Hydrograph

Derivation of Hydrograph from a Unit

Hydrograph
• Once the unit hydrograph of certain duration
p
is determined, it can be used to compute a
hydrograph of the same duration.

• In order to derive the hydrograph of same

duration as that of the unit hydrograph, we
have to proceed in reverse to the process used
to derive unit hydrograph
 Derivation of Hydrograph from a Unit
Hydrograph
• The
h procedure
d will
ill be
b as follows:
f ll

– The unit hydrograph of a certain duration is given.

– Derive the ordinates of direct runoff hydrograph
by multiplying the unit hydrograph ordinates by
effective rainfall.
– Add base flow to the ordinates of direct runoff
hydrograph
y g p to gget total runoff hydrograph.
y g p The
peak of this hydrograph gives the maximum flow
due to the storm.
 Derivation of Hydrograph from a Unit
Hydrograph
• Example 2
– Given the unit hydrograph
y g p of 4‐hour duration,,
calculate the ordinates of total runoff hydrograph
of same duration from an excess p precipitation
p of
10 cm.
– Assume constant Base Flow of 14 m3/sec.
/sec
Derivation of Hydrograph from a Unit
Hydrograph
Date Time Ordinates of Unit Hydrograph
(Hours) (m³/s)
((1)) ((2)) ((3))
1-Jan 12 Noon 0.00
24 Midnight 3.00
2-Jan 12 Noon 17.00
24 Midnight 34.00
3-Jan 12 Noon 51.00
24 Midnight 17.00
4-Jan 12 Noon 6.00
24 Midnight 0.00
D t for
Data f unit
it hydrograph
h d h and
ddderivation
i ti off ttotal
t l runoff
ff h
hydrograph.
d h
 Derivation of Hydrograph from a Unit
Hydrograph
• Solution
– The excess rainfall has been reported
p as 10cm.
The ordinates of unit hydrograph are simply
multiplied
p byy excess rainfall to gget ordinates of
Direct Runoff (DRO).
– Once the ordinates of DRO are obtained,
obtained base
flow is added to it to get Total flow ordinates.
These computations are given in Table.
Table
 Derivation of Hydrograph from a Unit
Hydrograph
Date Time Time Ordinates of DRO Base Total Flow
Unit Flow
Hydrograph

((Hours)) ((Hours)) ((m³/s)) ((m³/s)) ((m³/s)) ((m³/s))

(5)=(4) x Excess
(1) (2) (3) (4) (6) (7)=(5)+(6)
Rainfall Depth
1 Jan
1-Jan 12 Noon 0 0 00
0.00 0 14 14
24 Midnight 12 3.00 30 14 44
2-Jan 12 Noon 24 17.00 170 14 184
24 Midnight 48 34.00 340 14 354
3-Jan 12 Noon 60 51.00 510 14 524
24 Midnight 72 17 00
17.00 170 14 184
4-Jan 12 Noon 84 6.00 60 14 74
24 Midnight 96 0.00 0 14 14

Table 4: Derivation of total runoff hydrograph.

 Derivation of Hydrograph from a Unit Hydrograph

Derivation of Total Runoff Hydrograph

600
550
500
450
400
m³/s)

350
Flow (m

300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Ti
Time (H
(Hours))

12 Hour Unit Hydrograph DRO Hydrograph Total Runof f Hydrograph

 S‐Curve
• The S‐curve is hydrograph obtained by summation of infinite number
of unit hydrographs of given duration each lagged by time interval
equal to the duration of the given hydrograph.

• Th
The S‐curve
S can be
b used
d to
t derive
d i unit
it hydrograph
h d h off any desired
d i d
duration.

• The Derivation of the S‐curve is very simple.

