la?

k yksd lsok vk;ksx (UPSC)

jlk;u foKku

641, izFke ry] MkW- eq[kthZ uxj] fnYyh&110009

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 UPSC DLP fo"k; lwph (Contents)

1. gekjs vkl&ikl O;kIr inkFkZ (rÙo] ;kSfxd] feJ.k) 5–19

2. ijek.kq lajpuk ,oa jsfM;kslfØ;rk 20–34

3. jklk;fud caèk ,oa jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡ 35–50

4. vEy] {kkj ,oa yo.k 51–60

5. vdkcZfud jlk;u 61–104

6. dkcZu vkSj blds ;kSfxd 105–136

 vè;k;
gekjs vkl&ikl O;kIr inkFkZ (rÙo] ;kSfxd] feJ.k)
1 [Matters Around Us (Element, Compound, Mixture)]

1.1 HkkSfrd jlk;u 1.2 foy;u

jlk;u foKku] foKku dh og 'kk[kk gS ftlds varxZr inkFkks± ds la?kVu (Composition)] xq.k (Properties)] lajpuk
(Structure) vkfn dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ‘Chemistry’ 'kCn dh mRifÙk felz ds ‘Chemia’ 'kCn ls gqbZ gS] ftldk
vFkZ gS& dkyk jaxA
jlk;u foKku ds varxZr ge inkFkks± esa gksus okys fofHkUu ifjorZuksa rFkk bu ifjorZuksa dks fuèkkZfjr djus okys fu;eksa
dk Hkh vè;;u djrs gSaA
ysoksfl;j (Lavoisier) dks vkèkqfud jlk;u foKku dk tUenkrk dgk tkrk gSA
jlk;u foKku ds vè;;u dks ljy cukus gsrq bls eq[;r% rhu 'kk[kkvksa esa ck¡Vk x;k gS&
(1) HkkSfrd jlk;u (2) vdkcZfud jlk;u (3) dkcZfud jlk;u
HkkSfrd jlk;u (Physical Chemistry)
blds varxZr ge inkFkZ dh HkkSfrd voLFkk] xq.kksa o jklk;fud izØeksa ls lacafèkr fl¼karksa dk vè;;u djrs gSaA
vdkcZfud jlk;u (Inorganic Chemistry)
blds varxZr ge vdkcZfud (dkcZu jfgr) rÙoksa o muds ;kSfxdksa dh lajpuk] xq.kèkeks± dk vè;;u djrs gSaA
dkcZfud jlk;u (Organic Chemistry)
blds varxZr ge dkcZfud (dkcZu ;qDr) rÙoksa o muds ;kSfxdksa dh lajpuk] xq.kèkeks± dk vè;;u djrs gSaA

1.1 HkkSfrd jlk;u (Physical Chemistry)

HkkSfrd jlk;u] foKku dh ml 'kk[kk dks dgk tkrk gS tks HkkSfrd voèkkj.kkvksa ds vuqlkj jklk;fud iz.kkfy;ksa esa
?kfVr gksus okyh ifj?kVukvksa dh O;k[;k djrk gSA czãkaM eas fLFkr inkFkZ ,oa ÅtkZ jklk;fud ?kVukvksa esa Hkkx ysrs gSaA
HkkSfrd jlk;u dks fofHkUu :iksa esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA

czãkaM

inkFkZ (nzO;) ÅtkZ

HkkSfrd vkèkkj ij oxhZdj.k jklk;fud vkèkkj ij oxhZdj.k

Bksl æo xSl 'kq¼ inkFkZ feJ.k

lekax feJ.k

rÙo ;kSfxd fo"kekax feJ.k

èkkrq dkcZfud ;kSfxd
vèkkrq
mièkkrq vdkcZfud ;kSfxd
18 jlk;u foKku

ijh{kksi;ksxh egÙoiw.kZ rF;

