EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Worldwide, sugarcane growing and production has been practiced for centuries particularly in
Asia, Europe, The Americas and Africa. The enterprise is common in plantation, large scale and
small scale farms. The sugarcane sub-sector commands a substantial percentage of the
investments at national and county levels by both public and private ventures. It has therefore
transformed the economies and wellbeing of the farming communities in Ethiopia and all over
the world. Regionally, sugarcane cultivation activities are practiced mainly in south omo and
Oromia regions. The industry has contributed to the growth of economic development
particularly in manufacturing, and trade among other sectors. In south omo zone, small holder
farmers are the main cultivators of sugarcane. The farmers supply the cane to the existing
factories (omo guraz) which are all located in the neighboring region or zone. It is for that reason
that the south omo zone Government through the Ministry of Agriculture identified a site in
south omo zone Forest to develop the proposed sugar factory. The project is part of the strategic
development initiatives to be implemented by the south omo zone.
The main objective of the EIA study is to identify the potential significant environmental impacts
associated with the proposed development. It also examined the potential positive and negative
impacts of the project on the immediate surroundings and the outlying areas with due regard to
all the phases from construction, occupation and decommissioning.
The scope of the EIA study was to identify and evaluate impacts likely to be caused to the
environment, public health and socio-economic well-being. The methodologies for the EIA study
were; environmental screening, environmental scoping, desktop study, site visits, consultation
and public participation, and finally report writing. Baseline survey of the study included
physical, biological and socio-economic environment as discussed in this report.
The EIA study revealed that there are both positive and negative impacts. The main positive
impacts of the project include but not limited to: reduced transportation cost to the farmers, better
incomes due to maximized profits, improved cane farming, employment opportunities, revenue
generation, improved infrastructure and security, increased business opportunities, additional
social amenities, ready market for local goods and raw materials, financial and insurance
services, improved housing facilities, electrification, water supply and sanitation services. The
significant negative impacts are: pressure on existing water resources, pollution (soil, air, noise,
and water), solid and liquid waste generation, population influx, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion
and sedimentation, incidences of communicable diseases, culture and traditional disruption,
public utilities disruption, occupational health and safety hazards, impacts on material sourcing,
and generation of hazardous waste. To avoid, reduce, minimize and/or compensate for potential
significant, negative environmental and social impacts, mitigation measures were proposed and
environmental and social management plan (ESMP) formulated. Recommendations were
proposed to carry out annual environmental audits and follow ups once the project is in
operation. However, a monitoring program was also developed to not only track down
occurrence of impacts, but also to check on compliance requirements. Outlined below is a
summary of impacts and mitigation measures. In conclusion, results from EIA study show that
the proposed omo guraz Sugar Factory will have numerous positive socio-economic impacts as
outlined earlier. However, the negative environmental impacts resulting from establishment of
the facility are mitigatable. Therefore, implementation of an Environmental Management Plan
will assist in dealing with environmental issues during the various project cycles. This proposed
project is therefore recommendable for approval by the National Environment Management
Authority (NEMA) for issuance of an EIA license.
CHAPTER ONE 1.I
NTRODUCTION 1.1
Background Information Worldwide, sugarcane growing and production has been practiced for
centuries particularly in Asia, Europe, The Americas and Africa. Here in Ethiopia the sugarcane
industry has undergone several improvements in terms of policies, economic strategies and
social adjustments following various national development plans and strategies in the sub-sugar
sector. The subsector commands a substantial percentage of the investments at national and
county levels by both public and private ventures. The sugarcane cultivation activities in
Ethiopia are practiced mainly in south omo, Western and Oromia regions. The enterprise is
basically sustained by large, medium and small holder farmers. In south omo zone, small holders
are the main cultivators of sugarcane that is the main raw material for sugar production. The
farmers supply the cane to the existing factories (omo Kuraz). All the stated factories are located
in the neighboring zones. It is for that reason that the south omo Government through the
ministry of Agriculture, south omo Government has identified a site in Jinka Forest to develop a
sugar factory. The forest is a trust land under the auspices of the south omo Government. The
site has been selected for the said development because of its location in a sugarcane growing
area and availability of land. The project is part of the strategic development initiatives to be
implemented by the south omo Government. 1.2 Rationale for an Environmental Impact
Assessment Under Part VI Section 58 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act
No. 8 of 1999, any person, being a proponent of a project is required to apply for and obtain an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) license from National Environment Management
Authority (NEMA) before he/she can finance, commence, proceed with, carry out, execute, or
conduct any undertaking specified in the 2nd Schedule of the Act. The Ethiopia County Ministry
of Agriculture being the proponent of the proposed omo guraz Sugar Factory has contracted an
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) firm of experts to undertake this EIA project report
with a view to fulfilling the requirements and provisions of EMCA 1999 and the EIA/EA 2003
Regulations.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 2 1.3 Project Objectives The overall project objective is to develop a
medium scale sugar mill to provide white sugar for local and international market, make spirits
and co-generation of electricity. More specifically, the project objectives include but not limited
to the following:  To generate revenue to the proponent.  To contribute to the growth of the
economy of Ethiopian County.  To provide a ready market for sugar cane  To generate
income to the small and medium scale farmers.  To provide employment opportunities for the
semi-skilled, skilled and professional workers.  To create a market for locals who are dealers
and suppliers of various construction and finishing merchandise.  To improve infrastructure of
the locality; and  To contribute towards overall food security and environmental sustainability
of not only the immediate neighborhood of the proposed development site, but also to the entire
South omo Sub zone and Ethiopian County in general. 1.4 EIA Objectives The overall objective
of the EIA study is to carry out a systematic examination of the present social and environmental
situation within the south omo sub city and its environs. This is to determine whether the
proposed project will have adverse significant, potential social and environmental impacts to the
surrounding area. More specifically, the study was set out to achieve the following immediate
objectives: 1)To determine the compatibility of the proposed facility with the neighboring land
uses. 2)To evaluate the effects/potential impacts of the proposed project activities to the local
environment with emphasis on the following;  Solid waste management including bagasse 
Waste water management  Water supply
By TAMENE TAYE Page 3  Air emission  Transport services  Energy resources 3) To
assess and analyze the environmental costs and benefits associated with the proposed project. 4)
To evaluate and select the best project alternative from the various options available 5) To
incorporate environmental management plans and monitoring mechanisms during
implementation and operation phases of the project 1.5 Scope of the EIA Both the National and
Ethiopian County Governments policies state that new development projects, programs, plans
and/or activities requires that an environmental impact assessment is carried out to identify,
predict, evaluate and mitigate all adverse potential social and environmental impacts of the
proposed projects. In addition, the EIA study as far as possible may also consider environmental
risk assessments and sensitivities of the project area. In view of the foregoing, the scope of
Environmental Impact Assessment includes the following:  The baseline conditions of the
project area.  Description of the proposed project.  Relevant legislative, policy and
administrative frameworks,  Views/opinions of the public.  Identification of significant
adverse impacts to the environment.  Mitigation measures to adverse impacts, and.  An
Environmental Management Plan for the proposed project 1.6 Terms of Reference (TOR) for the
EIA process The TOR for the EIA of the proposed project includes but not limited to the
following:  Conduct preliminaries on screening and scoping including site visits,
reconnaissance survey and analysis of project alternatives.  Analyze the suitability of the
proposed project site in relation to the development character of the area.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 4  Carry out baseline survey that will describe the environmental
conditions of the study area and any other relevant information related to the project.  Carry out
a concise description of the national environmental policy, legislative, regulatory and
institutional frameworks.  Carry out identification, analysis and evaluation of Environmental,
economic and social impacts of the proposed development project.  Develop suitable
mitigation measures (Environmental Monitoring and Management Plan) for the significant
adverse impacts of the proposal.  Analyze whether the environment of any other state is likely
to be affected.  Conduct a comprehensive Public participation and consultation process. 
