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Enhancement of WiMAX networks using OPNET modeler platform

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DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.

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Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
Vol. 23, No. 3, September 2021, pp. 1510~1519
ISSN: 2502-4752, DOI: 10.11591/ijeecs.v23.i3.pp1510-1519  1510

Enhancement of WiMAX networks using OPNET modeler

platform

Noor Nateq Alfaisaly1, Suhad Qasim Naeem2, Azhar Hussein Neama3

1Department of computer networks Engineering, Al Nahrain University, Iraq
2,3Department of information and communication Engineering, Al Nahrain University, Iraq
1-3College of Information Engineering, Al Nahrain University, Iraq

Article Info ABSTRACT

Article history: Worldwide interoperability microwave access (WiMAX) is an 802.16 wireless
standard that delivers high speed, provides a data rate of 100 Mbps and a
Received Dec 12, 2020 coverage area of 50 km. Voice over internet protocol (VoIP) is flexible and offers
Revised Jun 18, 2021 low-cost telephony for clients over IP. However, there are still many challenges
Accepted Aug 4, 2021 that must be addressed to provide a stable and good quality voice connection over
the internet. The performance of various parameters such as multipath channel
model and bandwidth over the Star trajectoryWiMAX network were evaluated
Keywords: under a scenario consisting of four cells. Each cell contains one mobile and one
base station. Network performance metrics such as throughput and MOS were
Internet protocol used to evaluate the best performance of VoIP codecs. Performance was analyzed
MOS via OPNET program14.5. The result use of multipath channel model (disable)
OPNET 14.5 was better than using the model (ITU pedestrian A). The value of the throughput
Voice over Internet protocol at 15 dB was approximately 1600 packet/sec, and at -1 dB was its value 1300
Worldwide interoperability for packet/se. According to data, the Multipath channel model of the disable type the
microwave access value of the MOS was better than the ITU Pedestrian A type.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

Corresponding Author:
Noor Nateq Fadhil
Department of computer networks Engineering
Al Nahrain University, Iraq
Email: [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION
A wireless LAN (WLAN) is a data transmission system designed to provide location-independent
network access between computing devices by using radio waves rather than a cable infrastructure. The
802.11 specification as a standard for wireless LANS was ratified by the institute of electrical and electronics
engineers (IEEE) in the year 1997. This version of 802.11 provides for 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps data rates and a
set of fundamental signaling methods and other services. Like all IEEE 802 standards, the 802.11 standards
focus on the bottom two levels the ISO model, the physical layer and link layer [1].
The way people communicate was changed via VoIP applications like FaceTime, Google Talk, and
Skype. Because it is inexpensive, VoIP is a vital alternate to costly conventional public switched telephone
network (PSTN). VoIP parameters are defining its QoS like throughput, jitter, end to end delay, and mean
opinion score (MOS) [2].
The current WiMAX and WiFi wireless networks offer flexibility for supporting real-time
applications like VoIP [3]. Also, the technology of IEEE 802.11 (WiFi) is beneficial as low-cost wireless
Internet access, whereas IEEE802.16 (Wi-MAX) is providing high data rates (up to 75 Mbps) and a large
coverage area (about 50 km) utilizing radio links [4]. In this paper, the performance of various parameters
such as multipath channel model and bandwidth over the Star trajectory WiMAX network will be evaluated

Journal homepage: http://ijeecs.iaescore.com

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  1511

under a scenario consisting of four cells. Many researchers study a WIMAX as Rajaraman [5] presented
WIMAX use of a spiral resonator. The conventional patch antenna resonates at a frequency of 2.785 GHz
while the modified antenna resonates at two frequencies of 2.45, 2.57 GHz with a gain of 4.19, 4.59 dB
respectively. The percentage of miniaturisation is found to be 30.2%, 17.9% in the two chosen spectras. As
well as Singh [6] presented WIMAXperformance investigation of the WIMAX system under different
applications generating high load data traffic, various modulation schemes like BPSK, QPSK and QAM 64.
The aim of this paper is prposed evaluation performance of various parameters such as multipath channel
model and bandwidth over the Star trajectoryWiMAX network were evaluated under a scenario consisting of
four cells. Each cell contains one mobile and one base station. Network performance metrics such as
throughput and MOS were used to evaluate the best performance of VoIP codecs.