zzvkèkqfud jlk;u foKku dk firk ysoksfl;j dks dgk tkrk gSA
zzoS'ysf"kd jlk;u esa fofHkUu æO;ksa dk xq.kkRed rFkk ek=kkRed fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gSA
zzfiQVdjh x¡nys ikuh dks Ldanu izfØ;k }kjk LoPN djrh gSA
zz'kq¼ ok;q lekax feJ.k dk mnkgj.k gSA
zzos nks foy;u tks v¼ZikjxE; f>Yyh ls i`Fko~Q gksus ij foyk;d dk cgko ugha gksus nsrs vFkkZr~ ftuds ijklj.k nkc
leku gksrs gSa] leijkljh foy;u dgykrs gSaA
zzfeJ èkkrq,¡ lekaxh feJ.k gksrh gSaA
zzok;q xSl ,oa tyok"i dk feJ.k gSA
zz,Ydksgy ,oa ty dk feJ.k lekaxh feJ.k gS] tcfd isVªksy ,oa ty dk feJ.k fo"kekaxh feJ.k gSA
zzrkack iznw"k.k jfgr rÙo gSA
zzvklqr ty vklou fofèk }kjk izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
zzfuyacu ,oa dksykWbM fo"kekaxh feJ.k gSa rFkk bu nksuksa inkFkks± dk fuekZ.k ifj{ksi.k (Dispersion) ds mijkar gksrk gSA
zzæo dh Iyk”ek voLFkk fo|qr dh lqpkyd gksrh gSA
zzvklsZfud ,oa ,aVheuh mièkkrq Js.kh ds rÙo gSaA
zzczksehu dejs ds rki ij nzo voLFkk esa ik;k tkrk gSA
zzihry rkack ,oa tLrs dk feJ.k gSA
zzdksYM ¯Mªd esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM xSl dk ty esa foy;u gksrk gSA
zzvklsZfud esa èkkrq ,oa vèkkrq nksuksa rjg ds rÙo ik, tkrs gSaA
zzleqæh ty dk 'kksèku mRØe ijklj.k (Reverse Osmosis) izfØ;k }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
zzvk;ksMhu vkSj iksVfS 'k;e DyksjkbM ds feJ.k ls vk;ksMhu dks vyx djus ds fy;s ÅèoZikru fofèk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
zzèkkrq 'kksèku ds nkSjku yksgs dks i`Fkd~ djus ds fy;s volknu vkSj fuLrkj.k fofèk dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
zzfØLVyhdj.k }kjk v'kq¼ uewus ls fiQVdjh dks i`Fkd~ fd;k tkrk gSA
zzok"ihdj.k fofèk }kjk leqnzh ty ls ued cuk;k tkrk gSA
zzisVªksfy;e inkFkks± dk i`FkDdj.k vklou fofèk }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA

cgqfodYih; iz'u
1. fuEufyf[kr rÙo lewgksa esa ls dkSu&lk i`Foh ij thou dh mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\
mRifÙk ds fy;s ewyr% mÙkjnk;h Fkk\UPSC (Pre) 2012 (a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(a) gkbMªkstu] vkWDlhtu] lksfM;e (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
(b) dkcZu] gkbMªkstu] ukbVªkstu 3. fuEukafdr esa dkcZfud ;kSfxd dk p;u djsa%
(c) vkWDlhtu] dSfYl;e] iQkWLiQksjl (a) izksVhu (b) ued
(c) èkkou lksMk (d) dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM
(d) dkcZu] gkbMªkstu] iksVSf'k;e
4. feV~Vh vkSj ty ds foy;u dks fdl fofèk ls
2. ;kSfxd ds lacaèk esa fopkj djsa%
vyx djsaxs\
1. ;kSfxd dks lkekU; jklk;fud fofèk;ksa }kjk mlds (a) ok"ihdj.k (Evaporation)
?kVdksa esa rksM+k tk ldrk gSA (b) vklou (Distillation)
2. ;kSfxd vkSj mldks cukus okys rÙoksa ds xq.kèkeZ (c) volknu (Sedimentation)
fcYdqy leku gksrs gSaA (d) fØLVyu (Crystallization)
gekjs vkl&ikl O;kIr inkFkZ (rÙo] ;kSfxd] feJ.k) 19

