. Take a picnic basket and have a romantic
variety of goods. It is also qui te safe if you are careful and lunch. If you would prefer ta go out at night, there are lots
you buy from reputable sellers. You can return goods if of Valentine's parties on. Try Max's or Julie's Place. Dress
you are not satisfied. Online shopping is protected by law, up. And hey, don't forget the flowers!
sa if something goes wrong, you can report it ta the police. On Sunday you'll probably want ta chill with your
friends. There's a football match on. It starts at 2.30 pm
and there is also some traditional dancing you could watch
at the stadium. That starts a bit la ter, at 5 o'clock.
Whatever you do - have fun and take care out there!
abduct vt enlever. communication n communication f. downtown adv (US) en centre-ville.
abstinence n abstinence f. compete vi concourir. e-reader n liseuse f.
accept vt accepter. compromise n compromis m ecosystem n écosystème m.
acceptable adj acceptable. vi faire des compromis. ecotourism n écotourisme m.
accommodate vt loger, recevoir. concert n concert m. effective adj efficace.
acquire vt acquérir. condom n préservatif m. election n élection f.
active adj actif(ive). confidence n confiance f. elevator n (US) ascenseur m.
advertising n publicité f. confident adj sûr(e). empower vt valoriser,
AIDS n abbr (= acquired immune congregation n congrégation f. responsabiliser.
deficiency syndrome) SIDA m. connected adj connecté(e). engage vt engager.
air vt aérer vi passer à l'antenne. consequence n conséquence f. enjoy vt aimer.
alarming adj alarmant(e). conserve vt conserver. enjoyment n plaisir m.
alter vt, vi changer, modifier. consume vt consommer. entertainer n artiste m/].
ancestor n ancêtre m. consumer n consommateur, envious adj envieux(se).
antibody n anticorps m. consommatrice. environment n environnement m.
anxious adj anxieux(se). consumerism n société f epidemic n épidémie f.
approve vt approuver. de consommation. equal n égal(e).
arson n incendie criminel m. consumption n consommation f. equality n égalité f.
artistic adj artistique. contaminate vt contaminer. expression n expression f.
ashamed adj honteux(se). convenient adj commode. extinction n extinction f.
assault n agression f. convict vt déclarer coupable. extract vt extraire.
attraction n attraction f. course n cours m. fake n faux m.
availability n disponibilité f. coverage n reportage m. fall n (US) automne m.
average n moyenne f. crime n crime m. fan n admirateur/trice.
avid adj avide. criminal n criminel(le). faulty adj défectueux(euse).
awareness n conscience f. culture n culture f. fear n crainte f.
awesome adj impressionnant(e). curb n (US) trottoir m. fingerprint n empreinte f digitale.
ballroom n salle f de bal. custom n coutume f. following adj suivant(e).
battery n batterie f. date vt sortir avec. forefather n ancêtre m.
beckon vt faire signe. death threat n menace f de mort. fossil fuel n combustible m fossile.
billboard n panneau m d'affichage. decrease n diminution f frail adj fragile.
biodiversity n biodiversité f. vt, vi diminuer. freedom n liberté f.
black market n marché noir m. defend vt défendre. friendship n amitié f.
blood transfusion n transfusion f degenerate vi dégénérer. garbage n (US) ordures fp.
de sang. delivery n distribution f. generate vt engendrer, produire.
bombard vt bombarder. democracy n démocratie f. GPS n abbr (= Global Positioning
boat (of a car) n coffre m. democratic adj démocratique. System) GPS.
brand n marque f. department store n grand grant vt accorder.
break-in n cambriolage m. magasin m. greenhouse gas n gaz m à effet
breakdown n panne f. deplete vt réduire. de serre.
burglary n cambriolage m. descent n descendance f. guest n invité(e).
cab n (US) taxi m. despise vt mépriser. guesthouse n pension f.
camera n appareil m photo. destination n destination f. guide n guide m/].
campaign n campagne f. destructive adj destructeur(trice). guilty adj coupable.
candidate n candidat(e). detective n détective m/]. gun-free adj sans armes.
captivate vt captiver. devastate vt dévaster. habit n habitude f.
case n cas m. devastation n dévastation f. habitable adj habitable.
catastrophe n catastrophe f. developer n promoteur m. habitat n habitat m.
century n siècle m. diagnose vt diagnostiquer. handgun n arme f de poing.
ceremony n cérémonie f. digital adj numérique. harmless adj inoffensif(ive).
civic adj civique. dignity n dignité f. hashtag n mot-dièse, mot-clic.
civil war n guerre f civile. disregard vt ne pas tenir compte de. heritage n héritage m.
communicate vt, vi communiquer. download vt télécharger. history n histoire f.
HIV n abbr (human orderly n aide-soignant(e). secure adj sécurisé(e).
immunodeficiency virus) HIV. orphan n orphelin, orpheline. seek vt chercher.
holidaymaker n vacancier(ère). ostracise vt ostraciser. self-portrait n autoportrait m.
hope n espoir m. outcast n exilé, exilée. sentence n (in law) condamnation f.
hospice n hospice m. overreact vi dramatiser. sexual assault n harcèlement
hotel n hôtel m. owe vt devoir. m sexuel.
hundred num cent. package tour n voyage m organisé. sexually transmitted disease (STD)
impact n impact m. pavement n trottoir m. n maladie sexuellement
increase n augmentation f peace n paix f. transmissible (MST).
vi augmenter. percentage n pourcentage m. shocking adj choquant(e).
indigenous adj indigène. pickpocket n pickpocket m. shoplifting n vol m à l'étalage.
infect vt infecter. political adj politique. skill n compétence f.
infection n infection f. political party n parti m politique. species n espèce f.
inform vt informer. politics n politique f. spiritual adj spirituel(le).
initially adv initialement. pollution n pollution f. sponsor vt parrainer.
integral adj intégral(e). posted adj affiché(e). state vt déclarer.
intellectual n intellectuel(le). power n puissance f. status n statut m.
internalise vt intérioriser. practical adj pratique. steal vt, vi voler.
interrupt vt interrompre. prescribed adj prescrit(e). stereotyped adj stéréotypé(e).
invent vt inventer. producer n producteur(trice). stigmatise vt stigmatiser.
inventor n inventeur, inventrice. promote vt promouvoir. struggle n lutte f vi lutter.
issue n problème m. prosperviprospérer. stutter vi bégayer.
justice n justice f. prosperity n prospérité f. supportive adj d'un grand soutien.
labour union n syndicat m. quarantine n quarantaine f. survive vi survivre.
landfill n décharge f. ranching n élevage m. tablet n tablette f tactile.
language n langage m. rape n viol vt violer. tax n taxe f, impôt m.
law n loi f. rate n taux vt classer.
A taxi n taxi m.
leftovers np restes mp. re-enactment n reconstitution f. tear apart vt déchirer, mettre
legacy n héritage m. reality n réalité f. en pièces.
life-threatening adj qui constitue record n rapport m. theft n vol m.
une menace pour la survie. recover vt récupérer. thousand num mille.
lift n ascenseur m. regenerate vt régénérer. tire vt fatiguer.
loot n butin m vt piller. regulation n régulation f. touch screen n écran m tactile.
looting n pillage m. rejection n rejet m. tourist n touriste m/].
market vt commercialiser. renewable adj renouvelable. township n commune f.
microphone n microphone m. repulsive adj repoussant(e). transmission n transmission f.
miner n mineur m. reputable adj honorable. transport n transport m vt
misdemeanour n infraction f. resource n ressource f. transporter.
modest adj modeste. resourceful adj ingénieux(euse). travel n voyage m v vi voyager.
motor vehicle n véhicule m respect n respect m. trickster n arnaqueur, arnaqueuse.
à moteur. retain vt conserver. trunk (of car) n (US) coffre m.
movie n film m. revenue n revenu m. trust vt: faire confiance à.
murder n meurtre m. right n droit m. typhoon n typhon m.
myth n mythe m. robbery n vol m. unexpected adj inattendu(e).
natural adj naturel(le). roots n racines fp. unnatural adj anormal(e).
need n besoin m vt avoir besoin de. run vt courir, diriger. unprecedented adj sans précédent.
neighbourhood n voisinage m. sacred adj sacré(e). unpredictable adj imprévisible.
network n réseau vi diffuser, safari n safari m. unrelated adj sans rapport.
créer des réseaux. satnav n abbr (= satellite navigation) unwanted adj non desiré(e).
niggling adj persistant(e). navigation par satellite. unwelcome adj importun(e).
non-renewable adj non-renouvelable. sceptically adv avec scepticisme. upload vt télécharger.
obsession n obsession f. scholarship n bourse f d'étude. uprising n soulèvement m.
order n ordre m vt ordonner. seawater n eau de mer f. USB port n port USB.
vacancy n poste m vacant. violence n violence f. wasteful adj peu économique.
vacation n (US) vacances fpl. virus n virus m. wheelchair n fauteuil m roulant.
vain adj vaniteux(euse). vital adj vital(e). wildlife n faune et flore f.
~ Ve;~:~~i~~::;~;ti~ï;; ( ph ras a~::;r~~~:;i;:~~;bs w ith p :;!~,~; ;~;~fil