2. RELATED WORKS
2.1. VOIP
VoIP is specified as one of the internet technologies used to transmit multimedia and voice-over IP-
based networks, particularly the Internet [7], [8]. VoIP is majorly utilized as one of the communication
protocols for replacing conventional telephone technologies, PSTN. Recently, the popularity of VoIP was
increased because it is inexpensive compared to traditional long-distance telephone calls. In addition, the
telephone calls might be made over computer networks, like the Internet, with VoIP-to-VoIP at no additional
cost other than the monthly fee the user is paying for Internet access.
VoIP is converting the analog voice signals into digital data packets from an end-user. The restored
data packets will be transmitted to another end-user via a computer network. The digital data packets will
undergo conversion again and will end up being the original analog voice signal. This technology provides
service for real-time transmission of conversations with cost-effectiveness and flexibility. VoIP-to-PSTN
services are also available at a fixed monthly payment; however, this type of service's performance is beyond
the scope of this project and will not be discussed or analyzed. There are also some downsides to VoIP
technology. It has an average drop of calls at 3%, and it could go up to 5%, while regular phone services have
a moderate decrease in calls at less than 0.1%. In case of a power outage or lost access to the Internet, VoIP
calls would not be able to make. Furthermore, there are no available VoIP-to-VoIP calls for emergency
services.

2.2. VOIP over WI-MAX

One alternative solution to wired networks is Wi-MAX as a broadband wireless technology; it
provides a data rate of 75 Mbps with 50 km as coverage area [4]. In addition, it is supporting the
requirements of QoS via many applications, particularly real-time applications like VoIP. There are four
different traffic classes used by Wi-MAX for supporting its applications:
a) Best effort (BE) was developed for web browsing applications [9] that don't need QoS.
b) Non-real time polling service (nrtPS) supports non-real-time applications like FTP [10] requiring variable
data sizes.
c) Unsolicited grant services (UGSs) are supporting the applications of constant bit rate (CBR) like VoIP
with no silence suppression [10], [11], in which users are assigned a fixed bandwidth via base station
(BS).
d) Real-time polling service (rtPS) is supporting the real-time applications with data of variable sizes like
MPEG [11], in which Bandwidth is allocated via BS based on the request regarding subscriber station
(SS).
Even though that Wi-MAX was developed for providing broadband Internet service, the applications of VoIP
have an increased effect on the performance related to Wi-MAX networks [12].

2.3. VOIP application QoS

Currently, users benefit from present networks of data via video calls, voice calls, and text
messages. Conventional phone networks cannot compete with such service types because of their reduced
operating and equipment costs and the capability of integrating data and voice applications [13]. Also, QoS
for VoIP was evaluated via performance metrics like jitter, end to end delay, and Mean Opinion Score MOS.
a) The scale of MOS is varying between 1 and 5, also measuring the voice quality. Furthermore, the value
related to the most inferior quality was 1, while the optimal quality was 5 [14], as can be seen from
Table1.

Enhancement of WiMAX networks using OPNET modeler platform (Noor Nateq Alfaisaly)
1512  ISSN: 2502-4752

Table 1. MOS [15]

Scale of Quality Score The scale of Listening Effort
Excellent 5 No efforts needed
Good 4 No considerable efforts needed
Fair 3 Moderate efforts needed
Poor 2 Substantial efforts needed
Bad 1 No meaning understood with efforts

b) Jitter can be defined as the arrival time variation related to consecutive packets [16]. Before the
decoding, the packages arrived at limited size buffers and a few packages might come out of order or be
lost. Jitter was calculated by evaluating the differences in packets delay overtime period [14].
c) Packet's end-to-end delays were evaluated via the speakers' calculation of delays from the speakers to
the receivers. Also, it involves decoding and encoding delay, network delay, decompression, and
compression delays [16].
The telecommunication standardization sector of the international is providing the guidelines for
voice quality measurements for jitter and end-to-end delay, as can be seen in Table 2. Tele-communications
union (ITU-T) [16]. A voice call of better quality might be having a delay in the range of (0ms-150ms), while
the jitter in range of (0-20) ms. Yet, when a call is experiencing a delay over 300 ms or jitter over 50 ms, it
will be specified as poor quality, or else, calls specified to be of suitable quality.