5. dksykWbM D;k gS\ 11. fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&ls ;qXe lqesfyr gSa\
(a) nks ;k nks ls vfèkd inkFkks± dk lekax feJ.k 1. fuyacu % ok;q esa èkqvk¡
(b) nks ;k nks ls vfèkd inkFkks± dk fo"kekax feJ.k 2. dksykWbM % jDr
(c) (a) o (b) nksuksa 3. okLrfod foy;u % unh dk xank tyA
(d) mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA owQV%
6. ';kurk ds lacaèk esa fopkj djsa% (a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) osQoy 2 vkSj 3
1. fdlh nzo dh ';kurk ml nzo ds vUrjk.kfod (c) osQoy 1 vkSj 3 (d) 1, 2 vkSj 3
cyksa dk ifjeki gksrh gSA 12. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa%
2. rki c<+kus ij fdlh nzo dh ';kurk de gks 1. lkekU;r;k Bksl inkFkks± dh foys;rk rki c<+kus
tkrh gSA ij c<+rh gSA
mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ 2. fdlh nzo esa xSl dh foys;rk rki c<+kus ls
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2 c<+rh gSA
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2 mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lR; gS@gSa\
7. inkFkks± ds ?kuRo ds lacèa k esa dkSu&lk fodYi lgh gS\ (a) dsoy 1
(a) Bksl > nzo > xSl (b) Bksl > xSl > nzo (b) dsoy 2
(c) Bksl = xSl > nzo (d) nzo > Bksl > xSl (c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
8. fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj djsa% (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
1. rki c<+kus ls fdlh nzo dk i`"B ruko c<+ 13. fuyacu ds lacèa k esa fuEufyf[kr dFkuksa ij fopkj djs%a
tkrk gSA 1. ;g ,d fo"kekaxh feJ.k gSA
2. rki c<+kus ij fdlh nzo dh ';kurk de gks 2. blds ifj{ksfir d.kksa dks uXu vk¡[kksa ls ns[kk tk
tkrh gSA ldrk gSA
mijksDr esa ls dkSu&lk@ls dFku lgh gS@gSa\ mijksDr dFkuksa esa dkSu&lk@ls lgh gS@gSa\
(a) dsoy 1
(a) dsoy 1 (b) dsoy 2
(b) dsoy 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa (d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
(c) 1 vkSj 2 nksuksa
9. ok"ihdj.k dh izfØ;k dks fuEufyf[kr esa ls dkSu&dkSu
(d) u rks 1 vkSj u gh 2
ls dkjd izHkkfor djrs gSa\ 14. vk;ksMhu vkSj iksVSf'k;e DyksjkbM ds feJ.k ls
1. ok;q 2. vknzZrk
vk;ksMhu dks vyx fd;k tk ldrk gS&
3. rkieku 4. lrg dk {ks=kiQy (a) volknu }kjk
dwV% (b) fiQYVjs'ku }kjk
(a) osQoy 1 vkSj 2 (b) osQoy 1, 2 vkSj 3 (c) ÅèoZikru }kjk
(c) osQoy 2 vkSj 3 (d) 1, 2, 3 vkSj 4 (d) vklou }kjk
10. ifj{ksi.k (Dispersion) ds mijkar fdl izdkj ds 15. dksykWbM foy;u fdlds chp ,d tSlk vkdkj
inkFkks± dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS\ j[krs gSa\
(a) dsoy fuyacu (a) 10–2 vkSj 10–4 lseh-
(b) dsoy dksykWbM (b) 10–5 vkSj 10–7 lseh-
(c) fuyacu o dksykWbM nksuksa (c) 10–8 vkSj 10–10 lseh-
(d) mi;qZDr esa ls dksbZ ughaA (d) 10–1 vkSj 10–2 lseh-

mÙkjekyk
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (b)
 vè;k;
ijek.kq lajpuk ,oa jsfM;kslfØ;rk
2 (Atomic Structure and Radioactivity)