blow up exploser keep out ne pas entrer, rester dehors
break into entrer par effraction (bâtiment) learn about entendre parler de
break up casser (relation)
leave (somebody) out exclure, tenir quelqu'un à l'écart
bring up élever (enfant); évoquer (sujet) look after s'occuper de
carry out accomplir look forward to attendre avec impatience
catch on piger (familier); devenir à la mode make do with faire avec, se débrouiller avec
engage with engager le dialogue avec make off with prendre la fuite avec
fall apart se désagréger, tomber en morceaux make (something) out comprendre
fall out se disputer, se brouiller make (something) up inventer
figure (something) out résoudre (situation, problème) make up se réconcilier
fill (something) out compléter (formulaire) move on passer à autre chose
find (something) out apprendre, découvrir pass out s'évanouir
finish (something) off finir, achever put up with endurer, supporter
get away with something s'en sortir impunément run out of être à court de
grow up grandir, devenir adulte settle down s'installer
hack into an account pirater un compte en banque shop around faire du repérage, comparer les prix
hand (something) out distribuer sort (something) out régler (problème)
hang in s'accrocher, tenir bon step up se proposer, être volontaire
hang on attendre un instant; rester en ligne tag alongsuivre, accompagner
hang out familier traîner take away from gâcher, nuire à
hang up raccrocher (téléphone) take part in participer à
hold up (a bank) braquer une banque throw (something) away jeter; gaspiller
impact on avoir un impact sur tune in être à l'écoute (radio)
Id' omar c expressions