• We keep on adding given unit hydrograph ordinates each lagged by

time equal to the duration of given hydrograph from the previous
one tillll we obtain
b a constant value
l after
f addition
dd or it starts
fluctuating between some values.
 S‐Curve
• Example 3
– Given is a unit hydrograph of 2 hour duration (column 2 of Table).
Derive the 2 hours duration ‘S’
S curve.
curve
Time (Hours) Flow m³/s
0 0
2 95
4 164
6 121
8 91
10 54
12 18
14 0
 S Curve
• SOLUTION
– First, we derive ‘S’ curve: The calculations are
shown in Table. In this table ordinates of unit
hydrograph of 2‐hour duration are given in
column 2. Column 1 is time in hours. Other
columns have ordinates in m³/s. Columns 3 to 14
show lagged unit hydrographs. Column 15 is the
addition which is the ‘S’ curve.
 S‐Curve
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15)
0 0 0
2 95 0 95
4 164 95 0 259
6 121 164 95 0 380
8 91 121 164 95 0 471
10 54 91 121 164 95 0 525
12 18 54 91 121 164 95 0 543
14 0 18 54 91 121 164 95 0 543
16 0 18 54 91 121 164 95 0 543
18 0 18 54 91 121 164 95 0 543
20 0 18 54 91 121 164 95 0 543
22 0 18 54 91 121 164 95 0 543
24 0 18 54 91 121 164 95 0 543
26 0 18 54 91 121 164 95 543
28 0 18 54 91 121 164
30 0 18 54 91 121
32 0 18 54 91
34 0 18 54
36 0 18
38 0
 S‐Curve
S Curve
600
500
Flow ((m³/s)

400
300
200
100
0
0 10 20 30 40
Time (Hours)

Figure 8: S-Curve
Derivation of Anyy Duration Unit Hydrograph
y g p
` The procedure for derivation of any required duration unit
hydrograph
y g p from a ggiven‐duration unit hydrograph
y g p is described
below:

◦ Derive the S‐Curve

S Curve (as per procedure explained above).
above)
◦ Offset the position of the S‐curve for a period equal to the desired
duration of hydrograph to be derived. This is called the lagged S‐
curve.

◦ Subtract the ordinates of lagged

gg S‐curve from the original
g S‐curve
at the respective time intervals.

◦ The ordinates of unit hydrograph of required duration are obtained

by multiplying the difference obtained in Step 3 with the ratio
given duration over required duration (i.e. multiply by the ratio =
given duration/desired duration)
 Derivation of Any Duration Unit
Hydrograph
• Example 4
– Given is unit hydrograph
y g p of 2‐hours duration
(Column (2), Table of Example 3). Find 6‐hours
unit hydrograph
y g p for the same catchment.
• Solution
– The
Th derivation
d i i off S curve is i given
i i Example
in E l 3.
3
Using that S curve the derivation of 6 hours unit
h d
hydrographh is
i given
i b l in
below i Table.
T bl
 Derivation of Any Duration Unit Hydrograph
• The given 2 hr hydrograph and developed 6 hr hydrographs are shown in Figure. It
may be noted that increasing the duration of unit hydrograph has decreased peak
flow.
Time 2-hour Unit S-Curve Lagged S- Difference 6 Hour Unit
Hydrograph Curve Hydrograph
Ordinates Ordinates
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)=(3)-(4) = (5) x 2 / 6
0 0 0 0 0
2 95 95 95 32
4 164 259 259 86
6 121 380 0 380 127
8 91 471 95 376 125
10 54 525 259 266 89
12 18 543 380 163 54
14 0 543 471 72 24
16 543 525 18 6
18 543 543 0 0
 6 Hour UH from 2 Hour UH

180
160
140
Flow ((m³/s)

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Ti
Time (H
(Hours))