Compile a complete EIASR for submission to NEMA as per the law; and,  Such other matters
that NEMA may require. 1.7 Methodology 1.7.1 Environmental Screening. Environmental
screening was carried out to determine whether an EIA study is necessary for this project and at
what level of evaluation. This took into consideration the requirements of the Environmental
Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999, and specifically the second schedule of the
same act. From the screening process, it was understood that this project will cause significant
impacts on the environment. 1.7.2 Environmental Scoping. In scoping, focus was on
environmental impacts of great concern. Environmental issues were categorized into physical,
natural/ecological and social, economic and cultural aspects. Impacts were also classified as
immediate and long-term impacts. This will include assessment of the proposed project in
respect of but not limited to:  Desktop study; A desktop study was conducted to review
available published and unpublished reports, development plans and maps in order to compile
relevant baseline biophysical and socioeconomic information about the study area. The
biophysical information was compiled on environmental aspects such as climate, geology,
By TAMENE TAYE Page 5 infrastructure, and flora and fauna. On the socio-economic
environment, the study compiled information on aspects such as economic activities and
demography.  Field survey; Both reconnaissance and field visits were conducted in the study
area in order to collect site-specific information on the biophysical and socio-economic
environment and to cross-check the secondary data that had been compiled during the desktop
studies. Several photos of the project site and environs were taken for inclusion in this report. 
Identification of Environmental Impacts; the report will distinguish between significant positive
and negative impacts, direct and indirect impacts and immediate and long term impacts which
are unavoidable and / or irreversible,  Analysis of the alternatives to the proposed project; this
will involve description of alternatives and identifying alternatives that would achieve the same
objectives. Alternatives will be compared in terms of potential environmental impacts; capital
and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and institutional training and monitoring
requirements.  Community/Stakeholder Consultations: in this aspect structured questionnaires,
in-depth discussions and interviews were held with stakeholders and local farmers to determine
how the project will affect them.  Cost- Benefit Analysis; to evaluate the economics of the
project and establish its viability in terms of the expected environmental concerns and measures.
 Evaluation; an indication of how the information gathered will be evaluated to give optimum
results;  Development of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP); to mitigate negative
impacts, recommending feasible and cost effective measures to prevent or reduce significant
negative impacts to acceptable levels 1.8 Proponent Responsibilities The Proponent shall: 
Provide the team of experts with full details concerning the proposed project for
consideration/incorporation into the report.  Ensure that all concerned public and private
stakeholders in the project have adequately given their views and comments during the EIA
study.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 6  Facilitate the entire EIA process from the start to the end. 1.9
Role of EIA/EA Experts The role of the EIA experts is to address the TOR and where need arises
to respond to the issues arising from the review of this report by NEMA and inform the
proponent appropriately. 1.10 Reporting. The EIA team at a minimum prepared this EIA study
report encompassing all the aspects specified in the TOR and conforms to the EIA report format
as per the EIA/EA regulations, 2003. In this respect the EIA team prepared 10 hard copies and a
soft copy for submission to NEMA as per the law.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 7 CHAPTER TWO 2. BASELINE INFORMATION OF THE
STUDY AREA 2.1 Physical Resources 2.1.1 Location It is a project found in South Omo Zone
(Selamago and Gnanegatom Woredas); Bench - Maji Zone (Surma Maji and Mieinitshasha
Woredas) and Keffa Zone (Diecha Woreda) of Southern Nations, Nationalities & People Region.
It is a huge project where four sugar factories will be built. One among them is factory number
one in Selamago district is on its way to completion. Among the four one will work with 24,000
TCD each and are capable of producing 556,000 tons of sugar and 52,324-meter cube ethanol a
year while the rest three will work each with 12,000 TCD and are capable of producing 278,000
tons of sugar and 26,162-meter cube ethanol a year. (
www.ethiopiansugar.com/index.php/en/projects/kuraz-suga ) . The project will have a total area
of 100,000 hectares of land for its sugarcane cultivation. This wide area of cultivation field will
get its water supply from the Omo River through a diversion weir which is under construction
with 381-meter width & 22.4-meter height. Upon reaching their maximum crushing capacity
these five sugar factories will altogether produce 1,390,000 tons of sugar and 130,810-meter
cube ethanol per annum. Furthermore, the factories out of the 415 megawatt electric power
which they are
By TAMENE TAYE Page 8 expected to produce through cogeneration will contribute 275
megawatts to national power grid. The project area was formally a community forest owned by
the defunct south omo Council. The local community members have unanimously expressed
their desire, welcomed and accepted to have this proposed facility in the proposed area. The site
is about 400 hectares which will cover the sugar factory facilities and a nucleus sugarcane
plantation. Furthermore, the project site is surrounded with small holder sugarcane farms. 2.1.2
Topography The zone is characterized by a hilly topography with several ridges and valleys and
it is endowed with several permanent rivers which flow from south to north into chamo 2.1.3
Geology The geology of the project area as was surveyed between 1947-1949 and published by
Huddleston (1951) ref (8), the project area forms part of the south omo highlands, a sub
mountainous landscape, shaped by deeply weathered pre-Cambrian volcanic rocks of the
Bukoban system within the rock systems; consisting of mainly basalts and basaltic tuffs,
quartzite's and cherts, rhyolites and tuffs, Porphyritic and no porphyritic f elsite's and Andesite's .
2.1.4 Hydrogeology This area is covered by the Pre-Cambrian hard rocks and aquifers are found
within the weathered layer on the hard rock. Aquifer thickness increases from hilltops to valley
bottoms. Due to the hilly topography in this area, there are fewer aquifers on the hill slopes, and
hence groundwater is not of significant value. The average aquifer thickness in this area is about
40m and therefore the total groundwater storage can be estimated. The catchment has good
groundwater potential as shown by the number shallow wells which are scattered all over the
catchment. This means that the study area has a good amount of groundwater which can be
exploited together with the surface water to provide enough water supplies to the region. The site
is sand witched between omo river and omo stream which drains to ultimately into Lake chamo.