Table2. Guidelines for the quality of voice [16].

Network parameters Good Acceptable
Delays (ms) 0_150 150–300
Jitters (ms) 0_20 20–50

2.4. Codecs of VOIP

VoIP depends on many codecs utilized to compress and decompress the audio samples; each of the
codecs is applying a unique algorithm. Table 3 is providing a list of significant codecs [15]. This study is
evaluating 3 VoIP codecs: G711, G723, and G729.

Table3. Major codecs of VoIP [12].

Codec Data rates (kb/s) MOS scores
G. 711 64 4.30
G. 723 5.30 3.60
G. 726 32 4.00
G. 728 16 3.90
G. 729 8 4.00

2.4.1. G. 711
This is one of the public domain codecs majorly utilized in the applications of VoIP. In 1972, it was
developed via ITU. In addition, it applies a logarithmic compression, which is compressing each one of the
16-bit samples to 8bits. Therefore, its bit rate was 64kbps, specified as the maximum bit rate between codecs.
Furthermore, G. 711 offers an excellent quality of audio, and the value of MOS was 4.3 [17].

2.4.2. G. 723
This is considered one of the licensed codecs; it was developed for calls across modem links with
(28.8kbps and 33kbps) data rates. Thus, it has two types with different bit rates: 6.4 and 5.3kbps [14]. This
work considers 5.3 kbps, which is based on algebraic code excited linear prediction (ACELP), while the
value of MOS was 3.60 [17].

2.4.3. G729
This has been considered one of the licensed codecs developed to deliver excellent quality of calls
without high-bandwidth consumption [17]. It has been developed based on the conjugate structure ACELP
(CS-ACELP) algorithm with an (8kbps) bit rate, while the values of MOS value were 4.0 [17], [18].
Recently, there was a rapid development in many wireless technologies. Thus, there was an increase in
the requirements for wireless data services and multimedia applications like video streaming and VoIP [19].

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Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  1513

Also, VoIP and video streaming were increasingly significant, particularly following the use of Wi-MAX
networks in various nations [20]. Furthermore, studies tackled many features of VoIP over Wi-MAX. Besides,
the researchers in [14] examined the performance related to VoIP as well as video streaming over Wi-MAX
network (IEEE 802.16d for a fixed, nomadic user and IEEE 802.16e for mobile user)., and utilizing bandwidth
(10 and 20 MHz). The results showed excellent performance in the case when using more channel bandwidth,
while the packet loss was perfect in the case when utilizing IEEE 802.16e. There have been 8-users served when
operating 10 MHz as channel bandwidth and 16-users when using 20 MHz as channel bandwidth. A study
conducted by [21] examined the data and voice support in the Wi-MAX network. Their study's goal has been to
read QoS's deployment over Wi-MAX network, also comparing the performance acquired utilizing two
distinctive Wi-MAX service classes, for instance, ertPS and UGS. A study conducted by [22] examined a fixed
Wi-MAX network for evaluating the VoIP performance. The presented work is evaluating the performance of
VOIP related to Wi-MAX network with using various bandwidths and indicating the impact of differences in
the multipath channel model on results, along with using Wi-MAX service class UGS. The service class of
UGS has the best performance parameters serving VoIP.

3. RESEARCH METHOD
This paper has a Scenario consists of four cells, and each cell contains one mobile and one base
station. Work through it to evaluate the performance of VOIP over the WiMax network by using OPNET
MODELER 14.5. With change some parameters to get the best results. In Figures 1-4 clarify the parameters
for each of them in Figure 1 WiMAX configureuration including the numbers of rows and efficiency mode
(mobility and ranging enabled) the reason for choosing this type is because the project includes a mobile
node. Wimax configure. Contents scheduling type (UGS) chose this type because it is used with VOIP. There
are other types, for example (steps it is used with the active voice detection technology, rtps with video, nrtps
with FTP and HTTP, best effort but this type does not have any guarantees. Moreover, OFDM PHYprofiles
(wireless OFDM 20MHz), in Figure 2 also application configureurations (node-0) includes the description
(voice PCM Quality speech) this type it has a high quality of voice, in Figure 3 profile configureuration.
(node-1) includes many rows and profile name (voice_app) because I reported about VOIP. Figure 4
WiMAX base station (BS) the WiMAX parameter antenna gain 15 dB and in Figure 5 and 6 mobiles (4-1)
(1-1) have these mobiles the same Path loss parameter (free space). However, different int the multipath
channel model in mobile (4-1) (disabled) and the mobiles [(1-1), (2-1), (3-1)] the multipath channel model
(ITU Pedestrian A).