2 Hour Unit Hydrograph 6 Hour Unit Hydrograph

Composite Hydrograph
• Example 5
– Given is hydrograph
y g p resultingg from two storms
each of 6 hours duration. The rainfall of first storm
is 0.8 cm and that of second storm is 0.6 cm each
of 6 hr duration. Separate the hydrograph of both
storms and find 6 hr unit hydrograph
y g p for each
storm.
` SSolution
l i
` The following steps illustrate the procedure
◦ Total rainfall is 0.8 + 0.6 = 1.4 cm. The contribution of
second storm relative to the first storm is 0.6 / 0.8 =
0.75. The ordinates of first hydrograph are, therefore
obtained by subtracting effect of second hydrograph
from composite hydrograph. Since second storm occurs
6 hours
h l t than
later th theth first
fi t one, the
th first
fi t ordinate
di t off
composite hydrograph is due to contribution of first
storm. Therefore first ordinate of first hydrograph
y g p is 750
‐ 0 = 750.
– The second ordinate is obtained by subtracting
(0.6 / 0.8) x 750 = 562.50 from second ordinate
of composite hydrograph i.e. 1400 ‐ 562.50 =
837.50. The third ordinate of first storm
hydrograph is obtained by subtracting 0.75 x
837.50 = 628.12 from third ordinate of
composite hydrograph i.e. 1671.88 and so on.
The calculations are shown in table
– The ordinates of second hydrograph are
obtained simply by subtracting ordinates of first
hydrograph from composite hydrograph.
– For unit hydrograph ordinates of each
hydrograph are divided by their respective
rainfall excess
Date Time Composit Date Time Composite Date Time Composit
(Hours e (Hours Hydrograph (Hours e
) Hydrograp ) (cumecs) ) Hydrograp
h h
(cumecs) (cumecs)
22-04-
22 04 25-04-
25 04 27-04-
27 04
65 0 - 65 60 19,100.00 65 120 3,300.00
6 750.00 66 15,000.00 126 2,900.00
12 1 400 00
1,400.00 72 11 400 00
11,400.00 132 2 600 00
2,600.00
18 2,300.00 78 9,300.00 138 2,100.00
23-04- 28-04-
65 24 3 000 00
3,000.00 84 7 800 00
7,800.00 65 144 1 700 00
1,700.00
30 7,000.00 90 6,300.00 150 1,300.00
26-04-
36 13,000.00 65 96 5,700.00 156 900.00
42 23,000.00 102 4,800.00 162 600.00
24-04- 29-04-
65 48 29,700.00
, 108 4,000.00
, 65 168 -
54 25,000.00 114 3,700.00
Date Time Composite First 6 Hour Second 6 Hour 6 Hour Unit 6 Hour Unit
Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph
(First Storm) (Second
Storm)
(Hours) (cumecs) (0.8 cm) (0.6 cm)
22-04-65 0 - - - -
6 750.00 750.00 - 937.50 -
12 1,400.00 837.50 562.50 1,046.88 937.50
18 2,300.00 1,671.88 628.13 2,089.84 1,046.88
23-04-65 24 3,000.00 1,746.09 1,253.91 2,182.62 2,089.84
30 7,000.00 5,690.43 1,309.57 7,113.04 2,182.62
36 13,000.00 8,732.18 4,267.82 10,915.22 7,113.04
42 23,000.00
, 16,450.87
, 6,549.13
, 20,563.58
, 10,915.22
,
24-04-65 48 29,700.00 17,361.85 12,338.15 21,702.31 20,563.58
54 25,000.00 11,978.61 13,021.39 14,973.27 21,702.31
60 19 100 00
19,100.00 10 116 04
10,116.04 8 983 96
8,983.96 12 645 05
12,645.05 14 973 27
14,973.27
66 15,000.00 7,412.97 7,587.03 9,266.21 12,645.05
Date Time Composite First 6 Hour Second 6 Hour 6 Hour Unit 6 Hour Unit
Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph
(First Storm) (Second
Storm)
(Hours) (cumecs) (0.8 cm) (0.6 cm)
25-04-65 72 11,400.00 5,840.27 5,559.73 7,300.34 9,266.21
78 9,300.00 4,919.80 4,380.20 6,149.74 7,300.34
84 7,800.00 4,110.15 3,689.85 5,137.69 6,149.74
90 6,300.00
, 3,217.38
, 3,082.62
, 4,021.73
, 5,137.69
,
26-04-65 96 5,700.00 3,286.96 2,413.04 4,108.70 4,021.73
102 4,800.00 2,334.78 2,465.22 2,918.47 4,108.70
108 4 000 00
4,000.00 2 248 92
2,248.92 1 751 08
1,751.08 2 811 14
2,811.14 2 918 47
2,918.47
114 3,700.00 2,013.31 1,686.69 2,516.64 2,811.14
27-04-65 120 3,300.00 1,790.02 1,509.98 2,237.52 2,516.64
126 2,900.00 1,557.49 1,342.51 1,946.86 2,237.52
132 2,600.00 1,431.88 1,168.12 1,789.85 1,946.86
138 2 100 00
2,100.00 1 026 09
1,026.09 1 073 91
1,073.91 1 282 61
1,282.61 1 789 85
1,789.85
Date Time Composite First 6 Hour Second 6 Hour 6 Hour Unit 6 Hour Unit
Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph Hydrograph
(First Storm) (Second
S
Storm)
)