The said rivers are perennial and contain high volume flows throughout the year. River omo will
be the main source of water supply to the proposed sugar factory. It is anticipated that the factory
effluent will also be discharged into said rivers after treatment.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 9 2.1.5 Soils The soils of this area are of group 20H in the Ethiopia
soil classification, which are well to excessively drained, shallow to moderately deep, dark
reddish brown, friable, gravely clay with acidic humic top soils (humicCambisols), the soils are
deep and rich in organic matter and therefore high fertility levels. The soils are easily erodible
given the climatic and slope characteristics of south omo land. 2.1.6 Climate The climate of the
study area is heavily influenced by its geographical location and altitude relative to chamo. The
project area stands in the upper eastern flanks of Lake chamo and therefore benefiting from the
convergence of the easterlies and lake winds. The climate is influenced by two main wind
systems, the North Easterlies, and the south Easterlies trade winds. Rainfall is also influenced by
altitude and lake. This area is one of the wettest areas within the lake basin. Annual rainfall is
about 2100mm on the upper highlands and decreases with altitude eastwards to about 1,300 mm
in the lower highlands. The mean annual potential evaporation from open water as defined by
Penman is between 1300-1600 mm / year. It experiences high annual rainfall ranging from 1300-
2100 mm, with 60 % reliability (6 out of 10 years). 2.1.7 Surface Water Supply There are two
perennial rivers surrounding the project site with high water volume all year through. The River
omo stream traverse the project area. Besides, the presence of the surface water sources, the area
has a high volume of underground water resources. However, there will be no need to exploit
ground water since the available surface is by all means adequate to all factory and domestic
functions throughout the year. 2.1.8 Surface Water Quality Experience from similar projects all
over the world shows that sugar milling discharge and waste water pollutes the aquatic
environment. The pollutants are in form of heavy metals. Furthermore, impacts of sugar and by-
products processing on downstream ecosystems are likely to be high. Discharge of effluents from
sugar mill and processing by products (e.g. molasses) has been shown to result in suffocation of
fresh water biodiversity particularly in tropical rivers that are already naturally low on oxygen.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 10 2.1.9 Flood Run-off The proposed commercial development will
lead to increased roofs and paved areas therefore reducing infiltration and the subsequent
increase in surface run-off. This may increase flooding, and to estimate this, it is important to
estimate the present flood characteristics in the catchments. In the absence of reliable and
updated river gauging station data at the project area (or nearby), it was necessary to calculate
the flood potential by other means. 2.1.10 Groundwater Resources The topography as already
explained has strongly influenced groundwater occurrence and flow. The main Bukoban rocks
consisting majorly of esites, rhyolitic and basaltic lavas that are highly fractured and jointed
therefore form good aquifers for groundwater. The annual rainfall influences the groundwater
recharge index which is 0.019, giving an annual groundwater recharge of 0.3 x 106 m/year, for
the omo river catchment. 2.2 Ecological Resources 2.2.1 Vegetation/ Forests The original
vegetation of the omo river basin is said to have been moist montane forest, scrubland, and
cultivated savannah. However, due to the population pressure, this has been cleared and replaced
with, farm crops and artificial forests. The dark- green black wattle trees scattered Eucalyptus
trees, Cypress and Pine trees occur on the hill tops valley bottoms and along farm boundaries.
The papyrus vegetation is found in swampy areas. The vegetation of the proposed project site
comprises of a forest plantation of eucalyptus, cypresses, and pines. There are also several
indigenous tree species, shrubs and herbs that have been used by the local community in various
forms. Agricultural crops also form most of the vegetation especially, Tea, Coffee, Maize,
Beans, and Bananas and a host of horticultural crops. Lastly, agro-forests are common on farms
and long farm boundaries. 2.2.2 Wildlife and Aquatic Biology There are no significant wild
animals in the project area apart from antelopes, snakes, birds and hares. The aquatic life
consisting of fish, frogs, among others might be quite significant since they have been no known
incidences of pollution of River omo, stream and other several wetland habitats in the study area.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 11 2.3 Economic Development 2.3.1 Land use The project area is
within the high places of the lower midland agro ecological zone. This is a sugarcane and maize
zone with permanent cropping possibilities, divisible a long cropping season followed by a
medium cropping season, with very good yield potential. Agriculture is a major land use in the
project area and the main cash crops include tea, sugarcane, and bananas. The other crops
include maize, beans, fruits, sorghum among others. Livestock keeping is also practiced. Other
land uses include urbanization, trade and industry involving coffee and tea factories, fish
farming, horticultural farming, provision of social amenities, transport and communication,
settlements and urbanization. 2.3.2 Transportation and Communication The project area has been
recently connected to a road from omo to Selamago where it joins the way. There are also
several graveled feeder roads that form a network of transportation in the project area and its
environs. The main source of electricity is the EPLC. However, there are possibilities for
development and exploitation solar energy and bio-fuels. In terms of communication, the area is
well served with all the main telephone communication companies. The area is also well served
by Fm media radio stations and print media. 2.4 Social and Cultural Resources 2.4.1 Population
Characteristics According to the 1999 population census and subsequent projections to 2008, ref
(7) the population density in within the central district is presently about 882 persons/Km2and
most of the population is rural. Life expectancy is 52 years for males, and 54 for females, and the
average life expectancy is 53 years. There are more females than males, more youthful (1525)
population than the old population; population growth rate is 2.19 %. The dependency ratio is
100:96; most of the population is rural with a small portion of urban population, the infant
mortality rate 90/1000, and total fertility is 5.5.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 12 2.4.2 Socio Economic Characteristics The average household size
is 5.1 persons while the poverty level is about 1.5%. Agriculture is the major income earner with
44%, followed by wage employment at 34%. The average farm size ranges between 0.4ha - 2 ha.
While the average distance to health facilities is 1-2km and the percentage of the population
accessible to health facilities is 80%. Furthermore, the local community supplements their
income sources from off farm small and medium enterprises within he Sub County and beyond.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 13 CHAPTER THREE 3. POLICY, LEGISLATIVE AND
INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS 3.1 Policy Framework. The Ethiopia Government policy
on all new projects, plans, programs or activities requires that an Environmental Impact
Assessment is carried out at the planning stages of the proposed development. This is to ensure
that significant potential impacts on the environment and health are taken into consideration
during the design, construction, operation, and decommissioning of the facility. The EIA report
will include but not limited to the following information:  Human Environment: socio-
economic, socio-cultural and socio-legal aspects.  Built Environment: material assets. 
