FAKULTI TEKNOLOGI

KEJURUTERAAN MEKANIKAL DAN

PEMBUATAN UNIVERSITI TEKNIKAL
MALAYSIA MELAKA

PRINCIPLES OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

BMKT 1713 REV:02

LAB 3: APPLICATIONS OF KIRCHOFF’S LAW:
MESH ANALYSIS
LAB 4: INTRODUCTION TO THE FUNDAMENTAL OF AC CIRCUITS

1.ENGKU MUHAMAD HAKIMI BIN ENGKU MUSTAFA HAZIM

NAMES OF GROUP MEMBERS & (B132310367)
MATRIX NUMBER 2.RAFIQ IQMAL BIN ANIS ISHOM
(B132310140)

3.

COURSE / SECTION 1 BMKV 1/2

NAME OF LECTURER Ts. ROSNAINI BINTI RAMLI

EXAMINER’S COMMENT VERIFICATION STAMP

TOTAL MARKS :

REV NO DESCRIPTION DATE OF REVISION

01 Contents reviewed after 5 years. 30/8/2018

02 Contents reviewed & updated. 9/11/2022

03

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1.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the experiment, the student should be able to:

• Measure the period, amplitude, peak-to-peak voltage and frequency of a given AC
waveform using an oscilloscope.
• Determine the phase relation between two waveforms (leading or lagging).
• Measure the phase angle between two AC waveforms by displaying two waveforms
simultaneously on a dual-channel oscilloscope.

2.0 EQUIPMENT

i. Equipment/Instruments: MULTISIM

3.0 SYNOPSIS & THEORY

Sinusoids

A sinusoid is a signal that has the form of the sine or cosine function. A sinusoidal current is usually
referred to as alternating current (ac). Such a current reverses at regular time intervals and has
alternately positive and negative values. Circuits driven by sinusoidal current or voltage sources are
called ac circuits.
The period of a waveform is the length of one cycle as shown in Figure 5.1. Since the horizontal
scale of an oscilloscope is calibrated in seconds, you can measure the period T directly on the screen,
then determine frequency from the relationship

𝟏
𝒇=𝑻 (1)

Figure 5.1

For example, if the time base is set to 20µs per division and one cycle is 4 divisions, then
4(20 µs) = 80 µs = 12.5 kHz

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Fig 5.2 illustrates the phase shifts of a sine wave. The zero crossing of sine wave A is at 0° and the
corresponding zero crossing of sine wave B is at -30°. Thus, there is a phase angle of 30° between
sine wave A and wave B. In this case, the positive peak of sine wave B occurs earlier than the positive
peak of sine wave A. Therefore, sine wave B is said to lead sine wave A by 30°. In other words, sine
wave A lags behind sine wave B by 30°.

The formula for determining phase angle, Ø from the oscilloscope display is

∅ = [360/𝐷]. 𝑌
(2)

Where Y is the division of the shifted sine wave and D is the division for one cycle sine wave.

Ø = -30o

Y D
Figure 5.2

RC Circuit

In AC analysis, both R and XC are treated as phasor quantities, as shown in the phasor diagram of
Figure 5.3(a). Since Z is the phasor sum of R and XC, its phasor representation is shown in Figure
5.3(b). A repositioning of the phasor as shown in Figure 5.3(c), forms a right triangle which is called
the impedance triangle. The length of each phasor represents the magnitude in Ohm, and the angle
Ө is the phase angle of the RC circuit and represents the phase difference between the source voltage
and the current.

Figure 5.3

Capacitance, C is in Farad, F while capacitance reactance, XC is in Ohm, Ω. The formula of XC is

𝟏 𝟏
𝑿𝑪 = 𝒋𝝎𝑪 = 𝒋(𝟐𝝅𝒇)𝑪 (3)

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From Pythagorean Theorem, the magnitude of the impedance can be expressed in terms of the
resistance and capacitance reactance as

|𝒁| = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑪 𝟐 (4)

The magnitude of the impedance (Z), as shown in the RC circuit in Fig 4, is expressed in Ohm.

Figure 5.4
The phase angle, Ө is expressed as
±𝑿𝑪
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (5)
𝑹

RL Circuit

A basic inductor comprises a length of wire which is formed into a coil. This winding of coil has
significant resistance which is called winding resistance, RW. So in this case, we use Rtot instead of
R, where
Rtot = R + Rw (6)

In RL circuits, we can see from Figure 5.5(a), XL appeared at a +90° angle with respect to Rtot. The
phasor representation is shown in Figure 5.5(b) while the repositioning of the phasor is shown in
Figure 5.5(c).