(Hours) (cumecs) (0.8 cm) (0.6 cm)

28-04-65 144 1,700.00 930.43 769.57 1,163.04 1,282.61

150 1,300.00 602.17 697.83 752.72 1,163.04

156 900 00
900.00 448 37
448.37 451 63
451.63 560 46
560.46 752 72
752.72

162 600.00 263.72 336.28 329.65 560.46

29 04 65
29-04-65 168 - - - - -
 SEPARATION OF COMPOSITE HYDROGRAPH
35,000

30,000
e (cumec))

25 000
25,000

20,000
Discharge

15,000

10,000

5,000

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Time (Hours)

Composite Hydrograph First 6 hr Hydrograph Second 6 hr Hydrograph

 – Develop a complex hydrograph for the following data given
in Table 10
10, Take R1 / R2 = 1
1.2
2

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

q1 0 200 400 1000 2800 1400 900 700 480 200 0

– Table below gives calculations for determination of q2 & Q, in
which ordinates of q2 have been calculated by using a modified
but simple
p formula ggiven in the table.

n TIME q1 Ordinates of Discharge Q of complex

q2=(R1/R2)xq1(n-1) hydrograph
0 1 0 0
1 2 200 0 200
2 3 400 240 640
3 4 1000 480 1480
4 5 2800 1200 4000
5 6 1400 3360 4760
6 7 900 1680 2580
7 8 700 1080 1780
8 9 480 840 1320
9 10 200 576 776
10 11 0 240 240
11 12 0 0
• Composite hydrograph along with component hydrograph

COMPLEX HYDROGRAPH
6000

5000

4000
ARGE
DISCHA

3000

2000

1000

0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

TIME
• Example
– Repeat
p example
p 6 for the case when ordinates of
Q are given (as shown in Table below) for its
separation
p into its components
p q1 & q
q q2 with
R1/R2 =1.2
n TIME Discharge Q of Ordinates of q1 = Qn - Ordinates of
complex (R1/R2) x q1(n-1). q2 = (R1/R2)xq1(n-1).
hydrograph

0 1 0 0

1 2 200 200 0

2 3 640 400 240

3 4 1480 1000 480

4 5 4000 2800 1200

5 6 4760 1400 3360

6 7 2580 900 1680

7 8 1780 700 1080

8 9 1320 480 840

9 10 776 200 576

10 11 240 0 240

11 12 0 0
 COMPONENTS OF A COMPLEX HYDROGRAPH

6000
5000
ARGE

4000
DISCHA

3000
2000
1000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
TIME
• Example 8
– Develop a complex hydrograph for the following data given
in Table, Take
R1 / R2 = 1.2 and R1 / R3 = 1.5