at the touch of a button par simple pression d'un bouton have your roots in être enraciné dans
face to face with nez à nez avec keep alive garder, maintenir en vie
be denied something se voir refuser quelque chose let things take their course laisser faire, laisser les choses
be forced into doing something être forcé, suivre leur cours
contraint à faire quelque chose make a choice faire un choix
be glued to avoir les yeux, le regard fixé sur make a date prendre rendez-vous
be made of être composé de, fait en make a profit réaliser un bénéfice
be obsessed with être obsédé par make a promise promettre, faire une promesse
be proud of être fier de make someone aware of faire prendre conscience à
be tired of être fatigué de, en avoir assez de quelqu'un de
break free of échapper à, se soustraire à miss a beat rater un événement
break the law enfreindre la loi owe something to somebody devoir quelque chose
break the speed limit dépasser la limite de vitesse à quelqu'un
bring an end to mettre fin à pay somebody a bribe acheter, soudoyer quelqu'un
demand a ransom exiger une rançon realize a dream réaliser un rêve
freeze in your tracks être arrêté en plein vol, stand on your own feet être autonome, voler de ses
être pris de court propres ailes
get the hang of piger (familier), prendre le coup de main stay in touch with rester en contact avec
give permission autoriser, donner son accord take for granted considérer comme allant de soi
have a large following avoir de nombreux partisans, take place in se dérouler, avoir lieu
un large auditoire
tomorrow is another day 'demain est un autre jour'
Imprimé en Italie par Stige · Dépôt légal : 05/2019 · Collection n°21 . Édition n° 03. 41/0004/6
A Approche
communicative
(' Préparation
arAhead L E
T' 5
GÜ AND SIUOy ENGLI
s '-'
"
méthodique au
BACCALAURÉAT
Des thématiques contemporaines
• 1 O unités conformes au programme