Figure 5.5

Inductance, L, is in Henry, H, while resistance reactance, XL, is in Ohm, Ω. The formula of XL is

𝑿𝑳 = 𝒋𝝎𝑳 = (𝟐𝝅𝒇)𝑳 (7)

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 The magnitude of the impedance, Z, of the series RL circuit can be expressed in terms of the
resistance and reactance as

|𝒁| = √𝑹𝟐 + 𝑿𝑳 𝟐 (8)

The magnitude of the impedance (Z), as shown in the RC circuit in Figure 5.6 is expressed in Ohm.

Figure 5.6
The phase angle, Ө is expressed as
±𝑿𝑳
𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 (9)
𝑹

4.0 PROCEDURE

1) Measuring the frequency of a sinusoidal waveform signal

• Set the signal generator and oscilloscope as Table 5.1 :

Signal Generator Oscilloscope

Amplitude 3Vp Coupling AC
Frequency 2kHz Time base (µs/div) Autoset
Vertical amplitude (volt/div) Autoset
Table 5.1

• Connect the output of the signal generator to the CH1 of the oscilloscope as shown in
Figure 5.7.

Figure 5.7

• Press the Autoset button on the oscilloscope to get the best view of the waveform.

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 • Press the zoom-in button on the oscilloscope to view only one cycle of the signal. Sketch
the waveform.

2kHz 10kHz 50kHz

• Measure the distance, D and calculate the period, T of the signal/waveform. Record the
result in Table 5.2.
• Repeat steps 1 to 5 for f = 10kHz and 50kHz.

Frequency Horizontal setting Distance, D Period, T

setting (kHz) (µs/div) (div) (µs)
2 250.10 µs 500.20 2x250.10 = 500.2µs
10 49.403 µs 99.968 2x49.403 = 98.906 µs
50 10.103 µs 20.091 2x10.103 = 20.206 µs
Table 5.2

2) Measuring the phase angle difference

1)RC circuit

4 Calculate the phase angle difference for each capacitor value in Table 5.4 using Equation
(5). Record them in Table 5.4.
5 Set the signal generator and oscilloscope as Table 5.3:

Signal Generator Oscilloscope

Amplitude Will be adjusted later Coupling AC
Frequency 2kHz Time base (µs/div) Autoset
Vertical amplitude (volt/div) Autoset
Table 5.3
6 Assemble the circuit in Figure 5.8 and use your signal generator output as your input/source
voltage, Vs for your circuit in Figure 5.8.

Figure 5.8

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 7 Connect CH1 of the oscilloscope to the input voltage, Vs and CH2 of the oscilloscope
to the output voltage, VR (voltage across the resistor).
8 Adjust the setting of the signal generator to get a sinusoidal waveform with 6Vp-p on
the oscilloscope.
9 Press the Autoset button on the oscilloscope to get the best view of the waveform.
10 Measure the phase angle difference between Vs and VR. Record them in Table 5.4.
11 Sketch both waveforms (Vs and VR) on the same graph for capacitance, C = 0.33µF.
12 Repeat steps 3 to 7 for capacitance, C = 1µF and 10µF.

Capacitance, C Phase Angle, Ø

(µF) (degree)
Calculation Measurement Lead/Lag
0.33 82.21 82.21 Vs leads Vr
1 67.48 67.086 Vs leads Vr
10 13.56 13.19 Vs leads Vr
Table 5.4

Circuit Waveforms Calculation

C = 0.33µF 1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓(𝐶)
1
=
2𝜋(2𝑘)(0.33𝜇)
= 241.13

𝑋𝐶
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑅
241.13
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 33
D = 500.20µs = 82.21°

360
𝜃= (𝑦)
𝐷
360
= (114.23𝜇𝑠)
500.20𝜇𝑠
= 82.21°

y = 114.23µs

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7
C = 1µF 1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓(𝐶)
1
=
2𝜋(2𝑘)(1𝜇)
= 79.58