Time 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

q1 0 200 400 1000 2800 1400 900 700 480 200 0

• Solution
– Table below ggives calculations for determination
of q2, q3 and Q, in which ordinates of q2 and q3
have been calculated byy usingg modified but simple
p
formulae given in the table.
n TIME q1 Ordinates of Ordinates of Discharge Q of
q2=(R1/R2)xq1(n-1). q3=(R1/R3)xq1(n-2). complex hydrograph

(1) (2) (3) (1) + (2) + (3)

0 1 0 0

1 2 200 0 200

2 3 400 240 0 640

3 4 1000 480 300 1780

4 5 2800 1200 600 4600

5 6 1400 3360 1500 6260

6 7 900 1680 4200 6780

7 8 700 1080 2100 3880

8 9 480 840 1350 2670

9 10 200 576 1050 1826

10 11 0 240 720 960

11 12 0 300 300

12 13 0 0
 COMPLEX HYDROGRAPH

8000
7000
6000
GE
CHARG

5000
4000
DISC

3000
2000
1000
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
TIME
• Example
– Repeat
p example
p 8 for the case when ordinates of
Q are given (as shown in Table below) for its
separation
p into its components
p q1,
q ,qq2 & q
q3 with
R1/R2 =1.2 & R1/R3 =1.5.
N Time Discharge Q Ordinates of Ordinates of Ordinates of
of complex q1 = Qn - (R1/R2)xq1(n-1) - q2 = (R1/R2)x q1(n-1). q3=(R1/R3)x q1(n-2).
hydrograph (R1/R3)xq1(n-2).

0 1 0 0
1 2 200 200 0
2 3 640 400 240 0
3 4 1780 1000 480 300
4 5 4600 2800 1200 600
5 6 6260 1400 3360 1500
6 7 6780 900 1680 4200
7 8 3880 700 1080 2100
8 9 2670 480 840 1350
9 10 1826 200 576 1050
10 11 960 0 240 720
11 12 300 0 300
12 13 0 0
 COMPONENTS OF A COMPLEX
HYDROGRAPH

8000
GE
DISCHARG

6000
4000
2000
0
0 5 10 15
TIME
 Synthetic Hydrograph
• For un‐gauged catchments, unit hydrograph developed
from characteristics of similar catchments is called
S th ti hydrograph.
Synthetic h d h
• Synthetic hydrograph is obtained by mathematically
correlating catchment characteristics.
characteristics
• Different approaches are available for developing a
synthetic hydrograph, some of which are:

– Bernard’s method
– McCarthy’s Method
– Snyder’s Method
– Taylor
l and d Schartz
S h Method
h d

Continued..
• Of these, Snyder’s Method is the most
commonlyy used method, which is brieflyy
described here.
• Snyder
Snyder’ss method
– Following are the steps involved in unit
hydrograph construction according to Snyder’s
method.

Continued..
• Step
S (i)
– To find ‘Time to Peak’, Snyder proposed,
tp = C1 Ct (L Lc)0.3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐(5)
(5)
Where,
tp = Basin Lag in Hours. Basin Lag is the time between centre of mass
of unit rain and peak flow (See Figure 15). 15)
L = Distance from gauging station to catchment boundary.
Lc = Distance in kilometers between gauging station and
centroid of catchment. It is measured from gauging station along
the main stream to the point nearest to centroid of catchment.
Ct = A coefficient determined from the gauged catchment in same or
similar region. Its value ranges from 1.35 to 1.65.
C1 is a constant whose value in MKS system of units is 0.75.