Natural Environment: flora, fauna, soil, water, air, climate, landscape, historical landmarks,
archeological and ecological aspects. Environmental policies cut across all sectors and
government departments. As such policy formulation should be consultative steered by
interdisciplinary committees. 3.1.1 National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP). National
Environmental Action Plan was a deliberate policy effort to integrate environmental concerns
into the country's development initiatives/plans. This assumed a consultative and multi - sectoral
approach. Such an approach ensured that environmental management and the conservation
becomes integral in various decision making platforms. As a result of its adoption and
implementation, establishment of appropriate policies and legal guidelines as well as
harmonization of the existing ones have been and/or are in the process of development. Under
the NEAP process, Environmental Impact Assessments were introduced targeting the
industrialists, business community and local authorities. 3.1.2National Policy on Water
Resources Management and Development While the National Policy on Water Resources
Management and Development (1999) enhances a systematic development of water facilities in
all sectors for promotion of the country's socio - economic progress, it also recognizes the by-
products of this process as wastewater. It, therefore,
By TAMENE TAYE Page 14 calls for de velopment of appropriate sanitation systems to protect
people's health and water resources from institutional pollution. 3.2 Environmental Legal
Framework. 3.2.1 Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act No. 8 of 1999. This EIA
project report has been undertaken in accordance with the provisions of Section 58 of
Environment Management and Coordination Act, 1999 and subsequent EMCA (Environmental
Impact Assessment /Environmental Audit regulations, 2003). Part II of EMCA, 1999 states that
every person is entitled to a clean and healthy environment and had the duty to safeguard the
same. In this regard, development proposals should not compromise the quality of the
environment. Section 58 of EMCA No.8 of 1999 and EIA/EA regulations, 2003 underscore the
need for environmental impact assessments for development activities such as this new
commercial development. 3.2.1.1 The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water
Quality) Regulations, 2006. These Regulations were published in the Ethiopia Supplement No.
68, Legislative Supplement No. 36, and Legal Notice No. 120 of 29th September, 2006. The
Regulations provides for sustainable management of water resources including prevention of
water pollution and protection of water sources (lakes, rivers, streams, springs, wells and other
water sources). Regulation No. 14 (1) requires every licensed person generating and discharging
effluent into the environment to carry out daily effluent discharge quality and quantity
monitoring and to submit quarterly records of such monitoring to the Authority or its designated
representatives. The proponent will have to ensure that appropriate measures to prevent pollution
of underground and surface water are implemented throughout the project cycle. 3.2.1.2 The
Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006. These
Regulations were published in the Ethiopia Supplement Supplement No. 69, Legislative
Supplement No. 37, and Legal Notice No. 121 of 29th September, 2006. The regulations provide
details on management (handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal) of various
waste streams including:
By TAMENE TAYE Page 15  domestic waste  industrial waste,  hazardous and toxic waste
 pesticides and toxic substances  biomedical wastes and  radioactive waste Regulation No. 4
(1) makes it an offence for any person to dispose of any waste on a public highway, street, road,
recreational area or in any public place except in a designated waste receptacle. 3.2.1.3
Environmental Vibration Pollution (Control) Regulations, 2009 These regulations were
published as legal Notice No. 61 being a subsidiary legislation to the Environmental
Management and Co-ordination Act, 1999. The regulations provide information on the
following: 1. Prohibition of excessive noise and vibration 2. Provisions relating to noise from
certain sources 3. Provisions relating to licensing procedures for certain activities with a potential
of emitting excessive noise and/or vibrations and 4. Noise and excessive vibrations mapping.
Regulation 5 further makes it an offence for any person to make, continue or cause to be made or
continued any noise in excess of the noise levels set in the First Schedule to these Regulations,
unless such noise is reasonably necessary to the preservation of life, health, safety or property.
3.2.3 Physical Planning Act, 1999. Physical Planning Act, 1999 gives the local authority power
to prohibit or control development activities in their jurisdictions. Section 30 states that any
person who carries out development without development permission will be required to restore
the land to its original condition. It also states that no other licensing authority shall grant license
for commercial or industrial use or occupation of any building without a development permission
granted by the respective local Authority. Finally, section 36 states that if development with a
development action, local authority
By TAMENE TAYE Page 16 is of the opinion that the proposed development activity will have
injurious impacts on the environment, the applicant will be required to submit together with the
application the EIA report. 3.2.5 Water Act, 2002. The water act No. 8 of 2002 provides for the
management, conservation, use and control of water resources and for acquisition and regulation
of rights to use water; to provide for the regulation and management of water supply and
sewerage services. Section 18 of this Act provides for national monitoring and information
systems on water resources. Following on this, sub-Section 3 mandates the Water Resources
Management Authority to demand from any person or institution, specified information,
documents, samples or materials on water resources 3.2.8 Institutional Framework. At present
there are over twenty (30) institutions and departments which deal with environmental issues in
Ethiopia. Some of the key institutions include the National Environmental Council (NEC),
National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA), the Forestry Department, Ethiopia
Wildlife Services (EWS) and others. There are also local and international NGOs involved in
environmental activities that impact on the environment in one way or the other in the country.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 17 CHAPTER FOUR 4. ANALYSIS OF PROJECT
ALTERNATIVES 4.1 Introduction This is the analyses the proposed Sugar Factory Project
alternatives. It describes the relocation alternative, no Project alternative and the proposed
development alternative. It also analyses the alternative construction materials and technology.
4.2 Identification of alternatives The principle alternatives studied in the context of the proposed
Project are:  Alternative 1: The no project alternative  Alternative 2: Alternative to proposed
site  Alternative 3: Alternative land use activities Alternative  4: Alternative materials and
technology Alternative  5: Solid waste management alternatives. 4.2.1 No Project Alternative
This option implies that the existing situation prevail i.e. no construction/development activity to
take place. This option is mostly applicable in situations where the proposed project area is in
ecologically sensitive areas. The land in which the building is to be constructed is in a stable
environment and therefore will not be affected by this development activity. The No Project
Option is the least preferred from the socio-economic and partly environmental perspective since
if the project is not done:  There will be no physical development to provide facilities for small
industries, businesses, hotel outlets, food processing and value addition, garages, workshops, go
downs, business kiosks, etc.  The economic benefits especially during construction i.e.
provision of jobs for skilled and non-skilled workers will not be realized.  There will be no
generation of income by the developer and the Government.  The social-economic status of
Ethiopians and local people would remain unchanged.  The local skills would remain under-
utilized.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 18  No employment opportunities will be created for Ethiopian who
will work in the project area.  Discouragement for investors to produce this level of standard
and affordable developments. This is not viable since the proponent has already identified the
area that is a trust land owned by the former south omo zone. Construction of the proposed
development will create employment to most of the youths in the south omo zone. If the project
is stopped then the trickle-down effect of financial resources will not be felt in this area. In this
re spect, the "No project alternative" is not deemed appropriate. 4.2.2 Alternatives to Site.