Figure 1. Wimax configureuration Figure 2. Application configureuration

Enhancement of WiMAX networks using OPNET modeler platform (Noor Nateq Alfaisaly)
1514  ISSN: 2502-4752

Figure 3. Profile configureuration Figure 4. WiMAX BS

Figure 5. Mobile (4-1) Figure 6. Mobile (1-1)

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The outputs of the different simulation run, which have been obtained, were statistically analyzed.
The simulation results are average MOS for all networks, MOS for mobile (4-1), MOS for mobile (1-1), and
throughput. Moreover, the quality of the VoIP call is measured through the result.

4.1. OPNET simulation modeler

OPNET can be defined as one of the research-oriented network simulation tools. It is also supplying a
comprehensive development environment for simulation and modeling of the used wireless and wired networks.
Users are enabled via OPNET Modeler to develop customized models and simulating many network situations,
like Wi-MAX and WiFi [23]. The first simulation software related to commercial network performances has

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 23, No. 3, September 2021: 1510 - 1519
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  1515

been provided via OPNET company, which offers one of the optimization tools of powerful network
performances making developed network simulations [24]. Other products' development at OPNET besides
Modeler was achieved; also, it includes kit of OPNET Development and WDM guru [25], [26].
The simulation was one of the testing procedures related to the developed prototype on platform
duplicating real environment and offering the possibility to study, create and modify the performances related
to design proposing to strengthen and weaken the expectations before model implementation a real
environment [27], [28].

4.2. Simulation result

The results are obtained after implementing the IEEE802.16e network simulation by using OPNET
Modeler. The simulation includes Throughput (packet/sec), mean opinion score (MOS). In Figure 7, the
Scenario 1 consists of four cells, and each cell contain one mobile and one base station and the path used in
the movement of the mobile for the base station is the star trajectory. In Figure 8 shows the average MOS
value. The MOS value describes the perceived quality of receiving voice after being transmitted and
compressed using codecs, the MOS value in our results when the network using star Trajectory and the BW -
15 is recorded for mobile is higher than 3.5. Figure 9 shows the MOS for mobiles (1-1),(4-1) with used
different parameters, With a note, in the case of using the multipath channel model (ITU pedestrian A) for
mobile (1-1), the MOS is better and higher if use the multipath channel model (disable) for mobile (4-1).
Moreover, in Figure 10, the throughput of mobile has a maximum rate of throughput of 1600 packets /sec
when the network has star trajectory and the bandwidth (15 dB). In Figures (11),(12),(13) the network also
has star trajectory but the Bandwidth (-1 dB). In Figure 11 the average MOS for all Network equal 3. In
Figure 12 also shows the MOS for mobiles (1-1),(4-1) with used different parameters, and using the
multipath channel model (ITU pedestrian a) for mobile (1-1), and the multipath channel model (disable) for
mobile (4-1), the MOS is better and higher if use the multipath channel model (disable) for mobile (4-1). In
Figure 13 the throughput of mobile has a maximum rate of throughput of 1300 packets /sec when the network
has star trajectory and the Bandwidth (-1 dB). However, when using the same scenario but with different
bandwidths (15 dB, -1 dB), we get different results, noting that throughput in the case of higher Bandwidth is
better. According to result, it can observed that the MOS for Mobile (4-1) higher than 2.5. However, for
mobile (1-1) equal to 1.5. Here shows the effect of the difference in the multipath channel model. Figure 9
shows that.