Continued..
 Snyder's Standard Unit Hydrograph
tr
45

40 tp

35

30
Discharge,, Q

25

20

15

10

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tim e, t

Figure 15: Definition of tr and tp in Snyder’s Method

Continued..
• Step (ii)
The peak discharge is given by:
qp = C2 Cp ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (6)
tp
Where,
C2 is a constant having value of 2.75
Cp = A coefficient determined from the gauged catchment
in same or similar region. Its value ranges from 0.56 to
0.69. (See Figure 16)

Continued..
 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph by Snyder's Method

45

40

35 W75

30
Discharge,, Q

25 W50
20
qp
15 0.75qp

10 0.5qp
5

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tim e, t

Figure 16: Definition of qp, W50 and W75

Continued..
• The coefficients ‘Ct’
Ct and ‘Cp’
Cp are determined as explained
below:
• Determination of ‘Ct’ and ‘Cp’
p
L is measured from map
Lc is measured from map p
tR ‐ Effective duration measured from unit
hydrograph derived for similar catchment.
tPR ‐ Basin lag measured from unit hydrograph derived
for similar catchment.
qPR ‐ Peak
P k Discharge
Di h f
from unit
it hydrograph
h d h
derived for similar catchment.

Continued..
• If
If,
tPR = 5 tR then tR = tr
• Else,
tPR = tp andd qPR = qP
• By back substitution, ‘Ct’ and ‘Cp’ can be determined from Equations (5)
and (6).
• If,f
tPR ≠ 5.5 tR , then the standard basin lag is
tP = tPR + tr‐tR ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (7)
4
Also, tp = 5.5 tr ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (8)

• Equations (7) and (8) are solved simultaneously for ‘tr’ and ‘tP’. ‘Ct’ and ‘Cp’
are then found from Equations (5) and (6) with conditions qPR = qP and tPR
= tp. (Figure 17)

Continued..
 Required Synthetic Unit Hydrograph
tR

45
unit area 40 tPR
35
30
qPR
Discharrge per u

25
20
15
10
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Tim e, t

tb

Continued.. Figure 17: Definition of tR, tPR and tb

• Step
S (iii)
– The Peak Discharge of required hydrograph is found using
equation 9 9.
qPR = qP tp ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (9)
tPR
• Step (iv)
– The base time of required hydrograph is determined by
equation 10.
– Base Time tb = C3 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (10)
qPR
– Where ‘C3’ is a constant having value of 5.56.

Continued..
• Step (v)
– Width of Hydrograph
y g p ‘W’ is ggiven byy equation
q 11.
The coefficient ‘Cw’ defines value of peak discharge
where width of hydrograph
y g p is required.
q
– For example, width at discharge which is 75% and
50% of Peak discharge is to be calculated:
W = Cw qPR‐1.08 ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ (11)
For qPR = 75%
75%, Cw = 1.22
1 22
For qPR = 50%, Cw = 2.14

Continued..
• Example 10
– Developp 3‐hour and 6‐hour unit hydrographs
y g p for a
catchment area measuring
135.8 Sq.
q miles with followingg data:
Ct = 1.50, Cp = 0.60 L = 29.5 miles Lc = 15 miles

– Also calculate total run‐off

run off in inches for the
catchment in each case.

Continued..
• Solution
S l i
• Step‐1
• Basin Lag, tp = C1 x Ct x (L x Lc)0.30
= 1 x 1.50 x (29.5 x 15)0.30
= 9.33 hours
• SStandard
a da d du
duration
a o o of rainfall,
a a ,
tr = tp /5.50
=99.33/5.50
33/5 50
= 1.70 hours

Continued..
• Step‐2 3‐hour duration unit hydrograph
– tR = 3 hours > tr
– Basin Lag, tPR = tP + [tR – tr]/4
= 9.33 + [3‐1.70]/4
= 9.66 hours
– Peak discharge, qPR= 640 x Cp x A /tPR
= 640 x 0.60 x 135.8/9.66
= 5398.36 cfs

Continued..
– Time
Ti b
base, TR = 3 x (1 + tPR /24)
= 3 x (1 + 9.66/24)
= 4.21 days
= 101 hours

– 50% of qPR = 2694

2694.55 cusecs
W50 = 770 / [qPR / A ]1.08 = 770 / [5398.36 / 135.8 ]1.08
= 14.40 hours

