11

GENERAL
MATHEMATICS
QUARTER 1
Week 2_02

Capsulized Self-Learning
Empowerment Toolkit

MERCEDITA B. TAROG
Teacher III
Talon-Talon National High School

Schools Division Office of Zamboanga City

Region IX, Zamboanga Peninsula
Zamboanga City

“Unido, Junto avanza con el EduKalidad Cree, junto junto puede!”

 SUBJECT &
GRADE/LEVEL GENERAL MATHEMATICS (GRADE 11)
QUARTER FIRST WEEK 2_02 DAY ____________________________________
dd/mm/yyyy

TOPIC Rational Functions, Rational Equations, and Rational Inequalities

The learner distinguishes Rational Function, Rational Equation, and
LEARNING Rational Inequality. (M11GM-1b-2)
COMPETENCY
The learner solves Rational Equations and Inequalities. (M11GM-1b-3)
IMPORTANT: Do not write anything on this material. Write your answers on the Learner’s
Activity and Assessment Sheets provided separately.

UNDERSTAND
Rational Functions, Rational Equations, and Rational Inequalities.
Review Rational Expressions
What is rational expression?
✓ A rational expression is an expression which can be written as the ratio of two
𝒑
polynomials in the form 𝒒 where q ≠ 0. A rational expression is defined for all real
numbers except for those values which make the denominator equal to zero.

Rational Expressions

ALGEBRAIC
REASON
EXPRESSION
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 2
Rational expression because it is a ratio of two polynomials.
𝑥+4
1 Rational expression because the numerator 1 is a polynomial (of
3𝑥 2 zero degree).
2
𝑥 +4−3
Rational expression which is also a polynomial.
2
√𝑥 + 1 Not a Rational expression since the numerator is not a polynomial.
𝑥 3−1
1 1
𝑥+2 The expression is equal to (𝑥+2)(𝑥−2) so it is a rational expression.
𝑥−1

Rational Equation, Rational Inequality and Rational Functions

Rational Equation Rational Inequality Rational Function

An equation involving An inequality A function of a form
rational expression involving rational 𝒑(𝒙)
f(x) = 𝒒(𝒙) where p(x)
expressions
DEFINITION and q(x) are
polynomials, and
q(x) is not the zero
function

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 2 2 1 5 2 𝑥 2 +2𝑥 +3
- = ≤ f(x) = or
𝑥 2𝑥 5 𝑥+1
EXAMPLE 𝑥−3 𝑥 𝑥 2 +2𝑥 +3
y= 𝑥+1

What is Rational Equation?

✓ A rational equation is an equation containing at least one rational expression.

Rational expressions typically contain a variable in the denominator. For this
reason, we will take care to ensure that the denominator is not 0 by making note
of restrictions and checking our solutions.

How do we Solve Rational Equations?

Solve rational equations by clearing the fractions by

multiplying both sides of the equation of its Least
Common Denominator (LCD). Then simplify the equation
to get the value of the variable

What is rational inequality?

A rational inequality is an equality which involves

one or more rational expressions.
A rational inequality can be written in one of the
following standard forms:
𝒑 𝒑 𝒑 𝒑
> 𝟎 or < 𝟎 (or ≥ 𝟎 or ≤ 𝟎), where Q is not 0.
𝒒 𝒒 𝒒 𝒒

𝑝
➢ The sign of the rational expression 𝑞 , where P and Q are polynomials, depends on the
signs of P and Q. As the signs of polynomials change at zeros, to solve rational
inequality we should find the zeros of both P and Q first and then we can determine
the intervals of the independent variable that satisfy given rational inequality.

Interval and Set of Notation

An inequality may have infinitely many solutions. The set of all solutions can be expressed
using set notation or interval notation. These notations are presented in the table below:

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 ➢ Solutions to inequalities in this text will be represented using set notation.

What are the different Steps in solving rational inequaities?

?
(a) Rewrite the inequalities as a single fraction on one side of the inequality symbol 0 on the
other side.
(b) Determine over what intervals the fraction takes on positive and negative values.

i. Locate the x- values for which rational expression is zero or undefined (factoring the
numerator and the denominator is a useful strategy).
ii. Mark the numbers found in (i) on a number line. Use shaded circle to indicate that
the value is included in the solution set, and a hollow cicle to indicate that the value is
excluded.
These numbers partition the number line into intervals.
iii. Select a test point within the interior of each interval in (ii). The sign of the rational
expression at this test point is also the sign of rational expression at each interior point in the
aforementioned interval.
iv. Summarize the intervals containing the solutions.

Let’s Apply!

Solving Rational Equations.

PROBLEM SOLUTION
Solve for x The LCD of all the denominators is 10x. Multiply both sides of the
equation by 10x and solve the resulting equation.
2 3 1
1. − =
𝑥 2𝑥 5 2 3 1
10x( 𝑥) − 10𝑥(2𝑥) = 10𝑥(5 )
20- 15 = 2x
5 = 2x

𝟓
X=𝟐

𝑥 1 8 Factor each denominator in the fraction

2. 𝑥+2 − =
𝑥−2 𝑥2−4 𝑥 1 8
: − = ( )
𝑥+2 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 ( 𝑥+2)
The LCD is (x-2) (x+2). Multiply LCD to both sides of the equation
to remove the denominators.
𝑥 1
(x − 2) (x + 2) − (x − 2) (x + 2)
𝑥+2 𝑥−2
8
= 〔(x − 2) (x + 2)〕( )
(𝑥 − 2)( 𝑥 + 2)

(x – 2)x – (2 + x) = 8
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0
Upon reaching this step, we can use strategies for solving
polynomial equations.
𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 10 = 0
(x+2)(x-5) = 0

X + 2 = 0 or x- 5 = 0
X = -2 or x = 5
Check the extraneous solution by substituting the answers back
into the original equation. Since x = 2 will make the original
equation undefined, it is an extraneous solution.