Figure 7. Scenario (1) WiMax network (star trajectory)

• For Mobile (4-1)

B.W =15, path loss parameter = free space
Multipath channel Model = Disable
• For Mobile (1-1)
Enhancement of WiMAX networks using OPNET modeler platform (Noor Nateq Alfaisaly)
1516  ISSN: 2502-4752

B.W =15, pathloss parameter = free space

Multipath channel Model = ITU Pedestrian A

Figure 8. AverageMOS for all

Figure 9. MOS

Figure 10. Throughp

In the same scenari, only the difference in Bandwidth = −1𝑑𝑏

Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci, Vol. 23, No. 3, September 2021: 1510 - 1519
Indonesian J Elec Eng & Comp Sci ISSN: 2502-4752  1517

In this result, we can see the MOS for mobile (4-1) higher than 2.9. However, for mobile (1-1), less
than 2. Here shows the effect of the difference in the multipath channel model
Figure 12 shows that,
• For mobile (4-1)
B.W = -1dB, pathloss parameter = free space
Multipath channel model = Disable
• For mobile (1-1)
B.W = -1dB, pathloss parameter = free space
Multipath channel model = ITU Pedestrian A.

Figure 11. Average MOS for all network

Figure 12. MOS

Figure 13. Throughput

Enhancement of WiMAX networks using OPNET modeler platform (Noor Nateq Alfaisaly)
1518  ISSN: 2502-4752

5. CONCLUSION
In this paper, extensive simulation study had conducted to evaluate the performance of WiMAX for
supporting VoIP traffic. Important critical parameters such as Multipath channel model and bandwidth over
the Star trajectory WiMAX network were analyzed. Simulation results show that when increase the
bandwidth, the average MOS and the throughput was increased. Noting that the increase in bandwidth has a
clearer effect on a throughput compared to MOS. The value of the throughput at 15dB was approximately
1600 packet/sec, and at -1dB was its value 1300 packet/sec. On the other hand, the bandwidth was fixed at
(15dB, -1dB) with a change in the multipath channel model in two mobiles (1-1), (4-1). According to data,
the multipath channel model of the disable types the value of the MOS was better than the ITU pedestrian A
type. Future work includes adding other results, such as Traffic sent and received for mobiles, Jitter and End
to end delay with the possibility of using other types of Multipath channel Model and clarifying the extent of
their impact on the results. Performance was analyzed via OPNET program14.5. According to the results, the
higher the BW, the better the results. In addition, the use of multipath channel model (disable) was better
than using the model (ITU pedestrian A) the increase in bandwidth has a clearer effect on a throughput
compared to MOS. The value of the throughput at 15dB was approximately 1600 packet/sec, and at -1dB was
its value 1300 packet/se. According to data, the multipath channel model of the disable types the value of the
MOS was better than the ITU pedestrian A type.

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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS

Noor Nateq Fadhil is an Assistant Lecturer in Computer Networks Department at the

University of AL-Nahrain, Baghdad, Iraq. She received her BSc Eng. Degree in
Communication Engineering from Diyala University and MSc in Telecommunications from
University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romainia, in 2008, 2017 respectively. She has been a
Lecturer in Fiber Optics and Wireless Communication since 2017. She is currently a
Responsible on the Postgraduate students. Her research interests include the field of Wireless
Communication, WiMax, Digital signal processing, Electronics, Optical Communication and
digital library.

Suhad Qasim Naeem is an assistant Lecturer in information and communication

Engineering Department at Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq. She received her B.Sc.
Eng. and M.Sc. Eng. in Electrical Engineering from University of Technology and
Mustansiriyah University. In 1995, 2018, respectively. Her research interests include the
field of digital communication, computer networking, digital electronics design, industrial
informatics, renewable energy, FPGA applications, embedded system, artificial intelligence,
intelligent control.

Azhar Hussein Neama is an Asst Lecturer in Information and Communication Engineering

Department at the University Al Nahrain. She received her BSc.Eng. and MSc.Eng. degrees
in Electrical Engineering from University Al Mustansiria, and University Baghdad
respectively, in 2008 and 2018, respectively. Her research interests include the field of
digital design, Optical Communication, electronics, visible light communication, and
computer networks.

Enhancement of WiMAX networks using OPNET modeler platform (Noor Nateq Alfaisaly)

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