2.1 ijek.kq lajpuk 2.2 jsfM;kslfØ;rk

v.kq (Molecule): fdlh rÙo dk og NksVs ls NksVk d.k tks Lora=k gksrk gS] v.kq dgykrk gSA jlk;u foKku esa
v.kq nks ;k nks ls vfèkd] ,d gh izdkj ;k vyx&vyx izdkj ds ijek.kqvksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA ijek.kq e”kcwr
jklk;fud caèku ds dkj.k vkil esa tqM+s jgrs gSa] iQyLo:i v.kq dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA v.kq dh ladYiuk Bksl] nzo vkSj
xSl ds fy;s fHkUu&fHkUu gks ldrh gSA nzo vkSj Bksl esa v.kq ,d&nwljs ls fdlh&u&fdlh caèku esa c¡èks jgrs gaS] budk
Lora=k vfLrRo ugha gksrk gSA dbZ v.kq ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gksrs gSa vkSj bUgsa vyx ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA v.kqvksa esa dksbZ
fo|qr vkos'k ugha gksrk gSA v.kqvksa dh mQtkZ ijek.kqvksa dh mQtkZ ds cjkcj gksrh gSaA
zzv.kq Hkkj (Molecular Weight) : fdlh inkFkZ dk v.kq Hkkj og la[;k gS] tks ;g iznf'kZr djrh gS fd ml inkFkZ
dk ,d v.kq dkcZu&12 ds ,d ijek.kq ds 1@12 Hkkx ls fdruk xquk Hkkjh gSA
zzeksy èkkj.kk (Mole Concept) : ,d eksy fdlh Hkh fuf'pr lw=k okys inkFkZ dh og jkf'k gS] ftlesa bl inkFkZ ds
bdkbZ&lw=k dh la[;k mruh gh gS] ftruh 'kq¼ dkcZu&12 vkblksVksi ds Bhd 12 xzke esa ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k gSA
zzeksy dk eku 6.022 × 1023 gSA dkcZu ds 12 xzke ;k ,d eksy esa 6.022 × 1023 ijek.kq gaSA fdlh rÙo ds 1 xzke
ijek.kq esa mifLFkr ijek.kqvksa dh la[;k dks ,oksxkMªks la[;k dgrs gSaA ,oksxkMªks la[;k dk eku 6.022 × 1023 gksrk gSA
zzeksy la[;k ,oa æO;eku nksuksa dk izrhd gSA lu~ 1967 esa eksy dks bdkbZ ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k x;kA
ijek.kq (Atom): fdlh rÙo dk og NksVs ls NksVk d.k tks Lora=k :i ls jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ys ldrk gS
fdarq Lora=k :i ls ugha jg ldrk] ijek.kq dgykrk gSA lHkh rjg ds Bksl] rjy] xSl rFkk Iyk”ek ijek.kqvksa ls cus gksrs gSAa
ijek.kq ds dsanz esa ukfHkd gksrk gS ftldk ?kuRo cgqr vfèkd gksrk gSA ukfHkd ds pkjksa vksj ½.kkRed vkos'k okys
bysDVªkWu pDdj yxkrs jgrs gSaA dqN rÙoksa tSls fuf"Ø; xSlksa (ghfy;e] fu;kWu] vkxZu ,oa fØIVkWu vkfn) ds ijek.kq
Lora=k voLFkk esa Hkh jg ldrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s ijLij vU; rÙoksa ds ijek.kqvksa ls la;ksx ugha djrsA

2.1 ijek.kq lajpuk (Atomic Structure)

ijek.kq ijekf.od rÙoksa ls feydj cuk gksrk gSA ;s rÙo bysDVªkWu] izksVªkWu ,oa U;wVªkWu gSaA bu rÙoksa dks ijek.kq dk
ekSfyd d.k dgk tkrk gSA bu ekSfyd d.kksa dk fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gSµ

bysDVªkWu (Electron)
zzbysDVªkWu dh [kkst ^dSFkksM fdj.k ufydk* (CRT) iz;ksx }kjk lj ts-ts- FkkWelu (Sir J.J. Thomson) us dhA
zzmUgksaus crk;k fd lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa xSlsa fo|qr dh oqQpkyd gksrh gSa] fdarq ;fn bu ij vR;ar de nkc (Low
Pressure) o mPp foHko (High Voltage) yxk;k tk, rks ;s fo|qr fdj.kksa (Rays) ds :i esa xSlksa ls cgus yxrh
gSa] bu fdj.kksa dks dSFkksM fdj.ksa (Cathode Rays) dgrs gSaA
zzCRT iz;ksx esa dSFkksM (½.k bysDVªksM) ls fudyus okys oqQN d.k ,uksM (èku bysDVªksM) ij ckSNkj (Bombarding)
djrs gSaA bUgha d.kksa dks ^bysDVªkWu* uke fn;k x;kA
zz;fn ,uksM ds ihNs izfrnhIr inkFkZ (Fluorescent Material) tSlsµ f”kad lYiQkbM (ZnS) vkfn dk ysi dj fn;k
tk, rks dSFkksM d.kksa dh ckSNkj vkSj Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrh gS (;gh fl¼kar Vsyhfo”ku (TV) esa Hkh viuk;k tkrk gS)A
zzvkj-,- fefydu us bysDVªkWu ij vkos'k fuèkkZj.k ds fy;s ,d fofèk rS;kj dh] ftls rsy cw¡n iz;ksx dgrs gSaA
 vè;k;
jklk;fud caèk ,oa jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k,¡
3 (Chemical Bonding and Chemical Reactions)