79.58
𝜃 = tan−1
33
D = 500.23µs = 67.48°

360
𝜃= (𝑦)
𝐷
360
= (93.218𝜇𝑠)
500.23𝜇𝑠
= 67.086°

y = 93.218µs

C = 10µF 1
𝑋𝐶 =
2𝜋𝑓(𝐶)
1
=
2𝜋(2𝑘)(10𝜇)
= 7.96

7.96
𝜃 = tan−1
33
= 13.56°
D = 499.55µs
360
𝜃= (𝑦)
𝐷
360
= (18.308𝜇𝑠)
499.55𝜇𝑠
= 13.19°

y = 18.308µs

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 2) RL circuit

13 Use a multimeter to measure the winding resistance, Rw of your inductor/inductor

decade box for L= 3mH, 6mH and 10mH and record in Table 5.5 (Please note that Rw
value depends on inductance value).
14 Calculate the phase angle difference for each inductance value in Table 5.5 using
Equation (9). Record them in Table 5.5.
15 Replace the capacitor with the inductor/inductor decade box and repeat steps 3 to 7 for
L = 3mH, 6mH and 10mH.
16 Sketch both waveforms (Vs and VR) on the same graph for inductance, L = 3mH.

Inductance, L Phase Angle, Ø

(mH) (degree)
Calculation Measurement Lead/Lag
3 48.802 48.803 Vs lag Vr
6 66.36 67.39 Vs lag Vr
10 75.29 76.24 Vs lag Vr
Table 5.5

Circuit Waveforms Calculation

𝑋𝐿 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿
L = 3mH 𝑋𝐿
𝜃=
𝑅

2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅
2𝜋(2𝑘)(3𝑚)
= tan−1
33
= 48.802°
D = 500.73µs

360
𝜃= (𝑦)
𝐷
360
= (67.325𝜇𝑠)
500.73𝜇𝑠
= 48.803°

y = 67.325µs

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9
L = 6mH

2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅
−1
2𝜋(2𝑘)(6𝑚)
= tan
33
= 66.36°
D = 502.80µs

360
𝜃= (𝑦)
𝐷
360
= (94.120𝜇𝑠)
502.80𝜇𝑠
= 67.39°

y = 94.120µs

L = 10mH

2𝜋𝑓𝐿
𝜃 = tan−1
𝑅
2𝜋(2𝑘)(10𝑚)
= tan−1
33
= 75.29°

D = 500.20µs

360
𝜃= (𝑦)
𝐷
360
= (105.93𝜇𝑠)
500.20𝜇𝑠
= 76.24°

y = 105.93µs

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 5.0 CONCLUSION

Write your conclusion based on what you have learned from this lab activity.

In summary, this experiment has equipped us with essential skills in utilizing an oscilloscope to measure
key parameters like period, amplitude, peak-to-peak voltage, and frequency in an AC waveform. Furthermore, we
gained insights into determining phase relations, distinguishing between leading and lagging waveforms, and
measuring phase angles by simultaneously displaying two waveforms on a dual-channel oscilloscope. This hands-
on experience enhances our understanding of AC circuit analysis.
After every experiment is completed, data are noted and examined. The outcomes of previous
computations will then be used to compare the recorded data. This guarantees that the experiment is conducted
appropriately and that the theoretical calculations and experimental results are comparable.

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 SCORE (LEVEL X
CLO 2: Construct electrical circuits and measure voltage, current and resistance using appropriate instruments. (PLO5, P3).
WEIGHTAGE)
Assessment Criteria Sub criteria Level 0 1 2 3 Weight
Able to
relate types
Not able to Able to relate Able to relate types
Relate types of setup of
relate types of types of of experiment
to the P1 experiment 1
experiment experiment setups setups with no
experiment/simulation. setups with
setup with many errors errors
minimal
errors

Selects Selects and Selects and

inappropriate applies applies the
Demonstrate proper Selects and applies
skills required appropriate skills appropriate
Procedural preparation to set up appropriate skills
P2 by the task and required by the skills to the 1
Skills the simulation for AC specific to the task
makes critical task, but makes task without
analysis without error.
errors in some non-critical significant
applying them errors in doing so errors

Able to
Laboratory follow
Follows instructions to Completely not Able to follow Able to follow
Experiment instructions
simulate the circuit P3 able to follow instructions with instructions with no 2
with
model for AC analysis instructions full guidance guidance
minimal
guidance
Able to
Assemble assemble
Completely not Able to assemble Able to assemble
equipment/components laboratory
able to assemble laboratory laboratory
appropriate for the AC P4 equipment 2.5
laboratory equipment with equipment with no
analysis with
equipment full supervision supervision
experiment/simulation. minimal
Use of supervision
equipment Uses tools,
Uses tools, equipment Uses tools,
Demonstrate proper Uses tools,
equipment and and equipment and
use of tools, equipment equipment and
P5 materials with materials materials with a 0.5
and materials to solve materials with
limited with high degree of
the task given. some competence
competence considerable competence
competence
Lab assessment 7%