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SIGNIFICANCE
• Coal - CO2 417.51 ppm December 5, 2022; 260 ppm before industrialization
• Petroleum /NG - CO2
• Biomass - CO2 neutral Environmental
• Waste: Solid, liquid and gas Concerns
ENERGY CONVERSION
• Solar - Clean: photovoltaic system
• Wind - Clean
• Hydro - Clean Swatch Bharat
• Nuclear - Clean Mission
• Hydrogen – Clean
• Efficiency improvements and energy conservation
LED lights, Star rating of electrical appliances, waste heat recovery

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ENERGY SOURCE AND RESOURCES CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

Energy Resources
Source of almost all the world’s energy: SUN

Nonrenewable/ Renewable/
Coal, petroleum, natural gas, biomass, tidal, Conventional Non-conventional
(Naturally replenished after use)
wind and hydro are manifestations of solar (Not replenished after use)

energy
Coal Solar
Oil Fossil fuels Wind
Nuclear and geothermal are beyond this Gas Biomass
definition: at the time of creation of earth Nuclear Hydro (large and small)
Geothermal Tidal

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BASIC FORMS OF ENERGY ENERGY CONVERSION

1. Chemical energy
Chemical Thermal
2. Thermal energy

3. Mechanical energy

4. Electrical energy

Electrical energy form

is most convenient to
use, but costliest. Electrical Mechanical

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ENERGY CONVERSION ENERGY CONVERSION

Combustion I.C. Engine *

C.I. : 40%
Thermal
Chemical Thermal S.I. : 30%
Endothermic Steam turbine : 45%; BHEL,1000 MW
reaction Gas turbine : 35%:ATF
Steam engine : 12%
➢ Chemical energy: Carbon and Efficiency is limited by Carnot Cycle η=1-Tc/Th
Hydrogen * Chemical to mechanical
➢ Fossil fuels: Coal, Petroleum, NG
➢ Biomass
➢ Efficiency: 10-95 % + ➢ Thermal energy can be
Friction
➢ Boilers: fluidized bed-rice husk, stored by reactions
supercritical
reverse of combustion Animal power: horse and bullock
➢ Furnaces: furnace oil, NG ➢ Not of commercial use Water mills: grain grinding Mechanical
➢ Pollution creator: CO, NOx, SOx, SPM,
Wind mills : water pumping and grain grinding
RSPM, thermal pollution, ash, mercury,
arsenic, etc.

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TYPES OF ENGINES ENERGY CONVERSION

1. Spark Ignition (SI) : 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer Electrical generator
Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra
Electrical motor BHEL:1000MW, H2 Cooling
Premium)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline/petrol + Air mixture) Efficiency: 65-90% + Efficiency: 95% +
Compression stroke
Power stroke : spark is given to initiate combustion
Exhaust stroke
Octane No. Isooctane + n Heptane

2. Compression Ignition (CI) : 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German

Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+ : S content: 50 ppm (2017)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only) :10 ppm (2020)
Compression stroke :500 ppm (2001)
Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion :All cities (2005)
Electrical Mechanical
Exhaust stroke :350 ppm (2005)
Cetane No. Cetane + 1- methylnaphthalene :10,000 ppm (1995)

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ENERGY CONVERSION ENERGY CONVERSION

Resistance heating: 100%
Chemical Inductive heating: 80%+
Lead acid batteries Electric arc: 60% + Thermal
Li-ion batteries Electric bulb: 100%
Efficiency: 75%

Dry batteries: 90%

Lead acid batteries: 75%
Li-ion batteries: 75%
Fuel cells:70%:R&D
Thermoelectrics: 10%
Seeback effect/thermocouples
Solution of energy and Electrical MHD (Magneto Hydro Dynamics): 10%
environment problems
Electrical E vehicles, Freedom from HC
fuels, 2030 All e vehicles BHEL is working on MHD

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SECTORS OF ECONOMY SECTOR WISE ELECTRICAL ENERGY

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND WASTE CONSUMPTION IN INDIA
GENERATION
1. Agriculture : 21.92%

1. Agriculture 2. Industry : 36.80%

3. Transport : 2.41%
2. Industry
4. Domestic : 24.30%
3. Transport 5. Others : 14.57%

4. Domestic
5. Others

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AGRICULTURE SECTOR AGRICULTURE SECTOR

➢ Cropped area: 190.64 Mha •Food grains – 277.49 million tonnes
• Rice – 111.01 million tonnes
➢ Irrigated area: 76.82 Mha • Wheat – 97.11 million tonnes
• Coarse Cereals – 45.42 million tonnes
➢ GDP contribution: 13.7% • Maize – 27.14 million tonnes
➢ Export: 19% of total • Pulses – 23.95 million tonnes
• Gram – 11.10 million tonnes
➢ Employment to ~50% population • Tur – 4.02 million tonnes
➢ Food grain production: 277 MT- Agriculture residue: 600-700 MT • Urad – 3.23 million tonnes
•Oilseeds – 29.88 million tonnes
➢ Second largest producer of fruits and vegetables (283 MT) in • Soya bean – 11.39 million tonnes
world- Residue Mandi • Groundnut – 8.22 million tonnes
• Castor seed – 1.50 million tonnes
➢ Livestock in India: 535.8 M; 729 M poultry-Animal dung/droppings •Cotton – 33.92 million bales (of 170 kg each) - 5.766 million
tonnes
➢ Largest producer of milk in world (137 MT) - BOD •Sugarcane – 377.23 million tonnes
➢ Sugarcane production II highest in world (377 MT)/665 MT
(Brazil) : Molasses ( 3.5-4.5%) and Bagasse (25%)