3.1 jklk;fud caèk 3.2 jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k

3.3 mRiszjd 3.4 fo|qr jlk;u
jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa ,d ;k vfèkd inkFkZ vkil esa var%fØ;k djds ifjofrZr gksrs gSa vkSj ,d ;k vfèkd fHkUu
jklk;fud xq.k okys inkFkks± dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k ds iQyLo:i mRiUu inkFkks± dks mRikn
(Products) dgrs gSaA
ysoksfl;j ds le; ls ;g Kkr gS fd jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k fcuk fdlh ekius ;ksX; æO;eku ifjorZu ds gksrh gSA
blh dks æO;eku laj{k.k dk fu;e dgrs gSa] vFkkZr~ fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa u rks æO;eku u"V gksrk gS vkSj u
gh curk gS] dsoy inkFkks± esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA

3.1 jklk;fud caèk (Chemical Bonding)

fdlh jklk;fud v.kq ;k ;kSfxd ds fofHkUu vo;oksa (v.kq] ijek.kq ;k vk;u) ds chp yxus okys vkd"kZ.k cy
dks jklk;fud caèk dgrs gSaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa] ijek.kqvksa ds v"Vd dh iwfrZ gsrq tks cy dk;Z djrk gS] ogh jklk;fud
caèk gSA
bUgha jklk;fud caèkksa ds dkj.k fdlh v.kq dk ,d fof'k"V T;kferh; vkdkj gksrk gSA
ijek.kq caèk D;ksa cukrs gSa\
zzizÑfr esa ikbZ tkus okyh vfØ; xSlksa dh la[;k 6 gSA ;s gSaµ ghfy;e] fu;kWu] vkxZu] fØIVkWu] thukWu rFkk jsMkWuA
bu vfØ; xSlksa dh izkfIr nqyZHk gksus ds dkj.k bUgsa nqyZHk xSlsa Hkh dgrs gSaA thukWu dks LVªSatj xSl Hkh dgrs gSaA
zzghfy;e (He) dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh vfØ; xSlksa ds ijek.kqvksa dh ckáre d{kk esa 8 bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA
zzckáre d{kk esa 8 bysDVªkWuksa dh mifLFkfr lokZfèkd LFkk;h foU;kl gksrk gSA blh dkj.k vfØ; xSlksa ds ijek.kq u
rks fdlh jklk;fud vfHkfØ;k esa Hkkx ysrs gSa vkSj u gh dksbZ caèk cukrs gSa vFkkZr~ budh la;kstdrk (Valency) 'kwU;
(0) gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd vfØ; xSlsa ,d ijek.kqd (Mono Atomic) voLFkk esa lokZfèkd LFkk;h gksrh gSaA
zzvfØ; xSlksa dks NksM+dj 'ks"k lHkh rÙoksa dh ckáre d{kk esa 8 ls de bysDVªkWu gksrs gSa] vr% lHkh rÙo viuh
ckáre d{kk esa vfØ; xSlksa dh Hkk¡fr LFkk;h bysDVªkWfud foU;kl (8) izkIr djus dh izo`fÙk j[krs gSaA
zzLFkk;h bysDVªkWfud foU;kl izkIr djus ds fy;s ;k v"Vd iw.kZ djus ds fy;s ijek.kq vU; ijek.kqvksa ls bysDVªkWu izkIr
djrs gSa ;k bysDVªkWu nku dj nsrs gSa ;k bysDVªkWuksa dks lk>k dj ysrs gSa] ftlls caèk curs gSaA

vk;u (Ions)
,sls ijek.kq ;k ijek.kqvksa dk lewg ftu ij fo|qr vkos'k gksrk gS] vk;u dgykrs gSaA fdlh ijek.kq }kjk ,d ;k
vfèkd bysDVªkWu R;kx nsus ;k xzg.k djus ls og vk;u curk gSA
mnkgj.kµ iksVSf'k;e vk;u (K+)] dSfYl;e vk;u (Ca++)
dkcksZusV vk;u (CO3– –)] lYisQV vk;u (SO4– –)
vk;u nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa&
èkuk;u (Cation): ftu vk;uksa ij èkukos'k gksrk gS] mUgsa èkuk;u dgrs gSaA
zzèkuk;u dk fuekZ.k fo|qr mnklhu (Neutral) rÙo ls bysDVªkWuksa ds fudy tkus ls gksrk gSA
– e–
K K+
 vè;k;
vEy] {kkj ,oa yo.k
4 (Acid, Base and Salt)