Dour travaihe: ,es 4 compète: Lt:) essentielles .
Reading Speaking/ Listening Writing
Co non n
n
Des rubriques 'expert' : > améliorer sa prononciation n

> enrichir son vocabulaire
> maîtriser la grammaire
Teacher fr"endly!
Des urutes orqarusees
en 9 sessions • S'entraÎner et se tester tout au long de l'année :
1 session Check "Tl' Writing Training
1 heure e cours
& Self-assessment Toutes les 2 unités, En fin d'ouvrage, des exercices
Faire le point à la fin des surets au format complémentaires ciblés
de chaque unité Baccalauréat pour et des stratégies pour
et s'euto-évalue. se familiariser avec bien rédiger en anglais
les différents exercices et apprendre à construire
de l'examen. son argumentation
4100046
ISBN: 978-2-7531-0750-2
1 111111
9 782753 107502 édicef

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L E T' 5

Natural resources • 'Natural resources' 20 • Words about natural

Crime and violence • 'Should gun ownership be • Words about criminality

We all have rights and deserve • 'Making a difference:

Check 69-70 Self-assessment 70

• Questioning • A visit to a travel Drafting and revising • Final consonants

PreRare for the exam! 31-32

f • ~e passive • Expressing opinions • 'Serial burglar tracked A report 54 • Ward stress 51

Pre are for the exam! 57-58

Cette représentation ou reproduction, par quelque procédé que ce soit,

Political change • Poem: Democracy

90 • Suffixes -al and -ic

• 'Brazil's African cultural

• 'Is consumerism good for us?' • Vocabulary quiz: words

Check 121-122 Self-assessment 122

Friends, dating and entertainment •A blog

~---------------------- Prepare for the exam! 109-11 0 _

t tense modals • Persuading • 'Online shopping: An advertisement

Complete the paragraph with words from exercise 2.

Form nouns from these verbs: tour, accommodate, travel, attract.

Find synonyms for these words in exercise 2.

Match the red words in the text with their meanings.

Choose prepositions from the box to complete these sentences, if necessary.

Look at this picture.

Listen to the intonation in the questions and responses in the chart.

You havent been

Write a dialogue between an English speaking tourist and a student.

Read the text.

Complete the sentences with the red words in the text.

Find these verbs in the text, and the

ord stress (syllables))

a Study each sentence. ldentify the two clauses in each sentence.

Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

Join these sentences with the appropriate relative pronoun.

Choose the correct phrase to complete each sentence.

Listen for key words that will give you information.

Check spelling. If a word looks wrong, check it in your dictionary.

Make notes under the paragraph headings.

industry owned house eco tourism maker holiday

Match words from exercise 1 with these descriptions.

Write your own definitions for the words below.

The underlined prepositions in each sentence are wrong.

Listen and say the se words aloud S

fiction certain sense Report back to the class ..

Match the red words in the text with their meanings.

~ Word building with the suffix -tion)

Choose the correct words to complete these sentences.

Example: travel ta new places

- Prefer: Use nouns, gerunds or infinitive verbs with ta.

Would you rather

Energy use Natural disasters 1980-201 0

c.. . t,. . """-"-"'c.ussion

e final 's': hz/, /si or /zt?)

a Use a before a singular or adjective that begins with a if it refers

Complete these sentences. Choose the correct words.

Use these words to make sentences. Use articles if necessary.

Work in groups. Discuss the meaning of the term 'climate change'.

Vou are going to listen to a report about climate change.

Before y_ou write

E Read the model text and answer