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AGRICULTURE SECTOR BAGASSE CONSTITUENTS

S. No. Constituents % (By wt)
1. Cellulose 45-55
2. Hemicellulose 20-25
3. Lignin 18-24
4. Ash 1-4
5. Waxes <1

Moisture 40-50 %

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ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

AGRICULTURE SECTOR ➢ Contributes: 23% GDP
➢ Export contribution: 29%
ENERGY SOURCE OPERATIONAL ENERGY
➢ Largest producer of sponge iron
(in MJ/Ha)
➢ Seventh largest producer of steel
Diesel 486
➢ Second largest producer of cement
Electrical energy (Water 4128
➢ Third largest producer of fertilizers, engineering goods
pumping)
and textiles
Total mechanical energy 4614 ➢ Ethanol production: 8th largest: BOD, Biogas
Animal energy 338 ➢ Pulp and paper: Not in top 10 (1.5% of world) China: 25% : Liquid
Human energy 940
Total energy 6892 ❖ Fuel and feed stock: largest consumer accounting for 44.4% energy
Share of mechanical energy 81.6 % (1970 figure was 10.3) ❖ Coal consumed by this sector: 59.4%
❖ Cogeneration and export of electricity to grid: Banking and Wheeling
Agriculture sector: 13% of total energy and 22% of electricity
❖ Waste to Energy Augmentation

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INDUSTRIAL SECTOR INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

Alcohol production

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TRANSPORT SECTOR VEHICLES PRODUCED IN INDIA

➢ Railways
115,000 km track of railways
Passengers handled: 23 million daily
Locomotives Two wheelers Three wheelers Passenger vehicles Commercial vehicles

Steam: 43; Diesel 5345; Electric: 4568 35

➢ Air Transport
Air passenger traffic: 162 million 30
Air cargo: 2.75 MT
➢ Road transport
25
Registered vehicles: 233 million : Discarded tyres and tubes
Production volume in millions

National high ways: 75,600 km

20
Rural roads: 234,000 km
➢ Water transport
8.42 million Gross Tonnes : Ganga Vilas Cruise, Ship breaking in Gujarat; 15

➢ Scrap policy
Old vehicles to be surrendered, 51 lakh light motor vehicles - more than 20 years old 10
and 34 lakh over 15 years old. Around 17 lakh medium and heavy commercial
vehicles are older than 15 years without valid fitness certificates. 5

• Second largest consumer of the energy 0

FY 2011 FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020
• Largest consumer of the petroleum products
• Petroleum products : 98.5% of total Energy
• Electricity for traction : 2.15%

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DOMESTIC SECTOR OTHERS

➢ Biomass residues and animal dung cakes used in villages for ➢ Services
cooking • 60.2% GDP Contribution
➢ LPG is used for the domestic cooking in urban and rural • 142 million professionals in India
areas as well • Export share: 40%
➢ Natural gas in few cities ➢ Commercial sector comprises institutes/
➢ Kerosene for lighting and cooking in rural areas: Now all hospitals / schools/ colleges/ universities/ trusts/
the villages electrified offices etc.
➢ Soft coke for domestic cooking ➢ Street lighting
➢ MSW: 0.45 kg/day capita; 230 MT ➢ Public water works
➢ Sewer plants in India: 1841 with1095 operational 26840 ➢ Packaging material
MLD – Biogas generation potential, European countries taken ➢ E waste: Computers, laptops, printers,
lead
refrigerators, mobiles, tubes, fans, CFL etc.
Biomass residues : Major source ➢ Hospital Waste
LPG : 23 MT + Biogas

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FLEX FUEL VEHICLES FLEX FUEL VEHICLES

A flexible-fuel vehicle (FFV) or dual-fuel vehicle (colloquially called The most common commercially available FFV in the world
a flex-fuel vehicle) is an alternative fuel vehicle with an internal market is the ethanol flexible-fuel vehicle with about 60 million
combustion engine designed to run on more than one fuel, automobiles, motorcycles and light duty trucks manufactured and
usually gasoline blended with either ethanol or methanol fuel, sold worldwide by March 2018.
and both fuels are stored in the same common tank. Modern flex-
fuel engines are capable of burning any proportion of the 1. Brazil: 30.5 million light-duty vehicles and over 6
resulting blend in the combustion chamber as fuel injection and million motorcycles
spark timing are adjusted automatically according to the actual 2. United States 21 million
blend detected by a fuel composition sensor.
3. Canada 1.6 million
Flex-fuel vehicles are distinguished from bi-fuel vehicles, where
two fuels are stored in separate tanks and the engine runs on one 4. Europe 0.243 million (mainly Sweden)
fuel at a time, for example, compressed natural gas (CNG),
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), or hydrogen with petrol.
India is planning to manufacture FFV in next six months.

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FLEX ENGINE BASED VEHICLES-Brazil GLOBAL ETHANOL PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY OR REGION

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Ethanol fuel production in Brazil from 2009 to 2020 (in million cubic meters)
40

35.32
35
33.04 32.81

30
30 28.2 28.22 28.49 28.31
27.53
Production in million cubic meters

26.1
25 23.76
22.89

20

15

10

0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Note(s):2009 to 2020; Including anhydrous and hydrous ethanol

Further information regarding this statistic can be found on page 8.
2 Source(s): ANP; ID 981955

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