4.1 vEy ,oa {kkj 4.2 yo.k

4.1 vEy ,oa {kkj (Acid & Base)

vEy (Acid)
^,flM* 'kCn dh mRifÙk ySfVu 'kCn ^,fl;j* ls gqbZ gS] ftldk dqN izkÑfrd vEy
vFkZ gS ^[kV~Vk*A vEy os ;kSfxd ;k inkFkZ gksrs gSa ftuesa fuEufyf[kr
izkÑfrd lzksr vEy
xq.k ik, tkrs gSaµ
fljdk ,flfVd vEy
zzvEy LOkkn esa [kV~Vs gksrs gSaA
larjk lkbfVªd vEy
zzvEy uhys fyVel i=k dks yky jax esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSaA
beyh VkVZfjd vEy
zzvEy ty esa ?kqyu'khy gksrs gSaA
VekVj vkWD”kSfyd vEy
zzvEy fofHkUu èkkrqvksa ls fØ;k djds gkbMªkstu xSl eqDr djrs gSaA
ngh ([kV~Vk nwèk) ySfDVd vEy
zzvEy {kkj ls fØ;k djds yo.k rFkk ty cukrs gSaA
uhacw lkbfVªd vEy
vEyksa ds mi;ksx (Uses of Acids) phaVh dk Mad esFksuksbd (iQk£ed) vEy
zzVkVZfjd vEy µ csfdax ikmMj cukus esaA
fcPNw dk Mad esFksuksbd vEy
zz,flfVd vEy µ vpkj] VekVj dh pVuh vkfn cukus esaA
eD[ku C;wVsfjd vEy
zzdkcksZfud vEy µ 'khry is; ,oa lksMk okVjA
zziQkWLiQksfjd vEy µ 'khry is;ksa esaA fyVel
zzlYÝ;wfjd vEy µ fofHkUu jlk;uksa] moZjd fuekZ.k] isaV] jax] ;g ,d çkÑfrd lwpd gksrk gSA fyVel
rarq] IykfLVd] foLiQksVd] viektZd foy;u cSaxuh jax dk jatd (Dye) gksrk gS tks
lapk;d cSVfj;ksa esa] isVªksfy;e ds FkSyksiQkbVk lewg ds ykbdsu (Lichen) ikSèks ls
'kksèku esaA fudkyk tkrk gSA
zzukbfVªd vEy µ moZjd] jax] IykfLVd] vkS"kfèk] foLiQksVd
bR;kfn ds fuekZ.k esa] iQksVksxzkiQh esa] vEyjkt cukus esaA
zzgkbMªksDyksfjd vEy µ jax] vkS"kfèk] [kk| m|ksx esa] liQkbZ djus esa] bLikr ds xSYosuhdj.k ds iwoZ mlls vk;ju
vkWDlkbM dh ijr gVkus esa] peZ m|ksx esa] vEyjkt cukus esaA
zziQkfeZd vEy µ iQyksa ,oa [kk| inkFkks± ds laj{k.k esa] thok.kquk'kd ds :i esa] jcj fuekZ.k esaA
zzcsatksbd vEYk µ vkS"kfèk fuekZ.k] [kk| inkFkks± dk laj{k.kA
zzlkbfVªd vEy µ èkkrqvksa dh liQkbZ esa] vkS"kfèk;ksa] [kk| inkFkks± ds fuekZ.k esaA
zzvkWD”kSfyd vEy µ diM+ksa ls L;kgh ds èkCcs gVkus esa] peM+s ds fojatd ds :i esaA

{kkj (Base)
{kkj os ;kSfxd ;k inkFkZ gksrs gSa ftuesa fuEufyf[kr xq.k ik, tkrs gSaµ
(i) {kkj Lokn esa rh[ks ;k dM+os gksrs gSaA
(ii) {kkj yky fyVel isij dks uhys esa ifjofrZr dj nsrs gSaA
 vè;k;
vdkcZfud jlk;u
5 (Inorganic Chemistry)

5.1 rÙoksa dk oxhZdj.k 5.4 vèkkrq,¡

5.2 èkkrq ,oa mudk fu"d"kZ.k 5.5 vfØ; xSlsa@mRÑ"V xSlsa@nqyZHk xSlsa
5.3 izeq[k èkkrq,¡
vdkcZfud jlk;u ^jlk;u foKku* dh rhu 'kk[kkvksa esa ls ,d 'kk[kk gSA bl 'kk[kk esa dkcZu vkSj mlds ;kSfxdksa
dks NksM+dj vU; lHkh rÙoksa vkSj ;kSfxdksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA vdkcZfud jlk;u ds ckjs esa tkuus ls igys rÙoksa
dk oxhZdj.k tkuuk vko';d gSA