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 Since x = 5 satisfies the original equation, it is the only
solution.
Solving Rational Inequations.
2x
EXAMPLE: 1. Solve the inequality x+ 1≥ 3
Solution: (a)Rewrite the inequalities as a single fraction on one side, and 0 on the other
side.
2x
–1≥0
x+ 1

2x−(X−1)
≥0
x+ 1

X−1
≥0
x+ 1

(b) The value x = 1 is included in the solution since it makes the fraction equal to zero, while
x = -1 makes the fraction undefined. Mark these on a number line. Use the shaded circle for x
= 1(a solution) and an unshaded circle for x = -1(not a solution).

(c) Choose convenient test points in the interval determined by -1 and 1 to determine the
X−1
signs of x+ 1 in these intervals. Construct a table of signs as shown below.
(d) Since we are looking for the intervals where the fraction is positive or zero, we determine
the solution intervals to be x< -1 and x ≥ 1. Plot these intervals on the number line.
The solution set is {x ϵ R|x < -1 or x ≥ 1}. It can also be written using interval notation:
(-ꝏ, -1) U [1, ꝏ).

SAQ 1: Differentiate Rational Function from Rational Equation.

SAQ 2: What is the difference between Rational Equation and Rational Inequality?

What is Digestion?
Let’s Practice! (Write your answer on the separate sheets provided.)

ACTIVITY 1
Directions: Determine which of the following are rational expressions.

2 3𝑥 2 −1
a. _________ b. 3x 4 - 6 x 3+ 1 __________ c. ___________
√𝑥−3 𝑥

ACTIVITY 2
Directions: Determine whether the given is a rational function, a rational equation, a rational
inequality, or none of these.

PROBLEM ANSWER
3
1. y = 5𝑥 – 2x + 1
8 𝑥
2. 𝑥 – 8 = 2𝑥−1

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 3. √𝑥 − 2 = 4
𝑥−1
4. 𝑥+1 = 𝑥 3
5
5. 6x - 𝑥+3 ≥ 0

ACTIVITY 3
Directions: Find the solution set of reach Rational Equation below. Make sure to check for
extraneous solutions.
PROBLEM ANSWER
3 2
1. 𝑥 +1 = 𝑥−3
2𝑥 5
2. 𝑥 +1 = =2
2𝑥
𝑥 2 − 10 −14 −5𝑥
3. =
𝑥 −1 𝑥−1
𝑥 2 −4𝑥 14−9𝑥
4. =
𝑥−2 𝑥−2

ACTIVITY 4
Directions: Find the solution set for each Rational inequality below. Graph the solution set
on a number line.
PROBLEM ANSWER
(𝑥+3)(𝑥−2)
1. (𝑥+2)(𝑥−1) ≥ 0
(𝑥+4)(𝑥−3)
2. (𝑥−2)(𝑥2 +2)
𝑥+1
3. 𝑥+3 ≤ 2
𝑥−2
4. <0
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−10

REMEMBER

Key Points

⚫ A rational expression is defined for all real numbers except for those values which make
the denominator equal to zero.

⚫ A rational function is any function which can be written as the ratio of two polynomial
functions, where the polynomial in the denominator is not equal to zero.

⚫ A rational equation is an equality consisting of at least one rational expression.

⚫ A rational inequality is an equality which involves one or more rational expressions and
may have infinitely many solutions.

⚫ It is not valid to multiply both sides of the inequality by a variable since the sign of the
variable is unknown.

TRY
Let’s see how much have you learned today!
General Directions: Study the following assessments carefully and write your answers on the
Learner’s Assessment sheet.

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 Assessment 1
Directions: Determine whether the given is a rational function, a rational equation, a rational
inequality or none of these.

A.
2+𝑥
1. =8
𝑥−1

2. X > √𝑥 + 2
𝑥+3
3. f(x) = 6 - 𝑥2 −5

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4. 2x ≥ 𝑥+ 4

1 4
5. =
2 𝑥 + 9𝑥 3

3𝑥 2
6. 𝑥 +6 + =2
𝑥−3

B.

(𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙+𝟑)
1. Identify all values of x for which is undefined.
(𝒙𝟐 −𝟕𝒙+𝟏𝟐)(𝒙𝟐−𝟑𝟔)

a. 3, -6 b. 4, 6 c. -6, 6 c. -6, 3, 4, 6
𝑥+7
2. Identify all values of x for which is undefined.
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−28

a. -7, 4 b. 7, 4 c. 4, -7, 7 D. – 4, 7

Assessment 2
Directions: Simplify each rational expression.

𝑥 2 −5𝑥−24
1.
𝑥 2 −64

𝑐+𝑑
2. 3𝑐 2 − 3𝑑2

Solve each rational equation.

4 3 53
1. 7 + = 56
𝑥−3

7 3 19
2. 3 + = 12
𝑥−5

Solve each rational inequality then show its interval of values.

2 5
1. 𝑥+5 < 11

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 Leo Andrei A Crisologo, et.al., Teaching Guide for Senior High School
REFERENCE/S
General Mathematics. Quezon: EC-TEC Commercial, Inc, 2016, 28.

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LEARNING RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT TEAM

MERCEDITA BOLO – TAROG
WRITER
Talon-Talon National High School
LEARNING TEAM / Mercelita M. Medallo Dr. Deborah E. Bandahala
EVALUATORS Enrico P. Miniao Dr. Dickenson L. Canizares
MANAGEMENT Dr. Roy C. Tuballa, CESO VI Dr. Mildred D. Dayao
AND SPECIALIST Dr. Oliver B. Talaoc Dr. Vilma A. Brown

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