Currently, there is no other alternative site available to the proponent for the proposed
development. Looking for the land to accommodate the scale and size of the project and
completing official transaction on it may take a long period. In addition, it is not a guarantee that
such land would be available. It's also worth noting that the said project is already underway in
terms of seeking development approvals in various government departments. If NEMA approves
this project report, then construction and operation of the proposed sugar factory will kick off
and the following benefits will be realized:  It will enhance commercial sugarcane production;
 The Proponent will be able to put the available agricultural land to a better use and benefit
more from it;  Employment opportunities will be created from the construction and operation;
 The farming community in the area will benefit as a result of industrial activities hence more
revenue; and  The land value of the proposed Project site and of the surrounding area will
increase. 4.2.3 Alternative Land Use Activities The proposed project area is area is a forested
area whose land use would be altered from the current use whose ecological services would
favor construction and operation of the facility. The foregone benefits of timber, firewood,
system will be compensated by intensification of agroforestry activities in the farms.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 19 4.2.4 Alternative Materials and Technology The proposed sugar
factory complex will be constructed using modern, locally and internationally accepted materials
and technology to achieve public health safety, security and environmental quality requirement.
The structures will be made using locally sourced stones, cement, sand, metal bars and fittings
that meet the Ethiopia Bureau of Standards requirements. Heavy use of timber during
construction is discouraged. Equipment that saves energy and time will be given first priority.
4 .2.5 Solid Waste Management Alternatives. Throughout construction and operation phases of
the project will produce wastes such as soil, wood chips, metal scraps and paper wrappings
among others. Wastes to be generated during operation phase are mainly domestic and industrial
in nature. The Proponent is expected to observe EMCA (Waste Management Regulations, 2006).
Priority will be given to reduction of wastes, recycling, and reuse. This will minimize
environmental pollution.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 20 CHAPTER FIVE 5. IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF
POTENTIAL IMPACTS 5.1 Overview This Chapter identifies and discusses both positive and
negative impacts associated with the construction and operation of the proposed sugar factory.
On-site and off-site impacts may occur during the various phases of the proposed project.
Identification and assessment of impacts depend on the nature and magnitude of the activities
carried out. The impacts are identified according to phases namely: Impacts during construction,
operation and decommissioning phases. 5.2 Positive Impacts during Construction Phase 5.2.1
Revenue to the Government The Value Added Tax (VAT) on construction materials/tools to be
purchased and NEMA fees among others will be sources of revenue to the government and its
institutions. 5.2.2 Employment Opportunities The proposed project will directly and indirectly
create employment many Ethiopia in south omo zone and all over the zone. This has a significant
impact since unemployment is currently quite high in south omo zone and the zone at large. Both
skilled and unskilled workers will be involved in this project. In general, the entire commercial,
agricultural and industrial sectors will benefit greatly from the proposed project in terms of
business opportunities. Specifically, the services of the following groups of people will be
required during the construction phase:  Contractor  Casual laborers  Electricians 
Plumbers  Painters  Transporters  Security personnel  Landscapers Site managers 
Foremen  Masons
By TAMENE TAYE Page 21  Carpenters 5.2.3 Improved Infrastructure. Project activities will
lead to improvement of transport, sewerage, water supply and telecommunication networks.
Roads leading to the site will be upgraded to all weather conditions. 5.2.4 Provision of Market
for Supply of Building Materials The proposed project will require supply of large quantities of
building materials most of which will be sourced locally from south omo zone and Neighboring
zone. Producers and suppliers of materials such as building stones, timber, electrical cables,
paint, sand, and cement will get a ready market for their goods. 5.2.5 Enhanced Security. During
the construction and operation of the project, security will be enhanced in the entire project site
through mobilization of resources to the agencies concerned. In addition, provision of security
lights and perimeter fence will further strengthen security measures. 5.2.6 Provision of Market
for Food Vendors and Shopkeepers The construction workers will attract food vendors in the
area to supply food to the construction workers. The food vendors will therefore increase their
sales and income as a result of selling food to the construction workers. Further, the owners of
the nearby business premises are also likely to benefit as a result of the construction workers
purchasing some of the items from their shops. 5.3 Negative Impacts during Construction Phase
5.3.1 Dust Emissions. The sources of dust emissions include excavation and leveling works, and
to a small extent, transport vehicles delivering building materials. Emission of large quantities of
dust may lead to significant impacts on construction workers and the local residents, which will
be accentuated during dry weather conditions.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 22 5.3.2 Influx of Unskilled and Semi-Skilled Labor The construction
of the proposed project will lead to an influx of construction workers into the project site with an
aim of being employed. 5.3.3 Exhaust Emissions. Potential impacts on the air quality during
construction phase will be due to exhaust and dust emissions generated in and around the
construction site by the construction equipment. Motor vehicles used to mobilize materials for
construction and operating of construction vehicles and equipment would cause a potentially
significant air quality impact by emitting pollutants through exhaust emissions. During the
period of maximum construction activity, the fuel consumption at the project site is expected to
rise significantly and the background concentrations of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM),
Respiratory Particulate Matter (RPM), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and
both Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Lead (pb) are also expected to rise. Such emissions can lead to
several environmental impacts including global warming and health impacts. 5.3.4 Solid Waste
Generation. Solid waste is being generated at the site during construction of the facility. Such
waste consists of metal cuttings, rejected materials, surplus materials, excavated materials, paper
bags, empty cartons, empty paint and solvent containers, broken glass among others. Such solid
waste materials can be injurious to the environment through blockage of drainage systems,
choking of water bodies and negative impacts on human and animal health. This may be
accentuated by the fact that some of the waste materials contain hazardous substances such as
paints, cement, adhesives and cleaning solvents, while some of the waste materials including
metal cuttings and plastic containers are not biodegradable and can have long-term and
cumulative effects on the environment. The main by- product from the sugarcane crushing
section in the factory is bagasse and mud cake. Bagasse is used in heating boilers producing
ashes that used in the cane farms as soil amendment material. The mud cake is rich in organic
matter and it is also in the farms for soil improvement to better cane production yield.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 23 5.3.5 Noise Pollution and Vibration Noise pollution and vibration
is likely to occur due to site excavation, grading and offloading of construction materials at the
proposed site. Noise pollution and vibration is also likely to occur as a result of excavation
activities, use of porker vibrator, use of mixers and communication from construction workers on
site. Noise and vibration impacts would be considered significant if the project would result in
the following:  Exposure of persons to, or generation of, noise levels in excess of standards
established in the local general plan or noise ordinance, or applicable standards of other agencies.