5.1 rÙoksa dk oxhZdj.k (Classification of Elements)

orZeku esa 118 rÙoksa dh tkudkjh gS] ftuesa ls 98 çkÑfrd :i ls ik, tkrs gSaA lHkh rÙo fHkUu&fHkUu xq.kèkeks±
dks çnf'kZr djrs gSaA vr% rÙoksa ds ljy ,oa lqO;ofLFkr vè;;u gsrq mudk oxhZdj.k vko';d gSA lcls igys Kkr
rÙoksa dks èkkrq ,oa vèkkrq esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k] ckn esa rÙoksa ds vkorhZ oxhZdj.k dk ç;kl fd;k x;kA
rÙoksa dk vkorhZ oxhZdj.k (Periodic Classification of Elements)
fdlh ekSfyd xq.k dks vkèkkj cukdj fd;k x;k ,slk oxhZdj.k] ftlesa fuf'pr varjky ds ckn leku xq.k okys
rÙo iqu% mifLFkr gksa] rÙoksa dk vkorhZ oxhZdj.k dgykrk gSA
oxhZdj.k ds fofHkUu çkjafHkd ç;kl fuEufyf[kr gSaµ
zzMkWcsjkbuj dk f=kd fl¼kar (1817) zzU;wySaM~l dk v"Vd fl¼kar (1863)
zzyksFkj es;j dk ijek.kq Hkkj] ijek.kq vk;ru oØ (1870)
rÙoksa ds oxhZdj.k ds ç;kl =kqfViw.kZ fl¼ gksus ds mijkar muds vkorhZ oxhZdj.k dk çFke ç;kl esaMyhiQ us ^vkorZ
ds fu;e* dks vkèkkj cukdj fd;kA
esaMyhiQ dk vkorZ fu;e (Mendeleev's Periodic Law)
esaMyhiQ ds vkorZ fu;e ds vuqlkj] ¶rÙoksa ds xq.k muds ijek.kq Hkkjksa ds vkorhZ iQyu gksrs gSaA¸ dgus dk vFkZ
gS rÙoksa dks muds c<+rs ijek.kq Hkkj (Atomic Weight) ds Øe esa O;ofLFkr djus ij leku HkkSfrd o jklk;fud xq.k
okys fofHkUu rÙo ,d fuf'pr varjky ds ckn fiQj vk tkrs gSaA
esaMyhiQ us vkorZ fu;e ds vkèkkj ij rÙoksa dks vkorZ lkj.kh (Periodic Table) esa O;ofLFkr fd;kA
esaMyhiQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh (Mendeleev's Periodic Table)
zzesaMyhiQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh esa lkr {kSfrt iafDr;k¡ gSa] ftUgsa vkorZ (Periods) dgk tkrk gSA
zzbl lkj.kh ds ÅèokZèkj (Vertical) LraHk dks lewg (Group) dgk x;kA
zzesaMyhiQ us rc rd Kkr 63 rÙoksa dks viuh vkorZ lkj.kh esa j[kk rFkk dqN fjDr LFkkuksa dks NksM+k rFkk ml le;
rd vKkr rÙoksa ds vfLrRo dk vuqeku yxk;kA
esaMyhiQ dh vkorZ lkj.kh dh miyfCèk;k¡ (Achievements of Mendeleev's Periodic Table)
zzleku xq.kèkeks± okys rÙo leku lewg esa j[ks x,A
zzmRÑ"V xSlksa] tSls& ghfy;e (He)] fu;kWu (Ne) ,oa vkxZu (Ar) dh tc [kkst gqbZ rks fiNyh O;oLFkk dks fcuk
NsM+s mUgsa u, lewg esa lek;ksftr fd;k tk ldkA
zzu, rÙoksa dh [kkst dh laHkkouk cuh gqbZA
 vè;k;
dkcZu vkSj blds ;kSfxd
6 (Carbon and its Compounds)

6.1 dkcZu 6.5 lkcqu ,oa viektZd

6.2 dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dk oxhZdj.k 6.6 b±èku
6.3 cgqyd 6.7 olk vkSj rsy
6.4 vkS"kf/;k¡
dkcZu vkSj mlds ;kSfxdksa ds vè;;u dks dkcZfud jlk;u foKku ds varxZr j[kk tkrk gSA dkcZfud jlk;u dk
lacaèk eq[; :i ls dkcZu vkSj gkbMªkstu ds ;kSfxdksa ds xq.kèkeZ lajpuk o vfHkfØ;kvksa ds vè;;u ls gSA vFkok ¶jlk;u
foKku dh og 'kk[kk] ftlosQ varxZr dkcZu osQ (dkcZfud) ;kSfxdksa dk vè;;u fd;k tkrk gS] dkcZfud jlk;u
(Organic Chemistry) dgykrh gSA¸

