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    Chapter 6

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    THE SEZAR
    The document discusses non-interacting and interacting systems of first-order processes connected in series. For non-interacting systems, the overall transfer function is the product of individual transfer functions. For interacting systems, the flow through one component depends on the difference in head between components, resulting in a more complex transfer function and response.

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    Chapter 6

    Uploaded by

    THE SEZAR
    10 views11 pages
    The document discusses non-interacting and interacting systems of first-order processes connected in series. For non-interacting systems, the overall transfer function is the product of individual transfer functions. For interacting systems, the flow through one component depends on the difference in head between components, resulting in a more complex transfer function and response.

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    CHAPTER-6

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    The document discusses non-interacting and interacting systems of first-order processes connected in series. For non-interacting systems, the overall transfer function is the product of individual transfer functions. For interacting systems, the flow through one component depends on the difference in head between components, resulting in a more complex transfer function and response.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views11 pages

    Chapter 6

    Uploaded by

    THE SEZAR
    The document discusses non-interacting and interacting systems of first-order processes connected in series. For non-interacting systems, the overall transfer function is the product of individual transfer functions. For interacting systems, the flow through one component depends on the difference in head between components, resulting in a more complex transfer function and response.

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    RESPONSE OF FIRST-ORDER

    SYSTEMS IN SERIES

    CHAPTER 6
    Non-interacting system
    Very often, a physical system can be represented by several first-order processes connected in series.
    Consider the liquid-level systems shown in Figure in which two tanks are arranged so that the outlet
    flow from the first tank is the inlet flow to the second tank.
    The outlet flow from tank 1 discharges directly into the atmosphere before spilling into tank 2, and the
    flow through R1 depends only on h1.
    The variation in h2 in tank 2 does not affect the transient response occurring in tank 1. This type of
    system is referred to as a noninteracting system.
    NONINTERACTING SYSTEM
    Our problem is to find a transfer function that relates h2 to q, that is, H2 (s)/ Q
    (s).
    The approach will be to obtain a transfer function for each tank, Q1(s)/ Q( s)
    and H2 (s)/Q1 (s),
    A balance on tank 1 gives

    A balance on tank 2 gives

    The flow-head relationships for the two linear resistances are given by the
    expressions
    The transfer function for tank 2

    The overall transfer function H2 (s)/ Q (s) by multiplying

    For a unit-step change in Q, we obtain

    Inversion by means of partial fraction expansion gives


    Generalization for Several Noninteracting Systems in Series
    • The overall transfer function for two noninteracting first-order
    systems connected in series is simply the product of the
    individual transfer functions.
    We may now generalize this concept by considering n
    noninteracting first-order systems as represented by the block
    diagram
    Overall transfer function, we simply multiply the individual transfer
    functions;
    thus
    INTERACTING SYSTEM
    Flow through R1 now depends on the difference between h1 and h2.

    At steady
    state,

    At steady
    state,

    However, the flow-head relationship for R1 is now

    The flow-head relationship for R2 is the same as before


    In terms of deviation variables gives

    Transforming Eqs.

    The analysis has produced four algebraic equations containing five unknowns:
    Q, Q1 , Q2 , H1, and H2.

    These equations may be combined to eliminate Q1 , Q2, and H1 and to arrive at the desired transfer
    function:
    The difference between the transfer function for the noninteracting
    system, and that for the interacting system, is the presence of the cross-
    product term A1R2 in the coefficient of s.

    The term interacting is often referred to as loading. The second tank of


    is said to load the first tank.

    The transient response of a system, consider a two-tank system for


    which the time constants are equal ( t 1 = t 2 = t)

    If the tanks are noninteracting, the transfer function relating inlet


    flow to outlet flow is
    The unit-step response for this transfer function can be obtained by the
    usual procedure to give

    If the tanks are interacting, the overall transfer function,


    Aassuming further that A1 = A2 )

    By application of the quadratic formula, the denominator of this transfer


    function can be written as

    The effect of interaction has been to change the effective time constants of the interacting
    system.
    One time constant has become considerably larger and the other smaller than the time
    constant t of either tank in the noninteracting system.
    The response of Q2( t) to a unit-step change in Q( t) for the interacting case

    In terms of the transient response, this means that the interacting


    system is more sluggish than the noninteracting system.

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