Exposure of persons to or generation of, excessive ground-borne vibration or ground borne noise
levels.  A substantial permanent increase in ambient noise levels (more than five dBA) in the
project vicinity above levels existing without the project  A substantial temporary or periodic
increase in ambient noise levels in the project vicinity above levels existing without the project.
5.3.6 Occupational Health and Safety Construction sites always present an element of danger.
Construction workers are likely to encounter accidental injuries as a result of the intensive
engineering and construction activities including erection and fastening of materials, metal
grinding and cutting, concrete work, steel erection and welding among others. Such injuries can
result from accidental falls from high elevations, injuries from hand tools and construction
equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets and collapse of building sections among others.
5.3.7 Disposal of Solid Waste Construction activities create solid wastes that need to be
disposed. Such wastes include the following:  Excavated materials from the earth works; 
Timber from used formwork.  Paints, lubricants and petroleum wastes;  Containers, cement
paper bags and other packaging materials;  Metal, glass, plastic containers and other unwanted
materials; and
By TAMENE TAYE Page 24  Food remains. Spoils will be excavated at the proposed Project
site; the excavation works to level the site and to come up with the basement will result in the
generation of the excavated material. These wastes may have a direct impact on the neighboring
premises. Disposal of the same solid wastes off-site could also be a social inconvenience if done
in wrong places. The offsite effects could be un- aesthetics view, pest breeding, unhygienic
conditions, chocking of nearby drains and stream and pollution of physical environment. 5.3.8
Increased Water Demand During the construction phase, the construction works will create
additional demand for water in addition to the existing demand at the project area. Water will
mostly be used in the following activities: Concrete works including curing;  Controlling dust
on site;  Washing of machinery and equipment;  Preparing of mixtures, including water based
emulsion paints;  Washing and drinking by construction workers;  General cleaning; and 
Landscaping. 5.3.9 Energy Consumption The proposed Project will consume fossil fuels to run
transport vehicles and construction machinery. The machinery will include: construction vehicles
and compactors. Fossil energy is non-renewable and its excessive use may have serious
environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability. Electricity will also be
used during the construction of the proposed project. The consumption of electricity is likely to
be on the higher side. It should be noted also that manual labor as a source of energy will mainly
be used during construction of the proposed project.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 25 5.3.10 Increased Storm Water Runoff from New Impervious Areas
Construction of the proposed project and access driveway could result in additional runoff
through creation of impervious areas. These areas generally have higher runoff coefficients than
natural area, and increased flood peaks are a common occurrence in developed areas. The storm
water runoff is likely to increase the flooding along access roads. 5.3.11 Extraction and use of
Building Materials Building materials such as hard core, ballast, cement, rough stone and sand
required for the construction will be obtained from quarries, hardware shops and sand harvesters.
These materials are mainly extracted from natural resource bases such as river banks, and forests
among others. Since substantial quantities of these materials will be required. The availability
and sustainability of such resources at the extraction sites will be negatively affected as they are
not renewable in the short term. The sites from which the materials will be extracted may be
significantly affected in several ways including landscape changes, displacement of animals and
vegetation, poor visual quality and opening of depressions on the surface leading to several
human and animal health impacts. However, some of the materials mentioned herein may be
sourced outside the south omo guraz. 5.3.12 Soil Erosion Soil is a living dynamic resource made
up of different sized minerals particles (sans, silt and clay), plant matter and diverse community
of living organisms. Different soil types display different properties including vulnerability to
erosion, acidity and alkalinity. Cultivation of sugarcane can contribute to soil degradation
impacting on soil quantity and quality. In agronomic terms, loss of soil by erosion is a major
problem affecting future cane yield and ultimately limit the sustainability of sugar cultivation by
redistributing or removing soil organic matter and nutrient rich material. Soil erosion also
represents a substantial environmental threat from the washing of sediments which are often
polluted, into rivers and other fresh water bodies. Increased soil acidity affects crop health and
yields. Acidification is core prevalent in cane largely due to the use of inorganic nitrogenous
fertilizers such as urea and ammonium sulphate. Under high rainfall conditions, nitrate leaching
occurs which also promotes acidification.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 26 5.3.13 Effluents and Aquatic Ecosystems Sugar factories often
discharge polluted effluents into water bodies. In this case, the factory effluents consisting of
heavy metals and other pollutants will be discharged directly into omo River. Contamination of
surface and groundwater by polluted effluents poses human health risks as well as risks to
biodiversity. Sedimentation affects hydrology, freshwater stream flow, light penetration, and
spawning grounds. Pesticide contamination of freshwater ecosystems can result in bio-
accumulation in a wide range of trophic levels. Cumulative runoff impacts from even small
amounts of pesticides, nutrients and soil erosion are pronounced in bottleneck freshwater
environments. 5.3.14 Habitat Loss, Cumulative Impacts and Impacts on Biodiversity Historical
clearing of a wide range of unique habitats for sugarcane cultivation is probably one of the most
significant causes of biodiversity loss from agriculture on the planet.in this case, clearing of
south omo forest will result into loss of flora and fauna. Biologically, forests form natural
habitats to variety life forms ranging from birds, insects, reptiles, amphibians, macro and micro
soil organisms which will be destroyed. 5.4 Positive Impacts during Operation Phase 5.4.1
Employment Opportunities Employment creation is one of the major impacts of the proposed
Project during its operational phase. Technicians and operators will be employed in the project.
Those contracted or employed will generate income as a result of being employed or contracted.
5.4.2 Optimal Use of Land The proposed sugar factory project will enhance economy of land
through intensification of land use in addition to provision of sugar and related by -products.