6.1 dkcZu (Carbon)

dkcZu vèkkfRod rÙo gS] tks vkèkqfud vkorZ lkj.kh esa lewg&14 vkSj vkorZ&2 esa fLFkr gSA bldk ijek.kq Øekad
6 gSA dkcZu lokZfèkd ;kSfxdksa okyk rÙo gSA lHkh tho&lajpuk,¡ dkcZu vkèkkfjr gksrh gSaA HkwiiZVh esa [kfutksa (tSls&
dkcksZusV] gkbMªkstu dkcksZusV] dks;yk ,oa isVªksfy;e) ds :i esa dsoy 0.02 izfr'kr dkcZu mifLFkr gS rFkk ok;qeaMy
esa 0.03 izfr'kr dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM mifLFkr gSA
dkcZu ds vkcaèku
dkcZu esa 6 bysDVªkWu gksrs gSaA bldk bysDVªkWfud foU;kl gS& 1s2 2s2 2p2
dkcZu esa la;kstd bysDVªkWuksa dh la[;k 4 gSA vr% dkcZu v"Vd izkIr djus gsrq 4 bysDVªkWuksa dh lk>snkjh djrk gS
vkSj lgla;ksth vkcaèk cukrk gSA
ge tkurs gSa fd lgla;ksth vkcaèk okys v.kqvksa ds Hkhrj rks izcy vkcaèk gksrk gS] ijarq budk varjk.kfod cy de
gksrk gSA iQyLo:i bu ;kSfxdksa dk DoFkukad ,oa xyukad de gksrk gSA lgla;ksth ;kSfxd fo|qr ds dqpkyd gksrs gSaA
tarq vFkok ouLifr;ksa (thoèkkfj;ksa) ls izkIr inkFkks± dks dkcZfud inkFkZ (Organic Substance) dgk tkrk gS] vFkkZr~
dkcZu lHkh tSo ;kSfxdksa dk vfuok;Z ewy rÙo gksrk gSA
zzloZizFke cthZfy;l us crk;k fd dkcZfud ;kSfxd osQoy thoksa }kjk gh cuk, tk ldrs gSa] cthZfy;l dh bl
fopkjèkkjk dks tSo 'kfDr fl¼kar (Vital Force Theory) dk uke fn;k x;kA
zzcthZfy;l osQ f'k"; ÚsMfjd oksg~yj (Friedich Wohler) us loZizFke iz;ksx'kkyk esa veksfu;e lk;usV (NH4CNO)
dks xeZ djosQ ;wfj;k (NH2CONH2) dk la'ys"k.k fd;k rFkk crk;k fd dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dks iz;ksx'kkyk esa Hkh
la'ysf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls cthZfy;l osQ ^tSo 'kfDr fl¼kar* dk [kaMu gks x;kA
zzdksYcs us lu~ 1845 esa ,flfVd vEy dks mlosQ rÙoksa }kjk la'ysf"kr fd;k rFkk lu~ 1856 esa cFkksZys us ehFksu dks
mlosQ rÙoksa }kjk la'ysf"kr fd;kA
zzdkcZu&dkcZu caèk (C – C) dh caèku ÅtkZ vis{kkÑr mPp gksus osQ dkj.k dkcZu esa kÜ [
a` kfyr (Catenation) gksus dk xq.k vfèkd
ik;k tkrk gS] ;gh dkj.k gS fd dkcZfud ;kSfxdksa dh la[;k vU; fdlh rÙo osQ ;kSfxdksa dh vis{kk cgqr vfèkd gksrh gSA
 Mh-,y-ih- cqdysV~l dh fo'ks"krk,¡

vk;ksx ds uohure iSVuZ ij vk/kfjr vè;;u lkexzhA

iSjkxzkiQ] cqysV iQkWeZ] lkj.kh] ÝykspkVZ rFkk ekufp=k dk mi;qDr lekos'kA

fo"k;oLrq dh ljyrk] izkekf.kdrk rFkk ijh{kk dh n`f"V ls mi;ksfxrk ij fo'ks"k è;kuA

fDod fjohtu gsrq izR;sd vè;k; esa egÙoiw.kZ rF;ksa dk ladyuA

izR;sd vè;k; ds var esa foxr o"kks± esa iwNs x, ,oa laHkkfor iz'uksa dk lekos'kA

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