– 75% of qPR = 4048.70 cusecs

W75 = 440 / [qPR / A ]1.08 = 440 / [5398.36 / 135.8 ]1.08
= 8.24 hours

Continued..
• Plot
l unit i h
hydrograph
d h using
i above
b calculated
l l d
values. The graph is shown in Fig 18 below. It
has been plotted using definitions given in
Figs. 16 and 17 above.
• From Fig. 18, tabulate the values of discharge
g
against equal
q time interval of anyy length
g sayy at
6 hours interval (17*6 = 102 close to 101).
These values have been shown in Table 16

Continued..
 SYNTHETIC 3-HOUR UNIT HYDROGRAPH BY SNYDER'S METHOD
(EXAMPLE 6.10)

6000
DISCHARGE (cfs

5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
TIME (HOURS)

Figure 18
Continued..
 Time (Hours) Q (cfs)
0 0
6 2550.00
12 5200 00
5200.00
Table 16 18 3100.00
24 1300.00
30 950.00
36 530.00
42 300.00
48 200.00
54 150.00
60 110.00
66 100.00
72 80.00
78 60 00
60.00
84 30.00
90 20.00
96 10 00
10.00
101 (say 102) 0
Total 14690
• Total run‐off = [14690 x 6 x 60 x 60]
[24 x 60 x 60]
= 3672.50 sfd
= 3672.50
3672 50 / 26.90
26 90
= 136.52 inches‐mile
• Run‐off = 136.52 / 135.8
= 1.00
1 00 inch

Continued..
• Step 3: 6‐hour duration unit hydrograph
– tR = 6 hours > tr
– Basin Lag, tPR = tP + [tR – tr]/4
= 9.33
9 33 + [6‐1.70]/4
[6 1 70]/4
= 10.41 hours
– Peak discharge, qPR = 640 x Cp x A /tPR
= 640 x 0.60 x 135.8/10.41
/
= 5009.34 cfs

Continued..
– Time
Ti b
base, TR = 3 x (1 + tPR /24)
= 3 x (1 + 10.41/24)
= 4.30 days
= 103 hours
– 50% of qPR = 2504.67 cusecs
W50 = 770 / [qPR / A ]1.08
= 770 / [5009.34 / 135.8 ]1.08
= 15.64
15 64 hours
– 75% of qPR = 3757.00 cusecs
W75 = 440 / [qPR / A ]1.08
= 440 / [5009.34 / 135.8 ]1.08
= 8.94 hours

Continued..
• Plot
l unit i h
hydrograph
d h using
i above
b calculated
l l d
values. The graph is shown in Fig 19 below. It
has been plotted using definitions given in
Figs. 16 and 17 above.
• From Fig. 19, tabulate the values of discharge
g
against equal
q time interval of anyy length
g sayy at
6 hours interval (17*6 = 102 close to 101).
These values have been shown in Table 17

Continued..
 SYNTHETIC 6-HOUR UNIT HYDROGRAPH BY SNYDER'S METHOD
(EXAMPLE 6.1)

6000
E (cfs

5000
CHARGE

4000
3000
2000
DISC

1000
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
TIME (HOURS)

Figure: 19
Continued..
Ti
Time (Hours)
(H ) Q (cfs)
( f) Ti
Time (Hours)
(H ) Q (cfs)
( f)

0 0 60 150.00

6 1880 00
1880.00 66 110 00
110.00

12 4450.00 72 90.00

18 3800 00
3800.00 78 80.00
80 00

24 1500.00 84 50.00

30 1050.00 90 30.00

36 600.00 96 20.00

42 350.00 101 ((say

y 102)) 0

48 250.00
Total 14610
54 200.00

Table 17
Continued..
• Total run‐off = [14610 x 6 x 60 x 60]
[24 x 60 x 60]
= 3652.50 sfd
= 3652.50 / 26.90
= 135.78
135 78 inches
inches‐mile
mile
• Run‐off = 135.78 / 135.8
= 1.00 inch

Continued..