This will be significant since the country is currently experiencing shortage of sugar and related
by -products. 5.4.3 Generation of Revenue to the National and County Government The
operation of the proposed Project will result in positive gains for numerous authorities including
County Government, Ethiopia Revenue Authority (ERA), Ethiopia Power and Lighting
By TAMENE TAYE Page 27 Company (EPLC), Ethiopia Sugar Board (ESB) through payment
of relevant taxes, rates and fees to respective institutions. 5.4.4 Improved Infrastructure and
Social Amenities The operation of the proposed sugar factory is expected to improve the existing
infrastructure like roads and social amenities such as health centers, schools, churches, water
points, play grounds among others. 5.4.5 Increased Market for Sugarcane and Related Products
The farmers and the general consumer community are likely to benefit from the operation of the
sugar factory since the factory will purchase their sugarcane as the main raw material. 5.5
Negative Impacts during Operation Phase 5.5.1 Solid Waste Generation. The project is expected
to generate enormous amounts of solid waste during its operation phase. The bulk of the solid
waste generated during the operation of the project will consist of food remains, plastics, old
clothes, metal, textile, bagasse and organic wastes. Such wastes can cause blockage to drainage
systems, choking of water bodies and negative impacts on animal health. Some of these waste
materials especially the plastics which are not biodegradable may cause long- term injurious
effects to the environment. 5.5.2 Increased Storm Water Flow. The building roofs and pavements
will lead to increased volume and velocity of storm water or run-off flowing across the area
covered by the development. This will lead to increased amounts of storm water entering the
drainage systems, resulting in overflow and damage to such systems in addition to increased
erosion or water logging in the neighboring areas. 5.5.3 Emergency Response Plans - ERPs
Emergencies and disasters are a reality of everyday life. Most people do not know what to do if
an emergency occurred while on the job. In addition, they do not know what actions to take if a
co-worker was seriously injured, a fire ignited, or a structure collapsed.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 28 Too many lives are lost and property is damaged because no one is
prepared to properly react when immediate decisions and actions counted. Workers/people must
therefore be sensitized and prepared on how to react and respond to such emergencies. Such
swift decisions and actions come in handy mostly during operation phase since there is
likelihood of occurrence of hazards. 5.5.4 Increased Water Use The industrial activities during
the operation phase of the Project will involve use of large quantity of water. This will increase
the water demand in project area. 5.5.5 Impact on Air Quality Potential Impacts on the air quality
during operation phase will be due to exhaust and dust emissions generated in and around the
plant by the ovens, furnaces and other machinery. Motor vehicles used to mobilize raw materials
would cause a potentially significant air quality impact by emitting pollutants through exhaust
emissions. 5.5.6 Thermal Effect Operation of the proposed project would involve the use of
ovens and furnace which burn at very high temperatures and can easily cause thermal effects to
the workers. The effects could be acute to chronic with different degrees of burning. 5.5.7
Ergonomic Effects The relationship between the working posture and the machinery would
affect the workers muscles and joints. 5.6 Positive Impacts during Decommissioning Phase 5.6.1
Rehabilitation Upon decommissioning of the proposed project, rehabilitation of the project site
will be carried out to restore the site to its original status or to a better state than it was originally.
This will include replacement of topsoil and re-vegetation which will lead to improved aesthetic
value of the area.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 29 5.6.2 Employment Opportunities For demolition to take place
properly and in good time, several people will be involved. As a result, several employment
opportunities will be created for the demolition staff during the decommissioning phase of the
proposed Project. 5.7 Negative Impacts during Decommissioning Phase 5.7.1 Noise and
Vibration The demolition works will lead to significant deterioration of the environment within
the project site and the surrounding areas. This will be as a result of the noise and vibration that
will be experienced as a result of demolishing the proposed Project. 5.7.2 Solid Waste
Generation Demolition of the proposed Project and related infrastructure will result in large
quantities of solid waste. The waste will contain the materials used in construction including
concrete, metal, drywall, wood, glass, paints, adhesives, sealants and fasteners. Although
demolition waste is generally considered as less harmful to the environment since they are
composed of inert materials, there is growing evidence that large quantities of such waste may
lead to release of certain hazardous chemicals into the environment. In addition, even the
generally non-toxic chemicals such as chloride, sodium, sulphate and ammonia which may be
released as a result of leaching of demolition waste, are known to lead to degradation of
groundwater quality. 5.7.3 Occupational Health and Safety Impacts During decommissioning
phase, risks of accidents and ill health as a result of demolition activities are likely to take place.
Demolition workers, neighboring premises are also likely to be affected by the dust generated
and other fumes generated by the demolition machines. 5.7.4 Loss of Jobs All the former
employees of the defunct factory will be laid off before the factory decommissioning starts. The
employees, their families and other dependents will suffer loss of income.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 30 CHAPTER SIX 6. PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES
AND MONITORING PROGRAMMES 6.1 Mitigation of Construction Related Impacts 6.1.1
Minimization of Noise and Vibration Proposed below are measures that will mitigate noise
pollution and vibration arising during the construction phase.  Install portable barriers to shield
compressors and other small stationary equipment where necessary.  Prescribe noise reduction
measures if appropriate e.g. restricted working hours, transport hours and noise buffering. 
Consult with the surrounding community on the permissible noise levels and best working hours.
 Use quiet equipment (i.e. equipment designed with noise control elements).  Co-ordinate
with relevant agencies in all construction activities in the Project area.  Limit pickup trucks and
other small equipment to a minimum idling time and observe a common-sense approach to
vehicle use, and encourage workers to shut off vehicle engines whenever possible.  Construct
mainly during the day. 6.1.2 Minimization of Occupational Health and Safety Impacts To reduce
the occupational health and safety impacts during the construction phase of the proposed project,
the proponent through the contractor should;  Adherence to the occupational health and safety
rules and regulations stipulated in Occupational Safety and Health Act, 2007  Provide
appropriate personal protective equipment, as well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment
for construction workers as outlined in the Environmental Management Plan (EMP).
By TAMENE TAYE Page 31  Enforce and adherence to safety procedures and preparing
contingency plan for accident response in addition, safety education and training shall be
emphasized. 6.1.3 Minimization of Air Quality Impacts Air quality impacts generated from
exhaust emissions and dust emissions will be minimized as follows:  The engine size of the
construction equipment shall be the minimum practical size;  The number of construction
equipment operating simultaneously shall be minimized through efficient management practices;
 Vehicle idling time shall be minimized;  Equipment shall be properly tuned and maintained
as per the manufacturer's specifications.  Proper planning of transportation of materials to be
used during construction of the proposed project to ensure that vehicle fills are increased in order
to reduce the number of trips done or the number of vehicles on the road.  Provide appropriate
safety training, information equipment, signage, security and emergency response plans on site.
 Applying water to at least 80% of all inactive accessible disturbed surface areas on a daily
basis when there is evidence of wind driven dust;  Watering all roads used for any vehicular
traffic at least twice per day of active operations or road used for any vehicular traffic once daily
and restrict vehicle speed to 15 mph;  Down wash of trucks (especially tyres) prior to departure
from site;  Cover stockpiles of sand, soil and similar materials or surround them with wind
breaks;  Cover trucks hauling dirt and debris to reduce spillage on to paved roads surface or
have adequate free board to prevent spillage;  Post signs that limit vehicle speeds onto unpaved
roads and over disturbed soils; and  Rapid onsite construction so as to reduce duration of traffic
interference and therefore reduce emissions from traffic delays.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 32 6.2 Mitigation of Environmental Impacts during Operation Phase.
6.2.1 Minimization of Solid Waste  The proponent through the contractor shall put in place
measures to ensure that construction materials requirements are carefully budgeted and to ensure
that the amount of construction materials left on site after construction is kept minimal.  Use of
durable, long-lasting materials that will not need to be replaced as often, thereby reducing the
amount of construction waste generated over time;  Provision of facilities for proper handling
and storage of construction materials to reduce the amount of waste caused by damage or
exposure to the elements;  Use of building materials that have minimal packaging to avoid the
generation of excessive packaging waste;  Use of construction materials containing recycled
content when possible and in accordance with accepted standards; and  Adequate collection
and storage of waste on site and safe transportation to the disposal sites and disposal methods at
designated area shall be provided.  Ensure that the construction wastes generated are disposed
to the approved dump site by a registered and licensed waste management company. 6.2.2
Minimization of Increased Water Demand  Ensure that water is used efficiently at the site by
sensitizing construction workers to avoid irresponsible water use.  Harvest rainwater and use in
the construction activities.  Install water conserving taps;  Promote recycling and reuse of
water as much as possible;  Promptly detect and repair of water pipes and tank leaks; and 
Install discharge meter to determine and monitor total water usage.  Promote awareness on
water conservation and reducing water wastage;  Quick fixing of licking pipes.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 33 6.2.3 Reduction of Energy Consumption  Ensure responsible
electricity use at the construction site through sensitization of staff to conserve electricity by
switching off electrical equipment or appliances when they are not being used.  Proper
planning of transportation of materials will ensure that fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not
consumed in excessive amounts.  Monitor energy use during construction and set targets for
reduction of energy use.  Selecting the most efficient lighting system design and minimum
lighting level appropriate for the required application in various stages of industrial processes; 
Adopting the most effective lighting controls to ensure optimum operating efficiency and
minimum energy wastage, e.g. central programmable time switches;  Installing energy saving
appliances e.g. energy saving bulbs; and  Maximizing the contribution of daylight to reduce the
use of artificial lighting. 6.2.4 Reduction of Storm Water  Good housekeeping to avoid
contamination of storm water  Provision of silt traps in storm water drains  Regular
inspection and cleaning of storm drains.  Leveling the project site to reduce run-off velocity
and increase infiltration of rain water into the soil. 6.2.5 Reduction of Impacts at Extraction Sites
 Ensure that all building materials such as sand ballast hard core are extracted from registered
quarry and sand mining firms.  Ensure that wastage, damage or loss (through run-off, wind,
etc.) of materials at the construction site is kept minimal, as these would lead to additional
demand for and extraction or purchase materials.  Consider reuse of building materials and use
of recycled building materials thus reducing the amount of raw materials extracted from natural
resources as well as reducing impacts at the extraction sites.  As far as possible,
environmentally friendly and sustainable materials should be used.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 34 6.2.6 Fire Hazards.  Install an automatic fire alarm system for
the entire development.  Provide enough 30m hose reel around the property.  Allow for 500
liters' fire reserve water tank attached with an automatic booster pump for hose reel.  Provide
enough 9 kg dry powder fire extinguisher for the property.  Provide enough 9 kg CO2 fire
extinguisher for the property.  Provide appropriate Fire Hydrant Ring main with suitable Outlet
Points 6.3 Mitigation of Negative Impacts during Decommissioning Phase 6.3.1 Minimization of
occupational health and safety impacts  Risks of accidents and ill health as a result of
demolition activities shall be mitigated by ensuring that appropriate health and safety measures
are applied in all activities  Demarcate and fence all unsafe and dangerous areas; and continue
to monitor environmental health at all main receptor points around the site until the site
handover. Finally, levels of dust concentration resulting from demolition or dismantling works
will be minimized as follows:  Rehabilitating or stabilize all disturbed areas through tree
planting and landscaping;  Avoiding dusty activities for example loading and dumping on
windy days; and  Continuing to monitor dust emissions in the surrounding areas. 6.3.2
Minimization of Noise and Vibration  Prescribe noise reduction measures if appropriate e.g.
restricted working hours, transport hours and noise buffering.  Consult with the surrounding
community on the permissible noise levels and best working hours.  Use best available
technology (i.e. equipment designed with noise control elements).  Co-ordinate with relevant
agencies in all construction activities in the Project area.
By TAMENE TAYE Page 35 6.3.3 Efficient Solid Waste Management Solid waste resulting
from demolition works associated with the proposed Project during decommissioning phase will
be managed as described below;  The collection should be made severally at least once in 24
hours.  Waste should be handled by a registered and licensed waste company and be soundly
disposed in a licensed dumping site.  A provision for dustbin cubicles should be made in the
plans and to each unit. The bins should have a close fitting cover. Still further, rubbish bags with
different colors should be used to facilitate waste segregation and collection.  The wastes
should be properly segregated and separated to encourage recycling of some useful waste
materials i.e. some excavated stone materials can be used as backfills. (Use of an integrated solid
waste management system; through a hierarchy of options; source reduction, recycling,
composting and reuse, and sanitary land filling).
By TAMENE TAYE Page 36 CHAPTER SEVEN 7. CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 7.1 Conclusions The collection, collation and analysis of data and
information during this study and preparation of the project report show that the project will have
significant adverse environmental impacts arising from the activities associated with the project.
However, most of the social and environmental impacts will be mitigatable as guided by the
ESMP. More so, guidelines on environment, health and safety shall be useful to promote best
management practices to reduce incidences and accidents, health problems and compromise to
environmental integrity. In general, the activities of cultivating and processing of sugarcane will
not in any way affect the existing land use practices in the project area. In any case, it will open
the project area to more development opportunities and optimize land use thereby improving the
livelihoods and wellbeing of the local community. 7..2 Recommendations Described below are
the recommendations for the prevention and mitigation of adverse impacts are of the propose
omo guraz Sugar Factory.  The Ministry of Agriculture should intensify Agricultural extension
services to the farmers with a view to improving quantity and quality of the sugarcane  The
proposed construction of the sugar factory complex should implement the EIASMP as designed
by this study  Apply for Water abstraction permits from WRMA  The construction of the
proposed Sugar factory complex should be carried out in accordance with approved designs and
plans;  The locals participate and fully benefit from the construction and operation of the
proposed factory; and  Regular sampling and analysis of waste water from factory should
carried out periodically to check on its toxic and pollution levels
By TAMENE TAYE Page 37 REFERENCES 1. Environmental Management and Coordination
(Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009. 2. Ethiopian Fuel
Emissions Control) Regulations, 2006. 3 Ethiopia Supplement Acts 2000, Environmental
Management and Coordination Act Number 8 of 1999. 4. Ethiopia Supplement Acts Building
Code 1968. 5. Ethiopia Supplement Acts Land Planning Act (Cap. 303). 6. Ethiopia Supplement
Acts Local Authority Act (Cap. 265). 7. Ethiopia Supplement Acts Physical Planning Act, 1999.
8.. Ethiopia Supplement Acts Public Health Act (Cap. 242). Government Printer, Nairobi. 9..
Ethiopia Supplement Acts Water Act, 2002. Government Printer, Nairobi. 10.. Ethiopia
Supplement Acts. Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality)
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